法英复习要点及题型
初中英法知识点总结
初中英法知识点总结词汇1. 名词：表示人、物、地点等，如apple（苹果）、teacher（老师）、Beijing（北京）等。
2. 动词：表示动作或状态，如run（跑）、sing（唱歌）、be（是）等。
3. 形容词：描述名词的特征或性质，如big（大）、beautiful（美丽）、happy（快乐）等。
4. 副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示时间、地点、程度等，如quickly（快速地）、very（非常）、here（这里）等。
5. 代词：替代名词使用，如I（我）、he（他）、they（他们）等。
6. 冠词：用在名词前面，表示特指或泛指，如the（定冠词）、a/an（不定冠词）等。
7. 介词：表示位置、方向、时间关系等，如in（在……里面）、on（在……上面）、at （在……旁边）等。
8. 连词：连接词语、词组或句子，如and（和）、but（但是）、because（因为）等。
9. 数词：表示数目或次序，如one（一）、first（第一）、three（三）等。
10. 感叹词：表示强烈感情或感叹，如Oh（哦）、Wow（哇）等。
句型1. 陈述句：用来陈述事实或描述情况，如I am a student（我是个学生）、She is singing（她在唱歌）等。
2. 疑问句：用来提问，如Are you ok?（你还好吗？）、What's your name?（你叫什么名字？）等。
3. 肯定句：表示同意或确认某件事情，如Yes, I am（是的，我是）、You are right（你是对的）等。
4. 否定句：表示否认或拒绝某件事情，如No, I am not（不，我不是）、I don't like it（我不喜欢它）等。
5. 祈使句：表示请求、命令或建议，如Come here（过来）、Don't touch it（不要碰它）等。
时态1. 一般现在时：表示现在经常或习惯性的动作或真理，如I go to school every day（我每天上学）、The sun sets in the west（太阳在西边落下）等。
中国政法大学法律英语口语试题及复习资料整理
1. To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common law system. (P4 )There are many differences between civil law system and common law system.ⅠThe original places are different. The civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England.起源地不同，民法起源于古罗马，一般法起源于英格兰Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Thus there are many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law system.一般法的主要传统渊源是案例法，民法的主要传统渊源是成文法。
因此民法国家用很多成文法典取代一般法国家的不成文法Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules.民法法系更多关注实体法，一般法更关注程序规则ⅣThe classification of law is different. The civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity.法的分类不同，民法法系分为公法和私法，一般法法系分为一般法和衡平法Ⅴ The role of judges and professors is another difference. Since theory and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, professor plays the important role to expose laws to students. In the contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has the discretion to make laws while trialing cases.法官和学者的作用不同，因为理论和学说在民法法系中的重要性，学者在教授学生法律时非常重要。
六年级上册英法知识点
六年级上册英法知识点1. 介绍六年级上册英语和法语课程是学生学习外语的关键阶段之一。
在这一学期，学生将学习许多英语和法语的基础知识和语法规则。
本文将介绍六年级上册英法课程的重要知识点，包括单词、语法、听力和口语等。
2. 英语知识点2.1 单词在六年级上册英语中，学生将学习并掌握一些基础的单词。
这些单词包括动物、家庭成员、职业等。
学生需要通过课堂学习和课后复习来巩固这些单词的拼写和发音。
2.2 语法六年级上册英语的语法知识主要包括：- 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作，如"I am reading a book."- 一般过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态，如"They played soccer yesterday."- 将来时：表示将来要发生的动作，如"We will go on a trip next week."2.3 听力和口语在六年级上册英语课程中，学生将进行大量的听力练习和口语训练。
通过听英语对话、音频材料和口语练习，学生将提高自己的听力理解和口语表达能力。
3. 法语知识点3.1 单词在六年级上册法语中，学生将学习并记忆一些基础法语单词。
这些单词包括数字、颜色、家庭成员等。
学生需要通过课堂学习和课后复习来巩固这些单词的拼写和发音。
3.2 语法六年级上册法语的语法知识主要包括：- 接续动词：根据主语和时间形式变化动词的形式，如"je suis"（我是）、"tu es"（你是）、"il/elle est"（他/她是）等。
- 名词和冠词：学习名词的性别和单复数形式，以及不同冠词（定冠词和不定冠词）的使用。
3.3 听力和口语六年级上册法语课程中，学生将进行大量的听力练习和口语训练。
通过听法语对话、音频材料和口语练习，学生将提高自己的听力理解和口语表达能力。
4. 学习方法与技巧在学习六年级上册英语和法语知识时，学生可以采用以下方法和技巧来加强学习效果：- 多听多说：通过听力和口语练习，提高语言的理解和表达能力。
法硕英语一备考
法硕英语一备考
1. 词汇积累：英语一考试对词汇量的要求较高，因此需要花费大量时间积累词汇。
可以通过背单词书、使用词汇学习 APP 等方式进行。
2. 阅读理解：阅读理解是英语一考试的重点，需要加强阅读理解能力的训练。
可以通过阅读英文原版书籍、英文报纸杂志、做阅读理解练习题等方式进行。
3. 写作：写作也是英语一考试的重要部分，需要提高写作能力。
可以通过写英语日记、英语作文、参加英语写作辅导班等方式进行。
4. 听力：英语一考试中也会有听力部分，需要提高听力水平。
可以通过听英语广播、看英语电影、做听力练习题等方式进行。
5. 模拟考试：在备考过程中，需要进行多次模拟考试，以熟悉考试形式和提高应试能力。
可以选择历年真题或模拟试卷进行练习。
6. 注意时间管理：在考试中，时间管理非常重要。
需要在平时的练习中注意控制时间，提高答题速度和效率。
7. 寻求帮助：如果在备考过程中遇到困难，可以寻求老师、同学或辅导班的帮助。
总之，法硕英语一备考需要坚持不懈地学习和练习，注重词汇积累、阅读理解、写作、听力等方面的训练，同时注意时间管理和应试技巧的掌握。
祝你考试顺利！。
法语考试知识点总结
法语考试知识点总结法语是一门美丽的语言，也是欧洲最重要的语言之一。
许多人在学习法语时会遇到一些困难，特别是在法语考试中。
以下将详细总结法语考试的知识点，希望能帮助大家更好地备考。
一、基础语法知识1. 名词性词语的复数形式法语中，名词性词语的复数形式是重要的语法知识点。
在考试中，经常会有填空题或选择题考查名词的复数形式。
在学习中，需要注意掌握名词的不规则复数形式和特殊变化规律。
2. 形容词的比较级和最高级形容词的比较级和最高级的构成方式是法语考试中的重要知识点。
需要注意不同形容词的变化规律和特殊比较级形式的掌握。
3. 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是法语语法中的难点之一。
在考试中，需要掌握动词的变位和不规则动词的变化规律，特别是动词的复合时态和被动语态。
4. 代词的使用法语中的代词使用较为复杂，包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词等。
在考试中，常常会有代词替换和代词的位置变化等试题要求。
5. 冠词的使用在法语中，冠词的使用有一些特殊规定，例如在表示时间、地点、程度等方面，需要注意不同冠词的用法和习惯说法。
6. 介词的搭配介词是法语中的另一个难点，经常对搭配和使用方式有严格的规定。
在考试中，需要注意介词的搭配和用法，并注意掌握一些固定搭配的表达方式。
二、词汇和词语的运用1. 常用词汇和短语在学习法语的过程中，需要积累大量的常用词汇和短语。
在考试中，需要掌握一些基本的词汇和短语，如数字、时间、颜色、家庭成员、学校生活等方面的词汇。
2. 习惯用语和口语表达在法语学习中，需要注意掌握一些习惯用语和口语表达。
这些词语和表达方式在考试中也会经常出现，需要注意灵活运用。
3. 同义词和反义词在学习词汇的过程中，常常会遇到同义词和反义词。
在考试中，也有一些试题是要求选择同义词或反义词进行替换，需要注意这些词语的搭配和使用方式。
4. 专业词汇和行业术语在一些特定的领域，如商务、法律、医学等方面，会有一些专业词汇和行业术语。
八年级上册知识点英法
八年级上册知识点英法在初中阶段的学习中，八年级上册是非常重要的一个学期。
在学习过程中，英语和法语无疑是必须要学习的科目之一。
因此，在这篇文章中，我们将会重点介绍八年级上册中的英法语课程重点。
英语学习在八年级上册的英语学习中，语法方面是必须要掌握的一部分知识。
我们需要学习的语法包括：1. 现在进行时现在进行时是表示正在进行的动作的时态。
例如：“I am reading a book.”(我正在看书)2. 过去进行时过去进行时是表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作的时态。
例如：“She was watching TV at 7 o'clock yesterday evening.”(昨晚七点她正在看电视)3. 现在完成时现在完成时是表示过去某个时间开始了一个动作，一直到现在还在进行。
例如：“I have been studying English for three years.”(我已经学了三年英语)4. 过去完成时过去完成时是表示过去某个时间前已经完成的动作。
例如：“By the time I got to the station, the train had already left.”(当我到车站的时候，火车已经开了)除了语法知识之外，英语单词及词组的掌握也是非常重要的。
在八年级上册的学习中，我们需要掌握的单词和词组包括：1. Animals(动物)Wild animals(野生动物)：tiger(老虎)，lion(狮子)，elephant(象)等Domestic animals(家畜)：horse(马)，cow(牛)，pig(猪)等2. Days of the week(星期几)Monday(星期一), Tuesday(星期二), Wednesday(星期三), Thursday(星期四), Friday(星期五), Saturday(星期六), Sunday(星期日)3. Adjectives(形容词)Good(好的)，bad(坏的)，nice(好看的)，beautiful(美丽的)，interesting(有趣的)等除此之外，八年级上册的英语学习中还有阅读理解，口语表达，听力等方面，需要我们进行综合情况检测。
法英复习要点
1. 识记层次知识点(术语)(1)diversity of citizenship 公民身份多样性（管辖）(2)preponderance of the evidence 优势证据(3)remand 发回重审(4)original jurisdiction 初审管辖权(5)affirm 维持（原判）(6)statutory law 制定法(7)substantive laws 实体法(8)precedent 先例(9)concurrent jurisdiction 共同管辖权(10)federalism 联邦制(11)Binding case law 有约束力的判例法(12)Cause of action 诉由(13)Burden of proof 举证责任(14)Fiduciary relationship 信托关系(15)Reverse 推翻（原判）(16)Procedural laws 程序法(17)Beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑(18)Breach of contract 违约(19)Appellate jurisdiction 上诉管辖权(20)Exclusive jurisdiction 专属管辖权知识产权侵权属人管辖权personal jurisdiction法的渊源sources of law抗辩demurrer反诉counterclaim原告plaintiff被告defendant排他性管辖权exclusive jurisdiction起诉状complaint答辩状answer2. 理解层次知识点(1) The composition of American legal system 美国法律体系的构成(2) the supremacy clause 最高效力条款(3) the American federal court system 美国联邦法院制度(4) exclusive jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdiction 专属管辖权与共同管辖权(5) the function of constitution 宪法的功能(6) the distinction of civil law cases and criminal cases 民事案件与刑事案例的区别(7) substantive law, procedural law 实体法与程序法(8) remedies 救济方法(9) patent 专利权(10) personal jurisdiction, in rem jurisdiction 属人管辖权，对物管辖权3. 案例KATZENBACH v. McCLUNGPHOENIX FOUNDERS INC. v. McClellan。
小升初英法知识点总结人教版
小升初英法知识点总结人教版一、语法知识点1. 时态：包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时等，需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法。
2. 名词：包括可数名词和不可数名词的用法，以及名词的单数和复数形式。
3. 代词：包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等的用法和变化规则。
4. 形容词和副词：需要掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成和用法。
5. 动词：包括动词的不定式和动名词的用法，以及情态动词的用法等。
6. 介词：需要掌握常见的介词用法，如in、on、at、with等。
7. 冠词：包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法。
8. 句子结构：包括句子的主谓宾结构、倒装句、虚拟语气等，需要掌握句子的构成和变换规则。
二、词汇知识点1. 常见词汇：包括动物、植物、食物、家具、交通工具、颜色、天气、身体部位、家庭成员、学校相关的词汇等。
2. 习惯用语：包括问候语、礼貌用语、感谢用语等。
3. 动词短语：包括日常生活中常用的动词短语，如go to school、get up、have breakfast 等。
三、阅读理解知识点1. 理解短文：需要通过阅读短文，理解文章的主旨、内容和信息，提取出关键词和关键句。
2. 理解题目：需要理解各种类型的阅读理解题目，包括选择题、判断题、填空题等，掌握解题技巧。
四、写作知识点1. 句子连贯：需要能够运用所学的语法知识，写出简单连贯的句子，表达自己的想法和观点。
2. 作文表达：需要能够用简单的语言描述日常生活中的事物，表达自己的情感和感受。
五、听力知识点1. 听懂对话：需要能够听懂日常生活中常用的对话，包括问路、购物、预定餐厅等。
2. 听懂口语表达：需要能够听懂口语表达中的常用词汇和短语，理解对话的含义。
以上就是小升初英语知识点的总结，希望能够帮助学生更好地备战小升初考试。
小升初法语知识点总结：一、基本词汇1. 数字：需要掌握0至100的数字，以及基本的数学运算词汇如加、减、乘、除等。
初中英语法知识点总结
初中英语法知识点总结一、名词的数和格1. 可数名词和不可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，如pen - pens，而不可数名词通常只有单数形式，表示数量时需用量词，如much rice。
2. 名词的所有格用于表示所有关系，通常在名词后加's或s'，如Tom's book或books' cover。
二、代词的分类和用法1. 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, they用于主语位置；宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, them用于宾语位置。
2. 物主代词形容词性物主代词my, your, his, her, its, our, their + 名词；名词性物主代词mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs。
三、形容词和副词1. 形容词的比较级和最高级单音节形容词和部分双音节形容词通常在词尾加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级，如fast - faster - fastest；多音节形容词和副词通常在词前加more和most，如beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful。
2. 副词的分类时间副词如yesterday, today；地点副词如here, there；方式副词如quickly, slowly；频率副词如always, often。
四、动词的时态1. 一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，如I read books every day。
2. 一般过去时表示过去某一确定时间发生的动作，如He walked to school yesterday。
3. 一般将来时表示将来某一时间将要发生的动作，通常用will + 动词原形，如It will rain tomorrow。
4. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，用am/is/are + 现在分词，如She is cooking now。
法学的英文考试题及答案
法学的英文考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 根据《联合国宪章》，联合国的六大主要机构不包括以下哪个？A. 联合国大会B. 国际法院C. 联合国安全理事会D. 世界银行答案：D2. 下列哪项不是国际法的渊源？A. 国际条约B. 国际习惯C. 一般法律原则D. 国内法律答案：D3. 国际法上的“用尽当地救济”原则是指：A. 国家在国际法院提起诉讼前，必须先在国内法院寻求救济B. 个人在国际法院提起诉讼前，必须先在国内法院寻求救济C. 国家在国际法院提起诉讼前，必须先通过外交途径解决争端D. 个人在国际法院提起诉讼前，必须先通过外交途径解决争端答案：A4. 根据国际法，以下哪项行为不构成对国家主权的侵犯？A. 未经允许进入他国领空B. 未经允许在他国领土上建立军事基地C. 未经允许使用他国资源D. 向他国提供人道主义援助答案：D5. 国际法上的“不干涉内政”原则主要是指：A. 不允许国家干预其他国家的内部事务B. 不允许国家干预其他国家的外交事务C. 不允许国家干预其他国家的经济事务D. 不允许国家干预其他国家的司法事务答案：A二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述国际法与国内法的关系。
答案：国际法与国内法的关系复杂且多样。
一方面，国际法是国家间相互关系的法律规范，而国内法则是国家内部的法律规范。
另一方面，国际法在很多国家的法律体系中具有直接或间接的效力，可以影响国内法的制定和实施。
此外，国家在遵守国际法的同时，也需要确保国内法与国际法的一致性。
2. 什么是国际法上的“国家责任”？答案：国际法上的“国家责任”是指当一个国家违反了国际义务时，根据国际法承担的责任。
这种责任可能包括停止违法行为、赔偿损失、恢复原状等。
国家责任的认定通常需要通过国际法院或其他国际争端解决机制来确定。
3. 简述国际人权法的基本原则。
答案：国际人权法的基本原则包括普遍性、不可分割性、相互依赖性和相互促进性。
普遍性原则强调所有人权适用于所有人，不论其种族、性别、宗教或国籍。
法英复习要点
1. 识记层次知识点(术语)(1)diversity of citizenship(2)preponderance of the evidence(3)remand(4)original jurisdiction(5)affirm(6)statutory law(7)substantive laws(8)precedent(9)concurrent jurisdiction(10)federalism(11)Binding case law(12)Cause of action(13)Burden of proof(14)Fiduciary relationship(15)Reverse(16)Procedural laws(17)Beyond a reasonable doubt(18)Breach of contract(19)Appellate jurisdiction(20)Exclusive jurisdiction知识产权侵权属人管辖权法的渊源抗辩反诉原告被告排他性管辖权起诉状答辩状2. 理解层次知识点(1) The composition of American legal system(2) the supremacy clause(3) the American federal court system(4) exclusive jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdiction(5) the function of constitution(6) the distinction of civil law cases and criminal cases(7) substantive law, procedural law(8) remedies(9) patent(10) personal jurisdiction, in rem jurisdiction3. 案例KATZENBACH v. McCLUNGPHOENIX FOUNDERS INC. v. McClellan题型:一. 选择正确的术语解释,一共10个术语解释,10选10,每个2分.例题我只给了3个,3选3.二.单选题,一共10题,每题2分三.中译英(术语翻译,无须详细解释) 一共5题,每题3分四.英译中(1道课文翻译,1道法律条文翻译,均来自教材),一共2题,每题10分五.案例分析(从第1,2章已经讲的3个案例中出),1个案例,分2至2道问题,共25分范围: 第1,2章请关注课堂讲过的案例,第4,5章不考察, 整个考试重点复习第7,8章.例题:1.Please choose the right interpretation of the legal terms.(2’×10)concurrent jurisdiction A. The example set by the decision of an earlier court for similar cases, or similar legal questions that arise in later cases.precedent B. A system of government in which the people are regulated by both federal and state governments. federalism C. A term that describes situations where more than one entity has the power to regulate or act.2. Choice (2’×10)(1) In the United States, only the federal government has the power to regulate the coining of money, states cannot have their own currency. This is called______.A. original jurisdictionB. concurrent jurisdictionC. exclusive jurisdictionD. subject matter jurisdiction3. Legal Terms Translation (Chinese to English) (3 ’×5)(1) 知识产权侵权(2) 属人管辖权4.English to Chinese Translation (10’ ×2)（1）T he Tenth Amendment of the Constitution provides that “The powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”5. Case Analysis (25'×1)。
4.法律英语及答题技巧
一,英语专业面试好象这几年都是重的题目,应该早准备.今年面试的时候是每一小组进去抽题目,信封装着,也就是说,每一个小组的每一个人题目是不一样的.下面这些,是我的好朋友FSL在自己也忙面试的时候抽时间帮我写的.如果转帖,请标示姓名.中间可能有一点点输入的拼写错误．其实不用说这么多，能说一分钟左右就可以了．我抽到的题目很简单，是录取后的学习计划，我说了三条，然后老师问我，对民法的那一部分感兴趣，为什么．（因为其中我提到了我将锁定一些感兴趣的方面，做深入的研究）专业口语资料fsl(原创)Reform in legal system(法制改革)The reform in legal system is one of the important forms of law development. It means reforming from the conten t to the form of law, from the enactment to the enforcement of law, to meet the needs of changing society. Here, I j ust want to talk about the characteristics and reasons of the reform in legal system.The initial aim of the reform in legal system is mainly to establish an efficient and coordinated legal system. So, it s tasks are to create some branches of law, draw up new laws, and abandon or modify some old laws. For exampl e, during the process of reformation, China has created the economic law, the business law , the environmental la w, and so on. In more than 2000 laws and regulations issued from 1949 to 1979 , half of them were abandoned, on e fourth were modified, and one fourth keep valid.With the improvement of the legal system, people pay more attention to the effect of law. First, people are more co ncerned with the operation of law in legislation. Second, the reform in the system of judicature is put on the agend a. Third, the improvement of the supervisory system of law is paid more attention. In short, in this stage, the core o f reformation is to improve the operating system of law.But, what’s the ultimate goal of our reform? I think it is to realize rule by law. Meanwhile, to protect the rights of c itizen is also its mission.As we see, the reform in legal system is always accompanied by other social reforms. It’s one of the characteristic s of the reform in legal system. Besides the inner conflict between laws, the reform in economic system and politic al system are the impetus of reform in legal system.Only if the law adapts the development of society, it could bring its functions into play. But ,the reform may be a l ong process, and we look forward to the coming of a society ruled by law.Division of the science of law（法学体系的划分）The system of the science of law is an interrelated entirety made up of many branches of the science of law. As a t heoretical system, it is changing with the legal theory and practice of law.To specialize the research, people divide the system of the science of law into many concrete branches according t o certain criterions. But because of different angle of observation and research, the division varies from person to p erson. On the whole, criterions are mainly following: taking the object of research as criterion, the system is divide d into the science of Constitution, the science of penal law, the science of civil law and so on; taking the level of re search as criterion, it is divided into the science of theoretical law and the science of applied law. The other criterio ns are the scope of research, the method of research and so on. But to evaluate if such division is scientific, two fac tors should be considered. The first is whether the division accords with the real appearance of the science of la w. The second and more important is whether the division accords with logical rules.In china, the division of the science of law shows a complicated picture. Some scholars divided it into five classe s. They are the science of theoretical law , the science of applied law, the science of the history of law, the science of domestic law, the science of international law. Some scholars divided it into six classes. They are the science of theoretical law , the science of the branch of law, the science of the history of law, the science of legislation, the s cience of international law and the science of marginal law.The phenomenon of the science of law has complicated relations, so it is difficult to find a division which is perfec t. It just depends on whether the division accords with the appearance of the science of law and which one is accep ted by people more easily. So, I agree to such division, which divides the system into the following classes: the sci ence of theoretical law, the science of applied law, the science of the history of law, the science of comparative la w, and the science of marginal law.Talk about WTOWTO is the abbreviation of the world trade organization. It is created in January 1 st, 1995, whose precursor is GA TT. Its general headquarter is in Genevese, Switzerland. WTO is the biggist trade organization in the world. Ther e are 137 members in WTO now, the gross trade of which occupies above 95 percent of the world trade. WTO, wo rld bank and international monetary fund are called the three pillars of the world economic system.After the effort of 8 years, China entered WTO successfully in the late 2001. It is an opportunity, but also a challen ge.One of the most essential tasks confronting us at present is to abolish the relevant laws and regulations conflicting with the WTO conventions and enact laws that are applicable to those of the WTO. For example, the criminal la w of the P.R.C should further improve the relevant rules and regulations concerning the object of trademark protec tion, the scope of the counterfeit trademark as well as some other crimes against trademark.The present situation of judicature（司法制度现状）Judicature is one of the important forms of the enforcement of law. In China, the subjects of judicature are only th e court and the procuratorate. Relevently, the system of judicature is made up of two parts: the system of people’s court and the system of the people’s procuratorate.In China, the power of judicature is divided into the powers of adjudication, powers of prosecution and the power s of legal supervision. The people’s court exercise the powers of adjudication, and the people’s procuratorate exerc ises the powers of prosecution and the powers of legal supervision.From the foundation of China, three main procedure laws were issued in succession. They are the criminal procedu re law, civil procedure law and administrative procedure law. In trial, the court follows the principle of public tria l, the independence of judicature, the system whereby the second instance is final, the people’s jury system and so on.The procedure of lawsuit mainly contains the procedure of first instance, procedure of second instance, summary p rocedure, procedure for trial supervision and procedure of execution.Now, we are improving the system of evidence, procedure for review of death sentences and so on. To view the Ch ina’s system of judicature, we may see that the legislation concerning procedure law is in the process of further im provement, and judicial reformation is also under way.Talk about the system of lawyer（律师制度）In China, to be a lawyer, you should pass the national judicial examination first. Then, after the practice in a law fir m in one year, you can get the qualification of lawyer. If you want to provide legal service to the public, you shoul d join a law firm. Or you will violate the law.The lawyer has the obligation of maintaining secret for his customer. According to the law of lawyer, the lawyer should maintain the state’s secrets and his customer’s commercial secrets which he knows because of his work, and t he lawyer should not let out the privacy of his customer. If a lawyer lets out the state’s secret, his qualification wou ld be revoked and he may be investigated and affixed criminal responsibilities. If he lets out his customer’s comme rcial secret and privacy, he would be warned by the judicial and administrative department, or his qualification wo uld be suspended for at least 3 months, but not more than one year if the plot is serious. In my opinion, this punish ment is a little light. It is not enough to be a deterrent for lawyer who lets out his customer’s secret. Sometimes, the benefits of lawyer and his customer may conflict. So, the law prohibits the lawyer asking his custo mer for extra properties. And the lawyer must not exempt his civil responsibilities for the damage caused by his ill egal activities or mistakes.In the court, the lawyer has the obligation of withdrawal, and the obligation of authenticity. He must not forge evid ence, or change the content, form and nature of the evidence illegally. And he must not threaten ,lure someone to p rovide false evidence.vvvThe system of civil code(民法体系)About the system of China’s civil code, there are three standpoints in the field of the science of civil law. They are idealism, romanticism and realism. The idealism holds the Roman law in esteem, aiming to promote the status of personal law. The romanticism advocates to draw up a loose civil code. While the realism stresses to respect the c ustom of our legal system, preferring the system from overall to fraction.But about the concrete design of civil code, though there are many suggestions, most scholars choose the stand of r ealism. For example, some scholars think the civil code should contain six parts as follows: the general principle, p ersonal rights, real rights, intellectual rights, rights of inheritance, creditor’s rights. Some scholars deem the civil c ode should contain seven parts, as follows: the general principle, real rights, creditor’s rights, rights of relative, rig hts of inheritance, intellectual rights and torts.The views above have some resemblances in content, but also have many differences. The question is why they al l choose realism in the design of the system of civil code. In fact, there are two style about the system of civil cod e. One is the style of Roman, accepted by France, Italy and so on. The other is the style of Germany , accepted by Germany and its followers. From the reform in legal system in the late Qing Dynasty, we have accepted the styl e of German’s system of civil code and its concepts, principles, institutions and theoretical system. The arrangeme nt of chapters and sections, concepts we are using and system of civil rights in the general principles of civil law i n force, apparently drawn lessons from German’s civil code. So, it is not surprise that so many scholars choose th e realism.The relation of law and society(法律和社会的关系)The relation of law and society is very close. The morality, custom, science and technology, politic, population, en vironment and especially the economics influence the law to different degree. As we know, the law regulates all ki nds of social relations. So they always influence each other, and supplement each other. Here, I just talk about the r elation of law and economics, the relation of law and environment.From the origin of law, we can see that the law is a result of exchange of commodities. About this question, Marx had said “ exchange exists first, then it develops to be law”. With the development of economics, the law is beco ming prosperous. It plays an important role in the areas of macroeconomics-control and market supervision. The la w is the economics’ guidance, promoter and guarantee. On the other hand, the economics also promotes the advan ce of legal system.The environment is the important content of social sustainable development. And as the importance and seriousnes s of the environmental problems, the environment becomes the regulated object of law. The science of environmen tal law came into being. It plays important part in protecting and promoting the environment.In a word, the law is a kind of useful tool to make our society orderly and harmonious . in other word, the operatio n of modern society needs law to regulate. In this process, the content of social life enriches the regulated objects o f law.The method of study of law(学习法律的方法)The method of study of law varies from person to person. Roughly, there are two methods. The first is learning fro m legal books,as most of law students do. The second is learning from our life. The former makes study of law sys tematically, while the latter makes study lively.I think the latter method is more important. As we know, the law comes from our life, though it is written by me n. Moreover, the purpose of learning law is to use it in our life. So, to see, to listen, to experience, to think all kind s of events related to law is very important. Of course, law books may be useful, especially when meeting some dif ficulties about the meaning of regulations.Actually, remembering all kinds of concepts and regulations is not enough. I think understanding the spirit of law i s necessary and useful. For example, we stress autonomy in our private law, but we still see some regulations viola te this principle. Another good example is a judge who deals with civil actions specially may meet a case, which h as no corresponding rules to cite. In this situation, the judge had better appeal to the spirit of law to solve this probl em.In a word, the best method of study of law is the one which is suitable for yourself. I think combing theory and pra ctice closely is a good and necessary method.Independence of judicature (司法独立)The independence of judicature is a hot topic in recent years. Here, I just want to talk about the meaning of the ind ependence of judicature. In my opinion, that means when judicial organs exercise their functions and powers, the y only obey law, not interfered by legislative bodies, administrative units, mass organizations and any other perso n. The independence of judicature in a country, can guarantee the improvement of political organs and make the ri ghts of citizen come true. So, it couldn’t be thought the independence of judicial organs only. It should also includ e the independence of judicial power and the independence of judge.Above all, comparing with the legislative power and the administrative power, the judicial power seems weaker. A nd it is often encroached for judges is easily controlled by outer factors. So, to ensure the judicial power is exercise d normally, we should emphasize the independence of judicial power.Second, the independence of judicature means the judicial power could only be exercised by judicial organs, not b y any other unit.Last but not least, it also means the judges only obey the law when they are exercising their functions and power s. But to guarantee the independence of judge, it should have two conditions. The first condition is that judges sho uld be independent when they exercise their power, not influenced by his superior or any other judge. The other co ndition is the insurance of the judge’s profession, including the obtaining of profession , the maintaining of profess ion and the pay.In our country, the judicial organs exercise the powers of prosecution and adjudication, not intervened by other aut horities and person. It manifests the independence of judicial organs. But the state power is controlled by the natio nal people’s congress in unison. The judicial organs are elected by the national people’s congress, whose status ar e lower than it. So, in our country, judicial organs have their own features. They can’t be explained by the internati onal theory of the independence of judicature. But it doesn’t mean that we can ignore the serious problems in our judicial power, such as administrative interference and bureaucracy. How to establish our independence of judicatu re is a very important question now.Comparison in legal families(两大法系比较)The legal family of continental law and the legal family of common law are two different legal families in the worl d. They have different sources. The former takes the Roman law as its source. So, it is also called the legal family of Roman law. The latter is based on the common law from middle ages in England. So, it is also called the lega l family of case lawThe legal family of continental law is mainly distributed in Europe, American, Asia and Africa, such as France, Ge rmany, Italy and so on. Of these, Europe is the place of origin and center area. While the legal family of common l aw is mainly distributed in England, America, Canada, Australia and so on..The former are all states of statute law, so people always think the positive law is the main source of the continenta l law. But with the increase of the positive law in the legal family of common law, it is difficult to say the status o f the positive law is their main difference. In fact, in the aspect of legal source, what characterizes the continental l aw is their codification. By contrast, the feature of the common law is their case law, which is formed from the cou rt’s judgements. The case law follows the principle of staring decisis. Of course, in the legal family of continental l aw, they also admit the importance of the case, but the judge is not legislator, and the case is not the source of law. Though there are many differences between the two legal families, they influence each other more and more strong ly from the 20th century. And the trend of mixture will be going on in the future.Procedure of law (程序制度)The procedure of law is a comprehensive concept, including the procedure of legislation, the procedure of administ ration, the procedure of lawsuit and so on. Here I just talk about the procedure of lawsuit briefly.The procedure of lawsuit is more complicated than other procedures. In China, it is made up of the criminal proced ure law, the civil procedure law and the administrative litigation law.In modern society, people have realized the importance of procedure laws in protecting of the system of rule law a nd democracy. Take criminal procedure law for example, to prevent the state power being abused,the criminal proc edure law provides various restriction on filing case, arrest and other coercive measures, prosecution, conviction ,i nter alias, those very strict procedural requirements on search and seizure. These requirements have played a very i mportant role in protecting citizen’s fundamental rights.To view the China’s procedure law system, we may see that the legislation concerning procedure law is in the proc ess of further improvement, and judicial reformation is also under way. The aims of the reformation and improvem ent are to ensure basic functions of procedure laws, namely safeguarding the public orders while intensify in huma n rights protection and promoting judicial efficiency.Case teaching and expository teaching(案例教学和板书教学)Case teaching and expository teaching are two different teaching methods. The former passes on knowledge by th e form of case analysis. The latter passes on knowledge by the form of writing on the blackboard. They have thei r own advantages and disadvantages.The case teaching lays particular emphasis on enlightening students’ ideas. This method lets students get in touch with the real lawsuits in our life. So ,it easily causes the students’ interest, and the interaction between the teache r and the students is very good. while expository teaching lays particular emphasis on the explanation of the knowl edge, thus, the atmosphere of class may seem oppressive and the interaction between the teacher and the students is not so good as case teaching.The expository teaching has the advantage of passing on knowledge systematically. By contrast, case teaching pass es on knowledge scatteredly. So, it is hard to have a good grasp of the system of knowledge.But case teaching has an advantage of fostering the students’ ability to think independently and ability to solve pro blems. Because the process of analyzing case is also the process of putting forward questions, pondering problem s and solving problems. Most of the class time is left for students, and the teacher just plays a role of guiding. Stud ents always find their weakness during this process and they can study others’ virtue. While expository teaching se ems more or less dull. Though the teacher may ask students some questions, the protagonist is the teacher, not he st udents.Anyway, the ultimate purpose of case teaching and expository teaching is the same. That is to pass on knowledge e ffectively and to foster the students’ abilities.二专业课面试也是抽题目，而且也有很多和去年重复的题目。
小学英语法知识点总结
小学英语法知识点总结英语是一门国际化的语言，拥有着广泛的使用范围。
因此，在学习英语的过程中，掌握英语的语法知识至关重要。
本文将从小学生常见的英语语法知识点出发，总结一些基础的英语语法知识，帮助小学生快速提高英语水平。
名词名词是英语中最基本的词性之一，它用来指代人、事物、地方或抽象概念。
名词有单数和复数之分，单数形式一般直接在词尾加上-s，复数形式则常见的有加-s，-es，-ies等形式。
除了单数和复数之外，名词还分可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词用于表示可以数的事物，而不可数名词则表示不可数的事物或抽象概念。
在句子中，名词通常作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，掌握名词的单复数和可数不可数的用法对于搭建句子是非常重要的。
代词代词是用来代替名词的词语，它可以指代人或事物，并且可以用来替代主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
代词有主格、宾格、形容词性和物主等不同形式，根据不同的语境和句子结构来选择和使用不同的代词形式。
此外，代词还有人称、数和格的变化，需要根据具体情况做相应的变化。
形容词形容词是用来修饰名词的词语，它可以用来表示事物的性质、特征或状态。
形容词有三个级别，分别是原级、比较级和最高级。
原级表示简单的形容词，比较级表示比较大小或程度，最高级表示最高成度或最大程度。
副词副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词等的词语，它可以表示时间、地点、程度、方式等不同的信息。
副词有不同的类别，包括时间副词、地点副词、程度副词等，根据不同的语境选择适当的副词，可以增强句子的表达能力。
介词介词是用来连接词语，短语或句子成分，表达位置、时间、原因等关系。
常见的介词包括in, on, at, for, to, from等。
介词通常与名词、代词等一起构成介词短语，用来修饰句子中的其他成分。
连词连词是用来连接词语或句子成分的词语，它可以连接主语、动词、宾语等不同的成分。
常见的连词有and, but, or, so, because等，它们用来连接同类成分、并列成分或因果关系的成分。
英法美练习题
英法美练习题英、法、美三国是世界文明的重要代表，它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都有着举足轻重的地位。
了解并比较英、法、美三国的差异和相似之处，有助于我们更好地理解和思考国与国之间的联系和互动。
本文将通过回答一系列与英、法、美相关的练习题，以全面、客观的方式介绍这三个国家的一些重要信息和特点。
一、政治制度1. 英国的政治制度是什么样的？ 300字英国是一个君主立宪制国家，政治制度主要由议会制与君主制构成。
国家元首是女王，但在实际治理方面，政府首脑是首相。
英国议会有上下两院，下院由下议院和上议院组成。
议会制度特点明显，政府和议会之间的相互制约形成了政治体系的基础。
2. 法国的政治制度是什么样的？ 300字法国是一个半总统制国家，政治制度由总统制和议会制构成。
法国总统是国家元首，拥有重要的行政权力。
议会由国民议会和参议院组成，是法国政治生活的重要组成部分。
尽管总统具有较大的权力，但法国议会在立法和监督方面也发挥着重要作用。
3. 美国的政治制度是什么样的？ 300字美国是一个总统制国家，政治制度由总统制和联邦制构成。
总统是国家元首和政府首脑，拥有执行权力。
美国国会由参议院和众议院组成，负责立法和监督。
美国的政治制度注重权力分立和制衡，各个政府机构之间相互制约，保障了政府的稳定和权力的平衡。
二、经济特点1. 英国的经济特点是什么？ 300字英国是一个市场经济体制，其特点之一是国际化。
英国拥有发达的金融和服务业，其金融中心伦敦被誉为全球重要的金融中心之一。
此外，英国还具有一定的制造业基础，如汽车、航空等高端制造业发达。
英国经济体系灵活，具有较高的竞争力。
2. 法国的经济特点是什么？ 300字法国是一个混合经济体制，兼顾市场经济和计划经济的特点。
法国拥有强大的农业、制造业和服务业。
农业方面，法国是世界上领先的农产品出口国之一，以小麦、葡萄酒等农产品闻名。
制造业方面，法国有先进的航天、汽车、奢侈品等产业。
服务业也在法国经济中占据重要地位。
高一英语下学期期末考点专题讲解：法填空(同步训练+直击考点)(人教版2019)
专题03单句语法填空（同步训练+直击考点）养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
练习1用单词的适当形式完成句子：1．Last night, there were millions of people __________ (watch) the ceremony live on TV.2．With eyes no longer ________(fix) on our phones, we had a chance to really enjoy each other’s company. 3．The crowd looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a huge cloud ________ (shoot) from the top of the volcano.4．Around 10,000 medics (医护人员) nationwide have rushed to Shanghai, ________ (determine) to secure a victory in the fight against COVID-19.5．With summer ________(approach), some students will feel very happy.6．Lawyers help others and ____________ (respect) by others.7．The artist painted on ____________ spite of his family’s opposition.8．Astronomy and mathematics were introduced to China from India and Arabia; in Gansu Province, the Mogao Caves, home to some of the finest examples of Buddhist art, _____________ (reflect) the eastward spread of Buddhism from India.9．Human error may have been a ______________ (contribute) factor.10．It wasn’t my birthday; nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other giftgiving ________ (occasion)．11．This generation of mothers and adult daughters has a lot ____________ common.12. Fleming, a research scientist from Scotland, observed that the bacteria________(surround) the mould were dead.13．With the unsolved matters ________(crowd) in on him, he couldn’t go to sleep. 14．________ (rescue) the drowning boy to the bank, he left without being noticed.15．This is the first time that a woman_________ (appoint) to the post.16．My best friend Chris offered me practical ________ (assist) with my research, and I’m so grateful for all his help.17．__________(work) for three hours, he took a rest.18．Tony feels more ________ (energy) after a short time of rest.19．Police said the accident__________(occur)at about 4：30 pm.20．The potatoes were a little salty, but apart ________that, the food was very good.练习2用单词的适当形式完成句子：1.Once__________(speak), a word becomes a promise.2.When________(refer) to the dictionary, make sure you understand the English explanation.3.The other________(construct) materials have no such functions as bamboo.4.He admitted ________(take) some cash from the drawer.5.So as I considered the question of “What motivates me?” and ________ (seek) an answer, it struck me that Isimply refused to be defeated.6.With more importance ________ (attach) to traditional culture these years, hanfu has become increasinglypopular.7.Feeling_____ (disappoint) at the government’s measures, many scholars determined to stop giving advice tothe officials.8.He is always ready to help others, ________(desire) nothing.9.Her trust in me has inspired me ________(attempt) to do what I never imagined possible.10.All the attempts________(increase) the sales have failed.11._______ (earn) enough money, they finally could move from their two-bedroom home to a seven-bedroomhome in a rich neighborhood.12.Your ability ________ (analyse) problems really surprised us.13.This task requires extraordinary ________(patient) and endurance.14.I found out he was connected with the case ________ accident when a letter fell off his pocket.15.This plant can’t ________(expose) to strong sunshine.16.Time_____( permit), we’d better have a rest this weekend.17.________(ignore) the differences between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes youmake.18.If you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and ____(apology).19.While I hate to admit it, people always tend ________ (judge) a person by his or her appearance at first sight.20.____ the basis of my own experience, I would like to give you some advice on how to make up with yourfriend Laura.练习31．There are many students who have a ________ (prefer) for painting in our school.2．The beach is just within walking ________ (distant) of my house.3．The ________ (innovate) they bring to the craft will also ensure that the art of clock repairing stands the test of time.4．I allowed myself to be persuaded _______ entering the competition.5．We have a ________(secure) guard around the whole area.6．Who made the most accurate __________ (predict) of their future life satisfaction?7．It’s high time that we placed great ____(emphasize) on the improvement of food safety. 8．The competition is specially designed to test your ability ________(combine) theory with practice.9．The ______(absent) of a steady source of income makes it difficult for people to cope with emergency. 10．The existence of tides is often taken as a proof of gravity but this is actually ________(accurate).11．He has three sons, all of ________went abroad for further education.12．________ is known to us students, Nanjing is a famous city for her long history. 13．____(obtain) the overall score, add up the totals in each column.14．The owner may wonder why the cat’s ________(remark)climbing abilities only work in one direction. 15．Mr. Smith, from ____________ I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist.练习41．He usually has lunch in his office, ____________ there are fewer people at lunchtime.2．It is said that the Internet has taken the place of television, providing universal ________ (entertain)．3．To my ________(amuse),he should forget the birthday of his own.4．It’ s no use __________(learn) the text by heart without understanding it.5．He appealed __________ other leaders to donate to the cause.6．The young man finally admitted________ (steal) the car.7．He is a mere nobody, and it is ________ (mere) a matter of time for people to forget him.8．The shy girl wore an ________ (embarrass) look when she could not answer her teacher’s questions.9. Thousands of students are waiting to be ________ (employ)．10．I’d like to know if you’d be willing to join us as a student____________(represent) on the interview committee. 11．Do you advocate ________(ban) smoking in all public places?12．Then heavy industry factories moved in, and things became_________ (entire) different.13．Lanier invented the term “virtual ________(real)” and pioneered its early development.14．I was astonished to see the eagle ________ (expand) its wings.15．Both the size and __________ (consume) habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.参考答案练习1用单词的适当形式完成句子1．Last night, there were millions of people __________ (watch) the ceremony live on TV.【答案】watching【详解】考查非谓语动词。
法律英语复习重点
WhyWhatToolsHowAdditional advice & course descriptionArrangement of the textbookHomeWhat to learn?To learn and refine your own English（扎实的基本功，法律语言句式复杂，长句多）Acquire the language of lawAcquire knowledge of the basic legal conceptsSome features of legal languagecommon words with special meaningOld and Middle English wordsLatin words and phrasesFrench wordsUse of argotLong sentenceWORDS LEGAL MEANINGaction 诉讼Consideration补偿/对价/约因Counterpart副本executed签名使契据生效Hand签字Instrument文件eg. Legal instrument: legal document(1) common words with special meaningWORDS LEGAL MEANINGLetters 许可证Party 诉讼方、合同缔结方、当事人Prayer诉讼请求Presents本文件this legal documentSaid上述的mentioned beforeEg. the said witness 该证人Serve送达Specialty盖印合同sealed contractProvide for 规定Remedy补救办法(2) Old and Middle English wordsIf any of the terms or provisions of this Contract shall be declared illegal or unenforceable by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the parties hereto agree to do all things and cooperate in allways open to them to obtain substantially the same result or as much thereof as may be possible, including the amendment or alteration of these presents若主管法庭宣布本合同任何条款或规定非法或无效，双方同意将尽最大努力采取一切可行措施，包括修改或更换合同，以取得大体相同或尽可能多的效益here words: hereafter（此后、将来）, hereby（籍此）, herein（此中、此处）, hereinafter（在下文）, hereof, heretothere words: thereby, thereof（因此）, therein（在那里）, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereupon, therewithaforesaid如前所述said (used as an adjective)Such上述的forthwith立刻thence从那时起, thenceforth从那时起/其后Where words: whereby（由是、因此）, whereof（关于它）witness (used in the sense of testimony by signature, oath, etc. as “In witness whereof, I have set my hand, ...”签字盖章,特此为证witnesseth鉴于(meaning to provide formal evidence of something, the Old English present indicative, third person singular verb form.)(3) Latin words and phrasesalias别名, 化名Alibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式bona fide善意/真诚的versus(4) French wordsAction 诉讼Agreement 协议Appeal 上诉arrestarson 纵火assault 袭击attorneys 律师battery 殴打罪bill 法案、议案claim 索取Condition 条款contractevidence 契约法、合同法execution 执行guarantee担保物/抵押品infant未成年人judgesjudgment 审判jurors 陪审员justice(5) Use of argotThe language of the law, sometimes even a particular word, has a dual aspect. Lawyers use language that is intended to speak to lawyers and laymen, as in contracts, jury instructions, notices, and even laws. Lawyers also use language that is intended to speak primarily to each other, as in pleadings, opinions, argument and in the day-to-day negotiation and discussion that is the lawyer's life. In this aspect, a portion of the language of the law is ARGOT, a 'professional language'.E.g.:alleged有嫌疑的casecause of action 原告的起诉原由damages 损害赔偿due care 应有注意inferior court 下级法院issue of fact关于事实的争论点issue of law关于引用法律的争论点pursuant to stipulationreversed and remanded发回重审superior court 高级法院Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence.任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时,无合法权限或合理理由而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益﹐即属犯罪。
小升初英法知识点总结归纳
小升初英法知识点总结归纳一、语法1. 名词的数：一般情况下，在单数名词后加-s构成复数，但若是以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾的词，则在词尾加-es构成复数。
2. 形容词的比较级和最高级：单音节形容词和少数双音节形容词在词尾加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级；多音节形容词在前面加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。
3. 动词的时态：一般现在时表示现在发生的动作或习惯性动作；一般过去时表示过去发生的动作；将来时表示将来要发生的动作。
4. 物主代词：我的，你的，他的，她的，它的，我们的，你们的，他们的等等。
5. 介词：表示位置、方向、时间等概念的词语。
二、词汇1. 学习动词的用法和常见短语；2. 学会使用形容词和副词，丰富词汇量；3. 学习动词的过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式；4. 学习习惯用语和常用口语表达。
三、阅读理解1. 阅读理解训练，提高语感和理解能力；2. 阅读文章，了解相关的背景知识；3. 熟悉各种文体表达，如记叙文、说明文、议论文等。
四、写作1. 学习句子的构成并多做练习；2. 学习句型的使用；3. 提升写作能力，培养逻辑思维和表达能力。
五、口语1. 学习简单的日常口语表达；2. 练习对话，提高口语交际能力；3. 多参与口语练习，提升口语表达水平。
六、单词拼写1. 单词的拼写及常见规律；2. 结合语境学习单词拼写；3. 注意单词的词性和用法。
七、听力1. 多听英语材料，提高听力水平；2. 培养听取信息的能力；3. 听力训练，熟悉各种语音语调。
法语知识点总结：一、词汇1. 常见的日常用语和常用词汇，如问候语、数字、颜色、家庭成员等；2. 基本短语和句型；3. 动词的变位和用法；4. 形容词和副词的用法。
二、语法1. 名词的性和数：法语名词有性和数的变化，要学会名词的性和数的变化规则；2. 冠词：法语中使用的冠词有定冠词和不定冠词，要学会它们的用法；3. 动词：法语中的动词有时态、语态和语气的变化，要学会动词的变位规则；4. 介词和连词的用法；5. 句型的构成和变位。
英语上期末考试题型及复习范围
英语上期末考试题型及复习范围英语上期末考试题型及复习范围考试题型1交际用英语（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）2阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）3词汇语法（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）4完型填空（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）5英译汉（共5小题; 每题4分，满分20分）6写作（满分15分）复习范围1交际用英语主要复习教材中的Quiz 1,Quiz2,Quiz3交际用语部分。
2阅读理解主要复习教材中的Quiz 1,Quiz2,Quiz3阅读理解部分；每单元的阅读理解题，特别是第2，第4，第7，第9单元。
3词汇语法主要复习掌握每单元的语法讲解内容和教材中的Quiz 1,Quiz2,Quiz3词汇语法题。
1.--Write to me when you get home.--Ok. I ______.A.mustB. shouldC.willD. can2.Tom is so talkative. I’m sure you’ll soon get tired _____ him.A.ofB. withC. atD. on3. I don’t know_____ to deal with such matter.A. whatB. howC. whichD. /4. _____ is your girl friend like?She is very kind and good-looking.A.HowB. WhatC. WhichD. Who5. He______ driving me home, even though I told him I lived nearby.A. insisted onB. insisted atC. insisted thatD. insisted in6. We came finally ______ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all the time.A. ofB. intoC. toD. at7. I won’t make the ______ mistake next time.A. likeB. sameC. nearD. similar8. He _____ lives in the house where he was born.A. alreadyB. yetC. stillD. ever9. I am not used to speaking______ public.A. inB. atC. onD. to10. I didn’t know what to do, but then an idea suddenly ____ to me.A. appearedB. happenedC. occurredD. emerged11. measles (麻疹)____ a long time to get over.A. spendB. spendsC. takeD. takes12. A pair of spectacles ______ what I need at the moment.A. isB. areC. hasD. have13. ---Do you want to wait?---Five days ____ too long for me to visit.A.wasB. wereC. isD. are14. You had better _____ a doctor as soon as possible.A. seeingB. sawC. seeD. seen15. The boy is not happy at the new school. He has ____ friends there.A. fewB. a fewC. littleD. a little16. I fell and hurt myself while I ____ basketball yesterday.A. was playingB. am playingC. playD. played17. Tom ______ more than twenty pounds on the novel.A. spentB. paidC. costD. took18. Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.A. to have closedB. to closeC. having closedD. closing19. Twenty people were ______ wounded in the air crash.A. quicklyB. wronglyC. bitterlyD. seriously20. The top of the Great Wall is _____ for five horses to go side by side.A. wideB. so wideC. wide enoughD. enough wide21. We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.A. wayB. choiceC. possibilityD. selection22. Nancy is considered to be _____ the other students in hr class.A. less intelligentB. the most intelligentC. intelligent as wellD. as intelligent as23. It’s ______ that he was wro ng.A. clearlyB. clarityC. clearD. clearing24. There ______ a book and some magazines on the desk.A. isB. beC. haveD. has25. She is not only my classmate ______ also my good friend.A. orB. butC. andD. too26. He asked the waiter ______ the bill.A. onB. ofC. forD. after27. _______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can have dinner together tonight.A. SinceB. WhileC. ForD. Before28. I would like to do the job ______ you don’t force me to study.A. in caseB. althoughC. thoughD. as long as29. The reason I did not go abroad was _______ a job in my home town.A. becauseB. due toC. that I gotD. because of getting30. ______ she survived the accident is miracle.A. WhatB. ThatC. AsD. Which31. I often see ______ the road on his way home.A. he crossB. him crossC. him crossedD. he crossing32. His mother ______ alone since his father died.A. livedB. livesC. has livedD. is living33. The workers are busy ______ models for the exhibitionA. to makeB. with makingC. being making B. making34. It was well known that Thomas Edison _____ the electric lamp.A. discoveredB. inventedC. foundD. developed35. She wonders _____ will happen to her private life in the future.A. thatB. itC. thisD. what36. The higher the temperature, ______ the liquid evaporates.A. the fasterB. the more fastC. the slowerD. the more slower37. Australia is one of the few countries ______ people drive on the left of the road.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. on which38. Sunday is the day _____ people usually don’t go to work.A. whenB. whichC. in whichD. on which39. ______ you know, David has been well lately.A. WhichB. AsC. WhatD. When40. The harder you study, _____ you will learn.A. muchB. manyC. the moreD. much more41. They got there an hour ______ than the others.A. earlyB. much earlyC. more earlyD. earlier42. The grey building is the place where the workers live, and the white building is the place where the spare parts _____.A. are producingB. are producedC. producedD. being produced43. Once environmental damage ______, it takes many years for the system to recover.A. is to doB. doesC. had doneD. is done44. We worked hard and completed the task_____.A. in the timeB. on the timeC. ahead of timeD. before time45. I didn’t expect you to turn _____ at the meeting yesterday.A. upB. toC. outD. over46. I like the teacher _______ classes are very interesting and creative.A. whichB. whoC. whoseD. what47. When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother______ dinner in the kitchen.A. cookedB. was cookingC. cooksD. has cooked48. I don’t know the part, but it’s _____ to be qu ite beautiful.A. saidB. toldC. spokenD. talked49. Mike is better than Peter ______ swimming.A. forB. atC. onD. in50. The young lady coming over to us ______ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that!A. must beB. can beC. would beD. could be51. Eggs, though rich in nourishments, have _____ of fat.A. a large numberB. the large numberC. a large amountD. the large amount52. Neither John _____ his father was able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.A. norC. butD. and53. Jane’s dress is similar in design _____ her sister’s.A. likeB. withC. toD. as54. His salary as a driver is much higher than ______.A. a porterB. is a porterC. as a porterD. that of a porter55. ______ these honours he received a sum of money.A. ExceptB. ButC. BesidesD. Outside56. Would you let ____ to the park with my classmate, Mum?A. me goB. me goingC. I goD. I going57. I have been looking forward to _____ from my parents.A. hearB. being heardC. be heardD. hearing58. The manager will not _____ us to use his car.A. haveC. agreeD. allow59. _____ her and then try to copy what she does.A. MindB. SeeC. Stare atD. Watch60. Will you ____ me a favor, please?A. doB. makeC. bringD. give61. It’s bad ____ for you to smoke in the public places where smoking is not allowed.A. behaviorB. actionC. mannerD. movement62. –It’s a good idea. But who’s going to ____ the plan?--I think John and Peter will.A. carry outB. get throughC. take inD. set aside63. The computer system_____ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.A. broke downB. broke outC. broke upD. broke in64. If she wants to keep slim, she must make a _____ in the diet.A. changeB. turnC. runD. go65. _____ the War of Independence, the United States was an English colony.A. BeforeB. A tC. InD. Between66. A police officer claimed he had attempted to _____ paying his fare.A. avoidB. rejectC. refuseD. neglect67. While I was in the university, I learned taking photos, ______ is very useful now for me.A. itB. whichC. thatD. what68. He is not seriously ill, but only a ____ headache.A. obviousB. delicateC. slightD. temporary69. On average, a successful lawyer has to take to several ______ a day.A. customersB. supportersC. guestsD. clients70. What is the train______ to Birmingham?A. feeB. tipC. fareD. cost71. You shouldn’t _____ your time like that, Bob, and you have to finish your school work tonight.A. cutB. doC. killD. kick72. Both the kids and their parents _____ English, I think. I know it from their accent.A. isB. beenC. areD. was答案1-5 CABBA 6-10CBCAC 11-15DACCA 16-20AABDC 21-25BDCAB 26-30CADCB 31-35BCDBD 36-40ACABC 41-45DBDCA 46-50CBABA 51-55CACDC 56-60ADDDA 61-65AAAAA 66-70ABCDC 71-72CC4完型填空主要复习教材中的Quiz 1,Quiz2,Quiz3中的完型填空题。
高考政治一轮复习 2.4 英法两国政体的异同精品 新人教版选修3
自主预习学案
一、两国政体的差异 1．英国是典型的__议__会__制__君__主__立__宪__制__政体。法国 是典型的_民__主__共__和__制__中__的__半__总__统__半__议__会__制__政体。 2．英国议会是_最__高__立__法__机关和_最__高__权__力__机关； 法国议会只是__立__法___机关，其地位和作用都不能 与英国相提并论。
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【温馨提示】 英国议会对政府的监督权要强于 法国。法国议会虽然有对政府的弹劾和倒阁权， 但受到种种限制，实行起来非常困难。
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探究 2010年5月20日英国首相卡梅伦前往法国首都巴 黎，在爱丽舍宫与法国总统萨科齐共进晚餐；于 21日前往德国首都柏林，与德国总理默克尔会 晤。英国政府负责欧洲事务的官员莱德顿说： “卡梅伦首相的一项重要议程是与法国总统和德 国总理商议如何助推欧洲发展。” 结合材料分析英法两国权力中心有什么不同。
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3．英国国王一般只承担“__礼__仪_性__职__责____”， 是“_虚_位__君__主_________”；法国总统则是国家 __行__政__权__力__的_中__心_______。 4．英国是__两_党___制，由议会多数党组阁；法国 议会中有许多党派，往往是几个党派联合才能形 成议会多数派并组成多党联合政府。 5．英国首相由_议__会___中多数党领袖担任，权力 很大；法国总理由__总__统___任命，权力较之英国 首相要小得多。
点 革命的实质
都是早期的资产阶级革命
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三、异中有同 殊途同归 1．从政体与国体的关系来看，英法两国的政体都 属于____资__本__主__义_国__家__的统治形式。两国的政权 都是资产阶级政权，执政的根本目标都是维护 __资__本__主__义___制度，为_资__产__阶__级_____利益服务。 2．从执政党的性质和作用来看，英法两国执政党 的_____阶_级__性__质__相同。执政党的阶级性质体现了 国家政权的性质。
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法英复习要点
1. 识记层次知识点(术语)
(1) diversity of citizenship
(2) preponderance of the evidence
(3) remand
(4) original jurisdiction
(5) affirm
(6) statutory law
(7) substantive laws
(8) precedent
(9) concurrent jurisdiction
(10) federalism
(11) Binding case law
(12) Cause of action
(13) Burden of proof
(14) Fiduciary relationship
(15) Reverse
(16) Procedural laws
(17) Beyond a reasonable doubt
(18) Breach of contract
(19) Appellate jurisdiction
(20) Exclusive jurisdiction
知识产权侵权属人管辖权
法的渊源抗辩
反诉原告
被告排他性管辖权
起诉状答辩状
2. 理解层次知识点
(1) The composition of American legal system
(2) the supremacy clause
(3) the American federal court system
(4) exclusive jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdiction
(5) the function of constitution
(6) the distinction of civil law cases and criminal cases
(7) substantive law, procedural law
(8) remedies
(9) patent
(10) personal jurisdiction, in rem jurisdiction
3. 案例
KATZENBACH v. McCLUNG
PHOENIX FOUNDERS INC. v. McClellan
题型:
一. 选择正确的术语解释,一共10个术语解释,10选10,每个2分.例题我只给了3个,3选3.
二.单选题,一共10题,每题2分
三.中译英(术语翻译,无须详细解释) 一共5题,每题3分
四.英译中(1道课文翻译,1道法律条文翻译,均来自教材),一共2题,每题10分
五.案例分析(从第1,2章已经讲的3个案例中出),1个案例,分2至2道问题,共25分
范围: 第1,2章请关注课堂讲过的案例,第4,5章不考察, 整个考试重点复习第7,8章.
例题:
1.Please choose the right interpretation of the legal terms. (2’ ×10) concurrent jurisdiction precedent federalism
A. The example set by the decision of an earlier court for similar cases, or similar legal questions that arise in later cases.
B. A system of government in which the people are regulated by both federal and state governments.
C. A term that describes situations where more than one entity has the power to regulate or act.
2. Choice (2’ ×10)
(1) In the United States, only the federal government has the power to regulate the coining of money, states cannot have their own currency. This is called______.
A. original jurisdiction
B. concurrent jurisdiction
C. exclusive jurisdiction
D. subject matter jurisdiction
3. Legal Terms Translation (Chinese to English) (3 ’ ×5)
(1) 知识产权侵权(2) 属人管辖权
4.English to Chinese Translation (10’ ×2)
（1）T he Tenth Amendment of the Constitution provides that “The powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
5. Case Analysis (25'×1)。