聚变堆第壁材料罗广南

2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
2
Outline
ASIPP
磁约束核聚变能
Magnetic Fusion Energy
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
3
The Need for Energy
ASIPP
Today:
• fossil fuels provide >85% of our energy needs
- conservative lithium ore recovery estimates indicate sufficient supplies for thousands of years
- sufficient lithium in seawater for millions of years
6
Why DT Fusion ?
ASIPP
Fuel: abundant, world-wide distributed:
• sufficient deuterium in seawater for millions of years • tritium is produced from lithium
Outline
ASIPP
• 磁约束核聚变能（Magnetic Fusion Energy） • 等离子体与壁相互作用（PWI/PMI/PSI） • 面向等离子体材料和部件（PFMs/PFCs） • 国际热核聚变实验堆ITER的PFMC研发经验 • 东方超环EAST的PFMC研发和工程实践 • PFMC的中子辐照效应和未来路向
Safety: no risk of major accidents:
• reactor contains fuel for only a few seconds burn
Waste: no long-term burden:
• low radio-toxicity after < 100 years
D + T ⇒ α (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV)
• In a fusion reactor, α-particles are retained in the plasma and provide the primary source of heating
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
But:
• resources are finite
• increasing CO2 production may cause climate change
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
Medium & Long Term Options:
• renewables (solar, wind…) • nuclear fission • fusion
Fusion power amplification:
Q=
Fusion Power Input Power
~
niTiτ E
⇒ Present devices: Q ≤ 1 ⇒ ITER: Q ≥ 10 ⇒ “Controlled ignition”: Q ≥ 30
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
ASIPP
面向等离子体材料和部件及其工程实践
Plasma-Facing Materials and Components ̶ ̶ ̶ Science and Engineering
罗广南
中科院等离子体所聚变堆材料科学与技术研究室
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校武汉2014年8月18-22日
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
4
What is Fusion ?
ASIPP
Einstein’s fห้องสมุดไป่ตู้mous equation: E = mc2
Mass loss of 4 parts in 1000 ⇒ 1 gram of fusion fuel ~ 2000 gallons of oil
result is a set of nested helical surfaces ⇒ plasma confinement
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
9
Plasma fusion performance
Temperature - Ti:
ASIPP
1-2 × 108 K (10-20 keV) (~10 × temperature of sun’s core)
The Tokamak:
operationally, is essentially an electrical transformer ⇒ induces plasma current
plasma current produces poloidal magnetic field
toroidal magnetic field is produced by external magnetic field coils
Density - ni:
1 × 1020 m-3
(~10-6 of atmospheric particle density)
Energy confinement time - τE: few seconds (∝ current × radius2)
(plasma pulse duration ~1000s)
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Progress in Fusion Performance
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
7
实现聚变的途径 (Three different ways)
ASIPP
核子
磁场
磁约束
电子
燃料丸
强能束
引力约束
惯性约束
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
8
Magnetic Confinement in a Tokamak
ASIPP
2014/8/18
第一届核能材料辐照损伤全国暑期学校
5
The DT Fusion Reaction
ASIPP
• The reaction of deuterium and tritium is the “easiest” to achieve under laboratory conditions: