1.introduction

合集下载

英语写作第一节课introduction

18
Comparing some terms
―subject‖, ―topic‖ and ―title‖
19
―subject‖, ―topic‖ and ―title‖
• Subject: is the thing, person, idea or event that is being discussed, written about, or considered. e.g. the subject of a discussion, letter, book • Topic: The topic is a particular subject that is written about or discussed. • Title: The title of a book, play, piece of music is the name given to it by the person who wrote it or composed it, or the name by which it is usually known.
Choose which are subjects and topics? sports, foreign students in U.S Universities, what makes a champion soccer player, education, why I play soccer, my first trip abroad, open classrooms and traditional classrooms, one tour in the USA, world travel, music in elementary school
It moves down and up conforming to the Writing task Meanwhile, her double chin is her rhythm. another great feature, which seems to give her voice more power. Above all, you can see what an extraordinary woman she is, so can you guess who she is?

英语论文分析学习第1节 introduction

What Is an Introduction?

What questions will readers ask when reading an essay: 1. What topic am I going to learn about? 2. Why is that topic important? 3. Do I know the topic already? What do I know already? An introduction aims to answer these 3 questions.
Contents of an introduction

Example:
"Numerous studies on the utilization of plant proteins as a partial or complete replacement for fish meal in diets have been conducted using various freshwater and marines fishes (Lovell, 1987; Tacon et al., 1983; Murai et al., 1989a; Cowey et al., 1974).
Contents of an introduction
Q: What are the ways to establish a topic? A: Claiming centrality General to specific Previous research Describing of the background Definition of key words

introduction 造句

introduction 造句introduction 造句:1.He made theself-introduction and everyone shook hands with him.他作了自我介绍，大家都与他握了手。

2.Please be aware that this is only a selection of essential requirements ofthe organic standards, meant as an introduction.请注意，这只是一个有机标准必需要求的精选摘要，仅作介绍。

3.The article givessort of a general introduction concerning the back story of the game, and the general feel .文章整体介绍了游戏故事背景和对其的印象。

4.Therefore,the enemy would like to ask all the detailed re-usedan introduction.所以想问问都用过的冤家详细的再引荐下。

5.About this trip here first simple introduction, the specific content, everybody can consult brochure or visit our websit e to understand.关于这次旅程就先简单介绍到这里，具体的内容，大家可以参照小册子或是登陆我们的网站进行了解。

6.I also wonder if it is possible for research articles to be produced by a historical and popular introduction.我想，是否有可能通过历史的、通俗的介绍来撰写研究论文。

unit_1_introduction[1]

1.1 Text(2)
• According to the information direction transmitted in channel, modern communication systems can be divided into the simplex communication systems, half-duplex communication systems, and full-duplex communication systems; • According to the number of information communicating approaches, modern communication systems can be divided into the serial communication systems and the parallel communication systems; • According to the control methods of information transmitted in channels, modern communication systems can be divided into the synchronous communication systems and the asynchronous communication systems; • According to the line connecting modes and signal interacting ways between signal source and destination, modern systems can be divided into point-to-point communication systems, one-to-multi-points communication systems and multi-to-multi-points communication systems.

1Introduction

主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模块中规模集成电路（MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号数字量和模拟量数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal Digital and Analog Quantities电子电路中的信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示为由0、1组成的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。

研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号间的大小、相位关系。

包括交直流放大器、滤波器、信号发生器等。

★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。

★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。

研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻辑关系。

主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。

★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态，即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。

新视野商务英语综合教程 1Unit 3

新视野商务英语综合教程 1 Unit 31. IntroductionIn this document, we will explore Unit 3 of the New Horizon Business English Comprehensive Course. This unit focuses on various aspects of business communication, including telephone skills, negotiation strategies, and presentation techniques. By mastering the content of this unit, learners will enhance their proficiency in business English and improve their ability to effectively communicate in the professional world.2. Unit OverviewUnit 3 consists of four main sections:2.1 Telephone SkillsIn this section, learners will be introduced to essential telephone skills necessary for effective business communication. They will learn how to answer and make professional phone calls, take messages accurately, and handle difficult phone conversations. This section also covers common telephone phrases and etiquette, enabling learners to develop confidence and professionalism in their telephone communication.2.2 Negotiation StrategiesNegotiation plays a crucial role in business transactions. In this section, learners will learn about different negotiation strategies and techniques, such as creating win-win situations, establishing goals, and effectively communicating their positions.Through case studies and role-plays, learners will have the opportunity to apply these strategies and enhance their negotiation skills.2.3 Presentation TechniquesPresentations are a key component of business communication. This section focuses on developing effective presentation skills, including structuring presentations, using visual aids, and delivering engaging speeches. Learners will also learn how to handle questions and maintain audience engagement. Through practice presentations, learners will gain confidence and proficiency in delivering impactful presentations.2.4 Review and AssessmentThe last section of Unit 3 is dedicated to reviewing the key concepts and skills covered in the previous sections. Learners will have the opportunity to reinforce their understanding through quizzes, discussions, and group activities. This section provides a comprehensive assessment of the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the unit.3. Learning ObjectivesBy the end of Unit 3, learners are expected to:•Demonstrate effective telephone skills, including answering and making professional phone calls.•Apply negotiation strategies and techniques to reach win-win outcomes in business negotiations.•Develop and deliver engaging presentations using appropriate techniques and visual aids.•Effectively handle questions and maintain audience engagement during presentations.•Review and consolidate the knowledge and skills acquired in Unit 3.4. ResourcesTo support the learning process, Unit 3 provides various resources:•Textbook: The core resource for the unit, providing comprehensive explanations and examples of the concepts covered.•Audio Materials: Supplementary audio materials to practice listening skills and familiarize learners with real-life business scenarios.•Workbook: Exercises and activities to reinforce learning and provide additional practice opportunities.•Online Resources: Access to online resources, including interactive quizzes, discussion forums, and additional learning materials.5. ConclusionUnit 3 of the New Horizon Business English Comprehensive Course provides learners with essential skills and knowledge for effective business communication. By mastering telephone skills, negotiation strategies, and presentation techniques, learners will be equipped with the tools necessary to excel in the professional world.With the resources provided, learners can engage in active learning and practice to ensure optimal comprehension and skill development.。

一堂英语听说课的流程

一堂英语听说课的流程English Answer:1. Introduction (5-10 minutes)。

Greet students and make small talk.Review previous lesson briefly.Introduce the topic of today's lesson.Set clear learning objectives.2. Warm-up (5-10 minutes)。

Engage students with a fun and interactive activity related to the topic.3. Listening Comprehension (20-30 minutes)。

Present the listening material to students (e.g., audio recording, video clip)。

Have students listen attentively and take notes if necessary.Check students' understanding through questions or discussion.4. Speaking Activities (20-30 minutes)。

Divide students into small groups or pairs.Provide them with discussion questions or role-play scenarios related to the listening material.Encourage students to actively participate and practice their speaking skills.5. Feedback and Correction (10-15 minutes)。

1.introduction 简介

Biochemistry
Introduction
1、生物化学的概念 2、生物化学的发展简史
3、生物化学的主要研究内容 4、生物化学与其它学科的关系
生物化学的概念

生物化学是研究生命化学的学科，它在分子水平上探讨生命的本质，即研究生物体的分子结构与功能，物质代谢与调节，及其在生命活动中的作用。

①吴宪
在血液化学分析方面创立了血滤液的制备和血糖测定法； ②蛋白质方面，提出了蛋白质变性学说； ③免疫学方面，研究抗原抗体的反应机制；
④1965年，首先人工合成具
有生物活性的胰岛素； ⑤1981年，成功合成酵母丙氨酰tRNA; ⑥完成人类基因组计划工作的1％。
生物化学的研究内容
静态生物化学动态生物化学 1、功能生物化学分子生物学 2、生物化学的研究采用化学的原理和方法； 3、生物化学与细胞学、遗传学、生理学关系密切；
生物化学的发展简史
1、初级阶段
2、发展阶段 3、分子生物学阶段
4、现状
初级阶段
1、对糖类、脂类、氨基酸作
了比较系统的研究； 2、发现了核酸； 3、化学合成了简单多肽； 4、酵母发酵过程中可溶性催化剂的发现奠定了酶学的基础。
1、生物大分子的结构与功能； 2、物质代谢及其调节； 3、基因信息的传递及其调控。
生物大分子：由某些基本结构单位按照一定的顺序和方式连接所形成的多聚体。分子量一般在104以上

生物化学与其他学科的关系
1、与农业的关系 2、与工业的关系 3、与药学的关系 4、与医学的关系
与农业的关系
人类基因组计划
科学研究证明，人类的生老病死
都与基因有关，如果能够破译人类基因的序列和功能，就有可能真正有效地预防、诊断和治疗各种疾病。因此，1990年正式启动的人类基因组计划一开始就引起了全世界的广泛关注。

1. INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION1.1. WHY USE ELECTRONS?Why should we use an electron microscope? Historically, TEMs were developed because of the limited image resolution in light microscopes, which is imposed by the wavelength of visible light. Only after electron microscopes were developed was it realized that there are many other equally sound reasons for using electrons, most of which are utilized to some extent in a modern TEM. By way of introduction to the topic let's look at how the TEM developed and the pros and cons of using such an instrument.1.1.A. An Extremely Brief HistoryLouis de Broglie (1925) first theorized that the electron had wave-like characteristics, with a wavelength substantially less than visible light. Then Davisson and Germer (1927) and Thompson and Reid (1927) independently carried out their classic electron diffraction experiments which demonstrated the wave nature of electrons. It didn't take long for the idea of an electron microscope to be proposed, and the term was first used in the paper of Knoll and Ruska (1932). In this paper they developed the idea of electron lenses into a practical reality, and demonstrated electron images taken on the instrument shown in Figure 1.1. This was a most crucial step, for which Ruska received the Nobel Prize, somewhat late, in 1986. Within a year of Knoll and Ruska's publication, the resolution limit of the light microscope was surpassed. Ruska, surprisingly, revealed that he hadn't heard of de Broglie's ideas about electron waves and thought that the wavelength limit didn't apply to electrons. TEMs were developed by commercial companies only four years later. The Metropolitan-Vickers EM 1 was the first commercial TEM. It was built in the UK in 1936, but apparently it didn't work very well and regular production was really started by Siemens and Halske in Germany in 1939. TEMs became widely available from several other sources (Hitachi, JEOL, Philips and RCA, inter alia) after the conclusion of World War II.For materials scientists a most important development took place in the late 1940s when Heidenreich (1949) first thinned metal foils to electron transparency. This work was followed up by Bollman in Switzerland and Hirsch and co-workers in Cambridge. Because so much of the early TEM work examined metal specimens, the word "foil" has come to be synonymous with "specimen." In addition, the Cambridge group also developed the theory of electron diffraction contrast with which we can now identify, often in a quantitative manner, all known line and planar crystal defects in TEM images. This theoretical work is summarized in a formidable but essential text often referred to as the "Bible" of TEM (Hirsch et al. 1977). For the materials scientist,practical applications of the TEM for the solution of materials problems were pioneered in the United States by Thomas and first clearly expounded in his text (Thomas 1962). Other materials-oriented texts followed, e.g., Edington (1976) and Thomas and Goringe (1979).Today, TEMs constitute arguably the most efficient and versatile tools for the characterization of materials. If you want to read a history of the TEM, the book by Marton (1968) is a compact, personal monograph and that edited by Hawkes (1985) contains a series of individual reminiscences. Fujita (1986) emphasizes the contribution of Japan to the development of the instrument. The field is now at the point where many of the pioneers have put their memoirs down on paper, or Festschrifts have been organized in their honor (e.g., Cosslett 1979, Ruska 1980, and Hashimoto 1986) which detail their contributions over the decades, and compile some useful overview papers of the field. If you enjoy reading about the history of science, we strongly recommend the review of Fifty Years of Electron Diffraction, edited by Goodman (1981), and Fifty Years of X-ray Diffraction, edited by Ewald (1962). (The spelling of X-ray is discussed in the CBE Manual, 1994.)Figure 1.1. The electron microscope built by Ruska and Knoll in Berlin in the early 1930s.1.1.B. Microscopy and the Concept of ResolutionWhen asked what a "microscope" is, most people would answer that it is an instrument for magnifying things too small to see with the naked eye, and most likely they would be referring to the visible-light microscope. Because of the general familiarity with the concept of the light microscope, we will draw analogies between electron and visible-light microscopes wherever it's instructive.The smallest distance between two points that we can resolve with our eyes is about 0.1-0.2 mm, depending on how good our eyes are, and assuming that there's sufficient illumination to see by. This distance is the resolution or resolving power of our eyes. So any instrument that can show us pictures (or "images" as we'll refer to them) revealing detail finer than 0.1 mm could be described as a microscope, and its highest useful magnification is governed by its resolution. A major attraction to the early developers of the TEM was that, since electrons are smaller than atoms, it would be possible, at least theoretically, to build a microscope that could "see" detail well below the atomic level. The idea of being able to "see" with electrons may be confusing to you. Our eyes are not sensitive to electrons. If a beam of high-energy electrons was aimed into your eye, you would most likely be blinded as the electrons killed the retinal cells, but you wouldn't see anything! So an integral part of any electron microscope is a viewing screen of some form, which translates electron intensity to light intensity, and which we observe or record photographically. We'll discuss these screens and other ways of recording electron images in later chapter.The resolution of a TEM means different things for different functions of the instrument, and we'll discuss them in the appropriate chapters. It's easiest to think of the image resolution in TEM in terms of the classical Rayleigh criterion for light microscopy, which states that the smallest distance that can be resolved, , is given approximately by δβµλ=δsin 61.0 [1.1]In equation 1.1, is the wavelength of the radiation, is the refractive index of the viewing medium, and is the semiangle of collection of the magnifying lens. For the sake of simplicity we can approximate sin (which is sometimes called the numerical aperture) to unity and so the resolution is equal to about half the wavelength of light. For green light in the middle of the visible spectrum, is about 550 nm (5500Å), and so the resolution of a good light microscope is about 300 nm. In TEMs we can approximate the resolution in equation 1.1 to 0.61/ which, as we'll see later, is very small.λµβµβλλβNow although 300 nm is a small dimension to us it corresponds to about 1000 atom diameters, and therefore many of the features that control the properties of materials are on a scale well below the resolution of the light microscope. So there's a real need to image detail down to the atomic level if we want to understand the properties of materials, and that's a major reason why TEMs are so useful.We'll try to use nanometers throughout this book, but you'll find that many microscopists still insist on using Angstroms rather than the SI units. However, the Angstrom is close to the atomic diameter and so is a more convenient unit because it saves us using convoluted phrases like “three tenths of a nanometer.”This limit of light microscopy was well understood at the turn of this century and prompted Ernst Abbe, one of the giants in the field, to complain that "it is poor comfort to hope that human ingenuity will find ways and means of overcoming this limit." (He was right to be so depressed because he died in 1905, some 20 years before de Broglie's ingenuity solved the problem.) Now de Broglie's famous equation shows that the wavelength of electrons is related to their energy, E, and if we ignore relativistic effects we can show approximately (and exactly in Section 1.4 below) that2/122.1~Eλ [1.2]In this equation E is in electron volts (eV) and in nm. Remember that we should be precise in our use of the units V and eV: the former represents the accelerating voltage of the microscope while the latter refers to the energy of the electrons in the microscope. So for a 100-keV electron, we find that ~ 4 pm (0.004 nm), which is much smaller than the diameter of an atom.λλFigure 1.2. A twin boundary in spinel stepping from one {111} plane to another parallel plane. The white dots are columns of atoms. The change in atomic orientation across the twin boundary can be readily seen, even if we do not know what causes the white dots or why, indeed, they are white.We'll see later that we are nowhere near building TEMs that approach this wavelength limit of resolution, because we can't make perfect electron lenses (see Section 2). But progress was rapid after Ruska's early work on lenses and, since the mid-1970s, many commercial TEMs have been capable of resolving individual columns of atoms in crystals, creating the field of "high-resolution transmission electron microscopy," or HRTEM. A typical HRTEM image is shown in Figure 1.2. The advantages of shorter wavelengths led in the 1960s to the development of high voltage electron microscopes (HVEMs), with accelerating potentials between 1 MV and 3 MV . In fact, most of these instruments were used to introduce controlled amounts of radiation damage into specimens in an attempt to simulate nuclear reactor environments, but changes in the emphasis of energy research mean there is not much call for such instruments today. While we can still improve the resolution byincremental amounts, the drive for much better resolution is now no longer paramount and the TEM is developing in other ways. In fact, only one HVEM (1 MV) for HRTEM imaging was constructed in the 1980s and three 1.25-MV machines in the 1990s. Intermediate voltage electron microscopes (IVEMs) were introduced in the 1980s. These TEMs operate at 300 or 400 kV, but still offer very high resolution, close to that achieved at 1 MV.1.1.C. Interaction of Electrons with MatterElectrons are one type of "ionizing radiation," which is the general term given to radiation that is capable of removing one of the tightly bound inner-shell electrons from the attractive field of the nucleus.One of the advantages to using ionizing radiation is that it produces a wide range of secondary signals from the specimen, and some of these are summarized in Figure 1.3. Many of these signals are used in "analytical electron microscopy,'' or AEM, giving us chemical information and a lot of other detail about our samples. AEM uses X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). For example, Figure 1.4A is an X-ray spectrum from a very small region of a TEM specimen showing characteristic peaks which identify the elements present. We can transform such spectra into quantitative data describing elemental changes associated with inhomogeneous microstructures as also shown in Figures 1.4B and C. In contrast, microscopes using nonionizing radiation such as visible light usually only generate light (but not much heat, which is good). AEMs generally offer improved performance at intermediate voltages, similar to HRTEMs.Figure 1.3. Signals generated when a high-energy beam of electrons interacts with a thin specimen. Most of these signals can be detected in different types of TEM. The directions shown for each signal do not always represent the physical direction of the signal but indicate, in a relative manner, where the signal is strongest or where it is detected.In order to get the best signal out of our specimens we have to put the best signal in, and so the electron source is critical. We are now very accomplished in this respect as you'll see in Section 4, so modern TEMs are very good signal-generating instruments. To localize these signals we need to get our TEM to form a very fine electron beam, typically <10 nm and at best <1 nm in diameter. We accomplish this by combining TEM and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology to create a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The STEM is both the basis for AEMs and a unique scanning imaging microscope in its own right. In fact there are instruments that are only capable of operating in scanning mode and these are sometimes referred to as "dedicated STEMs," or DSTEMs.1.1.D. Depth of FieldThe depth of field of a microscope is a measure of how much of the object we are looking at remains "in focus" at the same time. Like the resolution, this property is governed by the lenses in the microscope. The best electron lens is not a very good one, as we've already mentioned, and has been compared to using the bottom of a Coca-Cola bottle as a lens for light microscopy. To minimize this problem we have to use very small limiting apertures in the lenses, narrowing the beam down to a thin "pencil" of electrons which at most is a few micrometers across. These apertures cut down the intensity of the electron beam, but also act to increase the depth of focus of the images that we produce. Remember that "depth of field" refers to the specimen while "depth of focus" refers to the image.While this large depth of field is chiefly used in the SEM to produce 3D-like images of the surfaces of specimens with large changes in topography, it is also critical in the TEM. It turns out that in the TEM, all of the specimen is usually in focus at the same time, independent of the specimen topography, as long as it's electron transparent! Figure 1.5 shows a TEM image of some dislocations in a crystal. The dislocations appear to start and finish in the specimen, but in fact they are threading their way through the specimen from the top to the bottom, and they remain in sharp focus at all times. Furthermore, we can record the final image at different positions below the final lens of the instrument and it will still be in focus. Compare this with the visible-light microscope where, as you probably know, unless the surface of the specimen is flat to within the wavelength of light, it is not all in focus at the same time. This aspect of TEM gives us both advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the visible-light microscope.A BC Figure 1.4. (A) An X-ray spectrum from asmall biotite crystal showing peaks atenergies that are characteristic of theelements present in the region thatinteracts with the electron beam. Themajor peaks from left to right are for Mg,Al, Si, K, Fe, and the Cu support grid. (B)A TEM image of a precipitate-free zone(PFZ) in an aged Al-16 wt% Ag alloy. (C)The Ag profile across the PFZ in (B),obtained through X-ray spectrometry inthe TEM showing the depletion of Agresponsible for the PFZ formation.Figure 1.5. TEM image of dislocations in GaAs. A band of dislocations threads through the thin specimen from the top to the bottom but remains in focus through the foil thickness.1.1.E. DiffractionThompson and Reid showed that electrons could be diffracted when passing through thin crystals of nickel, and the possibility of combining electron diffraction into TEMs was realized by Kossel and Mollenstedt (1939). Today, electron diffraction is an indispensable part of TEM and is arguably the most useful aspect of TEM for materials scientists. Figure 1.6 shows a TEM diffraction pattern which contains information on the crystal structure, lattice repeat distance, and specimen shape, as well as being a most striking pattern. We'll see that the pattern can always be related to the image of the area of the specimen from which it came, in this case shown in the inset. In addition to the things we just listed, you can conduct a complete crystallographic symmetry analysis of minuscule crystals, including such esoteric aspects as point-group and space-group determination, and at all times the crystallography can be related to the image of your specimen. There is no similar capability on a light microscope because of the relatively large wavelength of visible light.So an electron microscope can produce atomic level images, can generate a variety of signals telling you about your sample chemistry and crystallography, and you can always produce images that are in focus. There are many other good reasons why you should use electron microscopes. We hope they will become evident as you read through this book. At the same time there are many reasons why you should not always seek to solve your problems with the TEM, and it is most important that you realize what the instrument cannot do, as well as knowing its capabilities.Figure 1.6. TEM diffraction pattern from a thin foil of A1-Li-Cu containing various precipitate phases, shown in the inset image. The central spot (X) contains electrons that come directly through the foil and the other spots and lines are diffracted electrons which are scattered from different crystal planes.。

unit_1_Introduction_and_greeting

I will choose two groups to present!
Dialog 1
• • • • • • Read the dialog together. Find out the elements below: Who: Where: When: What:
• Page 6. Act Out.
forms and ceremonies seriously; freedom from constraint or embarrassment 非正式，不拘礼节
a garrulous informality that is explosive, intense and distinctly American. 他29岁，有着深蓝色的眼镜，絮絮叨叨不拘礼节，是个活泼、热情、典型的美国人。
Part I: Intensive Reading Task1: Topic: Ways Americans greet, introduce and
say goodbye to people.
Section Learning
Main ideas:
1) In the American society, informality is valued very highly. 2) When you greet people who you already know, you are expected to show a certain amount of informality toward them.
e.g: He is 29 years old, with quiet blue eyes and
Section Learning
Language Points:

新视角研究生英语读说写1二单元课后练习答案

B. After my father died, my mother h__a_d_t_o_g_i_v_e_u__p_m__y_s_i_s_te_r_A__u_d_r_e_y to my Uncle Tom and Aunt Goldie for adoption and _to_o__k_m__y_o_t_h_e_r_s_i_s_te_r_a_n_d__m__e to New Jersey t_o__ta_k_e__s_h_e_lt_e_r with her brother Alen, and finally we settled down there. (Paras. 9–10)
Text Outline
1. Introduction (Paras. 1–7)
I can still remember my mother’s words pushing me to work hard for success in my boyhood.
Unit 2: Structure of the text
B. I became interested in crime stories in newspapers and I b_e_c_a_m__e_a__p_o_l_ic_e__re_p_o__rt_e_r working for Baltimore Sun in 1947
upon graduation from John Hopskins. (Paras. 16–18)
Unit 2: Reading comprehension
5. How did the author feel when his childhood fantasy about becoming a journalist with the New York Times came true?

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Chapter 1 - I ntroductionEcho sounding is a technique for measuring water depths by transmitting acoustic pulses from the ocean surface and listening for their reflection (or echo) from the sea floor. This technique has been used since the early twentieth century to provide the vital depth input to charts that now map most of the world’s water-covered areas. These charts have permitted ships to navigate safely through the world’s oceans. In addition, information derived from echo sounding has aided in laying trans-oceanic telephone cables, exploring and drilling for off-shore oil, locating important underwater mineral deposits, and improving our understanding of the Earth’s geological processes. Until the early 1960s most depth sounding used single-beam echo sounders. These devices make a single depth measurement with each acoustic pulse (or ping) and include both wide and narrow beam systems. Relatively inexpensive wide-beam “unstabilized” sounders detect echoes within a large solid angle under a vessel and are useful for finding potential hazards to safe navigation. However, these devices are unable to provide much detailed information about the sea bottom. On the other hand, more expensive narrow-beam “stabilized” sounders are capable of providing high spatial resolution with the small solid angle encompassed by their beam, but can cover only a limited survey area with each ping. Neither system provides a method for creating detailed maps of the sea floor that minimizes ship time and is thus cost-effective. The unstabilized systems lack the necessary spatial resolution, while the stabilized systems map too little area with each ping.In 1964, SeaBeam Instruments—at the time the Harris Anti-Submarine Warfare Division of General Instrument Corporation—patented a technique for multiple narrow-beam depth sounding. The first such systems to use this technique were built by SeaBeam for the US Navy and were known as Sonar Array Sounding Systems (SASS). SASS employed two separate sonar arrays oriented orthogonal to one another—one for transmitting and one for receiving—an arrangement called a Mills Cross Array. The arrays and the associated analog electronics provided 90 1°-wide unstabilized beams. Roll and pitch compensation produced 60 1°-wide stabilized beams, which permitted mapping a 60° “fan” of the sea floor with each ping. This system allowed survey vessels to produce high-resolution coverage of wide swaths of the ocean bottom in far less ship time than would have been required for a single-beam echo sounder, greatly reducing the costs of such mapping endeavors.Figure Chapter 1 - -1: Contour Map of Perth CanyonMost multibeam bathymetry systems still use the Mills Cross technique for beam forming. However, as faster computers and Large Scale Integrated (LSI) digital chips have become available, most of the signal processing, including beam forming, moved from analog signal processing into the digital (discrete) signal processing (DSP) domain using digital signal microprocessor (DSPµP) chips. The availability of fast DSPµPs has also permitted the implementation of sophisticated detection algorithms. As a result, survey vessels today can do on-board real-time multibeam processing and display of bathymetry data in a manner impossible only a few years ago. Figure Chapter 1 - -1 shows a sample of a high-quality ocean floor map produced by a SEA BEAM 2100 Multibeam Survey System, the latest generation of multibeam sonar from SeaBeam Instruments.The SEA BEAM 2100 system represents the culmination of over a third of a century of design, development, and production experience by SeaBeam Instruments in the area of multibeam bathymetric systems. With added sophistication, this latest generation multibeam sonar system has added capabilities and complexity. It is necessary to have a basic theoretical understanding of the way multibeam bathymetry systems in general, and the SEA BEAM 2100 in particular, work in order to both:•Operate the system in a manner that maximizes coverage and data quality•Evaluate the system performance for signs of system degradationOrganization of this DocumentThis manual provides a general explanation of the way a multibeam sonar system works and describes in detail the implementation of multibeam technology represented by the SEA BEAM 2100 system.Chapter 2, “Sonar Concepts,” introduces the concepts and definitions involved in echo sounding, using a description of a simple single-beam echo sounder as an example. Characteristics of the creation and transmission of acoustic pulses in water and their echoes off the ocean bottom are discussed. This chapter also explains some of the limitations of a single-beam sonar.Chapter 3, “Introduction to Multibeam Sonar: Projector and Hydrophone Systems,” describes the Mills Cross technique, including the processes of beam forming and beam steering and how it is applied to sonar and to the SEA BEAM 2100 in particular. The chapter discusses how systems that employ the Mills Cross technique can make up for many of the short-comings of single-beam echo sounders.Chapter 4, “Detection Processing and Range Calculation,” describes how the SEA BEAM 2100 extracts signals and determines the location of the sea floor from multibeam echoes. The processes used for ship motion compensation and the formation of stable beams and the implementation of sound velocity profiles are discussed.Chapter 5, “Sidescan Sonar,” discusses sea floor imaging using sidescan sonars and how the SEA BEAM 2100 can be used simultaneously as a depth-finding and sidescan sonar.A glossary of the terminology of multibeam sonar technology is included as an appendix. Scope of this DocumentMultibeam technology involves a number of disciplines including underwater acoustics, digital signal processing, and detection theory statistics. Many excellent texts are available that provide in-depth mathematical treatment of each of these fields. The purpose of this document is not to cover all related topics in rigorous mathematical detail, but instead to present you with a simple, clear understanding of the fundamental concepts required to develop the full potential of a multibeam sonar system. Ideas are presented in a graphical and descriptive way, with minimal use of complex mathematics. Where appropriate, references to texts are provided so you can pursue topics in greater detail. While directed at users of the SEA BEAM 2100 system in particular, most of the concepts explained in this document are common to all multibeam sonars, so much of this information can be applied to any commercially available multibeam system.。

动态优化Dynamic Optimization 1p1 Lecture 1. Introduction

2 ∂ 2 L / ∂x1
... 2 ∂ L / ∂x1∂xk k (−1) ∂g1 / ∂x1 ... ∂g m / ∂x1
... ∂ 2 L / ∂x1∂xk ... 2 ... ∂ 2 L / ∂x1 ∂g1 / ∂xk ... ... ... ∂g m / ∂xk
∂g1 / ∂x1 ... ∂g1 / ∂xk 0 ... 0
Necessary
conditions for a point x* to maximize a twice continuously differentiable function f(x): f ′( x* ) = 0 ( F .O.C )
f ′′( x* ) ≤ 0 ( S .O.C )
5
Nonlinear Programming
For
a twice continuously differentiable function f(x1,x2,…,xn) of n variables, necessary conditions for x*=[x*1,x*2,…,x*n] to maximize f(x1,x2,…,xn) is: F.O.C.: f i ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = 0, i = 1,2,..., n
6
Nonlinear Programming: Example 1
Maximize f ( x, y ) = xy + 9 y − x 2 − y 3 / 12 F.O.C.: f = y − 2 x = 0 x 2 − = + 9 /4=0 x f x y They are satisfied at (1/2 + (37/4)1/2,1 + 371/2) and at (1/2 − (37/4)1/2,1 − 371/2). S.O.C.: f = −2 < 0, f xx xy = 1, f yy = − y / 2 < 0 −2 1 H = 1 − y / 2 = y −1 They are satisfied at the first solution.

电工学原理及应用(Electrical_Engineering)经典双语详解讲义_(1)

Power systems convert energy to and from electrical form. Signal processing is concerned with information-bearing
electrical signals.
• Why Study Electrical Engineering?
•
• • • • •
Control systems
and magnetic fields.
gather information with sensors and use electrical energy to control a physical process.
Electromagnetics is the study and application of electric Electronics is the study and application of materials, devices
Alternating Current
On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC.
q(t ) i (t )dt q(t0 )
t0
t
Example 1.1 Determining Current Given Charge
q(t )( C )
2
0
Suppose that charge versus time is given by
q( t ) 0

人文英语4unit1写作训练

Unit 1： Preparing for the Test1. Introduction2. Reading Skills3. Listening Skills4. Writing Skills5. Speaking Skills6. Conclusion1. IntroductionIn this unit, we will focus on the various skills necessary for English language proficiency. These skills include reading, listening, writing, and speaking. Each of these skills is essential for effectivemunication in English, and mastering them is crucial for success in academic and professional pursuits.2. Reading SkillsReading is a fundamental skill in language acquisition. To improve readingprehension, it is important to practice regularly and focus on understanding the m本人n ideas and supporting det本人ls of a passage. Furthermore, developing vocabularyand the ability to infer meaning from context are essential for proficient reading. Strategies such as skimming and scanning can also help in quickly grasping the content of a text.3. Listening SkillsListening is another critical aspect of language learning. To enhance listening skills, it is beneficial to engage in active listening, where the listener focuses on understanding and processing the information being conveyed. Additionally, familiarizing oneself with different accents and intonations can 本人d in improvingprehension. Taking notes while listening to lectures or conversations can also be a valuable tool for retention and understanding.4. Writing SkillsWriting proficiency is essential for expressing ideas andmunicating effectively. To develop strong writing skills, one must pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Additionally, understanding the purpose and audience for a piece of writing is crucial for crafting a coherent andpellingposition. Practicing different forms of writing, such asessays, letters, and reports, can also contribute to skill development.5. Speaking SkillsThe ability to speak fluently and confidently is a keyponent of language proficiency. Improving speaking skills involves practicing pronunciation, intonation, and word stress. Engaging in conversations, debates, and presentations can help in enhancing speaking abilities. Moreover, actively seeking feedback and self-evaluating one's speaking performance can 本人d in identifying areas for improvement.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, mastering the various language skills covered in this unit is essential for bing proficient in English. By diligently practicing reading, listening, writing, and speaking, individuals can significantly enhance their language abilities. These skills are not only valuable for academic and professional success but also for effectivemunication in everyday life. It is imperative to continuously strive for improvement and seek opportunities to apply these skills in real-life situations.。

1 Introduction

HLP ImplementationVersion0.1International Computer Science Institute1IntroductionHybrid Link-State Path-Vector Protocol,or HLP,is an inter-domain routing protocol designed as a replacement for the current Border Gateway Protocol(BGP).Using a combination of link-state and path vector routing,it provides greater scalability,better fault isolation and better convergence.The core of HLP is the inclusion of the economic and political structure of the Internet into inter-domain routing.That is,BGP currently considers each AS as a node in a general graph without any speciﬁc structure(using explicit policies to constrain routing),whereas HLP assumes that the Internet structure is basically hierarchical with the provider autonomous systems(ASs)being the roots of customer ASs.HLP explicitly includes the relationship between2neighboring ASs in its protocol.This will reduce misconﬁgurations which should hopefully reduce the occurrence of routing abnormalities.However,the tradeoff is some amount of inﬂexi-bility in the routing algorithm.This is resolved using exceptions that are expected to be rare and therefore acceptable. This report summarizes implementation of HLP on the XORP[1]software router.The implementation reuses much of the code in XORP’s BGP module.2DeﬁnitionsWe say that two ASs are in the same hierarchy if there exists a directed path between them such that the path consists of any number of provider links followed by any number of customer links.This deﬁnition of hierarchy implies that there exists at least one route between two ASs in a hierarchy that does not include(provider)(customer)(provider)links. Two ASs are neighbors if there exists a link between them.The relationship between neighboring ASs(peer,customer, or provider)determine the overall structure of the network,which can be as simple as shown in Figure1a,or consist of overlapping hierarchies as shown in Figure1b.In theﬁgure,each node represents an AS;the neighboring AS at a higher tier is the provider,similarly an AS at a lower tier is the customer.Thus,AS A is the provider of AS B,which in turn is A’s customer.Neighboring ASs at the same tier are also called peering ASs.Note that the use of tiers in Figure1and inprotocol.subsequentﬁgures only allows for graphical representation of relationships,it is not present in the actual HLPHLP divides the network into hierarchies consisting of providers and their customer ASs,and peering ASs in different hierarchies allow routing between hierarchies.As will be explained in the next section,this division of the network intoseparate components increases scalability,as well as reduces the convergence time for route updates.3Routing Information DisseminationTwo types of routing packets are used to disseminate routing information:link-state advertisements(LSAs)and fragmented path-vector(FPV)1.As is the case in OSPF,LSAs areﬂooded throughout a hierarchy,and allow construction of the entire hierarchy topology.FPVs are used to route between ASs;they contain the numbers of peering ASs between hierarchies. LSAs that have not previously been received are forwarded in the following manner:1.if they are from customers,we forward to all neighbors,except the customers from which they arrive.2.if they are from providers,we forward only to neighboring customers,not providers.The objective of the above rules is to restrict LSAs to the hierarchies from which they originate.Failure to do so will imply that multi-homing ASs belonging to different hierarchies can cause LSAs to be disseminated throughout the entire Internet. The rules above implements this restriction,illustrated in Figure2.By deﬁnition,AS C belongs to both hierarchies1and 2,and rule1allows LSAs from AS B to be forwarded to C.At C,rule2prevents LSAs from A from being forwarded to AS D.On the other hand,LSAs involving C will be disseminated in both hierarchies,which is correct since C is a member both.ofFPVs are used to forward routes from one hierarchy to another.They are similar to path-vector packets used in BGP,except that they do not include the AS path within hierarchies.Rules that govern forwarding of FPVs are given as follows:1.FPVs from providers are disseminated only to customers,not to peers or other providers.2.FPVs from peers are forwarded to neighboring peers and customers,but not providers.4Routing AlgorithmThe mechanism to choose a route to a particular destination AS is similar to that currently used in BGP.This eases the implementation of exceptions which will be covered in the next section,as well as the creation of FPVs for routes to customers within the hierarchy Basically,we store routes for destination ASs reachable from each neighboring AS,then decide the winning route for a particular destination.The handling of routes contained within FPVs is straightforward and similar to that of BGP,but routing information gained from LSAs needs to be converted to the same form as that in FPVs. The conversion is elaborated on in the next section.4.1From LSAs to RoutesWe denote the least cost of reaching AS A from B by cost(B,A),a route from A to B with cost C by route[(A,B),C], and we perform the conversion in the following manner,assuming that the operations are taking place in AS X:1.for each neighbor N2.if neighbor is a customer3.for each downstream customer AS Apute cost(N,A)5.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]6.associate route[(X,A),C]with N7.else if neighbor is a provider8.for each of the non-customer ASs in the hierarchypute cost(N,A)10.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]11.associate route[(X,A),C]with NThe computation is broken into two parts,steps2to5,and6to9of the algorithm above.This is required because forwarding of routes from a provider to a peer should take place only if the destination AS is a customer2.To distinguish between the origin of the routes,we tag them with the following:PROVIDERLSA:Route for non-customer destination AS within the same hierarchy,determined using link-state information.PEERLSA:Route for customer destination AS obtained using link-state information.An example is given in Figure3,where we focus on AS C.Table1shows the routes,costs and tags associated with each neighbor.Neighbor Cost(C,A)PROVIDERA3LSA(C,E)PROVIDERA15LSA(C,D)PROVIDERD26LSA(C,A)PROVIDERF5LSATable1:Table containing routes,costs and tags for example converting LSAs to routes4.2From FPV to RoutesCreation of routes from FPVs are much simpler,and is similar to that in BGP:1.if FPV is from a provider P2.extract route and metric,tag with PROVIDER_FPV,and associate them with P3.if FPV is from a peer Q4.extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with Q5.if FPV is from customer,treat FPV as coming from peer,extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with QNote that step5only occurs due to an exception in the customer AS.Figure3:Example illustrating LSA to route conversion4.3Route SelectionThe winning route to a particular destination is selected according to the following order of preferences:1.customer route(ie.tagged with CUSTOMERNeighbor TypePROVIDER CustomerFPVCUSTOMER PeerTable2:Route types that can be forwarded to corresponding neighboring AS types5ExceptionsHLP supports three different types of exceptions.The primary use of exceptions is to support operations that are currently used in BGP but not covered by the default HLP rules.The format in which exceptions are speciﬁed and stored is given by wherefromlink speciﬁes the neighboring link to which winning routes will be propagated,andAS number refers to the destination AS that this particular exception is for.In HLP,a from link is given by the tuple:5.1Exception1Figure4:(a)Example illustrating effect of exception1on rest of hierarchy.D announces that it does not have a customer route to C.B uses graph in(b)to compute shortest paths to all ASs in the same hierarchy except C(i.e.A,D and F).B uses the graph in(c)to compute the shortest path to C.Theﬁrst exception,illustrated in Figure4,allows an AS(say D)to choose an alternate route to a customer(C)via a peer (E).The route choose is dependent on the customer AS,and should not affect routes to other ASs.D indicates its intention via LSAs to other ASs in the same hierarchy that it is not choosing customer routes to C.D also informs E that it no longer has a customer route to C.If,ignoring customer routes,the winning route is from E,then D forwards that FPV to its peers and customers.However,if the winning route is from another peer not speciﬁed in the exception,then the corresponding FPV will not be forwarded.Using the same example,exception1is speciﬁed bywhere is speciﬁed using the tuple5.2Exception2This exception speciﬁes that winning routes from the stated provider is to be forwarded to a particular peer,which is typically not done.In Figure5,the exceptionallows winning routes to AS Z from provider A to be forwarded to D.5.3Exception3The last exception supported is similar to exception2.Here,routes are forwarded from a peer to a provider.Currently, the provider simply accepts incoming FPVs from customers,treating them as though they are from peers.If,for security reasons,providers should reject FPVs from customers,then additional conﬁguration will be required in the provider.Figure5:Simple network illustrating route forwarding from provider to peer5.4Exception Format and MatchingThe type of exception does not explicitly need to be speciﬁed.Instead,the neighbor relationship associated with the links given in each exception rule can be used to determine this.The format is thus simpliﬁed,and should hopefully reduce the occurrence of misconﬁgurations.Table3gives the combination of links that indicate the kind of exception speciﬁed.From To Exception TypeNULL1PeerPeer3Table3:Combination of link types associated with each exception type6Data StructuresIn this section we describe the data structures used to maintain state in a HLP router.Figure6shows theﬂow of routing information through the system,as well as the major components of the system.Figure6:Flow of routing information through systemWe describe each component below:Peer:A peer contains the necessary objects needed for receiving and sending routing information from and to neighboring routers.Each peer maintains the state machine for the connection associated with the corresponding neighbor,as well as the various timers needed during connection establishment and for keepalive messages.RibIpcHandler:Handles insertion of preﬁxes owned by this AS.Routing Information Base Input Table(RibInTable):Stores routes associated with corresponding neighboring router.Routes may be obtained via FPVs sent from neighbor,or from computation of shortest paths using link-state infor-mation.The type of tag assigned to a route is explained in Section4.1.PeerHandler:Handles reception and transmission of FPVs and LSAs.After a packet has been received,it is broken up into individual components(for instance,link changes,route withdrawals,route announcements,etc.)before being passed to HLPCore for processing.Updates passed from the DecisionTable are aggregated as much as possible within a packet(FPV or LSA)before being transmitted.Routing Information Base Output Table(RibOutTable):Stores the outgoing routes sent via FPVs.The contents of this table is a subset of the corresponding RibInTable of the neighboring router.PeerData:Contains information related to the peering link:–neighbor’s AS number and identiﬁcation number(ID),–IP tuple of the connection,–neighbor’s peer type(customer,provider or peer),–metric,or cost of the link–various timeout values(hold,retry,keepalive)HLPCore:The HLPCore contains the Lib,DecisionTable,ExceptionTable,and the AS-Preﬁx Map.It maintains the periodic update timer3,and interfaces between the user and the system.The core also connects Peers with the Lib and DecisionTable,so that incoming routing information can be processed and then pushed out of the system if necessary.Link-State Information Base(LIB):The Lib stores link-state information gathered from LSAs received.The network topology constructed is then used to determine the shortest path to each destination AS from every neighbor.DecisionTable:The DecisionTable chooses the winning route amongst the routes stored in the RibInTables for a particular destination preﬁx.The selection is based on the order of preferences given in Section4.3.Winning routes are stored in a trie,after which they are pushed to the neighboring routers based on the route type as speciﬁed in Section4.4.In general the DecisionTable deals with FPVs,whilst the Lib deals with LSAs.ExceptionTable:The ExceptionTable stores the exceptions raised locally,as well as those raised by other ASs within the same hierarchy(exceptions raised are not explicitly propagated to other hierarchies).Currently,only information with regards to exception1are disseminated via LSAs.The ExceptionTable is used when the DecisionTable is determining whether a particular winning route should be sent to a neighbor,and when the Lib is computing the shortest path to destination ASs taking into account exception1s raised.AS-Preﬁx Map:This object stores the mapping of ASs to the corresponding advertised preﬁxes.Since the core of HLP manages routes at the preﬁx level4,and route changes are disseminated at the AS level,the AS-Preﬁx Map is required to translate between the two.Thus,for instance,incoming route changes(which will not include the preﬁxes involved,but just the AS path)will be processed in the HLPCore at the preﬁx level,and merged again just before the updates are pushed out.7Finite State MachineTheﬁnite state machine for each peering connection is the same as that speciﬁed in[2].8Protocol FormatThe message header format as speciﬁed in [2]remains unchanged,as is the format of the Keepalive packet.In this section we describe the changes to the Open and Update (renamed Fragmented Path-Vector)packets,as well as introduce the LSA packet.8.1Open PacketVersionMy AS numberHold timeHLP identifierPeer type12241Figure 7:Format of Open packet,numbers denote lengths of corresponding ﬁelds in octetsSince a HLP network is dependent on the relationship between neighboring ASs,it is important that they agree on that.We thus include an additional ﬁeld in the Open packet,the peer type ﬁeld.The relationship type inserted in the ﬁeld is with respect to the neighbor.For instance,if AS A is a customer of B,it will insert type corresponding to customer in the ﬁeld of the Open packet it sends to B.Inconsistencies will result in the connection failing.8.2Fragmented Path Vector PacketThe format of the FPV ,shown in Figure 8,is similar to BGP’s Update packet,but with an additional AS Down ﬁeld.When an AS becomes unreachable for any reason,rather than withdrawing every route to that AS,we propagate just the AS number in this ﬁeld.Unfeasible routes lengthWithdrawn routesAS down lengthASnumbersTotal path attribute lengthPath attributesNetwork layerreachability informationX X2X 2X 2Figure 8:Format of FPV packet,the numbers denote lengths of corresponding ﬁelds in octets.An X means that the ﬁeld length is variable.The format in which a network preﬁx is represented is shown in Figure 9.This representation is used for the network layer reachability information (NLRI)and withdrawn routes in Figures 8and 10.Length1PrefixX Figure 9:Representation of a preﬁx:the Length ﬁeld uses 1octet,and the size of the Preﬁx ﬁeld is variable.8.3Link State Advertisement PacketThe LSA packet is a new packet type,and the ﬁelds are shown in Figure 10.We describe the four main ﬁelds and their corresponding subﬁelds as follows:1.link changes :This major ﬁeld contains information regarding links grouped together according to an endpoint AS’number.For instance,all links stated in “link information (1)”have an end AS with number “AS (1)number”.Thus,multiple link changes can be aggregated and transmitted within the same packet.The format in which information for each link is transmitted is shown in Figure 11.2.unreachable ASs :These ﬁelds provide the list of ASs (“Unreachable ASs”)that are declared unreachable from an AS (“AS unreachable from”).This ﬁeld is used to disseminate an AS’setting of exception 1.lengthLink changesAS unreachable from (1)UnreachableAS length (1)UnreachableASs (1)Unreachable AS lengthReachable AS length AS reachablefrom (1)ReachableAS length (1)ReachableASs (1)AS reachablefrom (n)ReachableAS length (n)ReachableASs (n)Unfeasible routes length Withdrawn routesNLRI total length AS announcingNLRI (1)NLRIlength (1)AS (1)numberLink changeslength (1)Linkinformation (1)NLRI (1)AS announcingNLRI (n)NLRIlength (n)AS unreachablefrom (n)UnreachableAS length (n)UnreachableASs (n)AS (n)numberLink changeslength (n)Linkinformation (n)222 222X2222NLRI (n)2222X2X22X22XXX X22XFigure10:Format of LSA packet.The numbers representﬁeld size in octets,X means theﬁeld size is variable.Neighbor AS number NeighborrelationOperation Reserved Metric1622432Figure11:Link information representation format.The numbers representﬁeld size in bits.3.reachable ASs:Theseﬁelds provide the list of ASs(“Reachable ASs”)that are declared reachable from an AS(“ASreachable from”).Note that the list of ASs must have previously been declared unreachable.Thisﬁeld is used when deleting exception1.4.unfeasible routes:Similar to Update packets,thisﬁeld holds the routes that have been withdrawn by ASs in the samehierarchy.5.NLRI announcements:Theﬁnalﬁeld gives the preﬁxes that each AS is announcing.9Boot Up ProcedureThe HLP protocol does not require knowledge of the tier level an AS is at.When connection to a new neighbor is established,the following steps are taken:if neighbor is a peersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAif neighbor is a customersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAsend all link-state informationsend all exception informationif neighbor is a providersend all link-state information for customer ASssend all exception informationAdditional routes that match exceptions,if any,are also sent.10Exception Setting and RemovalHLP allows dynamic setting and deletion of exceptions.Setting of exceptions should cause the network state to become the same as if the exceptions were present on bootup.Similarly,deletion of exceptions should cause the state to be the same as if the exceptions were never present.The following steps are taken when the corresponding exceptions are raised or removed:Exception1:Upon setting of exception1,the AS broadcasts an LSA packet in its hierarchy indicating the lack ofa customer route to the destination AS.It removes route(s)to the destination AS(tagged with CUSTOMERLSA and PROVIDER。

大学英语综合教程第三册unit1分析

Unit objectives
Objectives: The unit aims to help students
Apply critical thinking to different writing tasks, such as essays, reports, and reviews.
Improve their writing skills, including essay structure, argumentation, and language use.
02
text analysis
Topic of the text
Topic
The text is about the topic of "The Secret of Success". It mainly discusses the factors that lead to success, including perseverance, hard work, positive attitude, and good habits.
Text Organization
Introduction
Body
The text begins with an introduction that sets the scene and introduces the topic of "The Secret of Success". It also provides a brief overview of the main points that will be covered in the text.
1. Introduction
This section provides an overview of the unit and introduces the theme of critical thinking and writing.

1.introduction

免疫学概论
Introduction to Immunology
Liu chun 2016 – 03 – 01
1
一、发展史：
古老： 16世纪人痘预防天花
① 接触法 ② 痘浆法 ③ 旱苗法 ④ 水苗法
18世纪牛痘预防天花 ( Jenner )
Edward Jenner discovered that cowpox vaccination protected against smallpox in 1796. Officially smallpox eradicated in 1979.
中枢
2、未成熟 LC克隆遇Ag 刺激后发生克隆清除; 成熟 LC克隆遇Ag刺激后则活化增殖分化，并清除Ag； 3、由于未成熟 LC克隆在胸腺、骨髓中与自身Ag 相遇而致自身反应性LC克隆清除；所以成熟LC克隆主要针对外来Ag。因而免
疫系统能区别自己与非己。
外周
7
克隆选择学说 ( Burnet )
44
20世纪获得诺贝尔医学生理学奖的免疫学家
年代 1901 1905 1908 1912 1913 1919 1930 1951 1957 1960 1972 1977 1980 学者姓名 Behring Koch Ehrlich Metchnikoff Carrel Richet Bordet Landsteiner Theler Bovet Burnet Medawar Edelman Porter Yalow Dausset Snell Benacerraf Jerne Kohler Milstein Tonegawa Murray Thomas Doherty Zinkernagel 国家德国德国德国俄国法国法国比利时奥地利南非意大利澳大利亚英国美国英国美国法国美国美国丹麦德国阿根廷日本美国美国澳大利亚瑞士获奖成就发现抗毒素，开创免疫血清疗法发现结核杆菌，发明诊断结核病的结核菌素提出抗体生成侧链学说和体液免疫学说发现细胞吞噬作用，提出细胞免疫学说器官移植发现过敏现象发现补体, 建立补体结合试验发现人红细胞血型发明黄热病疫苗抗组胺药治疗超敏反应提出抗体生成的克隆选择学说发现获得性移植免疫耐受性阐明抗体的化学结构阐明抗体的化学结构创立放射免疫测定法发现人白细胞抗原发现小鼠H-2系统发现免疫应答的遗传控制提出天然抗体选择学说和免疫网络学说杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体单克隆抗体技术及Ig基因表达的遗传控制抗体多样性的遗传基础第一例肾移植成功第一例骨髓移植成功提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式提出MHC限制性，即T细胞的双识别模式

新视角研究生英语读说写课后题答案1

Reference
It is ironical since in these positions that women do the same jobs and wear the same or similar uniforms as men, and this sameness implies that women should not be differentiated from men. However, such a presupposition has been broken by the reality that many women are suffering from gender bias.
Unit 9: Structure of the text
Text Outline
2. Body (Paras. 5–12)
1) The on-the-job gender discrimination (Paras. 2–7)
A. Wage bias, which means___________________________ employees are paid less those of the opposite gender for doing the same work ________________________________________________. it is difficult B. The glass ceiling, which means _____________________ for women to advance up the corporate ladder. _______________________________________________ .

1. Introduction_to_IFRS_slides-国际财务报告准则介绍

Introduction to IFRSAccounting in the international spotlightThe movement toward International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) represents an exciting development unprecedented in the world of financial accounting.It’s time to see what is going on in the international spotlight!Let’s take a tour through the world of international accounting!What is the outlook for IFRS adoption?What is the history of international standard setting?Why is it important to learn about IFRS today?How are the international standards set?What is the structure of the international standard setters?Who are the international standard setters?StartWhat is IFRS?Is IFRS different or better than USGAAP?On your tour, click the globe icon on the bottom right hand corner of relevant slides to return to this home screen.How are the US and international standard setters working together?What is IFRS?►IFRS stands for International Financial Reporting Standards.►As indicated within the title, these standards are aimed at a global practice.►Ultimately, the goal is to achieve a single set of high-quality, common accounting standards used around the world.►These standards are the result of a convergence of international viewpoints.►These standards are for publicly accountable entities.►Small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) that do not have public accountability may use a simplified version of IFRS known as IFRS for SMEs.►IFRS for SMEs has recently been accepted for non-SEC registrants by the AICPA as an acceptable alternative reporting standard to US GAAP; however, it is not yet common practice.Is IFRS different than US GAAP?►There are differences between IFRS and US GAAP but they are more alikethan different for most commonly encountered transactions. ►IFRS is largely grounded in the same principles as US GAAP.►The US and international standard setters are currently working on convergence projects to better align the standards and reduce these differences.= ?/►It cannot be stated that IFRS is better (or of higher quality) than US GAAP nor that US GAAP is better (or of higher quality) than IFRS. Neither set ofstandards is perfect.►This is evidenced by the convergence efforts where changes are being made to both sets of standards and are not one-sided.►Some could say that the international standard setters have had the following advantages in their standard setting:►Being able to obtain a greater amount of global perspective.►Being able to draw upon the latest standards.►Being able to remedy perceived problems identified in practice.►Having an annual improvement process to enhance the clarity and consistency of IFRS, which continues to consider more current thinking and practice.►Being able to focus more intently on a principles orientation.►As mentioned previously, both US GAAP and IFRS are largely grounded in the same principles.►As a general rule, however, IFRS standards are broader with less rules and limited interpretive guidance.►The international standard setters prefer to leave implementation of the principles embodied in the standards to preparers and auditors and its interpretive body.►US GAAP contains underlying principles as well but is more specific and rules oriented with far more “bright lines,” comprehensive implementation guidance and industry interpretations.The following example is a simple illustration of a principles-oriented approach compared to a rules-oriented approach. Rules oriented:►Your parents tell you to get a 3.2 GPA or above. ►They provide you with 15 contingencies that might justify acceptance ofanything lower than a 3.2 GPA.Principles oriented:►Your parents tell you to do your best to get good grades.►If you do not get good grades, they will consider the substance of your reasons.International Accounting Standards Board (IASB):►The IASB develops IFRS.►The IASB is an independent group of 15 full-time members. ►The board intends to expand to 16 members by 2012.►These members are appointed by the trustees.►Members of the IASB are selected and considered for reappointment through an open and rigorous process, which includes advertising vacancies and consulting relevant organizations.►Board members must comprise a group of people representing, within that group, the best available combination of technical skills and background experience of relevant international business and market conditions.Who are the international standard setters?Hans Hoogervorst is currently the IASB Chairman.►He is the former chairman of the executive board, the Netherlands Authorityfor the Financial Markets and a former chairman of the IOSCO technicalcommitteeOn July 1, 2011, a vice-chairman position was created to assume some ofthe chairmanship responsibilities. This position was assumed by IanMackintosh.►He was formerly chairman of the United Kingdom Accounting StandardsBoard.The term of both of these individuals will end on June 30, 2016.Click on the names above to learn more about each of these individuals. Photos from Who are the international standard setters?Amaro Luiz de Oliveira Gomes– BrazilChungwoo Suh– KoreaDarrel Scott – South AfricaMary Tokar– Noth AmericaMartin Edelmann– GermanySuzanne Lloyd–Patrick Finnegan – USGary Kabureck– North AmericaPhillipe Danjou – FranceStephen Cooper – UKTakatsugu Ochi – JapanZhang Wei-Guo – ChinaInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)IFRS andIFRS for SMEsIFRS Advisory CouncilIFRS FoundationIFRSInterpretations CommitteeMonitoring BoardIFRS FoundationInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)IFRS andIFRS for SMEsThe IFRS Foundation is a not-for-profit organization that oversees the development of the IASB’s international reporting standards for general financial statements.Monitoring BoardIFRSInterpretations CommitteeIFRS Advisory CouncilInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)IFRS andIFRS for SMEsMonitoring BoardThis group assists innominating and appointing individuals to IFRSFoundation trustee positions.IFRS FoundationIFRSInterpretations CommitteeIFRS Advisory CouncilInternational Accounting Standards Board (IASB)IFRS andIFRS for SMEsThe IFRS Advisory Council is the IASB’s forum for consultation with representatives from user groups, preparers, financial analysts, academics, auditors, regulators and professional accounting bodies.Monitoring BoardIFRS FoundationIFRSInterpretations CommitteeIFRS Advisory CouncilInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard (IASB)IFRSand IFRS for SMEsIFRSInterpretationsCommitteeThe IFRS Interpretations Committee releases interpretations (IFRICs) on newly identified financial reporting issues not dealt with in an IFRS and unsatisfactory or conflicting interpretations in areas without appropriate authoritative guidance.Monitoring BoardIFRS FoundationIFRS Advisory Council1960s 1970s 1980s 1990sProposal to create an accountants’ international study group►The IASC is formed in 1973.►The IASC begins promulgating International Accounting Standards (IAS).The IASC expands.►In 1994, the IASC Advisory Council is formed to provide oversight of IASC. ►In 1997, the Standards Interpretations Committee (SIC) is formed ►In 1999, the IASC is restructured to form a new board: the IASB. ►FASB agrees to work on a joint earnings-per-share project.2000 through 2011►In 2000, the initial 14 members are appointed to the IASB.►In 2002, the IASB begins promulgating standards as IFRS from IAS. The SIC becomes the IFRIC. The European Union endorses IFRS for 2005 adoption.►In 2002, the Norwalk Agreement is executed between the IASB and FASB.►In 2005, the SEC published a roadmap (Roadmap) for elimination of a US GAAP reconciliation for FPIs.►In 2006, the FASB and IASB published a Memorandum of Understanding, to set forth priorities in their joint work program.►In 2007, the SEC eliminated the US GAAP reconciliation for FPIs.►In 2008, the SEC published a proposed Roadmap anticipating the mandatory adoption of IFRS in the US.►In 2009, the FASB and IASB reaffirmed their commitment to the MOU.►In 2010, the SEC established a Work Plan and reaffirmed a 2011 decision date on IFRS adoption.►In 2011:►May: the SEC issued a staff paper outlining a possible approach for incorporation known as condorsement►June through August: the SEC conducted public outreach►November: the SEC conducted public outreach►November: the SEC issued a staff paper on a comparison of US GAAP and IFRS and a staff paper on an analysis of IFRS in practice around the world►December: the SEC delayed its adoption decision several months to post-2011.How are international standards set?AgendaDiscussion paper(DP)Post-implementation meetingsExposure draft(ED)IFRSFeedback statementInput is received from: ►IFRS Advisory Council ►Working Group►International groups such as analysts, preparers, audit technical partners ►Special interest groups ►Local standard setters ►Regulators ►Political groupsPublic consultationPublic consultationResearchSetting the agenda►The IASB evaluates the merits of adding a potential item to its agenda mainly by reference to the needs of investors.►The IASB considers:►Relevance to users of the information and the reliability of information that could be provided.►Existing guidance available.►Possibility of increasing convergence.►Quality of the standard to be developed, taking into account the availability of alternative solutions, cost/benefit considerations and feasibility.►Resource constraints in terms of availability of expertise and additional research required.Return to “How are international standards set?”Plan the project, and develop and publish the DP►IASB decides whether to conduct the project alone, or jointly with another standard setter.►A DP is not mandatory, but is quite typical. The purpose is to explain the issue, and solicit early comments from constituents.►A DP includes:►Comprehensive overview►Possible approaches►Preliminary viewsReturn to “How are international standards set?”Develop and publish the ED►Mandatory step, it is the main vehicle for consulting the public.►Unlike a DP, an ED sets out a specific proposal in the form of a proposed standard.►The development of an ED begins with the IASB considering: ►Issues on the basis of staff research and recommendations.►Comments received on any DP.►Suggestions made by the IFRS Advisory Council, working groups and accounting standard setters, and those arising from public education sessions.Return to “How are international standards set?”Develop and publish the standard►After resolving issues arising from the ED, the IASB considers whether it should expose its revised proposals for public comment. The revised proposal would be in the form of a second ED.►In considering the need for re-exposure, the IASB:►Identifies substantial issues that emerged during the comment period on the ED that it had not previously considered.►Assesses the evidence that it has considered.►Evaluates whether it has sufficiently understood the issues and actively sought the views of constituents.►Considers whether the various viewpoints were aired in the ED and adequately discussed and reviewed in the basis for conclusions.Return to “How are international standards set?”IASB members hold regular meetings►The purpose is to help understand unanticipated issues related to the practical implementation and potential impact of proposals.►After a suitable time, the IASB may consider initiating studies in light of: ►Its review of the IFRS’ application.►Changes in the financial reporting environment and regulatory requirements.►Comments by the IFRS Advisory Council, the IFRS Interpretations Committee, standard setters and constituents about the quality of the IFRS.Return to “How are international standards set?”A comparison of standard-setting processes►The IASB standard-setting process is almost identical to that of the FASB. The following are steps the FASB takes to create a standard:►The FASB receives requests/recommendations for possible projects and reconsideration of existing standards from various sources.►The FASB Chairman decides whether to add a project to the technical agenda, subject to oversight by the Foundation and after consultation with FASB members.►The FASB deliberates the various issues identified at one or more public meetings.►The Board issues an ED. In some projects, a DP may be issued to obtain input at an early stage that is used to develop the ED.►The FASB staff analyzes comment letters, public roundtable discussion and any other information.►The FASB redeliberates the proposed provisions at public meetings.►The FASB issues an Accounting Standards Update describing amendments to the Accounting Standards Codification.Click here to read the entire standard-setting process from the FASB’s website.►The FASB and IASB have been actively working together on convergence efforts since 2006.►In early 2011, certain major convergence projects were prioritizedto allow the Boards the ability to focus on these projectsand strive for completion in 2011.►Some of these projects have been completed;however, the timing on many of these projects hasbeen extended based on comments fromconstituents.►Some project remain inactive and will not beaddressed by the Boards until the prioritized projectsare completed.►Major projects recently completed in 2011 include:►Fair value►Presentation of other comprehensive income►Balance sheet offsetting►Major projects currently underway include (see timing on the following slide): ►Financial instruments (classification and measurement, impairment and hedging)►Revenue recognition►Leases►Consolidation►Insurance contracts►Projects that have been inactive include financial statement presentation, reporting discontinued operations, financial instruments with characteristics of equity and emissions trading schemes.How are the US and international standard setters working together?Joint projects as of December 2011IFRS required or permittedNo action taken/date set for adoptionLocal GAAP based on legacy IASIn process of adopting or converting to IFRS Currently, there are 123 countries that either adopted or signed to adopt IFRS. Over the last year, several countries required or permitted IFRS such Canada, Japan and Brazil while several countries are impending in the near future as listed: ►Mexico – 2012►Argentina – 2012►Nigeria – 2012►India – Indian Accounting Standards are issued as converged with somecarveouts but the effective date is yet to be announced.What is the outlook for IFRS adoption? Global snapshotThe Work Plan►In 2010, the SEC set forth a transparent work plan (the Work Plan) to support a decision for incorporation of IFRS into the US financial reporting system. The following are the specific areas of focus within the Work Plan:►Sufficient development and consistent application of IFRS:►The SEC staff will evaluate the comprehensiveness and enforceability of IFRS as well the auditability and comparability of financial statements prepared using IFRS, both in concept and in practice. These efforts will include consideration of the IASB’s efforts to improve IFRS through its conversion efforts with the FASB.►Independence of the standard-setting process:►The SEC staff will consider the extent to which the IASB’s governance (including its Monitoring Board), composition, funding and standard-setting process continue to promote the reporting of full, fair and reliable financial information to support investors in their capital allocation decision making.►Investor understanding and education:►The SEC staff will consider investor understanding and education regarding IFRS, including the current familiarity with IFRS, the actions needed to facilitate further understanding and the time frame to do so.►Examination of the US regulatory environment:►The SEC staff will examine how the US regulatory environment would be affected by the further incorporation of IFRS into the US financial reporting system. While the SEC does not directly prescribe the provision andcontent of information provided to other regulators, such as industry and tax regulators, the SEC’s decision to incorporate IFRS likely would affect regulatory regimes and parties subject to those regimes.►The effect of IFRS on US issuers, both large and small:►The SEC staff will assess the scope and timing of potential approaches for US issuers to make the necessary changes to their accounting systems, controls and procedures, and contractual arrangements. The SEC staff also will consider the effect of IFRS in the US on an issuer’s ability to comply with corporate governancerequirements, including the requirements for audit committee financial experts, and requirements related to the accounting for litigation contingencies. In addition, the SEC staff will consider whether the cost of a potential transition to IFRS would be more burdensome for smaller issuers.►Human capital readiness:►The SEC staff will assess the readiness of all parties involved in the financial reporting process, including regulators, for the further incorporation of IFRS in the US financial reporting system. The SEC staff also will consider the constraints on the availability of individuals experienced in the application of IFRS and therequired education, training and time frame necessary to address these constraints.The Work Plan►Since its release, the SEC has been executing the Work Plan by:►Performing its own research.►Seeking comment from, holding discussions with, and analyzing information from constituents.►Considering the experiences of jurisdictions that have successfully incorporated or plan to incorporate IFRS into their financial reporting systems.►In May 2011, the SEC released a staff paper on the potential approach to incorporation of IFRS into US financial reporting system. This approach became known as “condorsement”and will be discussed shortly.►In November 2011, the SEC issued two staff papers that compare US GAAP and IFRS and analyze the use of IFRS in practice around the globe.Decision and approach►In 2010, SEC Chairman, Mary Schapiro, said that she expected the SEC to make a decision on IFRS incorporation in 2011. By then, the SEC wasexpected to have completed its Work Plan and the Boards wereexpected to have completed their priority convergence projects.However, as previously discussed, the Boards extended their timelineson priority convergence projects in response to comments fromconstituents.►In December 2011, at the AICPA National Conference on Current SEC and PCAOB Developments, SEC Chief Accountant , James Kroeker, announced a delayed decision about IFRS adoption and stressed the importance of the completion of the prioritized convergence projects in consideration of making a decision.►He also stated that while the SEC staff had completed the majority of its “fieldwork” related to the Work Plan, a few more months were needed to produce a final report. Additionally, he stated that his staff were in the process of developing an approach for consideration by the Commission.Decision and approach►The SEC decision to mandate the use of IFRS is generally described as a decision to adopt IFRS. However, there are several manners in which the US could move forward to IFRS that are not considered to be adoption in the pure sense.►In October 2010, the SEC provided a progress report identifying that most jurisdictions adopt IFRS with a mechanism in place for making changes to the standards. In other words, most jurisdictions follow either a convergence or endorsement approach.►Adoption: A jurisdiction practices under IFRS as issued with no modifications.►Convergence: A jurisdiction practices under national standards with efforts to converge differences with IFRS standards over time.►Endorsement: A jurisdiction reviews each IFRS standard as issued and determines whether the standard should be endorsed for practice with or without modification.►As previously mentioned, in May 2011, an SEC Staff Paper outlined a possible approach for incorporating IFRS described as “condorsement.” This approach would establish anendorsement protocol for the FASB to incorporate new or amended IFRSs into US GAAP.During a defined transition period (e.g., five to seven years), the FASB would work to eliminate differences between IFRS and US GAAP through standard setting.Decision and approach►Major themes from the feedback received on the May Staff Paper including strong support for the objective of a single set of high-quality globally accepted accounting standards with a general premise that an endorsement mechanism would be used to achieve this goal.Constituents also believed that further progress needed to be made on the convergence projects.►Some questioned whether a single set of accounting standards can be achieved if the FASB and SEC retain the ability to deviate from an IASB standard. Given that an incorporation mechanism is used in some other jurisdictions, consideration can be made for the US as well to try to seek as much convergence as possible while fully understanding differences rather than just abandoning the possibility of a single set of accounting standards.►There is also discussion about what type of threshold would be used to consider whether to endorse an IASB standard. IASB Chairman, Hans Hoogervorst, has said he believes the key to making a possible endorsement model work “is setting an appropriately high threshold for endorsement. This ensures that any deviations are extremely rare. If we end up with non-endorsements and carve-outs left and right, the gains of adopting IFRS will remain elusive.”Future of joint convergence efforts►At the 2011 AICPA National Conference, Leslie Seidman,FASB Chairman, noted that the FASB would like to workwith the IASB to complete the priority projects on revenuerecognition, leasing, financial instruments and insurance,but said “we do not believe indefinite convergence is aviable option, politically or practically.”►Hans Hoogervorst added that, while it is tempting tomaintain the status quo, “For the long term, the statusquo is an unstable way of decision making that inevitably leads to diverged solutions orsuboptimal outcomes.”►Both Chairman nevertheless said that the convergence process has been extremely useful in improving both US GAAP and IFRS and moving them closer together.►Many questions remain about when the SEC will make a decision on whether and, if so, how IFRS will be incorporated into the US financial reporting system. What is clear is that there is strong support for an endorsement-type approach and the retention of US GAAP. Optional use of IFRS has not been ruled out however.►Knowledge of IFRS provides an ability to practice accounting in the global marketplace.►Through convergence efforts, US GAAP continues to become more aligned with IFRS.►US practice of IFRS currently exists in the following ways: ►Foreign multinationals that report using IFRS have US operations. While some of these entities file IFRS financialswith regulators of foreign exchanges, some file with the SEC asforeign private investors (FPIs) under IFRS as well.►US multinational companies have foreign operations that are required to report using IFRS.►Many US companies are making assessments of the potential impact of adopting IFRS and IFRS convergence efforts on theircurrent operations.►Under IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, there is a variety of exemptions and options that the preparer may elect to utilize in the adoption process that need to be assessed to best position thecompany.►The IFRS adoption and convergence efforts impact much more than just the accounting function. Additional functions that are impacted include the following:►Information systems►Tax►Treasury►Investor relations►Sales►Human resources►Mergers and acquisitionsGiven the level of IFRS knowledge expected by US practitioners today, the AICPA now includes IFRS in the content specifications for the Certified Public Accountant exam.Academic Resource Center Introduction to IFRS Page 41Ernst & Young LLPAssurance | Tax | Transactions | AdvisoryAbout Ernst & YoungErnst & Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. Worldwide, our 152,000 people are united by our shared values and an unwavering commitment to quality. We make a difference by helping our people, our clients and our wider communities achieve their potential.Ernst & Young refers to the global organization of member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Ernst & Young Global Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, does not provide services to clients. For more information about our organization, please visit .Ernst & Young LLP is a client-serving member firm of Ernst & Young Global and of Ernst & Young Americas operating in the US.© 2012 Ernst & Young Foundation (US).All Rights Reserved.SCORE No. MM4113C.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

2.2.2 Payment between governments
for political, military, or economics reasons, such as giving aids and grants, providing disaster relief, etc.
2.2.3 Others
国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例》, UCP600
4.5 Supplement to UCP 600 for Electronic Presentation Version 1.1, eUCP
国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例电子提示补充规则》eUCP 1.1
4.6 Uniform Rules for Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement under Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No. 725,
such as overseas remittances, educational expenses, inheritances, etc.,g countries.
3. Evolution of International Payments and Settlements
Introduction of International Settlement
Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Introduction of International Settlement
1. Definition of International Settlements 2. Special implication of international payment and settlement practice 3. Evolution of International Payments and Settlements 4. Customs & Rules for International Settlement 5. The main contents of International Settlements
① Convertible currency in export country. ② Convertible currency in import country. ③ Convertible currency in third country, generally referred to US currency.
1.1.3 Key factors determining the payment method
1.1.3 Key factors determining the payment method
① The business relationship between the seller and the buyer ② The nature of the merchandise ③ Industry norms ④ The distance between the buyer and the seller ⑤ The potential for currency fluctuation ⑥ Political and economic stability in both the buyer and the seller’s country
3.1 From cash settlement to non-cash settlement 3.2 From direct payment made between international traders to payment effected through a financial intermediary 3.3 From payments under simple price terms to payments under more complex price terms 3.4 International payment and settlement in the internet era
实时全额结算系统
4. Customs & Rules for International Settlement
4.1 Commercial Instrument Law in U.K.
英国《票据法》
4.2 Uniform Law on Bill of Exchange and Promissory Notes & Uniform Law on Cheques
3.4.1 SWIFT (Society For Worldwide Interbank Finacial Telecommunication):
环球银行间金融电讯协会
3.4.2 CHIPS (Clearing House Interbank Payment System):
纽约清算所交换银行相互收付系统
《联合国独立担保与备用信用证公约》
5. The main contents of International Settlements
settlement
Domestic Settlement
International Settlement
International Trade Settlement
Documents
basic Invoice Additional Packing list Weight memo Certificate of Original All kinds of Certificates
Systems
SWIFT
Collection
Bill of Lading Insurance documents
3.4.3 CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System):
票据交换所自动转账系统
3.4.4 FEDWIRE (Federal Reserves Wire Transfer System):
联邦储备电子化资金划拨系统
3.4.5 RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement Systems)
International Non-Trade Settlement
Instruments
Main methods Exchange Remittance Promissory note
Methods
Other methods Factoring Letter of guarantee Forfaiting
国际商会《审核跟单信用证项下单据的国际标准银行实务》ISBP 681
4.9 ICC Rules for Documentary Instruments Dispute Resolution Expertise, ICC Publication No.811,
国际商会《跟单票据争议解决专家意见规则》DOCDEX
Chapter 1 Introduction of International Settlement
1. Definition of International Settlements
1.1 Characteristics of International Settlement
1.1.1 Bank is financial intermediary (From cashsettlement to Non-cash settlement) 1.1.2 Currency: Convertible Currency
4.10.2 By UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), 联合国国际贸易法委员会
United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letter of Credit
CHIPS
Cheque
Letter of credit
Standby letter of credit
CHAPS
2. Special implication of international payment and settlement practice
2.1 International trade settlement
2.1.1 Visible Trade 2.1.2 Invisible Trade
2.2 International non-trade settlement
4.10 Customs & Rules on Independent Guarantee
4.10.1 By ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), 国际商会
① Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantee, ICC Publication NO. 325, 《合同保证统一规则》 ② Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee, ICC Publication NO. 458, 《见索即付保函统一规则》 ③ Uniform Rules for Contract Bonds, ICC Publication NO. 524, 《合同保函统一规则》 ④ International Standby Practices, ICC Publication No. 590 《国际备用证惯例》ISP98
国际商会《跟单信用证项下银行间偿付统一规则》, URR725
4.7 International Standby Practices, ICC Publication No. 590
国际商会《国际备用证惯例》ISP98
4.8 International Standard Banking Practice for the Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No. 681

1.introduction

英语写作第一节课introduction

英语论文分析学习 第1节 introduction

introduction 造句

unit_1_introduction[1]

1Introduction

新视野商务英语综合教程 1Unit 3

一堂英语听说课的流程

1.introduction 简介

1. INTRODUCTION

unit_1_Introduction_and_greeting

新视角研究生英语读说写1二单元课后练习答案

Chapter 1 - Introduction

动态优化Dynamic Optimization 1p1 Lecture 1. Introduction

电工学原理及应用(Electrical_Engineering)经典双语详解讲义_(1)

人文英语4unit1写作训练

1 Introduction

大学英语综合教程第三册unit1分析

1.introduction

新视角研究生英语 读说写 课后题答案1

1. Introduction_to_IFRS_slides-国际财务报告准则介绍

英语论文分析学习第1节 introduction

新视角研究生英语读说写课后题答案1