06 句子成分及分类-2020-2021学年高一英语同步词汇及语法讲练测(人教版2019必修第一册)
句子成分及句子分类基础讲解
构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语。它们可以由单词来担任，也可以由词组，以及句子来担任。
（一）主语：主语是一个句子中所要表达，描述的人或物，是句子的主体。主语可以由名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词，名词化形容词，分词，从句，短语等来担任。
The book is on the desk.
Two and two are four.
Smoking is bad to health.
(二) 谓语：谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处于什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任，一般放在主语
的后面。
The child has been brought up by his mother.
She speaks English fluently.
(三) 表语：表语是用来说明主语的性质，身份，特征和状态。表语须贺连系动词一形容词作用的词和起构
成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词，形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词或短语担任。
These desks are yellow.
We are happy now.
She is ten.
(四)宾语：宾语是谓语动词动作所涉及的对象，它是动作的承受着，宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分
担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。
I saw a cat in the tree.
He said he could be here.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，其中一个宾语多指人，另一个宾语指物，指人的宾语叫做间接宾语，指物的宾语叫做直接宾语，可以带两个宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加“to”。
My father bought me a book.
Please give the letter to Xiao Li.
有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语，否则意思不完整，它们一起构成符合宾语，
符合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是符合宾语的依据，宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。
We all call him Lao Wang.
We found the little girl in the hill.
(五)定语：用于描述名词，代词，短语或从句的性质，特征范围等情况的词叫做定语，定语可以由名词，形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词，短语担任。如果定语是单个词，定语放在被修饰词的前面，如果是词组，定语放在被修饰词的后面。
That is a beautiful flower.
The TV set made in that factory is very good.
(六)状语：说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果方式，条件或伴随情况，程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词，短语以及从句来担任。
We went to the countryside last year.
We study hard for our country.
I’m late because I missed the bus.
句子的分类
（一）两种句子分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
三、简单句的五种基本句型
Ⅰ主语+系动词+表语：e. g. He is a student.
Ⅱ主语+不及物动词：e. g. We work.
Ⅲ主语+及物动词+宾语：e. g. Henry bought a dictionary.
Ⅳ主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e. g. My father bought me a car.
Ⅴ主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e. g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
Ⅰ主语+系动词+表语Ｓ│Ｖ（系动词）│ Ｐ
在这一句型中，动词是系动词，划线部分为表语。
Eg. 1. Mr. Brown is an engineer. (名词作表语)
2. Gradually he became silent. (形容词作表语)
3. She remained standing for a hour. (现在分词作表语)
4. The question remained unsolved. (过去分词作表语)
5. The machine is out of order. (介词短语作表语)
6. The television was on. (副词作表语)
7. His plan is to keep the affair secret. (动词不定式作表语)
8. My job is repairing cars. (动名词作表语)
翻译下列句子。
1. 一切看来都不同了。
2. 我们井干枯了。
3. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
Ⅱ主语+不及物动词Ｓ│ Ｖ（不及物动词）
Eg. 1. The sun is rising.
2. I’ll try.
3. Did you sleep well？
4. The engine broke down.
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。如：
1). 学生们学习很努力。
2). 她再次向我道歉。
3). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。
补充: 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。
常见的能带同源宾语的动词有：lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。例如：
4). Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants lead a happy life.
5). I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
6). Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.
7). He died a glorious death.
翻译下列句子。
1. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
2.他所讲的没有什么关系。
3.这支笔书写流利。
Ⅲ主语+及物动词+宾语Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ
在此句型中，动词为及物动词，划线部分为宾语。
Eg.1. Do you know these people (them)？(名词或代词作宾语)
2. I can’t express myself in English. (反身代词作宾语)
3. He smiled a strange smile. (同源宾语)
4. We can’t afford to pay such a price. (不定式作宾语)
5. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词作宾语)
这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：
1)我昨天看了一部电影。
2) You place me in a difficult situation.
3）They finally managed to get along with us.
4）I don’t like being treated like this.
翻译下列句子。
1. 她微笑表示感谢。
2.他们吃了剩饭。
3.他承认犯了错误。
Ⅳ主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人）│ Ｏ（多指物）He told us a story.
I’ll ask how to get there.
这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如：
1）Yesterday her father _____________ _______ _____ ____________ as a birthday present.
昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
2) The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.
这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：
A. 动词＋直接宾语＋for sb.；
B. 动词＋直接宾语＋to sb.。
3）Please show me your picture. ==Please _________ ________ __________ _____ _____.
4) I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. ==
I'll offer ____ _________ ____________ _______ ________ as long as you don't lose heart.
翻译下列句子。
1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
3. 他教我开机器。
Ⅴ主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语）│ Ｃ（宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
Eg.1. He found his new job boring. (形容词作宾补)
2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词作宾补)
3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语作宾补)
4. We went to here house but found her out. (副词作宾补)
5. What do you advise me to do？(不定式作宾补)
6. We thought him to be an honest man. (tobe作宾补)
7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式作宾补)
8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补)
9. Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式作宾补)
10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词作宾补)
11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词作宾补)
注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it作形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。
1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her.
分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。
2. I think it best that you should stay with us.
分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。
Exerciseⅴ划分下列句子成份
1. 他们任命他当经理。
2. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
3.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
【并列句的相关知识要点】
什么样的句子是并列句？
如果句子包含有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。并列句由并列连词连接两个或几个句子, 是对等关系, 没有主从关系。使用并列句时要特别注意连词的特性。
Reference:
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…, but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
Think it over, and you will find a good idea.
not only…but also…连接两个句子时，not only后面的句子要采用部分倒装。
Not only is he interested in biology, but also his children begin to show interest in it.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise，or else等。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折或对比关系时，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, nevertheless, while(而，然而)等。
Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.
I like English while she likes Chinese.
He said it was so; he was mistaken, however.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,, therefore, thus等, 但therefore 较为正式。
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5、表示解释关系，常用的连词为for, 主要是对前面的句子加以解释或说明。
Leaves are turning yellow, for it is now autumn.
注意:①并列句有时不用连词，而用分号隔开，如：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch any fish.
②在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中，当前后两部分为承接关系时用and；前后意思为相反关系时用or,/otherwise。但有时此结构可变为：名词词组+and/or +简单句.
One more week, and we will accomplish the task.
三、课后练习
【课后练习1】
指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分：
1.They went hunting together early in the morning.
2. His job is to train swimmers.
3. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
4. There is going to be an American film tonight.
5. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
6. His wish is to become a scientist.
7. He managed to finish the work in time.
8. Tom came to ask me for advice.
9. He found it important to master English.
10. Do you have anything else to say?
11. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
12. Would you please tell me your address?
13. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
14. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
15. He noticed a man enter the room.
单句写作。
1.现在，英语在我们生活中的作用越来越重要。（at present;play an important part in）
2.因为这一点，很多人正在努力学习英语。（because of）
3.他们在学习英语的过程中，遇到许多问题，如词汇、语法等。（such as）
4.很多人提出了解决他们的方法。（come up with）
5.在中国有很多人很好地掌握了英语。（a large number of; have a good command of）
6.Susan 一直梦想着去丽江旅游。（dream about）
7.她很愿意好朋友Marry和她一起去。（prefer）
8.尽管Marry很固执，Susan还是决定说服她一起去旅游。（stubborn；determine；persuade）
9.Marry做出让步，同意和她一起旅游。（give in）
10.她们尽情地欣赏那儿的风景。（view）
11.Marry很激动，以至于不能入睡。（stay awake）
【参考答案】
1.Everything │looks │different.
2.Our well │has gone │dry.
3.The trouble│is │that they are short of money.
1.We all │brea the, eat, and drink.
2.What he said │does not matter.
3.The pen │writes smoothly.
1. She │smiled │her thanks.
2.They │ate │what was left over.
3.He │admits │that he was mistaken.
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2.I │told │him │that the bus was late.
3. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
1.They │appointed │him │manager.
2. They │found │the house │deserted.
3.I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
【课后练习1】
指出下列句子划线部分的句子成分
1、状语，状语；
2、定语，表语；
3、宾语，状语；
4、谓语，主语；
5、谓语；
6、主语，表语；
7、谓语，宾语；
8、状语；
9、形式宾语，真正宾语；10、宾语、定语；11、插入语，状语；12、宾语(间宾+直宾)；
13、状语，状语；14、形式主语，表语，宾补；15、宾补
2、单句写作
1.At present, English is playing a more and more important part in our life.
2.And because of this ,many people are trying hard to learn English .
3..But they have come across many problems in learning English ,such as vocabulary and grammar，etc.
4..Many
people came up with different methods to deal with them.
5.So, in China，a large number of people have a good command of English.
6.Susan had been dreaming about travelling to Lijiang.
7.she preferred her good friend Marry to go with her.
8.Although Marry was stubborn ,she determined to persuade her to travel together.
9.Finally,Marry gave in and agreed to travel with her.
10.They enjoyed the wonderful view there,
11.Marry was so excited that she stayed awake during the night.