【英语阅读材料】英国银行体系
商务英语阅读Chapter2-A-Changed-Global-Reality-世界经济格局新变化
Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化Say this for the young century: we live in interesting times. Not quite 2 1⁄2 years ago, the world economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. World trade slowed sharply. Unemployment lines grew longer, especially in the old industrial economies. Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they were no more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician. 对于新世纪，我们得这样说：我们生活在一个有趣的时代。
差不多两年半之前，世界经济陷入了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。
世界贸易进程大幅放缓。
失业队伍也越来越快，这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。
原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了，似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们不应该感到吃惊。
全新版大学英语《阅读教程》第4册完整版答案
KeysUnit 11. In the Frozen Waters of Qomolangma, I Learned the Value of Humility Comprehension Exercises1.Decide on the best choice to answer or complete each of the following.1. B2. D3. A4. B2.Put the following into Chinese1．我在想，如果出现意外，那么我那冻僵的身体需要多长时间才能沉到4.2公里深的海底呢?我紧接着意识到，对于一个仅着一条泳裤、试图游完这象征性的1公里人来说，下水前还能有什么比这更糟的念头吗？我的内心深处在颤抖，感到非常恐惧。
2. 我在珠穆朗玛峰上学到了两个基本的经验教训，第一，过去有用的东西并不意味着今天一定有用。
第二，不同的挑战需要不同的心态去应对。
现在，无论我做什么事情，都要先问问自己我需要何种心态来成功地完成任务。
3. 我们已经以某种方式生存了如此之久，我们已经以某种方式消费了如此之久，我们已经以某种方式在地球上居住了如此之久，但这并不意味着，我们过去所做的决定今天依然正确。
4. 我在世界屋脊上的游泳改变了我，在一定程度上，我希望它证明一切皆有可能。
只要我们谨慎合作，我们就有可能进行谦逊的对话，并超越对话，付诸行动。
2. Taking Lessons from What Went WrongComprehension Exercises1.Decide on the best choice to answer or complete each of the following.1. B2. A3. C4. C2.Put the following into Chinese1.他们说，灾难会带来惨痛的教训，因为在技术上取得成功的原因往往是随机的、不可见的，而造成某个失败的原因通常是可以被找到、被证明和被修复的，从而达到改进的目的。
新世纪商务英语本科生商务英语第二版阅读教程2：叶兴国unit13答案
新世纪商务英语第二版阅读教程2：叶兴国unit13答案Unit13Part I Background Information《国富论》总结了近代初期各国资本主义发展的经验，并在批刘吸收了当时有关重要经济理论的基础上，就整个国民经济运动过程作了较系统、较明白的描述。
本书不但对英国资本主义的发展产生了重大的促进作用，且对世界资本主义的发展来说，恐怕也没有任何其他一-部资产阶级的经济学著作曾产生那么广泛的影响。
难怪当时有些资产阶级学者把它奉为至宝。
《国富论》在今日之意义主要表现在以下两点:首先，承认人在经济生活中的利已性是搞市场经济的前视。
其次，亚当，斯密在(国富论)中提出的依革“看不见的手”管理经济尽量减少政府干预的思想对每个国家的经济改革有重要的指导意义。
Part II Notes to the TextsText A of the Natural Progress of Opulence1. The Wealth of Nations:中文译名为《国富论》或《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，为影响世界历史进程的10部书之-，影响人类文化进程的100部经典之一，对中国近代社会影响最大的经济学译著。
这是一部将经济学、政治理论、哲学、历史和经济实践活动奇妙结合在一起的书，作者亚当.斯密是英国著名古典政治经济学家、哲学家，被誉为现代西方经济学之父。
2. Adam Smith: 亚当.斯密(1723- -1790)，著名经济学家，经济学的主要创立者。
1723年，亚当.斯密出生于苏格兰法夫郡的魁克卡迪，青年时最早就读于格拉斯哥大学，后转人牛津大学。
1750年到1764年亚当.斯密在格拉斯哥大学担任逻辑学和道德学教授,于1759年出版了第一本著作《道德情操论》，并因此确立了他在知识界的地位。
此后，亚当.斯密在1766年开始着手《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)的写作，1773年基本完稿，后又经3年润色，直至1776年3月出版。
【英语阅读材料】英国银行体系
The Banking System in the United Kingdom英国的银行体系In the United Kingdom, financial institutions are categorized into two ma]or groups: the Recognized Banks and the Licensed Deposit Institutions. The criteria for each category are determined by the Bank of England~——the Central Bank. The Bank of England will consider the size of the institution, its management and also the number of participants who effectively direct the business, before decisions are made on the status of the financial institutions who apply for bank licenses in the United Kingdom.Let us look at the Recognized Banks.These banks provide a wide range of highly specialized banking services, according to the Banking Act 1979. "Recognized Banks" must satisfy the Bank of England of their high reputation and of their integrity, management and financial prudence. The wide range of services include: i. the acceptance of sight and time deposits）; ii. loan and overdraft facilities; iii. foreign currency exchange and documentary credits and collections~; iv. financial advice for corporations and individuals; v. investment management and arrangements for the purchase and sale of securities.As for Licensed Deposits institutions, they only provide a limited range of services. The prime services are still based on the acceptance of deposits from the public although they are not required to satisfy the rules laid down for Recognized Banks. To obtain a license, the institution must satisfy the Bank of England's requirement that all directors, controllers or managers of the institution must be an appropriate and proper person to hold that position and to conduce banking business in a proper manner.Let us now look at the major types of financial intermediaries~ in the United Kingdom.To begin with, we shall examine the role of the Clearing Banks. These are the dominating financial intermediaries in retail banking business~ in the United Kingdom. They handle the clearing functions of banks, and are responsible for most of the country' s cash distribution and money transfer functions, which include cheque payment services and also electronic fund transfers, etc.; The retail branch network of these banks is extensive with over 10,000 branches all over the country.Another type of financial intermediaries in the United Kingdom are discount houses. Discount houses provide a primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount market to implement its monetary policy. Because of their easy access to the money market, discount houses act as market-maker in bills since they are the major underwriters of the weekly issuers of the Treasury bills of the Bank of England. Therefore, discount houses not only provide short-term funds for the government, they provide a channel for banks to adjust their portfolio holdings, i.e., their liquidity positions.The third type of financial intermediaries in the UK are the merchant banks~ and acceptance houses. Originally developed to handle businesses connection with trade, these merchant banks later expanded into foreign trade, foreign exchange and also bullion dealers. Many of the merchant banks are also acceptance houses. Indeed, their functions have now expanded considerably into major overseas operations,specializing in company financial advice, takeovers and mergers, underwritings which include the provision of additional capital through share floatation.Finally, we should look at foreign banks in England. As a major international financial centre, London has acted as a magnet to over 450 foreign banks, which have set up representative offices, branches, or subsidiary companies. Business focus on these foreign banks cover foreign currency dealings, international finance deals to foreign companies and governments, trade finance services to business.Notes1．The Recognized Banks 认可银行，在英国特指可以全面经营银行业务的银行。
金融英语阅读：银行业务
In China one of the most important services that a modern bank provides is the savings business. With a regular passbook savings account you have opened in a bank, you will be able to draw money whenever you need it. All banks pay interest on savings accounts. If you keep your money in the bank for a certain period of time, you can get a higher interest rate by buying a savings certificate. The longer the period, the higher the interest rate. 在中国，现代银⾏所提供的最重要的业务之⼀就是储蓄存款。
有了银⾏开⽴的普通储蓄账户存折，你就可以随时取款。
所有银⾏都对储蓄存款⽀付利息。
如果你购买了⼀张储蓄存单，把钱存放在银⾏⼀段时间，你就会得到较⾼的利率。
期限越长，利率越⾼。
Another service that banks in the big cities provide is safe-deposit boxes, where you can keep important papers and valuables. As a rule, you should fill out a signature card and pay some fee. Then you will get a key to your box, and the bank will keep another key. With your genuine signature and these two keys, you can open your box. 在⼤城市的银⾏⾥，有另⼀种服务就是保管箱业务，在那⾥你可以存放有价证券和贵重物品。
英格兰银行
卡尼时代
卡尼时代即将来临英国央行即将迎来一场变革
新任英国央行(BOE)行长卡尼(Mark Carney)于2013年7月1日正式就职，在英国央行宣告卡尼时代到来的同 时，英国央行包括人事、政策方面，料都将出现重大变革。
2022年3月17日，英国中央银行英格兰银行宣布，将基准利率从0.5%上调至0.75%。这是2021年12月以来， 英国央行第三次加息 。
2022年5月5日，英国中央银行英格兰银行宣布，将基准利率从0.75%上调至1%。这是2021年12月以来英国央 行第四次加息，调整后的利率水平为2009年2月以来最高。
历史沿革
描绘“九年战争”的油画。在英格兰银行成立之前，英国王室就想方设法向伦敦城里的富人和贵族封建主借 钱。当时王家有金库造币局，富人会把金银存在那里。王室的劣迹之一是曾拒绝兑付人们存在那里的金币，其实 就是挪用客户存款。在英法“九年战争”中，国王的掌玺大臣印制了政府债券直接卖给商人们，承诺支付利息， 并容许商人们以这样的财政券用于交税。但这些借款的期限很短，在掌玺大臣几次不履行利息支付承诺后，商人 们再也不愿出钱购买财政券了。这样，已失去的自由加税权力的国王山穷水尽。
北岩银行的危机在英国股市引发连环“地震”。英国主要抵押贷款机构如联盟－莱斯特公司、布雷德福－宾 利公司和帕拉冈公司等股价纷纷下跌，其中帕拉冈的股价跌幅达到25%。至下午收盘时，伦敦股市《金融时报》 100种股票平均价格指数较前一个交易日下跌1.2%左右，收于6289.3点。
按照英国的金融补偿条例，如果银行倒闭，存款数额少于2000英镑（约合4000美元）的储户可获全额补偿。 但如果存款超过2000英镑，补偿的上限则到3.5万英镑为止，超出2000英镑的部分只能获得90%补偿。也就是说， 存款3.5万和35万英镑的储户最后都可能只获得3.17万英镑补偿。
历年英语二真题阅读翻译(01-06)
2001年真题第一篇美国银行体系的稳定性是通过监督、调节、审查、存款保险以及向陷入困境的银行贷款等手段维持的。
50多年来，这些防范措施防止了银行系统的恐慌。
不过，现在出现了一些谨慎的呼吁。
芝加哥的大陆伊利诺斯银行与信托公司1984年的倒闭没有破坏美国的银行体系，但是它肯定造成了一些恐慌。
20世纪70年代晚期，大陆银行发展迅速，成为美国中西部地区银行系统的佼佼者。
不过，该银行的部分发展策略具有冒险性,它在能源领域发放了许多贷款，其中包括它从俄克拉荷马市的PSB借贷的10亿美元。
为了获得发放这些贷款所需的资金，大陆银行主要依赖从其他银行的短期借贷以及大量的30天存单，用银行系统的行话来说就是“游资”。
至少一名大陆银行的官员觉察到了危险的迹象，并且向其上级递交了一份警示备忘录，但是，这份备忘录没有引起重视。
虽然通货监理部门按照惯例审查大陆银行，但是它没有意识到该行的问题将有多么严重。
1982年7月，PSB被管理部门关闭。
当能源价格开始下滑时，大陆银行从小银行借来发放出去的10亿美元贷款中的大部分成为呆账。
借贷给像克莱斯勒汽车、国际收割机以及布兰尼弗这类陷入困境的公司的贷款也似乎出了问题。
看到这些问题，“游资”持有者开始从大陆银行撤资。
到1984年春季，大陆银行开始出现挤兑现象。
到5月，银行不得不向联邦政府借贷35亿美元来弥补流失的资金。
但是，这还不够。
为了阻止大陆银行的资金外流，FDIC 同意不仅为最初所定的100,000美元的储户担保，而且为所有储户担保。
不过，挤兑现象仍在继续。
联邦管理部门竭尽全力，希望找到一家可靠的银行收购大陆银行，这是拯救濒临倒闭银行的惯用手法，但是，大陆银行太大了，任何一家银行都购买不起。
到7月，私人银行拯救大陆银行的所有希望都破灭了。
管理部门面临一个艰难的抉择：是让大陆银行倒闭，还是由它们自己接管。
‘让该行倒闭似乎太冒险。
据估计，如果大陆银行倒闭的话，100多家在大陆银行投入了足够资金的其他银行就会陷入危险之中，因此，在7月底一个下雨的星期三，FDIC以45亿美元的代价把大陆伊利诺斯银行收归国有。
英格兰银行组织结构、独立性
英格兰银行组织结构、独立性中央银行制度按机构设置划分，英格兰银行属于单一性中央银行制度。
英格兰银行实行一元型中央银行制度，采取总分行制，权力集中、职能完善，部门体系完整统一。
总行设在首都伦敦，在伯明翰、布里斯托、利物浦等经济中心城市设立分行，在利物浦等4个城市设有代理处；按资本构成划分，英格兰银行采取中央银行资本金所有制形式，全部资本金归国家所有。
中央银行组织结构英格兰银行的权力结构为三权合一模式。
最高权力机构是英格兰银行理事会，集决策权、执行权、监督权于一身，负责货币政策的制定和实施。
理事会由正副总裁和16名理事共同构成，均由政府推荐，英王任命。
正副总裁任期5年，可以连任。
理事任期4年，轮流离任，每年更换4人。
16名理事中有12名由私营商业银行行长、实业家、工会领袖等组成的兼职理事。
理事会下设五个特别委员会：常任委员会、稽核委员会、人事委员会、国库委员会和银行印刷委员会。
中央银行独立性英格兰银行独立性：英格兰银行自成立之初就与政府关系密切。
甚至一度被英国政府收归国有，独立性仅限于协助政府制定货币政策并实施。
直至1997年的独立性改革。
英国政府在1997年5月做出了改革中央银行的重大决定：一是授予英格兰银行货币政策决定权，二是成立没有政府代表的货币政策委员会。
正是这次改革使英格兰银行走上了独立化的道路。
英格兰银行具有相对独立性。
英格兰银行名义上隶属财政部，但实际所享有的独立性要远远高于法律所赋予的独立性。
除了依照银行法执行对银行业的监管之外，还承担了金融市场的管理职能。
实践中财政部一般尊重英格兰银行的决定，英格兰银行也主动寻求财政部支持而相互配合。
英格兰银行独立性体现在以下方面：一、人事独立性作为英格兰银行最高决策机构，英格兰银行理事会的16名成员没有政府代表。
下院议员、政府工作人员不得担任理事。
二、经济独立性英格兰银行一般不给政府垫款，只提供少量的隔夜资金融通。
英格兰银行通过每周对国库券招标、卖出国库券筹集资金来解决政府的融资需要。
考研英语阅读理解详解(第一篇)(英语一)
考研英语网课第一节1，Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks在英国的金融机构已经对各大银行的高管强制了一个相当不同寻常的规定。
简化版：Many teachers in the city have imposed a rather reasonable rule on the students of most schools词汇：1，impose 强制实行，推行，unusual 不寻常的，罕见的regulator 监管机构，监管者，financial 财政的，金融的，Britain英国，rule规则，boss 高管，bank银行2，Starting next year，any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing从明年开始，如果其所在银行因不当行为受到调查，任何保证给高管人员的奖金都有可能延迟10年发放。
简化版：Starting next week ，any guaranteed rewards of the personnel could be delayed 1 month if their companies areunder investigation for wrongdoing词汇：guarantee 保证，确保，bonus奖金，红利，executive 管理人员，经理，delay延迟，推迟，延期，investigation 调查，wrongdoing 不法行为，坏事3，The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions该项“回收款”规定的主要目的是让银行家们对有害的冒险行为负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text1）
2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1) 2019年考研英语一阅读理解真题已公布，为大家提供2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1)(text1)(text1)，一起来学习一下吧！，一起来学习一下吧！ Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this this ““clawback clawback”” rule is to hold bankers aountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but but by by all all corporations, corporations, corporations, to to build a stronger stronger economy economy for future generations.“Short-termism Short-termism”” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded panies, says the Bank of England England’’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience impatience as as acting like like ““Children Children who who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once their pudding to eat them at once”” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from panies, can hinder a firm firm’’sefforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed This has been dubbed ““quarterly capitalism quarterly capitalism””In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,long-term investing,”” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of xx has pushed most public panies to defer performance bonuses for seniorexecutives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .-termism .”” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that that ““a substantial part part ”” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage Much more could be done to encourage ““long-termism long-termism，”，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a panyinvestment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a pany.Within panies, the right pensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the pany and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. Aording to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers A. enhance bankers’’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments B. governments’’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded paniesD. D. ““short-termism short-termism”” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public panies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing A. the obstacles to preventing ““short-termism short-termism””.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting C. the approaches to promoting ““long-termism long-termism””.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21. 21. 答案【答案【答案【A A 】 enhance bankers enhance bankers’’sense of responsibility 解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。
(完整)考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1为了“让生活更美好”，减少“家庭的扶养"，英国财政部大臣George Osborn，提出了“为找工作提前支付工资”的计划。
只要到计算机化的就业服务中心找工作的人有VC--网上找工作的注册书，并且开始找工作，那么他们有资格得到福利,然后他们应该每周做一次报告而不是每两周.还有什么能比这个更合理?下面是更明显的合理性.下来找工作者将会有七天对津贴的等待。
“最初的这些天应该用来找工作，而不是找注册地。
”他还宣称“我们做这些是因为我们这会帮助那些没有福利的人并且让那些已经有福利的人更快地得到工作.”帮助?真的吗？第一次听到这时，这就是一个关注社会的官员——努力想让生活更美好,和一个对于新待业人员能很容易找到工作的宽松社会的“改革”，以及对懒惰的补贴。
我们后来知道给他动力的是他对“基础公平"的热情—-保护纳税人，控制支出，以及保证那些最需要的要求者得到他们的福利。
失去工作是让人伤心的：你不可能心里唱着歌跳着去就业服务中心,有着从一般状态翻番自己收入的愿景，并对此感到高兴。
失业是金融的恐怖,心理的尴尬，你知道得到的支持是最小的并且是非常难得到的。
你现在是不被需要的；为你的生活提供目标和组织体系的工作环境已经把你排除在外了。
更糟糕的是，养活你自己和家人以及各种生活基本支出的经济来源断掉了。
对于最需要什么这个问题，那些新的失业者的答案总是两个字：工作.但是在奥斯博岛，你的第一本能反应是被扶养-—如果你能做到，那么是永久的扶养，被一个不得不放纵你的错误的国家支持。
这就像过去的20年——关于找工作更艰难的改革，并且没有福利管理体系.现在英国的福利体系原则不再是确保人们可以躲避失业的风险并且能在这种灾难发生时收到无条件的补偿。
即使这个1996年产生的短语“待业者的津贴”是将失业者重新定义为“待业者”，意思是对已经通过为国家保险做贡献得到的福利不在有委托管理权。
确实，这些要求者得到了有期限的“津贴”,条件是积极地找工作；这是欧盟中最不慷慨的一个体系，一周71,70英镑，没有补贴没有保险。
银行业―商业银行与投资银行
3
国民银行制度
4
规定了银行最低资本额、法定准备金和贷款条件等限制
(二)州银行与国民银行的发展
州银行与国民银行的发展
国家银行业法案于1863年通过 ，其一项修正案于1864年在国会通过，要求对州立银行的纸币征税，而对国立银行纸币免税，这有效地促进了美国统一货币的形成。尽管州立银行纸币必须交税，但是由于在自由银行时期形成的活期存款受欢迎程度不断提高，州立银行依旧保持繁荣发展。 (1882年5月6日，切斯特·阿瑟总统签署了这项玷辱美国历史的排华法案 ,中国人变成美国白人排斥外人的唯一对象。 )
苏格兰的特殊地位
苏格兰由于历史上盛产金融人才，尤其是资金管理类的金融人才，所以苏格兰的银行、保险、基金投资都是偏保守型的，很严谨，特别注意自己的风险管理和客户的回报。这几年苏格兰比较重视和英格兰及欧盟的协调发展，在英国的金融业中地位特殊，苏格兰有三家商业银行甚至是除英格兰银行外的英镑发钞行，当然发钞数额受英格兰银行的严格配额监管。
1929年大危机后的金融立法时期
1929年,美国股市发生了历史上最为著名的股市崩盘。这次股灾及随后而来的30年代经济大萧条迫使罗斯福总统实施“新政”，并开始对华尔街实质性的改革。
2、1929年大危机后的金融立法时期
股灾之后，美国进入了长达四年的经济衰退，这一次空前绝后的衰退，造就了"大萧条"这样一个专用名词，特指这一段历史时期。也许是由于两个事件在时间上相隔如此之近，许多人包括部分经济学家都认为是1929年的股市崩盘引发了美国经济的"大萧条"。但是，这两者之间并没有这样必然的因果关系，它们背后共同的原因是美国实体经济长期高歌猛进后的必然衰退以及胡佛政府的错误政策。
02
01
03
英国银行系统简介
英国银行系统简介(1) 银行系统简介英国银行主要分两大系统，一系统以Barclays Bank, Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds 与一些建筑资金融资合作社(Building Societies) 为主；另一系统为National Westminster (NatWest), TSB Bank, Clydesdale Bank, Ulster Bank, Isle of Man Bank, Coutts, Bank Northern, National Irish Bank, Bank of Ireland, Abbey National, Halifax 与一些建筑资金融资合作社(Building Societies)。
银行的营业时间一般约为星期一至星期五，早上九时至下午五时。
特别要一提的是英国邮局并无存放款业务，一般存款都是在银行或是一些建筑资金融资合作社(类似台湾之信用合作社)办理。
银行帐户种类大致可分活期存款帐户(current account)和定期存款帐户(saving account) 两种。
活存帐户存款利率低，但可随时开支票或提领现金。
定存帐户一般定有条款，有最低金额限制，有的提供和活期存款一样的转帐、支票簿项目。
若要提款则需提前九十天或三十天告知(亦有随时可以提款的instant access)，否则要罚款，但利率较高。
学生帐户(student account)属活存帐户的一种，一般只有全时生(full-time student)有资格申请。
英国主要银行如：NatWest、Barclays、Lloyds、Midland、Bank of Scotland、Royal Bank of Scotland 和Halifax 都有学生帐户。
有的银行如Bank of Scotland、Royal Bank of Scotland 为吸引学生，特别提供优惠利率予全时生(分别是4.5%与3.5% )，可考虑利用。
2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇-毙考题
2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第4篇-毙考题2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第4篇If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sectorunions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education,where charter schools, academies and meritpay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers’ unions ha ve fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil servicessuit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.如果工会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。
金融英语阅读：银行的基本功能与业务
金融英语阅读：银行的基本功能与业务Banks were developed to keep people's money safe and to make it available when they needed it. Since money was invented, people have been borrowing and lending it.开办银行是为了稳妥地保管人们的钱财，使他们在需要时能随时提取。
自从货币出现以来，人们一直在进行货币的借贷活动。
A modern bank accepts people's money for safe-keeping. It also lends money and offers many other services. The experience of a businessman will show some of these. James Jones has a furniture store and buys his goods from different parts of the country. It isn't convenient for him to send money through the mail, so he goes to the bank and opens a checking account. He puts his money in the bank regularly, and the bank keeps it until he writes checks for that amount. When Mr. Jones orders furniture from the Modern Furniture Company in another city, he simply writes a check. This check is as good as money to the owner of the company. The owner can take it to his bank and cash it, that is, he can get money for it.现代银行从客户手中吸收货币并加以妥善保管，也贷放货币，并提供许多其它服务。
考研英语一真题第4篇阅读理解解析
2016年考研英语一真题第4篇阅读理解解析2016年考研英语一真题第4篇阅读理解解析1. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.解：根据题干中the first paragraph定位到文章第一段。
根据A项关键词Teamsters定位到第二句话When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.句意为当Hoffa领导的Teamsters 在1960年最辉煌的时候，美国政府工作人员中只有十分之一的人加入了工会，如今这个比例达到了36%，而A项Teamsters依然有大量的会员，该句并不是表达此意，故A错。
根据B项关键词civil servant 定位到第一句If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant句意为如果工会主义者Hoffa还健在，他将可能成为公务员的代表。
，而B项Hoffa曾经是名公务员，原文并不是表达此意，故B错。
D项政府已经改善与工会主义者们的关系文章未提，故D错。
根据C项public-sector定位In 2009 the number of unionists in Americas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.句意为在2009年美国公共服务机构的工会主义者数量超过了私企的工会主义者数量可知C项公共服务机构的工会成员数量有所扩大正确。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
银英文 The Banking System in the United Kingdom英国的银行体系 In the United Kingdom, financial institutions are categorized into two ma]or groups: the Recognized Banks and the Licensed Deposit Institutions. The criteria for each category are determined by the Bank of England~----the Central Bank. The Bank of England will consider the size of the institution, its management and also the number of participants who effectively direct the business, before decisions are made on the status of the financial institutions who apply for bank licenses in the United Kingdom. Let us look at the Recognized Banks. These banks provide a wide range of highly specialized banking services, according to the Banking Act 1979. "Recognized Banks" must satisfy the Bank of England of their high reputation and of their integrity, management and financial prudence. The wide range of services include: i. the acceptance of sight and time deposits）; ii. loan and overdraft facilities; iii. foreign currency exchange and documentary credits and collections~; iv. financial advice for corporations and individuals; v. investment management and arrangementsfor the purchase and sale of securities. As for Licensed Deposits institutions, they only provide a limited range of services. The prime services are still basedon the acceptance of deposits from the public although they are not required to satisfy the rules laid down for Recognized Banks. To obtain a license, the institution must satisfy the Bank of England's requirement that all directors, controllers or managersof the institution must be an appropriate and proper person to hold that position and to conduce banking business in a proper manner. Let us now look at the major types of financial intermediaries~ in the United Kingdom. To begin with, we shall examine the role of the Clearing Banks. These are the dominating financial intermediaries in retail banking business~ in the United Kingdom. They handle the clearing functions of banks, and are responsible for most of the country' s cash distribution and money transfer functions, which include cheque payment services and also electronic fund transfers, etc.; The retail branch network of these banks is extensive with over 10,000 branches all over the country. Another type of financial intermediaries in the United Kingdom are discount houses. Discount houses providea primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount marketto implement its monetary policy. Because of their easy access to the money market, discount houses act as market-maker in bills since they are the major underwritersofthe weekly issuers of the Treasury bills of the Bank of England. Therefore, discount houses not only provide short-term funds for the government, they provide a channelfor banks to adjust their portfolio holdings, i.e., their liquidity positions. The third type of financial intermediaries in the UK are the merchant banks~ and acceptance houses. Originally developed to handle businesses connection with trade, these merchant banks later expanded into foreign trade, foreign exchange and also bullion dealers. Many of the merchant banks are also acceptance houses. Indeed, their functions have now expanded considerably into major overseas operations, specializing in company financial advice, takeovers and mergers, underwritings which include the provision of additional capital through share floatation. Finally, weshould look at foreign banks in England. As a major international financial centre, London has acted as a magnet to over 450 foreign banks, which have set up representative offices, branches, or subsidiary companies. Business focus on these foreign banks cover foreign currency dealings, international finance deals to foreign companies and governments, trade finance services to business. Notes 1．The Recognized Banks 认可银行，在英国特指可以全面经营银行业务的银行。
认可银行要受到很严格的要求，凡达不到认可标准的机构均不得使用银行名称或字样，包括不得使用“投资银行”等字样。
2．The Licensed Deposit Banks 持牌存款银行，在英国特指一些业务范围受到一定限制，规模较小的银行机构。
3．The Bank of England 英格兰银行，英国的中央银行，创立于1694年，公认为全世界中央银行的鼻祖。
4．Sight and time deposits 活期和定期存款（参见Section 3）。
5．overdraft 透支，指银行客户在一定条件下和一定范围内可以超过自己帐户存款的余额用款，实为银行对客户的一种信贷便利。
6．collections 托收，指债权人委托银行向债务人收款的一种结算方式（参见Section 6）。
7．financial intermediaries 金融中介（机构），指作为放款者与借款者中间人的金融机构。
金融中介的作用在于促进信贷活动，有利于评估借款者的信誉，以减少放款风险，降低资金成本。
金融中介可分为存款性和非存款性两类。
8．the Clearing Banks 清算银行，在英国是零售银行的主要组成部分，包括伦敦清算银行、苏格兰清算银行和北爱尔兰银行。