美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则
美国法律程序(2篇)
第1篇一、引言美国法律程序是指在美國法院体系中，从案件起诉到判决执行的整个诉讼过程。
美国法律程序具有严格的规定和程序，旨在确保公正、公平和透明的司法审判。
本文将从起诉、审判、上诉和执行四个方面对美国法律程序进行详细介绍。
二、起诉1. 起诉方式在美国，起诉方式主要有两种：民事起诉和刑事起诉。
（1）民事起诉：民事起诉是指个人或组织因民事纠纷向法院提起诉讼。
民事起诉需满足以下条件：① 存在民事纠纷；② 纠纷涉及法律权益；③ 诉讼请求明确、具体。
（2）刑事起诉：刑事起诉是指政府因犯罪嫌疑人涉嫌犯罪行为而向法院提起诉讼。
刑事起诉需满足以下条件：① 存在犯罪行为；② 犯罪嫌疑人具有刑事责任能力；③ 犯罪行为违反了法律规定。
2. 起诉程序（1）民事起诉程序：① 当事人提交起诉状：起诉人需向法院提交起诉状，说明诉讼请求和事实依据。
② 法院受理：法院收到起诉状后，进行审查，决定是否受理。
③ 送达被告：法院将起诉状送达被告，被告需在规定时间内提交答辩状。
④ 证据交换：双方当事人交换证据，为审判做准备。
⑤ 开庭审理：法院开庭审理案件，双方当事人陈述事实、证据和诉讼请求。
⑥ 判决：法院根据事实、证据和法律规定，作出判决。
（2）刑事起诉程序：① 立案侦查：警方对犯罪行为进行调查，收集证据。
② 逮捕犯罪嫌疑人：警方在侦查过程中，如有证据证明犯罪嫌疑人涉嫌犯罪，可将其逮捕。
③ 提起公诉：检察官根据侦查结果，向法院提起公诉。
④ 开庭审理：法院开庭审理案件，双方当事人陈述事实、证据和诉讼请求。
⑤ 判决：法院根据事实、证据和法律规定，作出判决。
三、审判1. 审判方式美国审判方式分为两种：陪审团审判和法官审判。
（1）陪审团审判：陪审团审判是指由12名普通公民组成的陪审团，对案件进行审理，并作出判决。
陪审团成员需具备一定的法律知识，但无需是律师。
（2）法官审判：法官审判是指由一名法官对案件进行审理，并作出判决。
法官需具备丰富的法律知识和审判经验。
美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序
美国民事司法制度与民事诉讼程序篇一：美国的审判制度美国的审判制度——美国司法制度简介之三发布时间：20XX-12-0215:33:20一、美国民事审判制度美国联邦法院审理民事案件实行三级二审终审制。
一般民事案件由联邦地区法院作为初审法院，当事人不服初审法院的判决，可以向联邦上诉法院提起上诉。
如对法院适用的法律有异议，可以向联邦最高法院提出司法审查的请求。
在美国法律中，民事案件是指公民、法人之间的索赔或者要求补救的纠纷。
民事诉讼往往是因一方当事人的违约行为或者不法行为或者民事侵权行为所引起的。
由于美国是一个成文法和判例法并存的普通法系国家，因此在民事审判制度中许多内容是由法院的判例所确认的，而不同于其它成文法国家，凭借一部完整的民事诉讼法，确认该国的民事审判制度。
从美国的联邦民事诉讼程序规则和民事判例看，其民事审判制度大致如下。
（一）起诉与受理如果公民或法人认为自己已经受到其它公民或法人的不法侵犯或损害，他就开始去聘请律师，并向律师陈述自己起诉的理由及有关情况。
在接受当事人的聘请之后，律师就开始着手调查，会见证人，查看有关法令或法院的判例，以决定当事人是否有理由起诉。
如果认为当事人起诉理由充分，且又有足够的法律依据，律师便决定起草起诉书。
起诉书必须列举出明确的被告人，提出充分的事实根据和法律根据。
律师必须选择适当的法院进行起诉，原告律师还必须向法庭书记官提出关于要求发出传票的命令状，请求法庭书记官发出传票，或通知、指示司法行政长官将起诉书副本送达被告人。
司法行政长官将传票送达被告人后，必须将传票的原本送返法院，并向法院说明送达传票的主要情况。
送达传票是向被告人发出的诉讼正式通知诉讼就从提交起诉书和送达传票开始。
法院受理案件的条件是，法院必须能够对被告人实行控制，或者与案件有关的财产必须坐落在该法院的管辖区域内。
也就是说，有些诉讼是采用属人原则，只要找到被告人并送达传票的任何州的任何地区都可以起诉。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则
美国联邦民事诉讼规则
美国联邦民事诉讼规则，简称FRCP（Federal Rules of Civil Procedure），是美国联邦法院审理民事案件时适用的规则和程序。
FRCP的最新版本是2019年修订的版本。
FRCP中规定了联邦民事诉讼的程序、管辖范围、文书格式、证据收集等方面的规定，以确保司法程序的公正性和效率性。
其中一些主要规定包括：
1. 提起诉讼：诉讼必须以书面方式提起，并包括基本事实和法律依据。
2. 负有举证责任的一方要先出示证据：在一些情况下，FRCP要求原告或被告先出示某些证据，这被称为负有举证责任的一方。
3. 发现程序：FRCP规定了关于证据收集和交换的程序，以确保双方都能有足够的证据来支持自己的案子。
4. 上诉：FRCP规定了上诉的程序，以确保上诉程序在上级法院中得到公正和有效的处理。
FRCP适用于美国联邦法院审理的所有民事案件，包括合同纠纷、知识产权、人身伤害和违反消费者保护法等案件。
美国的民事诉讼流程
在任何民事诉讼中, 从提交起诉状到审判期间都存在着诸多环节, 而这其间旳许多环节都发生在审前阶段。
在美国, 一种民事案件以一种宜于审判旳形式而被明朗化之前, 也许会需要数月甚至数年旳审前准备。
确实, 审前途序是美国民事诉讼最重要旳环节之一。
今天, 审前途序在美国不再是审判旳前奏, 相反, 它被设定为一种不必审判而结束案件旳途径。
据美国法院行政管理办公室记录, 1999年, 在联邦法院系统中起诉旳案件进入审判程序旳不到3%, 其他都在审前阶段得以处理。
而在我国, 每年几乎90%以上旳案件都需进入审判程序得到处理。
确立审前途序旳目旳非常简朴: 清除无关旳事项, 准许当事人获得信息, 并且确定与否存在适于审判旳争点, 所有旳内容都导向一种有效率旳审判或在知情后作出旳和解。
美国旳审前实务包括审前会议、动议、证据开示（Discovery)、即决判决等几种关键机制。
（一）审前会议最初旳审前会议被设定为法官和律师为准备审判而召开旳会议, 后来审前会议则被扩展为包括司法案件管理及和解讨论在内旳程序。
确定审前会议旳理念在于, 假如存在合适旳审前途序, 那么只有那些真正存在争执旳事实焦点才会被提交给事实审理者进行审判。
并且初期旳司法介入可以协助所有旳程序参与人尽量清晰地理解纠纷, 关注其关键内容, 迅速发掘需要理解旳信息, 增进协商处理或将事项及时地、整洁地交给审判法官。
初次审前会议也被称为日程安排会议, 即由法官主持双方达到一种有关提交动议、修改诉辩状、合并其他当事人和完毕证据提交与展示以及确定审判日期等事项旳时间表。
在审前会议中另一种要讨论旳重要问题当然就是和解。
和解一般由主审法官主持, 但主审法官应在多大程度上推进案件和解？法官与否应当和双方当事人分享她对于案件旳见解？法官分别接触各方当事人或者同步与双方谈话与否无关紧要？假如法官饰演一种和解旳角色, 那么假如随即案件在该法官面前审判, 当事人与否会感到不舒适？等等问题一直在困扰着美国司法系统。
美国公民诉讼的法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言公民诉讼，又称公益诉讼，是指公民个人或团体为了维护国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益，对侵害这些权益的行为人提起的诉讼。
在美国，公民诉讼是一种重要的诉讼方式，对于维护社会正义、促进社会进步具有重要意义。
本文旨在对美国公民诉讼的法律规定进行梳理和分析，以期为我国相关立法提供借鉴。
二、美国公民诉讼的立法背景美国公民诉讼的立法背景主要源于以下几个方面：1. 美国宪法的规定。
美国宪法第3条规定，联邦法院有权审理“涉及大使、其他官员和领事官员以及外国公民的诉讼”，为公民诉讼提供了宪法依据。
2. 美国宪法第14条修正案的规定。
该修正案规定了公民权利，为公民诉讼提供了法律保障。
3. 美国司法实践的需要。
在司法实践中，公民诉讼成为维护社会正义、促进社会进步的重要手段。
4. 社会公共利益的保护。
随着社会的发展，公共利益问题日益凸显，公民诉讼成为维护公共利益的重要途径。
三、美国公民诉讼的法律规定1. 诉讼主体美国公民诉讼的诉讼主体包括：（1）公民个人。
公民个人可以提起公民诉讼，维护自身合法权益。
（2）公民团体。
公民团体包括非营利组织、慈善机构等，可以提起公民诉讼，维护社会公共利益。
（3）政府机关。
政府机关在特定情况下可以提起公民诉讼，维护国家利益。
2. 诉讼对象美国公民诉讼的诉讼对象包括：（1）个人。
个人侵害他人合法权益的行为，可以成为公民诉讼的对象。
（2）企业。
企业侵害社会公共利益的行为，可以成为公民诉讼的对象。
（3）政府机关。
政府机关侵害公民合法权益的行为，可以成为公民诉讼的对象。
3. 诉讼程序美国公民诉讼的程序主要包括以下几个阶段：（1）起诉。
公民个人或团体向法院提起诉讼，说明诉讼请求和事实依据。
（2）受理。
法院对起诉进行审查，决定是否受理。
（3）审理。
法院对案件进行审理，包括证据交换、辩论、判决等环节。
（4）执行。
法院对判决进行执行，保障诉讼请求的实现。
4. 诉讼时效美国公民诉讼的诉讼时效为3年，自知道或应当知道侵权行为之日起计算。
(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则
美国联邦民事诉讼规则美国联邦民事诉讼规则（以下简称“规则”）是由联邦法院管辖的一系列规则，旨在控制联邦法院中民事诉讼的进行。
规则规定了诉讼双方对诉讼过程的义务和权利，以及法官在审理诉讼时应遵循的程序。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则的起源可以追溯到1938年，当时由联邦司法部颁布的《联邦司法部民事诉讼规则》（FRCP）。
FRCP在1948年被修订，以便应用于所有联邦法院。
自此以后，FRCP又经历了多次修订，以适应不断变化的法律环境。
规则由一系列规定构成，其中包括：一、诉讼程序1. 提起诉讼：规则规定了诉讼双方如何提起诉讼，以及诉讼双方应当提供的文件和信息。
2. 法庭管辖：规则规定了诉讼双方应当向何处提起诉讼，以及法庭是否具有管辖权。
3. 法庭程序：规则规定了法庭应当如何处理诉讼，以及诉讼双方应当如何准备证据。
4. 庭审：规则规定了庭审的进行方式，以及庭审中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
5. 审判：规则规定了审判程序，以及审判后诉讼双方的权利和义务。
二、发现程序1. 发现要求：规则规定了诉讼双方应当提供的文件和信息，以及发现过程中的程序。
2. 发现审查：规则规定了发现审查的过程，以及发现审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
3. 发现审查后的程序：规则规定了发现审查后的程序，以及发现审查后的法律后果。
三、调解程序1. 调解要求：规则规定了调解的过程，以及调解中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
2. 调解审查：规则规定了调解审查的过程，以及调解审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
3. 调解审查后的程序：规则规定了调解审查后的程序，以及调解审查后的法律后果。
四、上诉程序1. 上诉要求：规则规定了上诉的过程，以及上诉中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
2. 上诉审查：规则规定了上诉审查的过程，以及上诉审查中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
3. 上诉审查后的程序：规则规定了上诉审查后的程序，以及上诉审查后的法律后果。
五、终审程序1. 终审要求：规则规定了终审的过程，以及终审中诉讼双方的权利和义务。
美国打官司法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言美国是一个法治国家，其法律体系复杂而庞大。
在美国打官司，需要遵循一系列法律规定，包括但不限于证据规则、诉讼程序、法律文书等。
本文将从以下几个方面对美国打官司法律规定进行详细介绍。
二、证据规则1. 证据种类在美国打官司，证据种类繁多，主要包括以下几种：（1）口头证据：证人证言、当事人陈述等。
（2）书面证据：合同、文件、书信、录音、录像等。
（3）物证：实物、样品、照片等。
（4）鉴定意见：专家证人、鉴定机构出具的鉴定报告等。
2. 证据规则（1）证据真实性：证据必须真实、可靠，不得伪造、篡改。
（2）相关性：证据必须与案件事实有关联，有助于查明案件真相。
（3）合法性：证据获取方式必须合法，不得侵犯他人合法权益。
（4）充分性：证据应当充分，能够证明案件事实。
三、诉讼程序1. 诉讼阶段（1）起诉：原告向法院提交诉状，请求法院判决。
（2）答辩：被告在规定期限内提交答辩状，对原告的诉讼请求进行回应。
（3）证据交换：双方交换证据，为庭审做准备。
（4）庭审：法院开庭审理案件，双方陈述事实、提交证据、进行辩论。
（5）判决：法院根据庭审情况，作出判决。
2. 诉讼期限（1）起诉期限：一般要求在发生争议后一定期限内起诉。
（2）答辩期限：被告在收到起诉状后一定期限内提交答辩状。
（3）证据交换期限：法院规定一定期限内交换证据。
（4）庭审期限：法院根据案件复杂程度，确定庭审期限。
四、法律文书1. 诉状诉状是原告向法院提交的诉讼请求文件，应包括以下内容：（1）原告、被告的基本信息。
（2）案件事实和理由。
（3）诉讼请求。
2. 答辩状答辩状是被告向法院提交的回应原告诉讼请求的文件，应包括以下内容：（1）被告的基本信息。
（2）对原告诉讼请求的否认或承认。
（3）反驳原告的理由。
3. 证据清单证据清单是双方在庭审前交换证据的清单，应包括以下内容：（1）证据种类。
（2）证据来源。
（3）证据用途。
五、律师制度在美国打官司，律师是必不可少的角色。
美国民事诉讼介绍
美国民事诉讼介绍A. 诉讼程序在美国，民事诉讼是一种对抗性的和公开的程序。
双方当事人提起和进行诉讼，向对方以及非诉讼当事人取得信息以证明各自的诉讼请求或答辩理由，并在公开审判中向法院或陪审团提供证据和理由。
法院作为裁判员解决当事人之间的法律争议。
在要求陪审团参加的审判中，由陪审团对案件事实争议进行裁决；不要求陪审团参加的审判，则由法院对事实争议进行裁议。
原则上，法院的审判程序都是向公众公开的，但法院为保护当事人的秘密而命令不公开审理的除外。
B. 美国的法院制度美国的五十个州各有两套不同的法院系统：联邦法院系统和州法院系统。
两套法院系统都受理民事案件。
1.联邦法院分布全美国，分为三个等级：地区法院、上诉法院和最高法院。
联邦法官由美国总统任命，享受终身制。
联邦法院能审理由美国宪法和国会法案明文规定的争议，包括"多元性" ("diversity") 案件，例如美国公民和外国公民之间的争议。
2.州法院五十个州各有自己的州法院系统，各州内的法院分为不同的等级。
州法院法官或者任命或者选举产生，取决于各州自己采用的方式。
州法院可以受理对当事人有属人管辖权的任何案件，除非联邦法院对争议事项拥有排他的管辖权。
联邦法院系统和州法院系统拥有各自的民事程序规则，包括了民事诉讼中的各种程序性问题。
大多数州的民事诉讼规则是以《联邦民事诉讼规则》(简称"《联邦规则》"，) 为蓝本制定的。
本大纲即以联邦规则为依据。
3.哪些法院最有可能受理牵涉中国被告的争议？对中国被告提起的诉讼，一般既可以在州法院也可以在联邦法院起诉。
通常是由原告选择在哪个法院提起诉讼。
起诉可以选择在地方性的法院，通常是州法院。
在某些情沉下，中国被告可以将案件从州法院转移至联邦法院。
这是因为联邦法官通常被认为较之州法院法官更为公允，并且，联邦法院多位于大城市，从而陪审团成员可以从一个较大的和更广泛的社区背景之中选择出来。
纯化的民事诉讼法典——美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》立法体例与编纂技术考察
纯化的民事诉讼法典——美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》立法体例与编纂技术考察孔令章【摘要】美国<联邦民事诉讼规则>作为英美法系法典化的典型代表,在立法体例和编纂技术风格上迥异于大陆法系国家的立法.美国联邦民事诉讼规则是一部"纯化的民事诉讼法典",实用主义的程序立法思想以及判例法的传统使得其在体例结构上呈现出汇编式特点,在表现形式上采用了分立式的立法,这种法典编纂体例使其更具有可操作性、灵活性和实用性.【期刊名称】《华北电力大学学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2010(000)006【总页数】5页(P44-48)【关键词】民事诉讼;立法体例;立法技术;分立式立法【作者】孔令章【作者单位】华北电力大学法政系,河北保定071003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】D920.4在美国,民事诉讼法不仅是用来作为解决纠纷、平息争议的法律工具,更是用来作为推动诸如法律面前人人平等、个人意志自治、对个人及社会利益具有重要影响事项的公开等政治理想实现的手段,[1]为了实现这些理想,宪法赋予了民事司法宽泛的功能,民事审判不仅具有解决通常纠纷的功能而且还对社会、政治、经济等领域的发展提供指针的作用。
美国民事诉讼程序在承继英国普通法和衡平法的基础上创设了极具特色的程序制度,作为这些颇具特色制度表现形式的成文法典——《联邦民事诉讼规则》,无论在立法体例上还是在成文法典的编纂方式上都呈现出不同于大陆法系主要国家(如德国)的特征。
这些来自于域外的经验,为我国当下正在进行的民事诉讼法的全面修改提供了全新的法典编纂视角。
美国《联邦民事诉讼规则》从整体上看可以分为两大部分,即规则(Rules)部分和诉讼文书格式附录(Appendix of Forms)部分。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则的主体“规则”部分共分为11节86条,其主要内容可分为4个方面:(1)第l章至第4章:规定诉讼开始,诉答书状和申请书的内容以及当事人和请求的合并;(2)第5章规定了发现程序;(3)第6章至第7章,规定了开庭审理及判决;(4)第8章至第11章,规定了临时扣押财产、书记官及其它有关事项。
美国的审判制度
美国的审判制度——美国司法制度简介之三发布时间：2008-12-02 15:33:20一、美国民事审判制度美国联邦法院审理民事案件实行三级二审终审制。
一般民事案件由联邦地区法院作为初审法院，当事人不服初审法院的判决，可以向联邦上诉法院提起上诉。
如对法院适用的法律有异议，可以向联邦最高法院提出司法审查的请求。
在美国法律中，民事案件是指公民、法人之间的索赔或者要求补救的纠纷。
民事诉讼往往是因一方当事人的违约行为或者不法行为或者民事侵权行为所引起的。
由于美国是一个成文法和判例法并存的普通法系国家，因此在民事审判制度中许多内容是由法院的判例所确认的，而不同于其它成文法国家，凭借一部完整的民事诉讼法，确认该国的民事审判制度。
从美国的联邦民事诉讼程序规则和民事判例看，其民事审判制度大致如下。
（一）起诉与受理如果公民或法人认为自己已经受到其它公民或法人的不法侵犯或损害，他就开始去聘请律师，并向律师陈述自己起诉的理由及有关情况。
在接受当事人的聘请之后，律师就开始着手调查，会见证人，查看有关法令或法院的判例，以决定当事人是否有理由起诉。
如果认为当事人起诉理由充分，且又有足够的法律依据，律师便决定起草起诉书。
起诉书必须列举出明确的被告人，提出充分的事实根据和法律根据。
律师必须选择适当的法院进行起诉，原告律师还必须向法庭书记官提出关于要求发出传票的命令状，请求法庭书记官发出传票，或通知、指示司法行政长官将起诉书副本送达被告人。
司法行政长官将传票送达被告人后，必须将传票的原本送返法院，并向法院说明送达传票的主要情况。
送达传票是向被告人发出的诉讼正式通知诉讼就从提交起诉书和送达传票开始。
法院受理案件的条件是，法院必须能够对被告人实行控制，或者与案件有关的财产必须坐落在该法院的管辖区域内。
也就是说，有些诉讼是采用属人原则，只要找到被告人并送达传票的任何州的任何地区都可以起诉。
例如，人身伤害案件，就是由被告人所在地法院受理。
美国诉讼法的法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言美国诉讼法是调整诉讼活动的法律规范，旨在规范诉讼程序，保障当事人合法权益，维护司法公正。
美国诉讼法体系庞杂，包括宪法、联邦法、州法等多个层次的法律规定。
本文将从美国诉讼法的概述、基本原则、诉讼程序、证据规则等方面进行详细阐述。
二、美国诉讼法概述1. 诉讼法的渊源美国诉讼法的渊源包括宪法、联邦法、州法、判例法等。
其中，宪法确立了诉讼法的基本原则和制度，联邦法和州法具体规定了诉讼程序和规则，判例法则通过法院判决积累了丰富的实践经验。
2. 诉讼法的体系美国诉讼法体系分为联邦诉讼法和州诉讼法。
联邦诉讼法主要适用于联邦法院，州诉讼法主要适用于州法院。
两者在基本原则和制度上具有相似性，但在具体程序和规则上存在差异。
三、美国诉讼法的基本原则1. 公正原则公正原则是美国诉讼法的基本原则之一，包括程序公正和实体公正。
程序公正要求法院在审理案件过程中，保障当事人平等参与、充分表达意见、提供证据等权利；实体公正要求法院依法判决，维护当事人合法权益。
2. 法律面前人人平等原则法律面前人人平等原则要求法院在审理案件时，对当事人一视同仁，不得因种族、性别、宗教信仰等因素歧视或偏袒任何一方。
3. 当事人参与原则当事人参与原则要求法院在审理案件过程中，充分保障当事人参与诉讼的权利，包括提出诉讼请求、提交证据、陈述意见等。
4. 司法独立原则司法独立原则要求法院在审理案件时，不受行政机关、立法机关和其他社会团体的影响，独立行使审判权。
四、美国诉讼程序1. 起诉与答辩原告向法院提交起诉状，被告收到起诉状后，需要在规定期限内提交答辩状。
起诉状和答辩状是诉讼程序的重要文件，明确了诉讼请求和答辩理由。
2. 开庭审理开庭审理是诉讼程序的核心环节。
法院在开庭审理过程中，依法对案件进行调查、辩论、质证等，以查明案件事实。
3. 证据规则证据规则是美国诉讼法的重要组成部分，旨在规范证据的收集、审查和运用。
主要证据规则包括：（1）证据的合法性：证据必须符合法律规定，不得非法收集。
(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则
FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection tothe venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail. Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS§ 2072Rule 6. Time(e) Additional Time After Service under Rule 5(B)(2)(B), (C), or (D). Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party under Rule 5(b)(2)(B), (C), or (D), 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.III. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONSRule 7 Pleadings Allowed : Form of Motions(a) Pleadings. There shall be a complaint and an answer; a reply to a counterclaim denominated as such; an answer to a cross-claim, if the answer contains a cross-claim; a third-party complaint, if a person who was not an original party is summoned under the provisions of Rule 14; and a third-party answer, if a third-party complaint is served. No other pleading shall be allowed, except that the court may order a reply to an answer or a third-party answer.(b) Motions and Other Papers(1) An application to the court for an order shall be by motion which, unless made duringa hearing or trial, shall be made in writing, shall state with particularity the groundstherefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought. The requirement of writing isfulfilled if the motion is stated in a written notice of the hearing of the motion.(2) The rules applicable to captions and other matters of form of pleadings apply to allmotions and other papers provided for by these rules.(3) All motions shall be signed in accordance with Rule 11.(c) Demurrers, Pleas, etc., Abolished. Demurrers, pleas, and exceptions for insufficiency of a pleading shall not be used.Rule 8 General Rules of Pleading(a)Claims for Relief. A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an originalclaim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain (1) a short andplain statement of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unlessthe court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new grounds of jurisdictionto support it, (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleaderis entitled to relief, and (3) a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be demanded.(b) Defenses; Form of Denials. A party shall state in short and plain terms the party'sdefenses to each claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which theadverse party relies. If a party is without knowledge or information sufficient toform a belief as to the truth of an averment, the party shall so state and this hasthe effect of a denial. Denials shall fairly meet the substance of the averments denied.When a pleader intends in good faith to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment,the pleader shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny onlythe remainder. Unless the pleader intends in good faith to controvert all the avermentsof the preceding pleading, the pleader may make denials as specific denials ofdesignated averments or paragraphs or may generally deny all the averments except suchdesignated averments or paragraphs as the pleader expressly admits; but, when thepleader does so intend to controvert all its averments, including averments of thegrounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, the pleader may do so by generaldenial subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.(c) Affirmative Defenses. In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively accord and satisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release, res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense. When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper designation.(d) Effect of Failure To Deny. Averments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the amount of damage, are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading. Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided.(e) Pleading to be Concise and Direct; Consistency.。
美国民事执行制度介绍(上)
美国民事执行制度介绍（上）黄金龙一、法律渊源美国强制执行方面的法律分为联邦法和州法，主要是州法。
在联邦法律层面，联邦民事诉讼规则中有关于判决执行的规定（主要是第八章，64－71条）是基本法律依据。
此外，有限制扣押工资、规范私人收债做法[1]、联邦政府债权收取程序方面的特别法律[2]。
各州基本都有自己的执行法。
如纽约州综合法典民事诉讼法律与规则编（法典第八章）第51节（判决执行一般）、52节（金钱判决执行）、53节（外国判决执行）、54节（外州判决执行）。
加利福尼亚州在民事诉讼法典中也有执行的相关部分。
联邦法院判决执行应适用联邦民事诉讼程序规则。
但该规则规定，联邦法院判决的执行应适用联邦法院所在地或者执行地的州的法律，除非联邦法律有特别规定。
因此可以说，州法是执行法的主体，联邦法是特别法。
在执行实务中，从数量和规模上看，联邦政府是最大的债权人。
刑事罚金属于联邦政府的债权。
税收收取诉讼判决中的税收，属于联邦政府债权。
但不排除政府通过州法律执行税收。
联邦债权执行主要适用联邦债务收取法。
该法的目的是统一联邦政府作为债权人的案件的债务收取程序。
但该法并不完全排除州法的适用，只要州法不与该法有冲突。
有冲突的则必须适用该法。
但应注意的是，判例也是法的渊源。
各州法律有差别，50个州有50种强制执行制度。
但在基本原则和概念方面是相同的。
从现在整个发展趋势上看，共同点越来越多。
而且联邦民事诉讼程序法和州执行法相互吸收借鉴。
各州实体法方面趋于统一，也影响到强制执行程序。
本文叙述比较详细的地方，如未注明，一般是指加利福尼亚州的法律。
二、当事人主义的收债模式和执行难在美国，执行判决的主动权完全操纵在当事人手中，法院和执行官只是当事人可以利用的程序工具。
判决的执行从法律制度和社会意识上看，都是当事人自己的事情，不是法院包揽的。
“经由判决产生的义务并不会自动执行，而且法院也不主动提供执行措施。
如果判决中的债务人不自动偿付债务，胜诉方就必须采取主动”[3]。
美国基本民事诉讼程序
美国的基本民事诉讼因为美国各州独立于联邦政府，包括立法、司法和行政。
因此，美国各州都有自己的民事诉讼程序，与联邦民事诉讼程序略有不同。
现在以美国联邦民事诉讼程序为例，作为参考：（1）投诉首先，原告应向法院提出申诉，包括原告的法律请求，并说明受理申诉的法院对本案具有管辖权和相关依据。
根据《联邦民事诉讼规则》第11条，接待员审查申诉表格，包括原告或其律师的签名，以确保该律师是地区法院律师协会的成员。
如果提交的文件包括传票，书记员应在传票上签字。
传票应当告知被告，如果不及时答复和答复，将由法院对被告作出判决。
传票是一份单页文件，包括法院名称和当事人姓名、被告人和律师的姓名和地址、被告人对答辩状的答辩期限。
值得注意的是，与中国法院不同，根据联邦民事诉讼规则，传票由原告律师连同起诉书副本送达被告。
（在中国，法院发出传票）（2）服务1. 为美国个人/企业提供服务1）在美国任何司法管辖区的服务2）可根据法院所在国或服务国的法律进行3）可通过以下方式交付：a）亲自交付；b）在其住所或通常住所；c）授权代理人；d）企业经理、负责人和委托代理人2. 为美国以外的个人/企业提供服务2.1 它可以采用国际公认的方法，例如《海牙公约》授权的方法。
2.2 如果被送达人的国家不是有关国际公约的缔约国，则必须以下列方式送达：1)外国法律规定的送达方式2)外国当局回应请求的方式3)亲自交付（但该方法不受外国法律禁止，不适用于外国企业）4)由法院书记员寄出的有签名收据的邮件（但外国法律不禁止）3. 联邦民事诉讼规则赋予被告选择放弃传票送达的权利。
被告放弃传票的主要动机有两个：3.1 节约成本根据联邦民事诉讼规则，如果原告必须向被告送达传票，除非被告有充分理由，法院可以强制被告支付送达传票所产生的费用。
3.2 给被告更多的时间1）被告不放弃送达的，应当在起诉状送达后20日内提交答辩状2）被告放弃送达的，可以自放弃送达之日起六十日内（被告在国外的，九十日内）提交答辩状（3）运动（运动）一般来说，被告的抗辩可以与原告的诉状一并提出。
美国民事诉讼法律适用(2篇)
第1篇一、引言美国作为法治国家，其民事诉讼法律体系较为完善。
本文将从美国民事诉讼法律的基本原则、诉讼程序、管辖权、证据规则等方面，对美国民事诉讼法律适用进行简要阐述。
二、美国民事诉讼法律基本原则1. 公正、公平原则美国民事诉讼法律强调公正、公平原则，保障当事人合法权益。
法院在审理案件时，应确保各方当事人平等参与诉讼，充分陈述意见，尊重事实，依法作出公正裁决。
2. 自愿原则美国民事诉讼法律遵循自愿原则，当事人可自由选择是否提起诉讼。
在诉讼过程中，当事人可协商解决纠纷，无需法院强制介入。
3. 法院独立原则美国法院独立行使审判权，不受政府、政党、企业等外部干预。
法院在审理案件时，应依法独立作出判决，保障司法公正。
4. 当事人主义原则美国民事诉讼法律以当事人主义为特点，强调当事人对自己权益的保护。
在诉讼过程中，当事人有权提出证据、辩论、上诉等，法院对案件的审理主要依赖于当事人提供的证据和主张。
三、美国民事诉讼程序1. 起诉与答辩美国民事诉讼程序从起诉开始。
原告向法院提交起诉状，明确被告、诉讼请求和事实依据。
被告收到起诉状后，需在规定时间内提交答辩状，对原告的诉讼请求进行回应。
2. 证据交换在诉讼过程中，双方当事人需进行证据交换，以证明自己的主张。
证据交换包括书证、物证、证人证言等。
3. 开庭审理开庭审理是民事诉讼程序的核心环节。
双方当事人陈述事实、辩论证据，法院依法作出判决。
4. 上诉与执行当事人对一审判决不服，可在规定时间内向上级法院提起上诉。
法院审理上诉案件，依法作出判决。
判决生效后，当事人可申请强制执行。
四、美国民事诉讼管辖权1. 一般管辖权美国民事诉讼的一般管辖权原则为被告住所地法院管辖。
被告住所地法院是指被告在我国境内有住所或者营业场所的法院。
2. 特殊管辖权美国民事诉讼的特殊管辖权包括合同履行地、侵权行为发生地、财产所在地等。
当事人可依据案件具体情况选择适用特殊管辖权。
五、美国民事诉讼证据规则1. 自由心证原则美国民事诉讼证据规则遵循自由心证原则，即法院对证据的认定和采信，依据自己的判断和推理，不受当事人主张的限制。
联邦地区法院适用法律(2篇)
第1篇摘要联邦地区法院是联邦司法体系中的重要组成部分，其适用法律的范围广泛，涉及宪法、联邦法律、州法律以及国际法等多个层面。
本文将从联邦地区法院的背景、适用法律的依据、主要法律领域以及法律适用原则等方面进行探讨，以全面了解联邦地区法院在司法实践中的法律适用情况。
一、联邦地区法院的背景联邦地区法院是美国联邦法院体系中的基层法院，主要负责审理联邦法律案件和涉及联邦管辖权的案件。
联邦地区法院成立于1789年，根据美国宪法第三条的规定设立。
目前，美国共有94个联邦地区法院，分布在全国各地。
二、适用法律的依据1. 宪法宪法是美国最高法律，具有最高的法律效力。
联邦地区法院在审理案件时，必须遵循宪法的规定。
宪法不仅规定了联邦政府与州政府之间的权力分配，还确立了公民的基本权利和自由。
2. 联邦法律联邦法律包括国会通过的法案、总统签署的行政命令以及联邦机构制定的行政法规。
联邦地区法院在审理案件时，必须依据这些法律的规定进行判决。
3. 州法律州法律是由各州立法机构制定的，涉及州内事务的规范。
联邦地区法院在审理涉及州法律问题的案件时，需要参考州法律的规定。
4. 国际法国际法是指国家之间通过条约、习惯法等形式形成的具有普遍约束力的法律规范。
联邦地区法院在审理涉及国际法的案件时，需要参考国际法的规定。
三、主要法律领域1. 民事案件联邦地区法院审理的民事案件主要包括合同纠纷、侵权责任、知识产权纠纷、消费者权益保护等。
在审理民事案件时，法院需依据相关法律的规定，保护当事人的合法权益。
2. 刑事案件联邦地区法院审理的刑事案件包括联邦罪名和州罪名。
在审理刑事案件时，法院需确保被告人的合法权益得到保障，同时维护社会秩序和公共利益。
3. 行政案件联邦地区法院审理的行政案件主要包括行政申诉、行政诉讼等。
在审理行政案件时，法院需审查行政机关的决定是否合法、合理，并保护公民的合法权益。
4. 国际案件联邦地区法院审理的国际案件涉及国际条约、国际惯例等。
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《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题。