8机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床
机械设计制造及自动化中英文对照外文翻译文献
机械设计制造及⾃动化中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)使⽤CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的⽅法摘要：针对⾼精度加⼯螺杆转⼦，这篇论⽂介绍了利⽤⽴⽅氮化硼（CBN砂轮）对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的加⼯⽅法。
⾸先，使⽤⼩型电镀CBN砂轮磨削螺杆转⼦。
精确的CBN砂轮轴向轮廓的模型是在齿轮啮合理论的基础上建⽴开发的。
考虑到螺杆转⼦和涂层厚度之间的间隙，主动砂轮的修整引⼊了CBN的砂轮的设计⽅法。
主动砂轮的形状采⽤低速电⽕花线切割技术（低速⾛丝线切割机）进⾏加⼯线CBN主动砂轮的成形车⼑采⽤低速⾛丝机切割机进⾏加⼯。
CBN螺杆转⼦砂轮采⽤本⽂提出的原理进⾏有效性和正确性的验证。
电镀CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏加⼯，同时进⾏机械加⼯实验。
在实验中获得的数据达到GB10095-88五级认证。
关键词： CBN砂轮精密磨削螺杆转⼦砂轮外形修整专业术语⽬录：P 螺杆转⼦的参数H 螺杆转⼦的直径Σ砂轮和转⼦的安装⾓度Au 砂轮和转⼦的中⼼距8 螺旋转⼦接触点的旋转⾓x1, y1, z1:转⼦在σ系统中的位置x, y, z: 砂轮端⾯的位置x u ,y u ,z u: x, x y z轴的法向量n x ,ny,nz:X Y Z轴的端⾯法向量n u , nu, nu:砂轮的⾓速度的⽮量:砂轮模块的⾓速度wu:螺旋转⼦的⾓速度w1螺旋转⼦模块的⾓速度转⼦接触点的⾓速度转⼦表⾯接触点的初始速度砂轮表⾯接触点的⾓速度砂轮表⾯接触点的初始速度l砂轮的理论半径砂轮轴的理想位置砂轮表⾯的修改半径砂轮轴的修改位置砂轮表⾯的法向量1.引⾔螺旋转⼦是螺杆压缩机、螺钉、碎纸机以及螺杆泵的关键部分。
转⼦的加⼯精度决定了机械性能。
⼀般来说，铣⼑⽤于加⼯螺旋转⼦。
许多研究者，如肖等⼈[ 1 ]和姚等⼈[ 2 ]，对⽤铣⼑加⼯螺旋转⼦做了⼤量的⼯作。
该⽅法可以提⾼加⼯效率。
然⽽，加⼯精度低和表⾯粗糙度不⾼是其主要缺点。
锻造、铸造、焊接外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名：系别：机械工程系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：学号:译文出处：Science and Technology Engl-ish for Mechanical EngineeringCasting、Forging and Welding1. CastingMetal casting is one of the oldest of all industries, both ancient and medieval history offering examples of the manufacture and use of casting. From simple axeheads poured from copper in open moulds some 5000 years age, casting in the pre-Christian world developed to a point at which elaborate bronze statuary could be produced in two-piece and cored moulds. By the end of the medieval period, decorated bronze and pewter casting had begun to be used in European church and domestic life.The widespread adoption of cast iron as engineering material awaited the success of Abraham Darby in 1790 in smelting in the coke blast furnace; this paved the way for the massive use of cast iron in construction during the years following the industrial revolution.Many foundries sprang up after the industrial revolution, the vast majority being for the manufacture of the cast iron then being used as a structural material. The quantity production of iron castings in the nineteenth century was not matched by a universal advance in quality and the engineering use of the products encountered more serious risks in a non-ductile material.Despite the skill of the molder in producing complex forms, there was little change in the metallurgical and engineering situation until the modern era brought a better understanding of the factors determining quality. With modern techniques of process control the rudimentary judgment of the operator could give way to objective measurements of metal temperature, molding material properties and other production variables. These improvements have been applied not only to cast iron but to a wide range of cast alloys.There are four basic casting methods: sand-casting, die-casting, investment-casting, and centrifugal casting.Sand-casting is the most widely used method employed in foundry. In this process, sand moulds are contained in metal molding boxes that have four sides but no top or bottom. During the molding operation the boxes are located togetherby pins so that they can be separated to remove the pattern, and replaced in the correct position before the metal is poured in. The boxes are clamped together, or the cope (top section) weighted down when pouring to prevent the cope from “floating away”from the drag (lower section) when the mould is full of molten metal. The sequence when molding the simple two-part mould to cast a bracket is illustrated as follows.At the first stage the pattern is seated on the moulding board. The pattern is covered with facing sand, which is a specially prepared sand of good quality, which can take a clean and smooth impression, and can resist the heat from the molten metal that will be in contact with it. The facing sand is backed up with molding sand, which is old facing sand from previous moulds. The molding sand is carefully rammed up so that it is fairly tight around the pattern to produce a good solid mould, yet permeable enough to allow the gases produced during casting to escape. The sand is finally leveled off.At the second stage the mould with the pattern still in position is inverted; the exposed sand lightly covered with parting sand, and the exposed pattern with facing sand.(The parting sand has no cohesion, and is introduced to permit a clean separation when the mould is opened up to remove the pattern .) The second molding box is located in position on the first box and filled with molding sand. Two or more plugs are introduced when the second box is being filled (these are removed later, leaving channels in the sand). One of these plugs is positioned to one side of the pattern. The sand is rammed up and leveled off.Now, at stage 3, to allow the pattern to be removed. This is done by screwing a bar with a threaded end into a suitable insert in the pattern, damping the sand around the pattern, and gently rapping the bar in all directions so that the pattern can be carefully withdrawn. To facilitate the removal of the pattern without scuffing the sides of the impression, all surfaces that lie in the direction of pattern removal are inclined slightly by a small amount (the draw angle).A groove called a gate is cut in the sand face to allow the channel producedby the plug that is outside the pattern to connect with the impression .The metal is poured through this channel (called the runner), and the gate prevents it from dropping straight into the impression and damaging it .The cross-section of the gate is slightly smaller than that of channel so that a full runner will always supply metal to the gate at a slight pressure.Finally, the mould is reassembled, carefully locating and securing the two sections. The top section is known as the cope, and the lower section is known as the drag. The sand in the cope is vented. These vents allow the sand to be rammed up more tightly at the earlier stages without the risk of gases being trapped in the molten metal and forming blowholes in the solid metal. A sand-feeding gate (also called a pouring or bowl) is added to make it easier to pour the metal into the runner. The molten metal is poured through the runner and the air will escape through the riser.The impression will be filled with molten metal when it is completely filled. Gases can escape through the runner and the riser, which also act as headers to supply the impression with more metal to compensate for the contraction of the metal when cooling in the molten state.2. ForgingForging is the plastic working of metal by means of localized compressive forces exerted by manual or power hammers, presses, or special forging machines. It may be done either hot or cold. however, when it is done cold, special names usually are given to the processes. Consequently, the terms“forging” usually implies hot forging done above the recrystallization temperature.Modern forging is a development form the ancient art practiced by the armor makers and the immortalized village blacksmith. High-powered hammers and mechanical presses have replaced the strong arm, the hammer, and the anvil and modern metallurgical knowledge supplements the art skill of the craftsman in controlling the heating and handling of the metal.Forge ability is the term used in the industry to denote a material relative resistance to deformation and its plasticity. While considerable disagreementexists as to precisely what characteristics the word “forge ability” should include, the term as used here is defined as the tolerance of a metal or alloy for deformation without failure, regardless of forging pressure requirements.Raw material used for forging is generally bar or billet stock hot rolled from ingots melted in open-hearth, electric arc, or vacuum arc furnace .other forms and shapes such as rolled slabs, plats, and stock produced by continuous casting techniques are occasionally used .for certain grades ,vacuum arc melting imparts better forge ability than does conventional arc melting . However, the major purpose of vacuum melting is the improvement of mechanical properties and cleanliness, not forging behavior.Equipment behavior influences the forging progress since it determines the feasibility of forging a part and affects the rate of deformation and the temperature conditions.The hammer is the most economical type of equipment for generating load and energy necessary to carry out a forging process, provided that the material being forged can support high deformation velocities. It is most commonly used hot forging equipment for repeated blows on the same workpiece and cannot be overloaded.There are various types of hammers: air-lift gravity drop hammers, power drop hammers, power drop hammers, Counterblow hammers ect. In a simple gravity drop hammer the upper ram is positively connected to a board, a belt, a chain or a piston. When forging the ram is lifted to a certain height and then dropped on the stock placed on the anvil. During the down stroke, the rain is accelerated by gravity and builds up the blow energy. The upstroke takes place immediately after the blow, the force necessary to ensure quick lift-up of the ram can be 3 to 5 times the ram weight. The operation principle of a power-drop hammer is similar to that of an air drop hammer. During the down stroke, in addition to gravity, the ram is accelerated by steam, cold air or hot air pressure. In an electro hydraulic gravity-drop hammer, the ram is lifted with oil pressure against an air cushion. The compressed air slows down the upstroke of the ram and contributes to its acceleration during the down stroke .thus; the electrohydraulic hammer also has a minor power hammer action.Press forging employs a slow squeezing action in deforming the plastic metal, as contrasted with the rapid-impact blows of a hammer. Hydraulic forging press is operated by large pistons driven by high-pressure hydraulic or hydrometric system. The squeezing action is carried completely to the center of the part being pressed, thoroughly working the entire section. These presses are the vertical type and may be either mechanically or hydraulically operated. The mechanical presses, which are faster operating and most commonly used, range in capacity from 5000 to 10000 tons.In the forging press a grater proportion of the total work put into the machine is transmitted to the metal than in a drop hammer. The machine and foundation absorb much of the impact of the drop hammer .press reduction of the metal is faster, and the cost of operation is consequently lower. most press forging s are symmetrical in shape ,having surfaces, which are quite smooth, and provide a closer tolerance than is obtained by a drop hammer .however ,drop forging can forge many parts of irregular and complicated shapes more economically. Forging presses are often used for sizing operations on parts made by other forging processes.For small forgings closed impression dies are used, and only one stroke of the ram is normally require to perform the forging operation .the maximum pressure is built up at the end of the stroke ,which forces the metal into shape .dies may be mounted as separate units, or all the cavities may be put into a single block. for small forgings individuals die units are more convenient .large ingots are now almost always forged with hydraulic presses instead of with steam hammers, since the work done by a press goes deeper. Further, the press can take a cooler ingot and can work to closer dimensions.The forging should be done at about the same temperature as rolling; the process improves the physical properties of the steel just as rolling does. In the final forging it is important not to have the steel too hot, for overheated steel will have poor mechanical properties when cooled. in heating for forging the temperature is usually judged by the eye, but where a large number of thesame patterns will be made, the pieces to be forged are heated in furnaces in which the temperature is indicated by pyrometers, and often is automatically controlled.3. weldingWelding techniques have become so versatile that it is difficult nowadays to define “welding”. Formerly welding was “the joining of metals by fusion”, that is, by melting, but this definition will no longer do. Welding was next defined as the “joining of metals by heat”, but this is not a proper definition either. Not only metals can be welded, so can many of the plastics. Furthermore several welding methods do not require heat. Every machinist is familiar with heatless welding method under some circumstances. Besides these, we can weld with sound and even with the famous laser. Faced with a diversity of welding methods that increase year by year, we must here adopt the following definition of welding:" welding is the joining of metals and plastics by methods that do not employ fastening devices”.There is also no uniform method of naming welding processes. Some processes are named according to the heat source or shielding method, other certain specialized processes are named after the type of joint produced. Examples are spot and butt welding. But an overall classification can not take account of this because the same type of joint may be produced by a variety of processes. Spot welding may be done by electric resistance, arc, or electron-beam processes and butt welding by resistance, flash or any of a number of other methods. Many welding processes are named depending on the heat applied, equipment used, and type of metal to be joined and the strength of the joint.Soldering is the process of joining two metals by a third metal to be applied in the molten state. Solder consists of tin and lead, while bismuth and cadmium are often included to lower the melting point. One of the important operations in soldering is that of cleaning the surface to be joined, this may be done by some acid cleaner. Soldering gives a satisfactory joint for light articles ofsteel, copper or brass, but the strength of soldering joint is rather less than a joint which is brazed, riveted or welded. These methods of metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints.Pressure welding is known as the simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together. The ends of metal are heated to a while heat—for iron, the welding temperature should be about 1300℃—in a flame. At this temperature the metal becomes plastics. The ends are then presses or hammered together, and the joint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld. Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to a high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces. For this reasons, a flux is applied to the heated metal. At welding heat, the flux melts, and the oxide Particles are dissolved in it together with any other impurities which may be present. The metal surfaces are pressed together, and the flux is squeezed out from the center of the weld.Gas welding includes all the processes in which gases are used to obtain a hot flame. Those commonly used are acetylene, natural gas, and hydrogen in combination with oxygen. The maximum temperature developed by oxyhydrogen welding is 3600℉ (1980℃). Hydrogen is produced either by the electrolysis of water or by passing steam over coke. An oxyacetylene weld is produced by heating with a flame obtained from the combustion of oxygen and with or without the use of a filler metal. In most cases the joint is heated to a state of fusion, and as a rule, no pressure is used.Are welding is a process in which coalescence is obtained by heat produced from an electric arc. The electrode or filler metal is heated to a liquid state and deposited into the joint to make the weld. Contact is first made between the electrode and the work to create an electric circuit, and then, by separating the conductors, an arc is formed. The electric energy is converted into intense heat in the arc, which attains a temperature around 10 000°F (5500℃). Either direct or alternating current can be used for arc welding, direct current being preferred for most purposes. A d-c welder is simply a motor-generator set ofconstant-energy type, having the necessary characteristics to produce a stable arc. Arc welding uses commonly metal electrodes or carbon electrodes.Laser Welding is used because of laser’s high heat intensity. It can be operated in any transparent medium without contact with the workpiece, since the laser delivers its energy in the form of light. In welding, the power is delivered in pulses rather than as a continuous beam, the beam is focused on the workpiece and the intense heat produces a fusion weld. Laser welding is slow and is used only for special jobs involving small weldments. Its greatest use is found in the electronics industry.Explosion welding is a process that uses energy from the detonation of an explosive to join two pieces of metal. The explosion accelerates the pieces to a speed at which a metallic bond will form between them when they collide. The weld is produced in a fraction of a second without the addition of filler metal. This is essentially a room temperature process in that gross heating of the workpieces does not occur. The faying surfaces, however, are heated to some extent by the energy of the collision, and welding is accomplished through plastic flow of the metal on those surfaces. Welding takes place progressively as the explosion and the forces it creates advance from one end of the joint to the other. Deformation of the weldment varies with the type of joint. There may be no noticeable deformation at all in some weldments, and there is no loss of metal.译文：铸造、锻造和焊接1.铸造金属铸造是最古老的产业之一，远古时期和中世纪就有人使用和制造铸件了。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译英文原文名Automatic production line PLC control of automatic feeding station中文译名基于PLC的自动化生产线自动上料站的控制中文译文：自动化生产线自动上料站的PLC控制自动生产线是由工件传送系统和控制系统，将一组自动机床和辅助设备按照工艺顺序联结起来，自动完成产品全部或部分制造过程的生产系统，简称自动线。
二十世纪20年代，随着汽车、滚动轴承、小电机和缝纫机和其他工业发展,机械制造业开始出现在自动生产线,第一个是组合机床自动线。
在20世纪20年代,第一次出现在汽车工业流水生产线和半自动生产线,然后发展成自动生产线。
第二次世界大战后,在机械制造工业发达国家,自动生产线的数量急剧增加。
采用自动生产线生产的产品应该足够大,产品设计和技术应该是先进的、稳定的和可靠的,基本上保持了很长一段时间维持不变。
自动线用于大,大规模生产可以提高劳动生产率,稳定和提高产品质量,改善劳动条件,降低生产区域,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期,保证生产平衡、显著的经济效益。
自动生产线的一个干预指定的程序或命令自动操作或控制的过程,我们的目标是稳定、准确、快速。
自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭,等自动化生产线不仅可以使人们从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境,能扩大人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,提高人们认识世界的能力,可以改变世界。
下面我说下它的应用范围：机械制造业中有铸造、锻造、冲压、热处理、焊接、切削加工和机械装配等自动线，也有包括不同性质的工序，如毛坯制造、加工、装配、检验和包装等的综合自动线。
加工自动线发展最快,应用最广泛的机械制造。
主要包括:用于处理盒、外壳、各种各样的部件,如组合机床自动线;用于加工轴、盘部分,由通用、专业化、或自动机器自动专线;转子加工自动线;转子自动线加工过程简单、小零件等。
机床加工外文翻译参考文献
机床加工外文翻译参考文献机床加工外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)基本加工工序和切削技术基本加工的操作机床是从早期的埃及人的脚踏动力车和约翰·威尔金森的镗床发展而来的。
它们为工件和刀具提供刚性支撑并可以精确控制它们的相对位置和相对速度。
基本上讲，金属切削是指一个磨尖的锲形工具从有韧性的工件表面上去除一条很窄的金属。
切屑是被废弃的产品，与其它工件相比切屑较短，但对于未切削部分的厚度有一定的增加。
工件表面的几何形状取决于刀具的形状以及加工操作过程中刀具的路径。
大多数加工工序产生不同几何形状的零件。
如果一个粗糙的工件在中心轴上转动并且刀具平行于旋转中心切入工件表面，一个旋转表面就产生了，这种操作称为车削。
如果一个空心的管子以同样的方式在内表面加工，这种操作称为镗孔。
当均匀地改变直径时便产生了一个圆锥形的外表面，这称为锥度车削。
如果刀具接触点以改变半径的方式运动，那么一个外轮廓像球的工件便产生了；或者如果工件足够的短并且支撑是十分刚硬的，那么成型刀具相对于旋转轴正常进给的一个外表面便可产生，短锥形或圆柱形的表面也可形成。
平坦的表面是经常需要的，它们可以由刀具接触点相对于旋转轴的径向车削产生。
在刨削时对于较大的工件更容易将刀具固定并将工件置于刀具下面。
刀具可以往复地进给。
成形面可以通过成型刀具加工产生。
多刃刀具也能使用。
使用双刃槽钻钻深度是钻孔直径5-10倍的孔。
不管是钻头旋转还是工件旋转，切削刃与工件之间的相对运动是一个重要因数。
在铣削时一个带有许多切削刃的旋转刀具与工件接触，工件相对刀具慢慢运动。
平的或成形面根据刀具的几何形状和进给方式可能产生。
可以产生横向或纵向轴旋转并且可以在任何三个坐标方向上进给。
基本机床机床通过从塑性材料上去除屑片来产生出具有特别几何形状和精确尺寸的零件。
后者是废弃物，是由塑性材料如钢的长而不断的带状物变化而来，从处理的角度来看，那是没有用处的。
机械类外文文献及翻译
机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业课程中英文翻译
机械设计制造及其自动化军训及军事理论Military Training and Military Theory计算机实用基础2 Introduction to Computer Application大学英语College English体育Physical Education工科数学分析2 Advanced Mathematics代数与几何 2 Linear Algebra Advanced Algebra and Geometry思想道德修养与法律基础Ideological and Moral Cultivation and Law Basics大学英语College English体育大学物理2 College Physics工科数学分析2C语言程序设计 C Language中国近现代史纲要Modern History of China法语二外（上）The Second Foreign Language French工业造型设计Modeling Design of Industrial Products大学英语College English大学物理2 College Physics大学物理实验1 Experiment in College Physics概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics电工技术1 Electrical Engineering电工与电子技术综合实验1 Experiment for Electrical and Electronic Engineering工程图学（CAD）1 Mechanical Graphing理论力学1 Theoretical Mechanics工程力学实验1 Experiment for Engineering Mechanics毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论Introduction to Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Important Thought of "Three Represents"文化素质教育系列讲座Cultural quality education lectures体育西方文明简史History of western civilization Introduction to Functional Materials机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle工程训练（金工实习）engineering training Metal Working Practice大学物理实验1电子技术1 Electronic Engineering电工与电子技术综合实验1机械原理Principle of Mechanics Mechanical Principles工程图学（CAD）1工程力学实验（材力）1材料力学1 Mechanics of Materials马克思主义基本原理Principles of Marxism文化素质教育系列讲座文化素质教育系列讲座体育项目管理Project Management法语二外（下）法语入门1机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design工程训练（电子工艺实习）electronic process practice Practice on Electronic Working Techniques互换性与测量技术基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement工程流体力学Engineering Fluid Mechanics自动控制原理3 Automatic Control Theory电工学新技术实践The new technology of electronics practice机械设计Mechanical Design工程材料成型技术基础Engineering material molding technology机械工程材料Engineering Materials文化素质教育系列讲座文化素质教育系列讲座创新设计与制作Innovation design and production复变函数与积分变换Complex Function Functions of Complex V ariables & Integral Transformation社会热点问题评价evaluation of social issues知识产权"Intellectual Property Law"认识实习Cognition Practice制造系统自动化技术Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System传热学Heat Transfer文化素质教育系列讲座机电控制系统分析与设计Mechanical-Electrical Control system数控技术Numerical Control Technology机械制造装备设计Machinery manufacturing equipment design液压传动Hydraulic Transmission测试技术与仪器Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design机械制造技术基础foundation of machine manufacturing technology综合课程设计1 Comprehensive Course Exercise生产实习Production Practice Field Practice现代机械设计方法The modern machinery design method机械动态设计Mechanical Dynamic Design机械结构有限元分析Finite Element of Mechanical Structures Finite Element Analysis and Programming Finite Element Analysis for Mechanical Structures机电系统智能化控制技术（双语Mechanical and electrical system intelligent control technology 综合课程设计2机械优化设计Optimum Design of MachineryMechanical Optimum Design毕业设计Graduation Thesis工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique。
普通钻床改造为多轴钻床设计
优秀设计本科生毕业论文（设计）书题目普通钻床改造为多轴钻床（中英文）ORDINARY DRILL ASSEMBLED A MULTIPLE DRILL作者姓名所在专业所在班级申请学位指导教师职称答辩时间20** 年 6 月 9 日毕业论文(设计)任务书论文(设计)题目普通钻床改造为多轴钻床ORDINARY DRILL ASSEMBLED A MULTIPLEDRILL工院(系) 专业级学生姓名指导教师职称起讫日期20**年3月21-6月1日地点发任务书日期： 20** 年 3 月 21 日毕业论文（设计）任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求）毕业论文（设计）进度计划浙江工贸职业技术学院汽车与机电工程系毕业设计（论文）开题报告课题名称：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：年月日目录目录 (10)中文摘要 (11)ABSTRACT (12)第1章绪论 (13)1.1多轴加工应用 (13)1.2多轴加工的设备 (13)1.3多轴加工趋势 (15)第2章普通钻床改为多轴钻床 (15)2.1生产任务 (15)2.2普通立式钻床的选型 (16)第3章多轴齿轮传动箱的设计 (17)3.1设计前的准备 (17)3.2动系统的设计与计算 (18)第4章多轴箱的结构设计与零部件的绘制 (23)4.1箱盖、箱体和中间板结构 (24)4.2多轴箱轴的设计 (24)4.3轴坐标计算 (39)第5章导向装置的设计 (40)5．1导向装置组成 (40)第6章接杆刀具 (40)总结 (41)鸣谢 (42)参考文献 (42)中文摘要本设计是关于普通钻床改造为多轴钻床的设计。
普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。
因此本设计的重点是多轴箱的设计，设计内容包括齿轮分布与选用、轴的设计、多轴箱的选用、导向装置设计等。
关键词：多轴钻床；生产效率；多轴箱AbstractThe design is about reconstructing the ordinary drill to a multiple drill. The ordinary drill is a single drill. It will improve its productive efficiency, shorten its processing time if assembled a multiple spindle case on. That so calls a multiple drill. Hereby, the keystone of this design paper is how to design a multiple spindle heads. The design subjects include the selection and distribution of gear wheel, the design of spindle, and the guiding equipment and selection of the multiple spindle heads, etc.KEY WORDS: MULTIPLE DRILL; PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY; MULTIPLE SPINDLE HEADS第1章绪论1.1多轴加工应用据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。
机械设计制造及其自动化英语怎么说
机械设计制造及其自动化英语怎么说篇一：机械设计制造及自动化专业英语翻译机械设计制造及自动化专业英语篇二：机械设计制造及自动化专业英语翻译机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语—大作业学院班级姓名学号辅导老师分数_______________Unit15Control System Fundamentals控制系统原理Numerically controlled machines often weigh up to 100 tons and yet are required to position a cutting tool with an accuracy of the order of 0.002 mm.The control system must move the tool at federates as high as 8cm/sec while encountering loads which may vary dramatically on a given path. The NC machine must have dynamic response characteristics that enable it to follow intricate contours with a minimum of path error. Clearly, these requirements dictate a control system that is matched to the mechanical characteristics of the machine it drives.数控机床一般重100吨，还需要按一定顺序的精度为0.002毫米的刀具位置。
控制系统必须移动过刀具在进给速度高达8厘米/秒时，同时在一个给定的路径在遭遇荷载是很引人注目的。
数控机床必须具有动态响应特性，使它能够遵循复杂的轮廓具有最小的路径误差。
车床机床改造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
本科毕业论文中英文翻译学生姓名：所在院系：机电学院所学专业：机械设计制造及其自动化车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不想车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次装夹中进行几种加工。
因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何种类的机床都多。
普通车床：普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床中的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和人们所需要的特性。
现在，这些机床主要用在规模较小的工厂中，进行小批量的生产，而不是进行大批量的生产。
普通车床的加工偏差主要取决于操作者的技术熟练程度。
设计工程师应该认真的确定由熟练工人在普通车床上加工的试验零件的公差。
在把试验零件重新设计为生产零件时，应该选用经济的公差。
转塔车床：对生产加工设备来说，目前比过去更着重评价是否具有精确的和快速的重复加工能力。
应用这个标准来评价具体的加工方法，转塔车床可以获得较高的质量评定。
在为小批量的零件（100—200件）设计加工方法时，采用转塔车床是经济的。
为了在转塔车床上获得极可能小的公差值，设计人员应该尽量将加工工序的数目减至最少。
自动螺丝车床：自动螺丝车床通常被分为以下几种类型：单轴自动、多轴自动和自动夹紧车床。
自动螺丝车床最初是用来对螺钉和类似的带有螺纹的零件进行自动化和快速加工的。
但是。
这种车床的用途早就超过了这个狭窄的范围。
现在，它在许多类型的精密零件的大批量生产中起着重要的作用。
车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱部件、尾架部件、溜板部件丝杠和光杠。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由于经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁之城。
它是一个兼顾的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在车床身上。
通常在床身上有内外讲足平行的导轨。
有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖顶朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。
(完整版)机械类外文文献翻译
文献翻译英文原文：NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variationINTRODUCTIONBy conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rocker mechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGNIt is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find themaximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately. Consequently, the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ϕ are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A possibly realized is calculated corresponding to value K .1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanismAs shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of point A . Thecoordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .The coordinates of point A are 02h y y c A -= (1)22A A y R x -= (2)where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .2cos )2cos(22cos 33ϕθϕϕ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--+=l R l d (3) Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of themechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2].1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γMinimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3]322142322min 2)(cos l l l l l l --+=γ (4) 322142322max 2)(cos l l l l l l +-+=γ (5) max min180γγ-︒=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm)2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)3l ——Length of rocker(mm)4l ——Length of machine frame(mm)Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with minγ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than or equal to ︒40 and choose the maximum of them.Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle ϕ which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is different oscillating angle ϕ and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).Finally, we change the length of rockerl by small step similarly. Thus we3γcorresponding to the different length of bars, may obtain the maximum ofmindifferent oscillating angle ϕand the coefficient of travel speed variation K.Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum of min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l .2 DESIGN METHOD2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travelspeed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rockerThe design procedure is as follows.(1) According to given K and ϕ, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.︒⨯+-=18011K K θ (7) (2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), andϕ=∠21DC C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angleθ-︒=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained. Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ∆.(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.Therefore, from the length of the crank2/)(211AC AC l -= (8)and the length of the connecting bar112l AC l -= (9)we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variationWe take the following steps.(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ).(2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.13 DESIGN EXAMPLEThe known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation1818.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ︒=40ϕ. The crankandrockermechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ︒=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ϕ.If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.The minimum transmission angle is︒=--+=3698.462)(arccos 322142322min l l l l l l γ The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm, 0000.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved.4 CONCLUSIONSA novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventional design of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.译文：认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。
机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译
机械加工外文翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文文献翻译The engine lathe is an old but still useful metal removal machine with many desirable attributes。
While it is no longer commonlyXXX。
In today's n shops。
it has largely been XXX。
turret lathes。
and automatic XXX of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal。
and the use of form tools for finished products that are on par with the fastest processing XXX.When it XXX for the engine lathe。
it largely depends on the skill of the operator。
Design XXX part for n。
it is XXX.XXX cutting tools。
XXX ns。
as the machine can perform these ns in one setup。
They are also capable of producing parts with high n and accuracy。
XXX industries.Now more than ever。
n machining XXX of a specific method。
the XXX.When designing for low quantities。
such as 100 or 200 parts。
it is most cost-effective to use a XXX。
designers should aim to minimize the number of ns required.Another n for n XXX。
机械设计制造及其自动化英文
英文原文：Mechanical properties of materialsThe material properties can be classified into three major headings: (1）physical, (2）chemical，（3) mechanicalPhysical propertiesDensity or specific gravity, moisture content, etc。
，can be classified under this category.Chemical propertiesMany chemical properties come under this category. These include acidity or alkalinity，react6ivity and corrosion。
The most important of these is corrosion which can be explained in layman's terms as the resistance of the material to decay while in continuous use in a particular atmosphere。
Mechanical propertiesMechanical properties include in the strength properties like tensile, compression，shear, torsion，impact，fatigue and creep。
The tensile strength of a material is obtained by dividing the maximum load, which the specimen bears by the area of cross-section of the specimen。
机械设计外文文献及翻译
机械设计外文文献及翻译机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其他组件组成的，用于转换或传递能量，例如发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。
许多原则和设计方法不仅适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。
在机械工程和其他工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，如开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶和搅拌机等。
关键词：设计流程、设计规则、机械设计设计流程在设计之前，应考虑机器的实际性，现有机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本方面得到改善。
新的机器必须具有以前机器所能执行的功能。
在设计的初始阶段，应允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受任何约束。
即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计早期被改正。
只有这样，才不会阻碍创新思路。
通常还要提出几套设计方案，然后进行比较。
很可能在最终计划决定中，使用了某些不在计划之内的设想。
当外观特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析透彻时，就可以全面设计和分析。
还要客观分析机器性能的优越性，以及其安全、重量、耐用性和成本竞争力。
每个至关重要的部分都要优化其比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其他组成部分相协调。
还要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。
通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要特性，如静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。
设计过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式还是非正式的，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。
最后，以图样为设计标准，并建立将来的模型。
如果测试符合要求，则对初步设计进行修改，以降低制造成本。
产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。
许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。
虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。
本文介绍了机械设计的复杂性和创造性，以及机械设计师所需要的基础知识。
在设计过程中，选择材料和进行精确计算都是必要的。
计算机辅助设计和制造技术已经成为现代机械设计的重要工具。
机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。
工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。
其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。
车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。
为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。
用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。
镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。
钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。
大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。
用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。
铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。
铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。
攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。
铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。
铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。
有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。
铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。
牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。
用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。
在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。
工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。
磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。
根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。
精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。
车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。
车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。
车刀的这种位移称为进给。
车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。
溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械设计基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化*名：**学号：********2015年 3 月 1 日外文翻译译文机械设计基础机械设计基础是指机械的装置和机械系统——机器、产品、结构、设备与仪器的设计。
大部分机械设计需要利用的数学、材料科学和工程力学的知识。
我们对整个设计过程感兴趣。
它是怎样开始的呢？工程师是不是仅仅坐在铺着白纸的桌旁就可以开始设计了呢？当他记下一些设想后，下一步应该做些什么？什么因会影影响或者控制着应该做出的决定？最后，这一设计过程是怎样结束的呢？有时，虽然并不总是如此，工程师认识到一种需要并且决定对此做一些工作时，设计就开始了。
认识到这种需要，并用语言将其清楚地叙述出来，常常是一种高度创造性的工作。
因为这种需要可能只是一个模糊的不满，一种不舒服的感觉，或者是感觉到了某些东西是不正确的。
这种需要往往不是很明显的。
例如，对食品包装机械进行改进的需要，可能是由于噪音过大、包装重量的变化、包装质量的微小的但是能够察觉得出来的变化等表现出来的。
叙述某种需要和随后要解决的问题之间有着明显的区别。
要解决的问题是比较具体的。
如果需要干净的空气，要解决的问题可能是降低发电厂烟囱的排尘量，或者是降低汽车排除的有害气体。
确定问题阶段应该制订设计对象所有的要求。
这些设计要求包括输入量、输出两特性、设计对象所占据的空间尺寸以及这些参量的所有制约因素。
我们可以把设计对象看作是黑箱中的某种东西。
在这种情况下，我们必须具体确定黑箱的输入和输出，以及它们的特性和制约因素。
这些设计要求将规定生产成本、产量、预期寿命、工作范围、操作温度和可靠性。
还存在着许多由于设计人员所处的特定环境或者由于问题本身的性质所产生的隐含设计要求。
某个工厂中可利用的制造工艺和设备会对设计人员的工作有所限制，因而成为隐含的设计要求的一部分。
例如，一个小工厂中可能没有冷变形加工机械设备。
因此，设计人员就必须选择这个工厂中能够进行的其他的金属加工方法。
机械制造工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：侯亮学号：052115072015年 4 月 3 日外文资料翻译原文Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute toshow. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more than one roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture Design外文资料翻译译文机械制造工艺机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。