租船运输实务与法律

租船运输与实务CH1 绪论§1 租船运输的概念租船运输又称不定期船运输，是船舶所有人将船舶的全部或部分出租给租船人使用，以完成特定货物的运输任务，由租船人按约定的运价或租金支付运费的一种营运方式。

特点：航线、船期；适合的货物；租金/运费；业务洽谈；合同条款；合同形式§2 租船运输的种类光船租赁One of the main features of such a charterparty is that the charterer has the right to engage and pay the Master and crew so that they are his, the charterers, employees for the period of the charter. The charterer will also be responsible for victualling and supplying the ship. Thus, the shipowner fades into the background, as it were, and merely collects his hirepayments for the period of the charter.定期租船Under the provisions of the time charterparty the shipowner agrees that the ship named in the document, including her Master and crew, shall be placed at the disposal of the the charterer for his use and employment over a defined period of time. The owner remains responsible for insurance on his ship. The remuneration for the use of the ship in this manner is customarily paid on the basis of an agreed daily hire rate payable monthly or semi-monthly in advance. A fundamental feature of a time charter is that the charterer has no possession or controlof the vessel.航次租船These are contracts under which a vessel is to load at one or more named ports a particular specified cargo to be carried to a named discharging port or ports. The shipowner’s remuneration for performing his obligations under the charterparty is known as freight.*需要注意的几个特殊概念*single trip charter；return trip charter；consecutive single voyage charter；continuous return voyage charter；contract of affreightment；time charter on trip basis/time-charter-trip＊争议＊TCT本质上应为期租还是程租？§3 租船运输合同的订立一、国际租船市场专门为船东和租船人提供各种互利的机会；调节全球航运市场；提供大量有关租船的信息资料全球主要租船市场：伦敦市场；纽约市场；北欧市场；亚洲市场二、租船经纪人掌握客户群；询价；谈判；签订租船合同；协助合同的履行课后思考：Broker的介入对Charter的帮助；Broker的介入对Owner的帮助；Broker的法律地位；Broker 在实务中容易产生的法律责任三、租船标准格式合同四、租船合同的订立程序CH2 航次租船合同条款解释§1 船舶说明(Vessel’s Particular)一、船名（Name of vessel）指定一艘特定船舶：MV XXX替代船条款：MV XXX OR SUB待指定：TBN二、船籍/船旗Vessel’s nationality or flag政治因素；国民待遇；保险费用；法律适用三、船级（Classification ）劳氏船级社——LR；法国船级社——BV；意大利船级社——RI；美国船级社——ABS；挪威船级社——DNV；日本船级社——NK；德国船级社——GL；波兰船级社——PRS；中国船级社——CCS四、船舶吨位（Tonnage of vessel总吨；净吨；总载重吨；净载重吨五、船舶容积（Vessel’s capacity ）散装舱容——grain capacity；包装舱容——bale capacity；积载因数——Stowage factor六、其他详情（Other details）船舶动态——Vessel’s position；船舶尺度——Vessel’s dimension；船舶吊杆——Vessel’s derrick/crane§2 货物详情一、种类二、数量6000MT COKE IN BULK 5% MOLCO/MOLOOMIN 6000MT COKE IN BULK UPTO VSL‘S FULL LOADABLE CAPACITY AT CHOP三、承租人提供货物的义务备货；运至船边；在约定的时间内装船Jupiter Clause：Intertankvoy76Owner’s option of cancelling：If for reasons not attributable to the vessel and/or Owners（A）Charterers fail in their duty to furnish voyage instructions or loading orders in accordance with clause 2，and such failure has lasted for not less than 10days，or（B）Loading has not commenced and 20days have passed after valid notice of readiness has been tendered，Owners shall have the option of cancelling this Charter Party。

If such option is exercised and the delay is attributable to Charterers，they shall be liable for loss of Charter。

Whether or not Owners Eexercise this option no claim they may have on Charterers for loss of time or otherwise shall be prejudiced thereby。

§3 受载期与解约日注意：质询条款——94Gencon art9(b)§4 装卸港口/泊位一、规定方法POL: SHANGHAI, POD:HOUSTON, ISPISB1SPOL: NINGBO/SHANGHAI/HANGZHOU1 SAFE MAIN PORTS OF SOUTH CHINA二、安全港口/泊位义务义务人？安全义务的时间？安全的标准？（自然条件；航行设施；政治局势；装卸条件）§5 运费与装卸费用分担一、运费的支付Gencon76 art4 ；Gencon94 art4二、运费的扣减？——不能任意扣减三、装卸费用的分担Liner Terms/Gorss Terms/Free alongside ship；FILO；LIFO；FIO；FIOST§6 装卸时间一、概念：租约双方当事人协议的，出租人应使船舶并保证船舶适于装卸，承租人在运费之外不支付任何费用的一段时间。

二、装卸时间的起算1、船舶抵达租约中指定的装卸地点Port Charter ——范围？Commercial Area?Berth Charter ——待泊时间损失？Gencon76 art6(c) ；WIBON2、船舶在各方面做好装/卸货准备实质上备妥：船舶的装货处备妥；装卸作业所需的设施备妥法律上备妥：所有涉及船舶的文件备妥3、递交装卸准备就绪通知书When？①Gencon94 art6(c) ②双方可另行约定How?“At common law, a notice of readiness can be given either orally or in writing.”To whom?承租人或其在港口的代理三、装卸时间的止算——装卸作业结束时（何谓装完？何谓卸完？）四、装卸时间的停算引发laytime停算的事由：船东有过错；通过租约中的明示条款停算laytime五、装卸时间的计算（一）定明的装卸时间1、日历日（Calendar day）2、传统日（conventional day）3、连续日（running day / consecutive day）4、工作日（working day）Working day, Sunday and holiday excluded (WD,SHED)WD,SHED,UUWD,SHED,UU,but only time actually used to countWD,SHED,EIUWD of 8 hoursWD of 24 hoursQ:星期六应如何对待？—WD, SSHEX—Baltimore Form C Saturday Clause—“Saturday noon till Monday 8 a.m not to count as laytime”5、良好天气工作日（weather working day）——良好天气的判断？Q：间断性的不良天气如何计算？The Vancouver Strike Cases (1963) 1 Lloyd’s Rep.52——足以影响货物装卸的不良天气情况若未发生在特定港口的工作时段，则无须扣减装卸时间；如若发生在工作时段，则按比例扣减。