To a Waterfowl by William Cullen Bryant (威廉柯伦布莱恩特《致水鸟》的课件)
To-a-Waterfowl-by-William-Cullen-Bryant-威廉柯伦布莱恩特致水
2.4 Main works
• Discourse on the Life, Character and Writings of Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (English) (as Author)
• Letters of a Traveller Notes of Things Seen in Europe and America (English) (as Author)
•
He, who, from zone to zone,
Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,
In the long way that I must tread alone,
Will lead my steps aright.
译作赏析 • 你整天翕动翅膀，
Though the dark night is near.
•
Vainly the fowler's eye
Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,
Thy figure floats along.
《致水鸟》的意境美 The Beauty of Artistic Conception in To a Waterfowl
The Beauty of Artistic Conception in To a WaterfowlPoetry is the precious wealth of people’s spiritual world. Poetry often reflects real life and express people’s thoughts and feelings through rhythmic language with strong emotion and rich imagination. Some poems bring readers important spiritual enlightenment by the descriptions of nature. Reading such poems is a kind of “bathing the soul”. William Cullen Bryant’s To a Waterfowl is such a typical example. This paper aims at analyzing the beauty of artistic conception in To a Waterfowl and the spiritual enlightenment brought by this poem.I. Bryant and To a WaterfowlWilliam Cullen Bryant is the first Romantic poet in American literature, known as “Fireside Poets” along with Longfellow. He is good at depicting natural scenes and believes the beauty of nature can guide people perform goodness. The peaceful qualities and noble imagination of Bryant are not easy to found among other great American poets. Emerson once complimented him as a “ native sincere, original and patriotic poet”.In Bryant’s poems, he usually praised the harmony between people and the spirit of optimism by praising the local common waterfowl and wildflowers. He searched for both the artistic inspiration and people’s inner world from nature and was essentially concerned about human’s uncertain fate. To a Waterfowl perfectly reflects this feature.II. The Beauty of Artistic Conception in To a WaterfowlTo a Waterfowl was evaluated as “ the poem with the most succinct and perfect language” by Matthew Arnold, a famous English poet and critic. This poem could be regarded as the pinnacle of Bryant’s poetry. It was written in the winter in 1815. It is said that Bryant was once extremely sad and desperate during a journey and didn’t know his direction in this boundless world. At this time, he watched high above in the sky and found a waterfowl flying “through their rosy depths”, which suddenly madehim physically and mentally relaxed and cleared all his anxiety. He realized that everything in nature are protected by Gods and Gods would guide each of their paces.In the first stanza of the poem, the poet depicted the background of a waterfowl’s solitary fly: nightfall, sunset and the “rosy depths” of sky. He used “falling dew” and “last steps of day” to explaining the time, and used “far” and “depths” to implying the expanse of the space, which formed a very strong contrast with the “weak” image of the waterfowl.In the second stanza, the poet portrayed the waterfowl with the steadfast characteristics: the fowler was trying to figure out the waterfowl’s flight path and catch it, but his strives were all in vain. This is a contrast between human and nature: human are powerless in front of nature; even though human has more wisdom, he can’t defeat the power of a solitary waterfowl.In the third and forth stanzas, the poet described how the waterfowl arrived at its destination. Everything is so natural, as if there was a mysterious power acting as the waterfowl’s guider whether it is in the invisible coast or in the endless sky; it would not be lost even though it flied alone. Bryant didn’t point out what the “power”exactly was; maybe in young Bryant’s eyes, the “power” had no specific image, and it was just a guider somewhere.From the fifth stanza on, the symbolism of the poem becomes apparent. Although “the dark night is near” and ”all day thy wings have fanned”, the waterfowl was not willing to stop in the “welcome land”. What’s the real meaning of the “welcome land” here? Does it mean the end of its journey or the end of its life? Does the “dark night” mean the real night or the time when life stops? The answers are in readers’ mind.And in the sixth stanza, the poet went on using the symbolism to express his ideas. “That toil shall end” and the waterfowl shall finally “find a summer home, and rest”, but at this time, the “reeds shall bend” over its “sheltered nest”. So the “rest” in the poem does not only mean the usual rest; it means that the waterfowl finally died after its long and arduous travel.In the seventh and eighth stanza, the poet expressed his emotion and sentiment.He learned a “lesson” from the waterfowl and become firm. The power of nature is so formidable, and even the brave waterfowl can’t escape from it. So why not listen to the guide of the nature or Gods?III. ConclusionTo a Waterfowl describes how the poet deeply thought about his future and finally got rid of his hesitation. In To a Waterfowl, Bryant used “waterfowl”as a symbol, and endue the “waterfowl”with his complexed experiences. Human, like other creatures, would thank to the protection and guide of the Heaven. They may suffered from tough struggles, sorrows and hesitation, but after their hard fight, they would finally get a bright future.。
威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特 william cullen bryant主要作品收集
威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特william cullen bryant主要作品收集Thanatopsis（死亡随想曲）by William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)TO HIM who in the love of Nature holdsCommunion with her visible forms, she speaksA various language; for his gayer hoursShe has a voice of gladness, and a smileAnd eloquence of beauty, and she glides 5Into his darker musings, with a mildAnd healing sympathy, that steals awayTheir sharpness, ere he is aware. When thoughtsOf the last bitter hour come like a blightOver thy spirit, and sad images 10Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall,And breathless darkness, and the narrow house,Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart;—Go forth under the open sky, and listTo Nature's teachings, while from all around—15 Earth and her waters, and the depths of air—Comes a still voice—Yet a few days, and theeThe all-beholding sun shall see no moreIn all his course; nor yet in the cold ground, Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears, 20Nor in the embrace of ocean, shall existThy image. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claimThy growth, to be resolved to earth again,And, lost each human trace, surrendering upThine individual being, shalt thou go 25To mix forever with the elements;To be a brother to the insensible rock, And to the sluggish clod, which the rude swainTurns with his share, and treads upon. The oak Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould. 30 Yet not to thine eternal resting-place Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wishCouch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie downWith patriarchs of the infant world,—with kings, The powerful of the earth,—the wise, the good, 35 Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past,All in one mighty sepulchre. The hills Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun; the valesStretching in pensive quietness between;The venerable woods—rivers that move 40In majesty, and the complaining brooksThat make the meadows green; and, poured round all, Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste,—Are but the solemn decorations allOf the great tomb of man! The golden sun, 45The planets, all the infinite host of heaven,Are shining on the sad abodes of death,Through the still lapse of ages. All that treadThe globe are but a handful to the tribes That slumber in its bosom.—Take the wings 50 Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness,Or lose thyself in the continuous woods Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound,Save his own dashings,—yet the dead are there:And millions in those solitudes, since first 55The flight of years began, have laid them downIn their last sleep—the dead reign there alone.So shalt thou rest; and what if thou withdrawIn silence from the living, and no friendTake note of thy departure? All that breathe 60Will share thy destiny. The gay will laughWhen thou art gone, the solemn brood of carePlod on, and each one as before will chaseHis favorite phantom; yet all these shall leave Their mirth and their employments, and shall come 65 And make their bed with thee. As the long trainOf ages glide away, the sons of men,The youth in life's green spring, and he who goesIn the full strength of years, matron and maid, The speechless babe, and the gray-headed man—70 Shall one by one be gathered to thy sideBy those, who in their turn shall follow them.So live, that when thy summons comes to joinThe innumerable caravan which moves To that mysterious realm, where each shall take 75 His chamber in the silent halls of death,Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy graveLike one who wraps the drapery of his couch 80About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. THANATOPSIS 《死亡冥想》死亡冥想威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特对他,她说着各种语言,他爱自然，与她的种种可见形式进行交流;为他欢快的时光她表达着快乐，微笑着，并大加赞美，她悄悄溜进他的隐秘的冥想，带着温和的治愈一切的同情，在他明白之前偷走他的痛苦。
1.To_a_Waterfowl 致水鸟
William Cullen Bryant
1794-1878 The American Wordsworth
To a Waterfowl
• “ The most perfect brief poem in the language” ，called by Matthew Arnold. • “America's first flawless poem”, described by Richard Wilbur.
To a Waterfowl By William Cullen Bryant
• Whither, 'midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? Vainly the fowler's eye Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, Thy figure floats along. Seek'st thou the plashy brink Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the chafed ocean side? There is a Power whose care Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,-The desert and illimitable air,-Lone wandering, but not lost.
the rime of the ancient mariner 英语文学 柯勒律治
It is an ancient Mariner: It is a sudden beginning, which is a typical feature of the ballad form.
Sir Patrick Spence The king sits in Dunfermline toun, Drinkin' the bluid red wine '0 whaur will I get a skeely skipper, To sail this ship o' mine?'
The ancient Mariner inhospitably killeth the pious bird of good omen.
`God save thee, ancient Mariner ! From the fiends, that plague thee thus !-Why look'st thou so ?'--With my cross-bow I shot the ALBATROSS.
But when the fog cleared off, they justify the same,
and thus make themselves accomplices in the crime.
Nor dim nor red, like God's own head, The glorious Sun uprist : Then all averred, I had killed the bird That brought the fog and mist. 'Twas right, said they, such birds to slay, That bring the fog and mist.
8 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介William Cullen Bryant
Main Idea (Structure)
Three parts
Line 1-17 nature’s purifying role in human beings’ life Line 18-73 (Nature’s tone) meaning of death Line 74-82 the right attitude that human beings should take towards death
Biographical Introduction (2)
Education and working experience
Spent two years in Williams College Began to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1815 Turned to journalism in 1825 and became an editor for New York Evening Post (1827-1877) Developed an interest in poetry early in life, starting to write poems at 14 During his late years, he translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Theme?
Live and enjoy life fully before arriving at the final destination Calmly accept and embrace death (sweet dreams) ...
Form?
Blank verse Iambic pentameter
To a Waterfowl
“To a Waterfowl”is a poem by William Cullen Bryant that was first published in the North American Review in March 1818. English poet Matthew Arnold once acclaimed it as “the most perfect brief poem in the language.” In a winter day of 1815, Bryant, who was in a state of self-doubt and despair, made a solitary walk from Cummington to Plainfield, Massachusetts. At the close of that day, the poet saw a waterfowl flying in the sky. The sight of the bird and its flight became a great revelation to him and wrote this poem in memory of this experience.First Stanza – Where are you going?In the first stanza, the speaker addresses the bird, asking him where he is going and why it is alone. Now let‟s imagine if you are on a solitary walk in a winter day and you happen to notice a waterfowl flying alone “midst falling dew” at the end of the day. What kind of feeling you will have towards the waterfowl? Thus the author‟ purpose to arise sympathy with the bird is accomplished.As a matter of fact, the speaker‟s sympathy is not just with the waterfowl, but also with himself since he is alone just like the bird. The winter day, the setting sun, and the poet‟s gloominess adds a strong sentimental tone to this poem. <天净沙·秋思> 马致远枯藤老树昏鸦。
美国文学作家作品汇总
18、 Mark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑 The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The
Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying
Ground印第安人殡葬地
4、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and
Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to
Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
13、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of
Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other
Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School
Address神学院演说
Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河
金菊花口头作文大赛
金菊花口头作文大赛英文回答：Speech Contest on Golden Chrysanthemums.Chrysanthemums, renowned for their vibrant hues and tenacious spirit, have captivated human imagination for centuries. These exquisite flowers, which have long been a symbol of autumn's ephemeral beauty, have inspired countless artists, poets, and musicians throughout history. Today, I stand before you to share my insights on the significance of golden chrysanthemums, exploring their cultural, historical, and personal symbolism.Golden chrysanthemums, with their brilliant, sun-like radiance, have been revered in many cultures around the world. In China, where they are known as "juhua," they represent longevity, prosperity, and good fortune. They are often used to decorate homes and temples during festivals and celebrations, symbolizing the blessings and joy thataccompany such occasions.In Japan, golden chrysanthemums hold a particularly esteemed place. They are the national flower, representing the Imperial family. The Imperial Seal of Japan, known asthe "Kikusui-mon," features a stylized golden chrysanthemum, signifying the Emperor's divine authority. Throughout Japanese history, golden chrysanthemums have been woveninto art, literature, and even fashion, becoming anintegral part of the country's cultural identity.Beyond their cultural significance, golden chrysanthemums have also captured the imagination of poets and writers. In William Cullen Bryant's poem "To a Waterfowl," the solitary bird flying overhead is likened to a "flower of the vale," a poignant allusion to the fleeting nature of life. In Emily Dickinson's poem "Before the Sun Got Low," the speaker finds solace in the golden chrysanthemums that bloom despite the approach of winter.In the realm of personal symbolism, golden chrysanthemums can represent a variety of emotions andexperiences. They can symbolize joy, optimism, and gratitude. Their bright, cheerful color can uplift thespirits and bring warmth to the heart. At the same time, golden chrysanthemums can also represent loss, grief, and remembrance. Their ephemeral beauty reminds us of the transience of life and the importance of cherishing our moments.As I conclude my thoughts on the significance of golden chrysanthemums, I invite you to reflect on the ways inwhich these flowers have touched your own lives. Whetheryou have admired them in nature, encountered them in art or literature, or held them in your hands, I hope that youhave come to appreciate the multifaceted beauty and symbolism that they embody.中文回答：金菊花口头作文大赛。
美国文学中英对照
7、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加?爱伦?坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人——叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔?李——歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头
8、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882Essays散文集:Nature论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcende Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说
21、Henry Adams享利?亚当斯1838-1918History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Madison（历史著作）；The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利?亚当斯的教育
To a Waterfowl William Cullen Bryant
Summary
• The narrator questions where the waterfowl is going. • He questions his motives for flying. • He warns the waterfowl that he could possibly find danger, traveling alone. But, this waterfowl is not alone. • He knows that the waterfowl is being led by some Power. As the waterfowl reaches out of the narrator's sight, the narrator reflects on God's guidance in his own life. • The narrator is sure that God has led this waterfowl, and that the waterfowl had faith in the narrator. • Now, the narrator's faith is strengthened. He knows that God is guiding him as well.
Stanza 6
• And soon that toil shall end, • 第六节，这种象征意味更 加明显。虽然描写得非常 具体：水鸟熬过暗夜，结 束旅程，迁徙至温暖的家。 但此时它的同伴们却“尖 叫”起来，而芦苇也长过 它憩息的地方。如此一联 系，原诗中的rest也许不 是单指休息，而是水鸟在 长途跋涉之后西去了。诗 至此，一反第二节的坚强 形象，一种宿命感突现出 来。归途：回到哪里？
诗歌原文分析
诗歌原文To a Waterfowlby William Cullen BryantWhither, midst falling dew,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursueThy solitary way?Vainly the fowler's eyeMight mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,As, darkly seen against the crimson sky,Thy figure floats along.Seek'st thou the plashy brinkOf weedy lake, or marge of river wide,Or where the rocking billows rise and sinkOn the chafed ocean-side?There is a Power whose careTeaches thy way along that pathless coastThe desert and illimitable airLone wandering, but not lost.All day thy wings have fanned,At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,Though the dark night is near.And soon that toil shall end;Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend, Soon, o'er thy sheltered nest.Thou 'rt gone, the abyss of heavenHath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heartDeeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,And shall not soon depart.He who, from zone to zone,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, In the long way that I must tread alone,Will lead my steps aright.2诗歌中文在夕阳残照中间，冒着滴落着的露水，掠过玫瑰色的云端，你独自往哪里飞？[1]猎人休想伤害你，他觉察不到你飞行，你背负紫霭滑得疾，形迹模糊难看清。
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written byBenjamin Franklin.2.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction,best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.3.Ph ilip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.4.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modernshort stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 5.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William CullenBryant’s wok.6.“Thanatopsis, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem,consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.7.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detectivestories and American gothic stories”.8.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind,and self-reliance.9.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one daya week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devotedto thought.10.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moralnature.11.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to behonored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.12.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.13.Henry James is famous for his international theme of thetradition less American confronting the complexity of European life.14. Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of thestrongest individuals.Terms1.Transcendentalism2. Naturalism3. The Lost Generation5. Modernism6. Romanticism7. PuritanismIdentify the fragments.2. From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poems.Answer:(1) Philip Freneau(2) The Wild Honeysuckle(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.3.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Question:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story”?Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Question:(1)This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the essay?(2)Who is the author?(3)What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?(4)Give a peculiar term to cover the author’s belief.Answer:(1) Nature(2) Ralph Waldo Emerson(3)Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown.(4)Transcendentalism6. Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins; not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment, but because it seemed to her aunt might make better use of her sharpness. She was very critical herself-it was incidental to her sex, and her nationality but she was very sentimental as well, and there was something in Mrs. Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.Questions:(1) This passage is taken from a well-known novel. What is the name of the novel?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) Make a brief comment on the heroine of this novel?(4) What is theme of the author? Tell something about it. Answer:(1) The Portrait of a Lady(2) Henry James(3) She is one of the Jamesian American girls. She arrives in Europe, full of hope, and with a will to live a free and noble life, but in fact, she only falls prey to the sinister designs of two vulgar and unscrupulous expatriates, Madam Merle and Gilbert Osmond.(4) Jamesian theme refers to Henry James’s handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and Psychological complications arising there from.Give brief answers to the following questions.ment briefly on Emily Dickinson’s themes?(1)By far the largest portion of Dickinson’s poetry concerns death and immortality, theme which lie at the centre of Dickinson’s world.(2)Dickinson’s nature poems are also great in number and rich in matter. Natural phenomena, changes of seasons, heavenly bodies, animals, birds and insects, flowers of various kinds, and many other subjects related to nature find her way into her poetry.(3)Dickinson also wrote some poems about love. Like her death and nature poems, her love poems were original.(4)Besides deaths and immortality, nature and love, Dickinson’s poems are concerned about ethics, with respect to which, she emphasizes free will and human responsibility.4 Henry James is a great realistic writer. Name two of his major works. Do you know anything about his narrative point of view? What is it for? How does James employ it in his works? Briefly discuss this question.(1) Henry James’s major works include Daisy Miller and The Portrait of a Lady, etc.(2) One of Henry James literary techniques is his narrative point of view. As the author, James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention. So it is often the case that in his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspectives. This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman (1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is regional, while Walt Whitman is national in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.9. Jack Lon don’s themes(1) London was logically inconsistent in his viewpoint.On the one hand, he took faith in Darwin’s survival of the fittest, evolutionary concept of progress, and on the other hand, he embraced the socialists’ doctrines of Marx.(2) London wrote on many subjects and themes which centered around primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy(至上), biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism. His heroes are physically robust and rugged but often psychologically harried(苦恼). His heroines are athletic, daring, yet intensely feminine. They are man’s intellectual equal and his e motional superior.。
英美诗歌简史
英美诗歌简史美国英国诗歌简史诗歌简史William Cullen Bryant (1794--1878)W illiam Shakespeare (1564--1616)1. To A Waterfowl1. Sonnet 182. The Yellow Violet2. Sonnet 293. Sonnet 116Edgar Allen Poe (1809--1849)1. The Raven J ohn Donne (1572--1631)2. To Helen1. Death, Be Not Proud3. Annabel Lee2. A Valediction: Forbidding MourningHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807--1882)J ohn Milton (1608--1674)1. The Song of Hiawatha1. To Cyriack Skinner Upon His Blindness2. My Lost Youth2. Paradise Lost3. A Psalm Of LifeA lexander Pope (1688--1744)James Russell Lowell (1819--1891)1. An Essay On Criticism1. Biglow Papers2. Intended For Sir Isaac Newton in Wesminster-AbbeyOliver Wendell Holmes (1809--1894)T homas Gray (1716--1771)1. Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardJohn Greenleaf Whittier (1807--1892)W illiam Blake (1757--1796)1. Snow-Bound1. The Tyger2. LondonWalt Whitman (1819--1892)1. Leaves of Grass R obert Burns (1759--1796)2. I Hear America Singing1. My Heart's in the Highlands3. Song of Myself2. A Red, Red Rose4. O Captain! My Captain!3. For A' That and A'ThatEmily Dickinson (1830--1886)W illiam Wordsworth (1770--1850)1. Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Travelled Among Unknown Men2. The Soul Selects Her Own Society2. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud3. A Bird Came Down the Walk3. Lines Written in Early Spring4. Because I Could Not Stop for Death5. There's a Certain Slant of Light S amuel Taylor Coleridge (1772--1834)6. Again His Voice Is at the Door1. Kubla KhanG eorge Gordon Byron (1788--1824)Edwin Arlington Robinson (1860--1935)1. Don Juan1. Man Against The Sky2. Richard Cory P ercy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822)3. Miniver Cheevy1. Love's Philosophy4. The Children Of the Night2. Ode to the West WindRobert Frost (1874--1963)J ohn Keats (1995--1821)1. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1. On the Grasshopper and Cricket2. Neither Far Nor Deep2. Ode to a Nightingale3. The Road Not Taken4. Design E lizabeth Barrett Browning (1806--1861)5. Mending Wall6. After Apple-Picking7. Fire and Ice8. Once By the Pacific A lfred Tennyson (1809--1889)9. Birches1. Break, Break, Break10. Nothing Gold Can Stay11. Provide, Provide2. Crossing the BarCarl Sandburg (1878--1967)3. Eagle1. Chicago2. Fog M atthew Arnold (1822--1888)3. The Harbor1. Dover BeachEzra Pound (1885--1972)T homas Hardy (1840--1928)1. In a Station of the Metro1. The Darking Thrush2. A Pact2. In Time Of "The Breaking of Nations"T.S.Eliot(1888--1965)W illiam Bulter Yeats (1865--1939)1. The Love Song Of J.Alfred Prufrock1. The Lake Isle of Innisfree2. The Waste Land2. When You Are Old3. The Second ComingWallace Stevens (1879--1955)4. Sailing to Byzantium1. Anecdote of the Jar5. Leda and the Swan2. Sunday Morning6. Down by the Salley Gardens3. Thirteen Ways of Looking at Blackbird4. The Snow Man W ystan Hugh Auden (1907--1973)5. Peter Quince at the Clavier1. Musee Des Beaus ArtsWilliam Carlos Williams (1883--1963)D ylan Thomas (1914--1953)1. The Red Wheelbarrow1. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night2. Spring and All3. This is just to sayP hilip Larking (1922--1985)E. E. Cummings (1894--1963)1. Church Going1.The Enormous Room2. Chanson Innocenter T ed Hughes (1930--)3. l(a1. Hawk Roosting4. In Just-5. anyone lived in a pretty how town S ylvia Plath (1932--1963)1. DaddyAllen Ginsberg2. Metaphors1. HowlS eamus Heaney (1909--Langston Hughes (1902--1977)1. The Negro Speaks of Rivers2. DreamRobert Lowell (1917--1977)1. Life Studies。
致水鸟
Imagery
• 本诗主要以水鸟作为一种意象物，作者 选得非常精巧。换成其他可能出不来这样 的效果，因为水鸟要飞翔于天空，也要贴 近水面，只有它才能在天和地之间有更多 的空间，有更多的经历，才能把自身的复 杂经历浓缩在这小小的水鸟身上。 而且，诗中的意象大都是日常生活中常 见的如“夕阳”“青青的湖畔”“芦苇” 等。
As, darkly seen against the crimson sky
Thy figure floats along
five iambic feet
three iambic feet
Poetic Diction
• Alliteration（押头韵）: While, Whither (lines 1-2); depths, dost (line 3); their, thou, thy (lines 3-4); distant, do, darkly (lines 6-7) metaphor（暗喻）: last steps of day (comparison of the day to a creature that walks). Anaphora（首语重复法）: repetition of soon (lines 21, 22, 24). Anaphora is the repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of word groups occurring one after the other. Examples: (1) Give me wine, give me women and give me song. (2) For everything there is a season . . . a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted.—Bible, Ecclesiastes. Personification（拟人法）: The speaker addresses the waterfowl as if it were a person, saying it has taught a lesson; he also refers to other waterfowls as fellows (line 23). Anastrophe（倒置法）: Like many other poets, Bryant occasionally uses anastrophe—inversion of the normal word order—as in While glow the heavens (line 2) and river wide (line 10).
To a Waterfowl 致水鸟
? The year 1829
saw that Bryant became editor in chief of the
paper, one of the first great national newspaper in America, and
from this time onward he grew to ba a dominant leader in America
and a devout supporter of Lincoln,
? Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. His father Dr.
although he wished Lincoln was more radical on abolition.
American literature.In 1884, New York City's Reservoir Square was renamed Bryant Park in his honor. The city later
the writing style of Alexander Pope and
William Cullen Bryant
1794-1878 The American Wordsworth
1
Brief Introduction of William Cullen Bryant
? William Cullen Bryant was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post
美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理（分时期）reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shr ewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and poli tical ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pe nnsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He c onducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military s upport for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。
to a waterfowl赏析
to a waterfowl赏析《ToAWaterfowl》是欧美文学家威廉哈代的一篇艺术作品。
哈代是十九世纪的一位著名的文学家，他的作品受到了国际学术界的广泛认可。
《To A Waterfowl》是哈代的一首十九世纪英语诗，诗中“一只鸟”是主人公，受到了哈代异常真挚的、永恒美好的情意所托,有一种淡淡的精神感染力。
在这首诗中，哈代试图把一只水鸟比喻成一个充满希望和生命力的物体，这样一来，它就尽可能地把它的口号“期盼上帝赐福”传达给读者，从而让读者思考、体会人生和信仰的重要性，同时也感受到生活的珍贵。
从第一句开始，哈代就给读者以一种隐喻：在诗的第一句中，他用水鸟的形象描述了一种朝气蓬勃的信念，那就是在上帝的赐福下，心中的希望和信念是永不衰减的。
和最后一句“期盼上帝赐福”一致，主题也得以完美体现，全诗以“期盼上帝赐福”为主题，不管外界怎样变化，只要心中有坚定的信念，就可以获得上帝的赐福。
文学分析有两个方面，一方面要求深入鉴赏诗的精神内涵，另一方面要了解诗的语言特点。
哈代的作品几乎都是以十九世纪英语来写成的，但是他擅长使用押韵，通过押韵，让诗给人一种充满韵律和节奏的感觉，让整首诗变得更加有诗意。
另外，哈代在调性、句式和结构上也做了极大的努力，这样就使整首诗变得简洁而有力，使读者能够更好地感受到作者表达的思想和精神。
除了诗歌美感，《To A Waterfowl》还宣扬着“期盼上帝赐福”的信念，它激励着人们心中更加坚定地坚持信念，它也向人们传递着对美好生活的期待，它让人们思考、体会到人生重要性，让人深深感受到生活的珍贵。
总之，哈代的诗作《To A Waterfowl》不仅向人们传递了期待信仰赐福的信念，更重要的是通过押韵、调性、句式和结构等方式，让读者能够更加深入地领略诗的雅致和美感。
美国文学作家作品集
The Wild Honey-Suckle 野金银花By Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗诺瑞Fair flower, that dost so comely动人的 grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat隐退出,美丽的金银花，你粲然绽放于幽静一角。
Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow芳菲满枝，无人垂顾personification拟人) Unseen thy little branches greet;迎风起舞，无人注目。
No roving漫游 foot shall crush thee here,游子从不践踏你的玉体，No busy hand provoke激怒 a tear.过客从不催落你的泪滴。
By Nature's self in white arrayed,造化令你素裹银妆，She bade祝愿thee shun躲开the vulgar eye,你得以远离庸人的目光。
And planted here the guardian shade,她赐予你一片绿阴葱葱，And sent soft waters murmuring by;她带给你一泓流水淙淙。
Thus quietly thy summer goes,恬静的夏日倏然流淌，Thy days declining to repose休息.你终于红衰翠减，玉陨香消。
Smit摧毁with those charms, that must decay,妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长，I grieve to see your future doom;落红满地，你令我黯然神伤。
They died--nor were those flowers more gay,纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂，The flowers that did in Eden bloom;也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉。
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by William Cullen Bryant
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Whither, 'midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? Vainly the fowler's eye Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, Thy figure floats along. Seek'st thou the plashy brink Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the chafed ocean side? There is a Power whose care Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,-The desert and illimitable air,-Lone wandering, but not lost.
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译作赏析
• 披着滴落的露珠， 天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束； 穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际， 你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？ 看你远远飞翔而无计可施， 捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾； 满天红霞把你映衬， 暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。 你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨， 还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？ 或者潮水冲刷的海滩， 那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？
从一地又到一地， 天空无垠，你的飞翔从无迟误； 愿引领你的向导把我引领， 孤单的长路中迈开永不偏离的脚步。
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有上苍把你关照， 在无路的海岸为你指路－－ 在荒漠和无边的空际， 你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。
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2.1 Youth and Education
• Bryant was born on November 3, 1794,He was the second son of Peter Bryant, a doctor and later a state legislator, and Sarah Snell. His maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the Mayflower; his father's, to colonists who arrived about a dozen years later. Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. The William Cullen Bryant Homestead, his boyhood home, is now a museum. After just two years at Williams College, he studied law in Worthington and Bridgewater in Massachusetts, and he was admitted to the bar in 1815. He then began practicing law in nearby Plainfield, walking the seven miles from Cummington every day. On one of these walks, in December 1815, he noticed a single bird flying on the horizon; the sight moved him enough to write "To a Waterfowl".
Hale Waihona Puke 3.1 Summary• The narrator questions where the waterfowl is going. He questions his motives for flying. He warns the waterfowl that he could possibly find danger, traveling alone. But, this waterfowl is not alone. He knows that the waterfowl is being led by some Power（神秘主义mysticism）. As the waterfowl reaches out of the narrator's sight, the narrator reflects on God's guidance in his own life. The narrator is sure that God has led this waterfowl, and that the waterfowl had faith in the narrator. Now, the narrator's faith is strengthened. He knows that God is guiding him as well. • As the narrator sees God directing the waterfowl, the narrator is reminded of God's guidance in his own life. Through his observance in nature, the narrator is reconnected with his faith in God.
2.1 Youth and Education
• Bryant developed an interest in poetry early in life. Under his father‘s tutelage（监护）, he emulated（努力赶上） Alexander Pope and other Neo-Classic British poets. The Embargo, a savage attack on President Thomas Jefferson published in 1808, reflected Dr. Bryant's Federalist political views. The first edition quickly sold out—partly because of the publicity earned by the poet's young age—and a second, expanded edition, which included Bryant's translation of Classical verse, was printed. The youth wrote little poetry while preparing to enter Williams College as a sophomore, but upon leaving Williams after a single year and then beginning to read law, he regenerated his passion for poetry through encounter with the English pre-Romantics and, particul
2.3 Critical response
• Matthew Arnold praised it as "the best short poem in the language", and the poet and critic Richard Wilbur has described it as "America's first flawless poem".
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致水鸟 吕志鲁译
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你成天翕动翅膀， 任空气稀薄暴寒冷，飞在高处， 疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地， 即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。 你很快就会结束这样的劳苦， 你即将找到你夏天的住处； 休息中呼唤自己的伙伴， 芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。 你的身躯全被吞没， 天堂深渊里，你踪影全无； 然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底， 我将久久地久久地把它记住砖
2.4 Main works
• Discourse on the Life, Character and Writings of Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (English) (as Author) • Letters of a Traveller Notes of Things Seen in Europe and America (English) (as Author) • The Little People of the Snow (English) (as Author) • Poems (English) (as Author) • Poetical Works of William Cullen Bryant Household Edition (English) (as Author)
To a Waterfowl By William Cullen Bryant
• All day thy wings have fann'd At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere: Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land, Though the dark night is near. And soon that toil shall end, Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest, And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend Soon o'er thy sheltered nest. Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven Hath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heart Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given, And shall not soon depart. He, who, from zone to zone, Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, In the long way that I must tread alone, Will lead my steps aright.