lesson_9_morphology
[汇总]TheWaytoRainyMountain词汇补充材料答案
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Lesson 9 The W ay to Rainy MountainSupplementary ExercisesName ________________ Class_______I. Morphology: Fill in each blank with a proper derivative of the word in the brackets.1.The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a ________ form. (modify)2.These tests are beyond the ________ of an average 12-year-old. (capable)3.The needle is seven times smaller than the ________ of a human hair. (wide)4.We need to carry out a full ________ of all the alternatives. (explore)5.Americans do show some concern about the ________ of China as a world power, butit is not a top concern. (emerge)6.Dame Judi Dench did the ________ for the documentary. (narrate)7.His latest film is a fairly grim ________ of war-tim e suffering. (portray)8.The team’s continued ________ in the competition i s un certain. (involv e)9.There’s not the ________ hope of ever finding him. (faint)10.I have many pleasant ________ of the time we spen t tog ether. (recollect)11.After all the visitors had left, she experienced a feeling of complete ________.(isolate)12.Unemployment is ________ much higher in the north of the coun try. (proporti on)13.She suffered from a long list of ________. (infirm)14.His ________ in his subject is internationally recognized. (preeminen t)15.She was sentenced to five years’ ________. (imprison)16.Losing my job was the most ________ thing that ever happened to m e. (humiliate)17.Malnutrition is one of the common ________ of the poor. (afflict)18.Do you understand the system of ________ used in orni th ology? (classify)19.The ________ of huge amounts of data has helped our research enormously. (acquire)20.How can you be a Christian and dispute the ________ of Jesus? (divine)21.Most Muslims try to make a ________ to Mecca at least once in their life. (pilgrim)22.She spent most of those years under house arrest or cl ose ________. (confine)23.We owe it to our ________ to leave them a clean world to live in. (descend)24.This stretch of land was once covered with ________ forest, but is now bare. (luxury)25.The country is sliding into the depths of (a) ________. (recede)26.Was King Arthur a real or a ________ character? (legend)27.Nelson Mandela is ________ for his brave fight against apartheid. (revere)28.The first task following the disaster was the ________ of clean water supplies.(restore)29.This room is for the ________ use of guests. (exclude)30.There’s nothing ________ wrong with his ideas. (inherent)31.The explosion was of such ________ that it was heard five miles away.(intense)32.A funeral can ________ the feelings of regret and loss for the relatives.(ample)33.Freedom of speech is a ________ right in this country. (cherish)34.All the pleasures and ________ of the weekend are over, and I must get down to someserious hard work. (indulge)35.I’d be ________ grateful if you could arrange it. (eternal)II. Collocation: Fill in each blank with a proper preposition or adverb.1.This type of wool is woven________ fabric which will make jackets.2.After her death he gave himself ________ to grief.3.In his speech, he dwelt________ the plight of the sick and the hungry.4.I think of him ________ someone who will always help me.5.We should share________ the reward.6.Over the years the house had fallen ________ disrepair.7.By the end of the week she was beginning to feel ________ home in her new job.8.Protesters broke ________ the barriers.9.Make sure that you keep all dangerous substances ________ the reach of the children.10.I’m a bit wary ________ giving people my address when I don’t know them very well.(wary)11.In some diseases, the protective layer in a joint wears ________.petitors must abide ________ the judge’s decision.13.She denied any personal enmity ________ him.14.His food is a feast ________ the eyes as well as the palate.15.The advancing soldiers closed ________ on the town.III. Multiple choice1.No one has yet been able to ________ the source of the rumour.a. discoverb. detectc. tracenguage acquisition is the process by which humans ________ the capacity toperceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate.a. acquireb. getc. earn3.The party’s popularity has ________ in the opinion polls.a. declinedb. degradedc. backslided4.She is of a sunny ________.a. disposistionb.characterc. mentality5.These plants cannot ________ in very cold conditions.a. liveb. existc. survive6.Police ________ the crowd that had gathered.a. litteredb. scatteredc. dispersed7.We must find ways of reducing the ________ which takes place on our roads everyyear.a. killingb. murderc. slaughter8.In the past, the majority of women were consigned to a lifetime of ________ andpoverty.a. bondageb. servitudec. oppressiveness9.Could you ________ Paul about dinner on Saturday?a. remind c. warn c. recall10.The ________ she felt over the death of her husband was almost too much to bear.a. sadnessb. sorrowc. contritionKeys:I.1. modified2. capability3. width4. exploration5. emergence6. narration7. portrayal8. involvement9. faintest 10. recollections 11. isolation 12. proportionally 13. infirmities 14. preeminence 15. imprisonment 16. humiliating 17. afflictions 18. classification 19. acquisition 20. divinity 21. pilgrimage 22. confinement 23. descendants 24. luxuriant 25. recession 26. legendary 27. revered 28. restoration 29. exclusive 30. inherently 31. intensity 32. amplify 33. cherished34. indulgences 35. eternallyII.1. into2. over/up3. on4. as5. (in)6. into7. at8. through9. out of 10. of/about 11. away 12. by 13. towards 14. for 15. in III.。
Morphology的上课笔记
CH 5 Morphology 的上課筆記 1. What is morphology?2. How to use it? Who is it for?3. When to use it?4.Are there rules in it?5. Is there an infix in English?6. The use/ significance of the morphology.Morphology (構詞學) is (1) the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation, i.e., the English word unfriendly is formed from friend , the adjective-forming suffix -ly and the negative prefix un-. (2) a morphemic system(詞素系統).Morphology helps people recognize possible words. 有沒有新字的出現？ 例子1：Bug → a possible word Bog → a possible word Sog → not a possible word 例子2：木神 →Morphology ( it depends on people)(1) 昨晚我的ㄅㄧㄤˋ痛得睡不著。
→從這句話大概知道句子要表達意思：某人遭受疼痛之苦，但不是能清楚知道每個字(individual words)的意思。
在訓練聽力時，是訓練學生get the main concept (idea) in the context/ dialogue.(2) 我的手臂上長了一個ㄅㄧㄤˋ，很癢。
《语言学教程》chapter_3_Morphology_的word文档
Chapter 3 LexiconTime periods: two classesTeaching contents:3.1 definition of a word3.2 The formation of wordsTeaching aims and requirementsLearn by heart:1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.2. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Know:1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.Understand:1. Definition of a word2. The classifications of word according to different aspects3. The formation of wordsTeaching focus and difficulties:Focus：1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Difficulty:1. Classification of morphemes2. Inflection and derivations.1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some students to answer the following questions: (5m)1) How are English consonants classified?2) How are English Vowels classified?3) What are phonemes and allophones?2. Study3.1 Definition of a wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zhang Weiyou (1999)a minimum free formStability --internal structure (can’t rearrange)relative uninterruptibility --internal structure (can’t insert)Classification of words(1)Basic word stock & non-basic vocabularyContent words & functional wordsNative words & borrowed wordsVariable words & invariable wordsOpen-class words & closed-class wordsTraditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesClassification of words (2)Variable words & invariable words (variability)—variable words: the words whose form is changeable, words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms, v. n.—invariable words: the words whose form is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as: since, in, for, of, at, on Classification of words (3)Open-class words & closed-class words (membership)--open-class words: membership is unlimited, n. v. (economic words, scientific words.)--closed-class words: membership is comparatively limited. Pronouns, conj, prep. Articles.Classification of words (4)Traditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesTraditional parts of speech:N. v. adj. Adv. Prep. Conj. Interj.ArticleAdditional four categoriesParticles : 小品词infinite maker ‘to’, negative maker ‘not’, subor dinate units in verbal phrases.Auxiliaries: 助词(助动词、情态动词)Pro-form 代词形式pro-v. pro-adj.e.g. He likes the animal, so do i.e.g. The desk is white, so is the chair.Determiners 限定词‘the’, ‘a’, ‘some’, ‘all’e.g. ‘all the beautiful Chinese girls’,3. Study 3.2 The formation of word1) Ask the students to skip over this section and find out the answers to the following questions:a. What is morphology?b. What is morpheme? What is the biggest difference between morpheme and phoneme?c. How can we classify morphemes?2) 3.2.1 MorphologyDefinition: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components:morphemes.For example:Verbs are formed by adding –ify to either an adjective (adj.) or a noun (n.) 在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞*simple (adj.) simplify (v) 簡化*quality (n) qualify (v)使具有資格*identity (n) identify (v) 認出MorphemesThe most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful components of words.E.g.: boyish孩子氣的;男孩似的boy, -ish (two morphemes)3) 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1)Those that may constitute words by themselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用e.g.: boy, girl, table, nation.Free morphemes PK Bound morphemesThose that cannot occur alone,Bound morpheme includes two types: roots and affixes.e.g.: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in dislike, un- in unable.A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endingsTypes of morphemes (2)Root: the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根Stem: the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干Affix: the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀E.g.: friend as in unfriendliness.Roots may be:Free: those that can stand by themselves,E.g.: black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,E.g.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: normally divided into:Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix (-en, -ify) at the endinfix (foot-feet) in the middlePrefix 前綴mis- 誤mistake 誤解over- 過分overdo 做得過分Prefixed modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verb-forming suffixes.-er teacher, writer-ician “...(專)家,...工作者”electrician電工-bility “能力”possibility可能性-hood “時期”childhood幼年時期,童年時期-age “(人生的)某一時期”orphanage孤兒-ary (adj) elementary基本的, secondary第二位的-ful (adj) beautiful美麗的, delightful愉悅的, sorrowful悲傷的-en (V 使..) weaken使變弱, darken, deepen-ize (v …化) modernize使現代化-ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly慢慢地, friendly友善的-ward (往…方向) forward(adv)往前, eastward往東Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g.: friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.e.g.:*toler- (root) + affix –ate: tolerate忍受*quick (free morpheme) + affix –ly: quickly *careless (a derived form) + affix lessInflectional affix: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case etc.e.g.: -ed, -s, -erHe had regular features. 他五官端正。
英语语言学2 Morphology形态学word讲义
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学Nothing is more important to language than words.Words can carry meaning.Words are the fundamental building blocks of a language.So, is word the most basic or the minimal unit of meaning?If not, then what is?How words are formed?---morphology3.1 what is morphology?Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3.2 Open class and closed class (开放词类和封闭词类)Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.New words can be added to open class words regularly with the development of human civilization.However, the number of closed class words is small and stable since few new words are added.3.3Morphemes--the minimal units of meaning（词素，最小的意义单位）Word is the smallest free from found in language.Word can be further divided into smaller meaningful units---morphemes.So, morpheme is---the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boyish, desirable3-morpheme boyishness, desirability4-morpheme gentlemanliness,undesir(e)abl(e)ity5-morpheme ungentlemanliness6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismFree morpheme & bound morphemeFree morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as ―-s‖ in ―dogs‖, ―al‖ in ―national‖, ―dis-‖ in ―disclose‖, ―ed‖ in ―recorded‖, AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as ―dog, bark, cat‖,etc.In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.the plural morpheme may be represented by:map----maps [s]dog----dogs [z]watch----watches [iz]mouse----mice [ai]ox----oxen [n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEach of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.3.4 Analyzing word structuresIdentify each of the major component morphemes.Classify these morphemes in terms of their contribution to the meaning and function of the larger word.Generally speaking, a complex word often consists of a root and one or more affixes.Root: constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.Roots typically belong to lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. Affix: is always a bound morpheme, and does not belong to a lexical category.Tree diagram (teach-er)NV Afteach er3.5 Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme 派生词素和屈折词素Derivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.when derivational morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes, a new word is derived or formed--- may change grammatical classeg. light –lighten; nasal –nasalize;eat—edible; grave--engrave--- may not change grammatical classeg. net---internet; happy—unhappy;national—multinational; terror-terroristMany prefixes and suffixes belong to derivational morphemeseg. tele-phone; music-ianConsider: is there any prefix or suffix which doesn’t fall into derivational morphemes? Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, person, mood, voice, case, number, aspect and degree;e.g.:1) number: tables apples cars2) tense: talk/talks/talking/talked3) case: John/John’s4) degree: large/larger/largestInflectional morphemes never change lexical category, never add any lexical meaning,Morphemefree morpheme bound morphemefree root affix bound root (-ceive)derivational morpheme inflectional morphemeprefix suffixproductive morphological rulesSome of the rules can be used quite freely to form new wordseg. un + derived words (adj.) = not ---adj. [un-Rule]unimaginable unthinkable; unmentionedunbrave (×)(un-rule more productive for adj. derived from verbs than for adj. of just one morpheme like sad---unsad??)eg. sincere---sincerity; scarce—scarcity [ity –Rule]fierce---fiercity (×)(ity-Rule becomes less productive than before)Word-formationDerivation派生: the most common word-formation process, by affixationeg. Derivational + free morphemesgirlish; reliableCompounding复合(stringing words together; juxtaposition of two or more than two words to form a new, composite one with distinct properties of its own)Adj. N. V. Prep. Adj. Bittersweet clearway whitewash blackoutN. Headstrong rainbow spoon-feed head-onV. Carryall pickpocket sleepwalk cutupPrep. Inborn off-licence undertake withoutSome points about compounds1) two words in the same grammatical category, compound in this category;eg. landlord; bedroom; icy-cold;2) two words in different categories, compound in the class of second or final word;eg. pickpocket; headstrong; blackboard; swearwordcompound with preposition, nonpreposition part decideseg. undertake; uplift; overtake; oversee; overdoseexceptions: blackout ( n.) ; head-on (adv.);3) compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequence;e.g. 'blackbird & black 'bird;'washing machine'greenhouse & green 'house;red 'coat &'redcoat4) meaning of a compound not necessarily the sum of the meaning of its partsmeaning of each compound includes at least to some extent the meaning of individual partseg. reading room; a falling star; a looking glass (窥镜)meanings of compounds do not relate to the meanings of the individual parts at alleg. bigwig(要人,大亨); greenhorns (生手,不懂世故的人)highbrow(知识分子,自命不凡的人)/lowbrow(教养浅薄的人);turncoat变节者Conversion 转类构词(a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or removing any part of it)Eg. a walk---to walk; a play---to playincrease (n.)--- increase (v.)conduct (n.) --- conduct (v.)I have no knowledge of the political dos and don’tsBackformation 反向构词(a reverse process of affixation. The word is not formed by adding a morpheme to a stem but by assuming a part of the stem as a suffix and removing it)Eg. editor --- edit; beggar --- begtelevision – televise; enthusiasm--- enthuseBorrowing外来语构词(adopting foreign words)--- loan-words借词(retaining their original phonetic or even written forms)eg. bungalow (Hindi); spaghetti (Italian);veranda (Portuguese 阳台)bok choy (Chinese baice); alcohol (Arabic)--- loan-translation or calques(直译,译借) 仿造词( a direct translation of the foreign word into English)eg. superman ---Ubermensch (German)Kongfu (Chinese)Clipping缩略构词( a reduction process in which a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often used in informal speech)Eg. ad--- advertisement; lab---laboratoryfan---fanatic; flu---influenza;math---mathematicsBlending混合构词(join the beginning of the first word to the end of the other words)Eg. smog (smoke + fog)brunch (breakfast + lunch)motel (motor + hotel)telecast (television + broadcast)Acronym首字构词(string together the initial letters of the words in a phrase, typically the names of technical apparatus and institutions, sometimes, the phrasal origin is lost )Eg. radar (radio detecting and ranging)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)Coinage 创新构词(invention of totally new terms, least common, often brand names)eg. xerox; nylon; kleenex(面巾纸)ConclusionsMorphological rules provide means for forming new words, or coin new words (eg. hair spray, tea ceremony, space walk, etc.)Morphological rules may be productive or less productive (un-Rule) ;may become less productive with the passage of time (ity-Rule)。
Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。
前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table,room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
语言学Morphology形态学PPT课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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1.2 Identification of words 1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex
the first two days
another three weeks
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The formation of word
Morphemes: Technically, a morpheme is defined as a
minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.The components of a word are known as morphemes. They themselves cannot be further analyzed:
has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
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3) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals(基数词), ordinal numerals(序数 词), general ordinals(一般顺序词): next, last, past, (an)other, additional and other quantifiers like many, a few, several, much, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a great number of
六年级上册英语教案-《Lesson 9 Mr. Wood Teaches a Science Les
六年级上册英语教案－《Lesson 9 Mr. Wood Teaches aScience Lesson》｜冀教版教学目标1.让学生能够了解和掌握本课中出现的生物，包括鲸鱼、鹦鹉、鲤鱼等。
2.提供学生英语口语表达的机会，让他们能够用英语描述动物的特点和生活习性。
3.加深学生对英语科普知识的认识和兴趣。
教学重点1.让学生熟练掌握生物的英语单词和表达方式。
2.让学生学会以英文形式描述生物的特点和生活习性。
教学难点1.让学生在课堂上积极参与，且能够较为流畅地运用所学的英语表达知识和想法。
教学准备1.多媒体投影仪。
2.一些描述不同动物特点的图片或视频。
3.课堂上要用到的生物卡片或者电脑软件。
4.本节课的课堂练习和作业。
教学内容导入（5分钟）在课堂上播放一段短视频（有关鲸鱼，可从YouTube搜索），或者展示一张与课文主题相关的图片。
这能够让学生们更好地捕捉该课文的主要信息，激发他们的兴趣。
自主阅读和课文理解（20分钟）要求学生们自主阅读课文，并询问他们是否已经理解了所涉及到的动物。
教师讲授（30分钟）在此部分，教师需要运用多媒体投影仪和一些图片，为学生们展示动物的不同特点和外貌等信息。
同时，教师也会为学生们演示如何用英语表达不同动物的特点和生活习性。
课堂练习（20分钟）在这部分内容中，学生们需要回答一些关于动物学科知识的问题，或者在课堂上演示如何用英语描述某个动物的外貌和生活习性。
这有助于学生们对所学的英语知识进行巩固以及对孩子的知识点运用能力进行检验。
作业布置（5分钟）在结束整个课程之前，教师应该向学生们布置课堂作业，以检验学生们是否掌握了所学的英语知识。
教学扩展建议学生们通过分享自己的学习心得、读文章、观看动物纪录片等方式，进一步拓展对英语科普的学习和兴趣。
英语语言学之Morphology
Closed Class
refers to prep. Article, conjunction, interjection; pron, prep,and determiner, because it is impossible to add new words to these classes of words.
1) geography 2) inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) forget + -(t)en 4) Washington 5) inform + -ation 6) industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation 7) pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) pre- + conscious
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s’ have?
The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example.
(1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”
Revision exercises
What is phonology? What is the similarities and differences
高英第九课资料
第九课马克?吐温——美国的一面镜子(节选)诺埃尔?格罗夫在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
他的笔名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12英尺)——意即可以通航的信号语。
他的作品中有二十几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。
在马克?吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。
龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。
木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货通过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒等货物则被运送到北方。
在19世纪50年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国已开发领土的四分之三。
1857年，少年马克?吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。
在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是各式各样的人物，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。
他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。
所有这一切，连同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。
蒸汽船的甲板上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。
第二章Morphology形态学
1. The phonic medium of language
Speech and writing
Speech is more basic than writing. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system is always invented to record
Consonants
In the production of a consonant, the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Articulatory phonetics (The production of speech sounds)
Auditory phonetics (The perception of speech sounds) Acoustic phonetics (The physical properties of speech
第一讲几个基本语法概念_英语语法词汇
词法和句法1.1 本书要讲的主要内容是词法和句法。
1）词法（morphology）词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。
英语词类的形式变化有：名词和代词的数，格和性的形式变化；动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化；以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。
2）句法（syntax）句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律。
词类和句子成分1.2 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。
一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。
学一个词，要学它的发音，拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。
如china is in east asia（中国位于东亚）一句中的china这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。
词类（parts of speech）1.3 英语的词通常分为十大类：1）名词（noun，缩写为n..）是人和事物的名称，如pen（钢笔）；english（英语），life（生活）。
2）代词（pronoun，缩写为pron.）是用来代替名词的词，如we（我们），his（他的），all（全部）。
3）形容词（adjective，缩写为adj.）用来修饰名词，如great （伟大的），honest（诚实的），difficult（困难的）。
4）数词（numeral，缩写为num.）是表示“多少”和“第几”的词，如four（四），eighteen（十八），first（第一），eighth （第八），hundred（一百）。
5）动词（verb，缩写为v.）表示动作和状态，如write（写），walk（行走），think（想）。
6）副词（adverb，缩写为adv.）是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly（快），often（经常），very（很）。
7）冠词（article，缩写为art.）说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an（一个），the（这，那）。
英语语言学概论chapter5morphology
英语语言学概论chapter5morphologyMorphology 词法studies the internal structures of words and word formation rules. It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法) and derivational/lexical morphology(派生词法). It studies the different categories of morphemes( bound, free, derivational and inflectional) morphological rules Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language. 词素Free morpheme s: those that can exist as individual words 自由语素Lexical morphemes实词Functional morphemes 虚词Bound morphemes(粘着词素): those that can not occur alone as separate words.Roots(词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaningAffixes(词缀): those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.Position: prefixes, suffixes and inffixes(中缀)Function: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes 屈折词法派生词法Inflectional affixes: indicate grammatical function, do not produce new words or cause a change in grammatical class. Number, gender, tense, aspect, case and degree (8个:-s,-s,’s, -ing, -ed,-en,-er,est )Derivational affixes: produce new words, some change grammatical classes of words.root词根the basic part of a word that can’t be f urther analyzed without total loss of its identity Base 词基: the form that a derivational affix is attachedStem 词干: the form that an inflectional affix is attachedMorphs语子are related to morphemes in general and allomorphs are related to a specific morpheme.empty morph 空语子: a morph which has form but no meaning. children=child+r+enzero morph 零语子: a morph which has meaning but no form. They work in Nanjing. Allomorphs 词素变体: the realizations of a particular morpheme. /in/,/il/ /ir/,/im/Morphemic analysis: to analyse the number of morphemes and the relationships between the morphemes.linear order of morphemes: the horizontal order or the sequential characteristics of morphemes in a wordhierarchical order: the internal structure or relationships of the morphemes.Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)to divide the morphemes of a word into two groups and then divide them into sub-groups and so on, until the irreducible constituents or the morphemes are obtained.morphological rule s: the rules that determine how morphemes are combined into new words.word-formation processes: the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.productive ones: derivation(派生), conversion(转换) and compounding(复合);less productive ones:blending(拼缀法), clipping(截短法), backformation(逆成法),acronymy(首字母法)Derivation: a process in which one or more affixes are attached to a root or a base to produce a new word known as derived words.compounding:a process in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word called compound word or compound.A solid compound: two words are written together: fingerprint, sunburn doorknob.Open compound: the words are written separately: April Fool’s day, Boston terrier. Conversion: a process to turn a owrd into a new word class without the addition of affix blending: to delete parts of two words and combine the remaining parts to form a new word.clipping: to form a new word by deleting one or two syllables without any change in meaning or part of speech. ominibus= bus back-formation: to form a new word by removing the supposed suffix from a longer word already in a language.acronymy: to form a new word by joining the first letters of several words together.Acronym: the letters are pronounced as a single word. APEC, NASAInitialism: the letters are pronounced one by one. UFO, VOA。
《语言教学的流派第二版》自己整理的笔记
第一章A brief history of language teaching第二章The nature of approaches and methods前两章很简单，详见前面中文导读第三章The oral approach and situational language teachingThe oral approach (situational language teaching) is a grammar-based method inwhich principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teachingpoints are presented and practiced through meaningful situation—based activities。
一、Background1. Two of the leaders were Harold palmer and A.S.Hornby.2. V ocabulary control3. Grammar control二、The Oral Approach and Situational Language TeachingThe main characteristics of the approach were as follows：1. Language teaching begins with the spoken language。
Material is taught orally。
2. The target language is the language of the classroom.3。
New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.4。
V ocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered.5。
课件3._morphology
前缀和后缀
前缀和后缀都是从单词 开头或结尾添加的符号。
中缀
中缀是添加在单词内部 的符号，一般用于词汇 的缩略或组合。
复合词
复合词由两个或多个单 词组成而成，例如“公共 汽车”、“黑板报”。
形态框架
形态框架的定义
形态框架是形态学研究中对 单词内部构词规则的一种体 系化总结。
形态框架的结构
词素和词根
形态框架结构包括意义、形 式、位置、状态等基本要素。
课件3._morphology
学习单词的构词法，深入了解派生和屈折的概念，以及词法规则，并通过实 例了解应用。
什么是形态学
形态学的起源
形态学起源于对单词的构成 和意义的研究。
形态学的定义
形态学是研究单词形态结构 和词根的学问。
形态学的意义
了解形态学可以帮助我们更 好地理解语言的运用方式。
单词的构词法
词素是基本意义的单位，词 根是构成单词的基本成分。
派生和屈折
1
派生
派生是指通过加词缀等方式构成新单词的过程。
2
屈折
屈折是指通过变化单词形式来构成语法所需格式的过程。
3
不同
派生和屈折的区别在于派生重点在于意义的变化，而屈折则是语言规范的一部分，涉及到正式书面语言的正确性。
2 多样性
不同的语言和词汇系统有着不同的词法规则，需要进行学习和掌握。
3 应用广泛
在语言使用中，遵循词法规则可以避免误解和错误。
应用举例
中文词语
• 手机号码： 手机 +号码 • 安保措施： 安全 +保护方式 • 月光族： 收入不稳定 +消费型
英文词汇
• Unfriendly：Un +friendly • popularize：popular +-ize • Unicorns：uni- +corn +-s
教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力题库附答案(基础题)
2023年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力题库附答案（基础题）单选题（共100题）1、Which of the following would a teacher encourage students to do in order to develop their cognitive strategies?A.To make a study planB.To summarize a storyC.To read a text aloudD.To do pattern drills【答案】 B2、Passage 2A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence【答案】 A3、Which activity is appropriate in the post-speaking step?A.EvaluateB.Group discussionC.PresentationD.Self-correction【答案】 A4、Which of the following types of questions are mostly used for checking literal comprehension of the text?A.Display questionsB.Rhetorical questionsC.Evaluation questionsD.Referential questions【答案】 A5、Passage 1A.Because they realize that work is not usefulB.Because they realize that leisure time should be enjoyedC.Because they realize that excessive work demands can be harmful to their healthD.Because they realize that having friends is not as necessary as working【答案】 C6、In which of the following activities does the teacher mainly play the role of a Controller?anizing the students to do activities by giving instructionB.Changing the pace of the class by various meansC.Correcting mistakes and organizing feedbackD.Introducing a new grammar point【答案】 B7、The word"motel" comes from"motor + hotel". This is an exampleof__________ in morphology.A.backformationB.conversionC.blendingD.acronym【答案】 C8、请阅读短文，完成第小题。
Lesson9MrwoodTeachesaScienceLesson(课件)冀教版英语六年级上册
—It's 15 degrees.
A.Is it cold?
B.What's the temperature?
C.What's the degrees?
( ) 3. What's the ___________temperature?
A.chicken
Байду номын сангаас
B.chickens
C.chicken's
( ) 4. It's zero _________.
Lesson 9 Mr.Wood Teaches a Science Lesson
Review Free Talk
always
weather by bus
how many
subjects
very well
temperature
New Words
picture future
36 degrees 10 degrees 1 degree 0 degrees
What’s the chicken’s temperature?
41℃
Its temperature is _____degrees.
It’s healthy.
Practice
What’s the dog’s temperature?
Its temperature is _____degrees. 50℃ It’s ______.(ill / healthy)
It’s _____degrees.
What’s the temperature?
It’s 100 degrees.
What’s the temperature?
英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology
2021/6/18
1
Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.”
• Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic
word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Un- dress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
• ‘open’ class of words • Functional morphemes功能词素: consists
largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns: closed
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
2021/6/18
4
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
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Morphology
the branch of grammar which studies the structure of words.
Morpheme
• a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that is the central concern of morphology. • • • • the teacher restructured the final exam. re(minimal unit of meaning standing for again) -structur (minimal unit of meaning) -ed (minimal unit of grammatical function)
• Inflectional morphemes are suffixes as in
-Sally’s daughters – or – I wanted it – they provide grammatical information about gender, number, person, case, degree, and verb form. They are not used to change the grammatical category of a word.
English inflectional morphology
• English has only three categories of meaning which are expressed inflectionally, known as inflectional categories. They are number in nouns, tense/aspect in verbs, and comparison in adjectives.
BOUND MORPHEMES
• Derivational morphemes are affixes
(prefixes or suffixes) that are added to words to form new words (e.g., possible / im-possible / im-possibil-ity).
• • • •
A handful of examples
• • • • His un-happi-ness is contagious. He is talking rubbish. Stop listening to his disruptive comments. Oh goodness me! He has unraveled the mistery. • That essay is illegible. • She finds it stressful to keep travelling.
Word class to which inflection applies
Nouns . Verbs . . . Adjectives .
Inflectional category Number Possessive 3rd person singular present past tense perfect aspect progressive or continunous aspect comparative (comparing two items) superlative (comparing +2 items)
(1) witches, horses, wishes (2) wands, professors, injuries (3) rats (4) oxen, geese, teeth (5) werewolves
Regular and irregular inflectional morphology
Morphemes are commonly classified into: • free morphemes – morphemes which can stand by themselves as separate words, e.g. structure, like, go, work, friend etc.
• Some words of foreign origins will have irregular inflections (e.g. curriculum/a, corpus – corpora)
• ….and the genitive?
The genitive case
• • • • • Not only expressing possession (the cat’s food) The notion of origin (the traveller’s story) A description (a summer’s day) A period is measured (three months’ holiday) Doing the action or receiving the action (the man’s application) • Personal and higher animal’s nouns (Hilary’s book) • Nouns of special human relevance (my life’s aim)
Type of irregularity Noun plurals Verbs: past tense Verbs: past participle
Unusual suffix
oxen, syllabi, antennae
taken, seen, fallen, eaten
Change of stem vowel
send/sent, bend/bent, think/thought, teach/taught, buy/bought
hit, beat
send/sent, bend/bent, think/thought, teach/taught, buy/bought
hit, beat, come
• MORPHOPHONEMICS/ALLOMORPHY = the study of the processes by which morphemes change their pronunciation in certain situations. • ALLOMORPHS = the different forms (pronunciations) of a single morpheme. Ex: the plural morpheme in English is {-z}. Its allomorphs are / s /, / z /, / @z /.** Also, the morpheme 'leaf' has two allomorphs: 'leaf' in words built from it (e.g.'leafy') and 'leav-', found only in the plural: 'leaves'.
Word
• The smallest unit of meaning that appears as the headword in an dictionary and therefore can stand alone. It is separated by spaces in written language. • When we find a unit such as ‘come in’, for example, that is a unit of meaning which is longer than a word we use the term lexeme. • it is very difficult to decide word boundaries in a unit such as ‘washing machine’: two words or one?
Regular affix used to express category
-s, -es: book/books, bush/bushes -'s, -': the cat's tail, Charles' toe -s, -es: it rains, Karen writes, the water sloshes -ed: paint/painted -ed: paint/painted ('has painted) (past participle) -ing: fall/falling, write/writing (present participle) -er: tall/taller -est: tall/tallest
How is the plural morpheme realised?
• • • • • (1) witch, horse, wish (2) wand, professor, injury (3) rat (4) ox, goose, tooth (5) werewolf
• • • • •
• bound morphemes – morphemes which cannot normally stand alone but need to be attached to other forms, e.g. re-, -ed, -s, -ing etc. - unit of meaning which can only exist alongside a free morpheme. These are most commonly prefixes and suffixes: ungrateful insufficient childish goodness