南开大学语言学历年考研试题

南开大学2006年语言学概论考研真题

2006年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.组合关系（知识点：书P42）组合关系是语言符号链条上各个符号之间的关系，具体说来就是句子内部词与词之间、词内部语素与语素之间的关系。

是语言系统中两种根本关系之一。

不仅语言符号之间有组合关系，构成语言符号的音位和音位之间，意义和意义之间也有组合关系。

组合关系存在于现成的词或句子中，是实现了的关系。

如：“他做饭”中，“他”与“做饭”的主谓关系，“做”与“饭”的述宾关系都是组合关系。

2.条件变体（知识点：书P71）条件变体是属于同一个音位的各个变体，它们各自有自己的出现环境，必须具备一定的语音条件。

条件变体虽同属一个音位，但由于受语音条件限制，一般不能换用。

如：汉语普通话里/a/音位有5个变体：[a]、[A]、[ɑ]、[ɛ]、[æ]，它们是互补的。

3.义素（知识点：书P151）是构成词义的最小的意义单位，也就是词义的区别特征，又叫语义成分。

常用义素分析法来区别有相似特征的一组词。

如：丈夫的义素有[+成年]、[+男性]、[+配偶]。

4.亲属语言（知识点：书P196）从同一种语言分化出来的若干独立的语言叫亲属语言。

亲属语言在语音、词汇、语法上有一定的共同特点和对应关系。

语系、语族、语支都是根据语言的“亲属关系”建立的。

如：汉语、藏语、苗语、壮语，他们同出一源，是亲属语言。

5.社会方言（知识点：书P189）是由于说话人年龄、性别、职业、文化程度、阶级等社会特征不同而造成的语言变体，是全民语言的分支。

社会方言的特点在语音、词汇、语法等方面都可能出现，但主要在词汇上，如行业语、女国音等。

二．举例说明下列五对语音特征在汉语普通话中能否成为区别特征。

1.前：后能舌面前、高、圆唇元音[y] 舌面后、高、圆唇元音[u]2.圆唇：不圆唇能舌面前、高、圆唇元音[y] 舌面前、高、不圆唇元音[i]3.送气：不送气能双唇、送气、清、塞音[ph]双唇、不送气、清、塞音[p]4.塞：鼻不能因为鼻音都是浊音，如[m]、[n]；塞音都是清音，如[p]、[k]，没有浊塞音，构不成对立，故不能成为区别特征。

[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 acoustic phonetics2 allophonic variation3 back-formation4 government5 anaphor6 cognate7 spoonerism8 conversational maxim9 face validity10 negative transfer二、音标题11 Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound.phonetic description phonetic symbol English word(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [ ](2)palatal glide [ ](3)high back tense rounded vowel [ ](4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel [ ]12 In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the words[dumuni]"eating" and[sungoli]"sleeping" to illustrate the process of derivation.bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping三、简答题13 What is a "slip of the tongue"? What has research into "slip of the tongue" phenomena revealed about speech production process?14 Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.15 In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies?16 Please describe error analysis procedures in second language research.四、分析题17 Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.(1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences.(1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.19 Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sentence given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification.You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. [The children]NP will[stop[at the corner]PP]VP if they see us do so.20 The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation,and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by applying the rules you have given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary.What did John eat?21 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some of such forms. Are these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question.Singular Plural Singular Pluraldwarf dwarfs[s] stratum strata[]dogs dogs[z] thesis theses[i:z]wife wives[z] bureau buraux[z]oxoxen[n] stimulus stimuli[ai]22 State about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of "This is the happiest life of my day".。

南开大学2010年语言学概论考研真题

2010年语言学概论真题答案一．举例并解释1.孤立语（知识点：书P112）根据词的结构划分出来的一种语言类型，也叫“词根语”，指没有构形语素或基本无构形语素的语言。

词不发生语法形式变化，语序和虚词成为基本的语法形式。

如：汉语、越南语。

2.音位变体（知识点：书P71）音位变体是属于一个音位的各个音素，包括自由变体和条件变体。

其中在有些语言或方言中互相替换而不区别意义的音素叫音位的自由变体，如兰州话[n]和[l]。

具有互补关系的音位变体叫音位的条件变体，如英语的[p]和[ph]两个音素就是/p/音位的两个条件变体。

3.语流音变（知识点：书P81）音位在语流中发生的临时性变化叫语流音变。

其起因或者是音位之间的相互影响，或是音位处于不重要的位置而发音变轻，或是快速地说话。

常见的语流音变有同化、异化、弱化、脱落等。

如：面[miɛn]+貌[mɑu]=面貌[miɛmmɑu]。

4.基础方言（知识点：P198）共同语往往在某个方言的基础上形成，作为共同语基础的方言叫基础方言。

如：汉语的北方话就是汉语普通话的基础方言。

哪种方言能够成为基础方言取决于该方言社会在政治、经济、文化等方面的地位，往往是政治中心、经济、文化发达的地区的方言成为基础方言。

如：伦敦方言成为英吉利共同语的基础方言主要是经济的原因。

5.词汇歧义（知识点：P174）词汇歧义是由于同音异义、同字异义或语素、词多义而产生的歧义。

它是根据造成歧义的原因而分出的一种歧义。

如“这种东西能zhi51癌”中的“zhi51癌”可以表示“致癌”，也可以表示“治癌”；“他好说话”既可以表示“他喜欢说话”，也可表示“他脾气好”；“写得好”既可以表示“能写好”，也可表示“写得不错”。

二．举例并解释1.汉语普通话中两个有互补关系的音素。

（知识点：书P68）汉语普通话中的两个鼻音[m]、[ŋ][m]只出现在元音之前做声母，不可以出现在元音之后做韵尾；[ŋ]只在元音之后出现做韵尾，不可以出现在元音之前做声母。

南开大学2007年语言学概论考研真题

2007年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.辅音（知识点：书P57）发音时气流从肺部流出经过口腔受到阻碍，发音器官除阻而发出的音。

发辅音时，形成阻碍的那一部分特别紧张，气流较强，声带一般不振动，声音不响亮。

如：辅音[t]，在汉语普通话中只能做声母。

2.同化（知识点：书P81）语流音变的一种。

指语流中两个相邻的不同音，其中一个受到另一个的影响而变得跟它相同或相近。

汉语普通话中，面包[miɛn]中[n]因为双唇音[p]的影响而变成[m]。

3.变词语素（知识点：书P97）又叫构形语素，是黏附在词干上的附加性语素，它的作用是构成词的语法形式，并表示语法意义。

如：英语books、worked中的-s、-ed。

4.屈折语（知识点：书P112）语言的结构类型的一种。

指有构形语素，且构形语素能表示多种语法意义的语言。

利用词根内部的语音变化来构成词的不同的语法形式。

一个构形语素可以表示几个语法意义，每种语法意义可用不同的构形语素来表示。

如：俄语、英语。

5.蕴含（知识点：书P168）就话语本身表达的意义来说，如果有甲就必然有乙，就说甲蕴含乙。

蕴含是句子的断言部分表达的意义，是句子的基本信息，可用公式“甲——乙”来表示。

同一个句子可以有几个蕴含。

如：他家买了一台洗衣机——他家买了一台电器6.语言替换（知识点：书P203）又叫语言转用、语言换用、语言融合。

指一个民族或一个民族的一部分成员放弃自己的母语而改用另一种语言的现象。

随着不同民族的接触或融合而出现，是不同语言统一为一种语言的形式之一。

如：北魏鲜卑族、满清转用汉语。

二．举例并说明1.一个意义精确的词。

（知识点：书P147）手表（戴在手腕上的表）词义所反映的事物的边界是很清楚的，人们很容易将其与相邻的事物区别开来。

2.一个有几个语法变体的词。

（知识点：书P101）Work有4个语法变体：work、works、working、worked，分别表示不同的语法意义。

词的语法变体是在有的语言中词为了参与句法组合而发生的变化。

[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2012年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 suprasegmental2 rime(rhyme)3 cranberry morpheme4 phrasal category5 mental lexicon6 genetic relation7 paraphrase8 implicature9 synecdoche10 syllabus二、音标题11 For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)that they all share.121314 [j][w][l][r][m]1516 In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatal consonants[t, s, z]are in complementary distribution with their palatal counterparts[c,∫,], as shown in the following words: tobola to bore a hole cina to cuttanu five kofi lioncibabanana imola almskesoka to be cut nselele termitekasu emaciation lolo i to wash housekunezulu heaven ze ga to cutnzwetu our ima to stretchzevo then(1)State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals, and(2)formulate one phonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word ima "to stretch" for illustrating the derivation.17 The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i. e. "not able to lock" and "able to be unlocked". The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categories.三、简答题18 How do you understand "performative" and "constative"?19 How do you distinguish "error" from "mistake"?20 What is a social dialect?四、分析题21 Syntactic analysis.The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence(lb)from the structure of sentence(la)?Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?22 Semantic properties of words are not directly observable. Their existence must be inferred from linguistic evidence. One source of such evidence is "slips of the tongue" that speakers of a language produce. Consider the following unintentional word substitutions that some English speakers have actually produced. Name the semantic properties shared by or related in the intended word and its substitution in each pair of the utterances.Intended utterances Actual utterances(slips of the tongue)1. bridge of the nose bridge of the neck2. when my gums bled when my tongues bled3. he came too late he came too early4. Mary was young Marry was early5. The lady with the dachshund the lady with the Volkswagen6. there's a horse of another color there's a horse of another race7. he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent8. I saw the dog in the garden I saw the cat in the garden23 Identify the thematic roles in each of the sentences given below.a. The door opened.b. The key opened the door.c. The boy opened the door with the key.24 Analyze the conversations below as required.9a. Analyze the following mini-talk in light of the cooperative principle.A: Have you had your lunch?B: I have been unwell for the whole morning.25 9b. Find the deixis in the following dialogue and analyze them into different groups according to their function in the linguistic interaction.(1)Debby: Go anywhere today?(2)Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.(3)Debby: Anything to see there ?(4)Dan; Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it's worth the trip.(5)Debby: I might do that next Saturday.(6)Jane; What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns?(7)Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting. . .(8)Dan: Just trying to be polite. . .26 Grammaticality judgments are made on the basis of linguistic knowledge.27 The difference among " locutionary meaning" , " illocutionary meaning" and "perlocutionary meaning".。

2018年考研南开大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业真题回忆

语言学基础
第一大题，名词解释（好像一共7个？）
tone language
lexicon
inflection
grammarticalization
dialect
phoneme
第二题，考察语音
通过材料分析phonological rules，给出phonological description
第六题，通过dignostic rules判断语句grammaticality
第九题，考察pronouns
第十二题，考察CP
还有一道题，判断区分entailment，implication和presupposition.
今年有两道题和语序有关（日语SOV语序，关系句）
最后一大题有一项是typology。

以上是让我印象深刻的全部题目了。

语言学的题量蛮大的，时间比较紧。

NKU用真题讲大实话：年轻人，你复习得还不够全面。

基础英语
第一大题，选词填空
第二大题，完型
第三大题，三篇阅读
第四大题，汉译英（关键词：范冲淹，岳阳楼，滕子京，“先天下之忧而忧”）
第五大题，作文（对《时代周刊》给古典乐单留版面写评论的看法，400词）
二外德语
德语历年均分都挺低的，真题也很难找。

我这里只有从圣才扣出来的09年前后两套，但是题型已经改变。

虽然自己德语比较渣，但还是能感觉到二外难度较零几年已经下降了不少，所以，学德语的孩子们！还是要抱有希望的复习啊！
题型如下
单选（考察搭配，词汇量，德国文化一题）
阅读（第一篇判断正误，其余单选）
翻译（汉译德：句子三四个；德译汉：短文两篇）。

南开大学外国语学院语言学基础历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2005年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2006年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解2007年南开大学外国语学院专业英语真题及详解2008年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2009年南开大学外国语学院857语言学基础真题及详解2010年南开大学外国语学院904语言学基础真题及详解2011年南开大学外国语学院866语言学基础真题及详解2012年南开大学外国语学院883语言学基础真题及详解2004年南开大学外国语学院应用语言学真题及详解考试科目：应用语言学I. Illustrate each of the following terms briefly. (45 points)1． prescriptive linguistics【答案】Prescriptive linguistics: the linguistics that tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. It seeks to tell people how language ought to be used by those who wish to use it.2． Displacement【答案】Displacement: Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.3．IPA【答案】IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.4．suprasegmental【答案】Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle Suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.5．blendings【答案】Blending is a process in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or byjoining the initial parts of the two words. For example, the word “smog” is blended from “smoke” and “fog”.6．denotation【答案】Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.7．hyponymy【答案】Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example, the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.8．stem【答案】A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.9．inflectional morpheme【答案】Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.10．back-formation【答案】It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, from “editor” the word “edit” was generated.11．c-command【答案】C-command: A c-commands B if and only if: 1) A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A; 2) The first branching dominating A also dominates B.12．Sapir-Whorf hypothesis【答案】Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts: linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around, they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far, many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.13．context of situation【答案】Context of situation: It refers to the linguistic and situational environment in which a word, utterance or text occurs. The meaning of utterances, etc., is determined not only by the literal meaning of the words used but also by the context or situation in which they occur.14．corpus linguistics【答案】Corpus linguistics: an approach to investigating language structure and use through the analysis of large databases to real language examples stored on computer. Issues amenable to corpus linguistics include the meanings of words across registers, the distribution and function of grammatical forms and categories, the investigation of lexico-grammatical associations, and issues in language acquisition and development. 15．CALL【答案】CALL: It is the abbreviation of computer-assisted language learning, which refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. In this kind of CALL programs, the computer leads the student through a learning task step-by-step, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the student’s response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material.II. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (10 points)1．[]【答案】voiceless postalveolar fricative2．[j]【答案】palatal approximant3．【答案】glottal plosive4．[w]【答案】bilabial approximant5．[x]【答案】voiceless velar fricative6．[υ]【答案】high back lax rounded vowel7．[æ]【答案】low front lax unrounded vowel8．[p]【答案】voiceless bilabial plosive9．【答案】voiceless aspirated affricate10．[d]【答案】voiced post-alveolar affricateIII. Read each of the following statements carefully and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points)1．Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.【答案】T【解析】本题考查语义三角理论。

南开大学2008年语言学概论考研真题

2008年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.聚合关系（知识点：书P42）聚合关系是具有某种共同特点的语言符号之间的关系。

可以从语音、语法、语义任何一个角度给语言符号分类，同一类中的各个语言符号之间的关系就是聚合关系。

汉语的“笨、布、帮、别、病、兵”等词的声母是“b”，“路、壶、粗、租、雇、俗”等词的韵母是“u”。

2.对立（知识点：书P67）两个或几个音素可以在相同的语音位置上出现且可以区别词的意义，这样的音素之间的关系就是对立的。

布[pu]、铺[pʰu]、木[mu]、富[fu]，音素[p]、[pʰ]、[m]、[f]都可以在[u]之前出现，且这几个词韵母、声调都相同，正是这几个不同的声母辅音，把这几个词的意义区别开来。

3.主动的发音器官（知识点：书P62）人的发音器官中能够灵活活动的叫主动的发音器官，在发音中起重要作用，可以和其他发音器官配合发出各种语音。

如：唇、舌、软腭、小舌。

4.内部屈折（知识点：书P104）利用词干内部的语音变化来构成词的不同语法形式，表达语法意义。

某些语言中一种重要的语法手段，屈折语中常见，其他类型语言中也存在。

英语man[mæn]的复数men[meŋ]5.基础方言（知识点：书P198）共同语往往在某个方言的基础上形成，作为共同语基础的方言叫基础方言。

汉语的北方话就是汉语普通话的基础方言。

二．判断并说明理由1.语言符号的任意性是就音义之间的关系而言的。

（知识点：书P38）正确语言符号的任意性指语言中音和义最初结合是任意的、约定俗成的，音和义之间没有必然的联系。

如“人”这一语音形式如何同高等动物联系起来是任意的，但是这种任意性只限于初始符号，一旦约定下来就有了强制性。

2.发鼻音的时候口腔不起作用。

（知识点：书P65）错误发鼻音包括两个阶段。

在成阻阶段，口腔某处完全闭塞，阻挡气流，同时软腭、小舌下降，打开鼻腔通路；持阻阶段，气流从鼻腔流出而发出声音。

如：双唇鼻音[m]。

[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 historical linguistics2 coarticulation3 complementary distribution4 inflectional affix5 semantic broadening6 logical form7 psycholinguistics8 syllabus9 performative act10 interlanguage二、音标题11 The typical format of a phonological rule is given asA→B/X______YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structuralchange(SC)of the rule.12 Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below:You are required to develop an analysis into the phenomenon of linking-r, based on the data given above. Illustrate your analysis with the words bar and barring.(Hint: underlying representation and phonological rules are relevant to your analysis.)13 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:You are required to name the type of morphological process at work in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3 and Column 4, respectively.14 State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers [I]warmed my feetman-eating [She]eats an applebrainwash [He was]washing disheshaircut [The boy]cuts a piece of paper三、简答题15 The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase.(1)[into the house]PP(3)[perhaps earned the money]VP (2)[full of mistakes]AP(4)[that argument with Owen]NP16 Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.17 The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.18 If you ask somebody "Can you open the door?" and he answers "Yes" but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory.19 How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?20 In what ways can linguistics contribute to language learning research?21 In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V22 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The main features of generative linguistics.23 Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in the Prague School.。

南开大学研究生入学考试语言学2004真题

Ⅲ. Read each of the following statements carefully and decide whether it is true or false. (10 points) 1. Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. 2. In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as lexical. 3. The concept competence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation. 4. An achievement test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of
（南开大学Байду номын сангаас2004 研）
Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. (40 points) 1. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? 2. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation? 3. What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme? 4. How do you understand the claim that there are only two tenses in English, present and past? 5. What is the purpose of studying language and mind? 6. Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory. 7. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. A: When is the bus coming? B: There has been an accident further up the road. 8. Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. 9. On noticing a friend wearing a new tie, John says to him “That’s really a nice tie”. Please comment on John’s compliment in light of Brown and Levinson’s notion of face. 10. What are the differences between simile and metaphor?

南开大学外国语学院255二外德语历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2012年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题及详解2011年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题及详解2010年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题及详解2006年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2005年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2004年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2003年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2002年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2001年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题2012年南开大学外国语学院255二外德语真题及详解一、词汇结构 (25P)Setzen Sie die passenden Lösungen ein! (25 P)1.Einige Leute ärgerten sich, weil im Bus nicht ______.A. rauchen durftenB. geraucht durfteC. geraucht werden durfteD. geraucht wurde2. ______ beschäftigst du dich denn am liebsten in deiner Freizeit?A. WofürB. WomitC. WoraufD. WobeiC【答案】句意：一些人很生气，因为在公交车上不允许吸烟。

此句为省略主语的被动态。

【解析】B【答案】句意：在空闲的时候你最喜欢做什么？ sich mit…【解析】3. Die Hauptstraße führt mitten ______ das Dorf hindurch.A. überB. nebenC. durchD. für4.Wie ist die richtige Reihenfolge?A. nie, selten, oft, meistens, immerB. selten, oft, nie, meistens, immerC. immer, oft, selten, meistens, nieD. immer, meistens, selten, oft, nie5. Christine ______ dem Rat ihrer klassenlehrerin gefolgt.A. ist beschäftigen 做...事。

南开大学2004年语言学概论考研真题

2004年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.言语（知识点：书P12）把说话中的发音过程和所说出来的话叫言语。

其中发音过程叫言语动作；所说出来的话叫言语作品。

如“他刚吃完午饭”这句话是言语作品。

2.聚合关系（知识点：书P42）聚合关系是具有某种共同特点的语言符号之间的关系。

可以从语音、语法、语义任何一个角度给语言符号分类，同一类中各个语言符号之间的关系就是聚合关系。

如：汉语的“笨、布、帮、别、病、兵”等词的声母是“b”；“路、壶、粗、租、雇、俗”等词的韵母是“u”。

3.自由变体（知识点：书P71）自由变体是属于同一个音位的各个音素，能在同样的语音环境中互相替换而不区别意义。

如：兰州话的[n]、[l]。

4.基础方言（知识点：书P198）共同语往往在某个方言的基础上形成，作为共同语基础的方言叫基础方言。

如：汉语普通话以汉语北方话为基础方言。

5.语言融合（知识点：书P203）又叫语言转用、语言替换、语言换用。

指一个民族或一个民族的一部分成员放弃自己的母语而改用另一种语言的现象。

随不同民族的融合或接触而出现，是不同语言统一为一种语言的形式之一。

如：北魏鲜卑族、满清转用汉语。

二．判断并说明理由1.发元音时声带颤动，发辅音时声带不颤动。

（知识点：书P65）错误元音都是浊音，发音时声带颤动；但辅音有的是清音，发音时声带不颤动，如b[p]、p、f；有的是浊音，发音时声带颤动，如m、n、b[b]。

2.含有词缀的词都是派生词。

（知识点：书P103）错误当一个复杂的词干中含有词缀时，它是派生词还是复合词，要看词缀是否在词干的最外层上。

如“moviegoer”中“er”不在词干最外层，故为复合词；“unfair”中“un”在词干最外层，故为派生词。

3.一个语素可以有几个语音变体。

（知识点：书P94）正确同一个语素有几个语音形式就有几个不同的语音变体。

如：汉语普通话“美”有两个读音，在非上声前读上声，在上声前读阳平，故“美”有两个语音变体。

南开大学2009年语言学概论考研真题

2009年语言学概论真题答案一．举例解释1.线条性（知识点：书P39）语言符号的线条性指语言符号只能按先后次序出现，呈线性排列，而不能在空间里一起铺开。

我们说话时只能一个词一个词地说，一次不能同时说出两个词。

“我们是中国人”这句话，只能按“我—们—是—中—国—人”这样的顺序说，说话速度再快的人也不能一下说出两个或更多的词。

2.互补（知识点：书P68）两个或几个音素不可以在相同的语音位置上出现，它们各有自己出现的语音位置，这样的音素之间的关系就是互补的。

以汉语普通话为例，鼻音[m]只出现在元音之前做声母，鼻音[ŋ]只出现在元音之后做韵尾，[m]不可以出现在元音之后做韵尾，[ŋ]不可以出现在元音之前做声母，这两个音素是互补的。

3.语素变体（知识点：书P94）语素由语音形式和语义内容两个方面构成，语素的语音形式和语义内容不止一个，就说语素由不同的变体。

语素的变体分语音变体和语义变体。

同一个语素有几个语音形式，这几个语音形式就是这个语素不同的语音变体。

如：汉语普通话“美”有两个读音，在非上声前读上声，在上声前读阳平，“美”有两个语音变体。

同一个语素由几个不同的意义，这几个不同的意义就是这个语素的语义变体。

如：“晶”有以下三个意义：（1）光亮，如“晶莹、亮晶晶”；（2）水晶，如“水晶、墨晶”；（3）晶体，如“结晶”。

4.预设（知识点：书P169）预设是话语自身表达的意义，有甲就有乙。

是句子非断言部分表达的意义，句子的附带信息，发话人、受话人都信以为真的知识，无可争议的信息。

如：“他哥哥买了一台洗衣机”的预设为“他有哥哥”。

5.社会方言（知识点：书P189）社会方言是全民语言的分支，是由于说话人的社会特征不同而产生的语言变体。

说话人由于职业、性别、年龄、社会阶层以及文化程度等社会特征不同而分化为不同的社会群体，在同一社会群体内部，或由于工作需要，或由于交往频繁，或由于具有相同社会心理，因而在语言表达上形成不同于其他社会群体的特点，这些由于说话人的社会特征不同而产生的语言变异就是社会方言。