当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案

合集下载

语言学导论第一章答案

Chapter one Invitations to languageReference keysI 1. verbal 2. productivity.3 metalingual function 4. yo-he-ho 5. Pooh-pooh 6. contact 7. language 8. descriptive 10. diachronic linguistic 11. langue 12. competence 13. arbitrary vocal 14. scientific ,language 15. descriptive, prescriptive 16. Synchronic, diachronic 17. abstract, realization 18. knowledge, realization 19. arbitrariness 20. displacement 21 sounds, meaning 22. transmittedII. 1. B 2.B 3. C 4. A 5. C. 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.D 11. A 12.C III. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.F 17.T18.T19.F20.TVI. Questions1.What are the attributes of language that must be included in thedefinition of language?Language is a means of verbal communication. It includes the following attributes: language has system; it is vocal and arbitrary; it is a human and social activity; it is non-instinctive and is related to culture; language changes with time.2. If language is partially defined as communication, can we all say the voices that dogs make are languages? Why or why not?No.It is observed that dogs may use barking to express anxiety, submission and threats, but it is very different from human language inmany aspects. Firstly, human language has two systems: the system of sound and the system of meaning. So language is a system by which sounds and meanings are related. But dogs’ voice has not the two sets of structures. Second, The creative use language is unique to human beings. But dogs can not segment speech sounds, nor can they form an infinite set of utterance from a finite set of units by use of limited rules. Third, Dogs’ voice is only emotional response to particular stimuli, and have no way to express their feelings yesterday or their imaginations tomorrow. But human beings can talk about things at present, in the past or in the future, and things real or imagined.3. Point our three major differences between linguistics and traditional grammar.略4.What kind of evidence supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted.略5.One of he main features of our human language is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what feature it refers to? Support your argument with examples.Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the sameobject is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language,. It is only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the “arbitrariness” of language is “ a rose by any name would smell as sweet”。

语言学教程习题答案第一章

语言学教程习题答案第一章语言学教程习题答案第一章在语言学的学习过程中，习题是非常重要的一部分，通过习题的练习可以帮助我们巩固知识，提高对语言学理论的理解和应用能力。

本文将针对语言学教程第一章的习题进行解答，并对其中一些重要的概念进行深入探讨。

1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，它涉及到语言的结构、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

通过对语言的研究，我们可以了解语言的起源、发展、结构以及语言与思维、文化之间的关系。

2. 语言学的研究方法有哪些？语言学的研究方法包括田野调查、实验研究、文献研究等。

田野调查是指通过对语言使用环境的观察和实地访谈等方式，收集语言数据并进行分析。

实验研究则是通过实验室环境下的控制变量实验，来研究语言现象。

文献研究则是通过对已有的语言学文献进行分析和综述，来推测和总结语言学理论。

3. 语言学的研究对象是什么？语言学的研究对象是语言。

语言是人类交流的工具，它包括语音、词汇、语法等方面的内容。

通过对语言的研究，我们可以了解语言的结构、规律以及语言与思维、文化之间的关系。

4. 什么是语言的层次结构？语言的层次结构是指语言的组成部分之间的关系。

从上到下，语言的层次结构包括语言（language）、语言系统（linguistic system）、语言单位（linguistic unit）以及语言要素（linguistic element）。

语言单位是指语言中的最小有意义的单位，如音素、词素、词等。

语言要素则是指构成语言单位的基本成分，如音素、词素中的音素。

5. 什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言中的语音现象的学科。

它研究的内容包括语音的产生、传播和接收等方面。

通过对语音的研究，我们可以了解语音的分类、规律以及语音与语义、语法之间的关系。

6. 什么是语音？语音是语言中的声音现象。

它是通过声带、口腔、鼻腔等发声器官的协调运动而产生的。

语音可以分为音位和音素两个层次。

音位是语言中的最小音位单位，它是语音的抽象概念。

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

当代语言学的第一题英文及答案

当代语⾔学的第⼀题英⽂及答案Key to the multiple-choice and judgment exercisesChapter 1II. 1) Plato 2) Aristotle 3) Xun Zi 4) (Noam) Chomsky5) (Ferdinand de) SaussureChapter 2II. 1) Plato 2) Herder 3) Galileo 4) William Johns5) the Linguistic Society of ParisIII. 1) syntax 2) pragmatics 3)morphology 4) phonetics5) phonology 6) semantics 7) semanticsIV. 1) psycholinguistics 2) historical linguistics3) sociolinguistics 4) psycholinguistics5) sociolinguistics 6) applied linguistics (in the broad sense)7) applied linguistics 8) psycholinguisticsChapter 3II. Order of the speech organs on the left corresponding to their proper definitions on the right: soft palate; alveolar ridge; pharynx; hard palate; vocal cords; trachea; larynxIII. 1) b 2) t 3) ?4) m 5) f 6)l 7) d?8) j 9) ?10) sIV. (The correct feature is given after the arrow)1) b) front → central2) a) semi-open → open3) c) low → high4) c) high → mid5) d) rounded → unroundedV. 1) incorrect. inside the chest → inside the head2) correct.3) incorrect. auditory phonetics → acoustic phonetics4) correct.5) incorrect. A syllable cannot contain more than one vowels. Even if a diphthong or thiphthong is contained, it is still a single vowel, pronounced within one chest pulse.6) incorrect. The location of the words “Chinese” and “English” in the statements should be exchanged.7) correct8) correctChapter 4II. 1) morphemes 2) Bound 3) Compounds 4) idiomatic5) agglutinatingIII. 1) The older gentleman voted wisely .a a c a a a c a b2) The children skipped rope and played games joyfullya a c a c a a a c a c ab b3) 他们赛跑拿了第⼀。

[0181]《语言学导论》在线作业及参考答案

[0181]《语言学导论》第1批作业[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A:Language is just for communication.B:Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C: Language is a sign system.D:Language is arbitrary and conventional.参考答案：A[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongueB:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogyC:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.A：FalseB：True参考答案：B[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.参考答案：错误[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.参考答案：错误[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics参考答案：B第2批作业[判断题]A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.参考答案：错误[判断题]Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.参考答案：正确[判断题]The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.参考答案：错误[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.参考答案：错误[判断题]Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.参考答案：错误[判断题]Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.参考答案：错误[判断题]What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.参考答案：正确[判断题]“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.参考答案：正确[判断题]Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.参考答案：正确[判断题]Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.参考答案：错误[判断题]Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.参考答案：正确[判断题]Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.参考答案：正确[判断题]“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.参考答案：正确[判断题]Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.参考答案：错误第3批作业[填空题]The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.参考答案：paradigmatic[填空题]"Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away".参考答案：immediate[填空题]Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar.参考答案：systemic-functional[填空题]The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______.参考答案：Chomsky[填空题]The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch".参考答案：blending[填空题]_______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language.参考答案：Syntax[填空题]____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.参考答案：Morpheme[填空题]A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.参考答案：stem[填空题]Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______.参考答案：free morphemes[填空题]A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.参考答案：root[填空题]______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to.参考答案：Inflectional[填空题]"WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization".参考答案：acronym第4批作业[判断题]All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.参考答案：正确[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___.A：a minor roleB：a significant roleC：a basic roleD： no role参考答案：A[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "ac hieved” is ______.A:VCCVCCB:VCVCCC:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC参考答案：B[单选题]_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A:RootsB:StemsC:AffixesD:Compounds参考答案：C[单选题]The relation between the two words "buy” and "sell” can be described as____.A: gradable antonymyB:converse antonymyC:complementary antonymyD:synonymy参考答案：B[单选题]Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce "mans” and "photoes” as the plural forms of "man” and "photo”. This i s most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A:Negative transferB:OvergeneralizationC:Positive transferD:mother tongue interference参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______.A:ObjectivityB:ReliabilityC:ValidityD:Both A and C参考答案：A[单选题]Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong?_______.A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C:Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.参考答案：C[单选题]Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.A:get the students familiar with cultural differencesB:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture willC:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD:All of the above.参考答案：D[单选题]According to Grice's theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A:strictly observedB:secretly and deliberately violatedC:blatantly or apparently violatedD:Both A and B参考答案：C[单选题]The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A：voicelessB：voicedC：vowelD：consonantal参考答案：A[单选题]Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____.A：in phonemic contrastB：in complementary distributionC：the allophonesD：minimal pair参考答案：A[单选题]The sound /f/ is ____.A：voiced palatal affricateB：voiced alveolar stopC：voiceless velar fricativeD：voiceless labiodental fricative参考答案：D[单选题]The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A：lexicalB：morphemicC：grammaticalD：semantic参考答案：C[单选题]____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A：/z/B：/d/C：/k/D：/b/参考答案：B[单选题]The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______.A：identicalB：sameC：exactly alikeD：similar参考答案：D[单选题]A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A：backB：centralC：frontD：middle参考答案：C[单选题]_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A：WordsB：MorphemesC：PhonemesD：Sentences参考答案：B[单选题]Bound morphemes are those that ____.A： have to be used independentlyB：can not be combined with other morphemesC：can stand as words on their ownD： have to be combined with other morphemes参考答案：D[判断题]The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car".参考答案：错误[判断题]Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.参考答案：错误[单选题]Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.A:recreationalB:metalingualC:phaticD:performative参考答案：B[单选题]The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.A:GriceB: AustinC:ChomskyD:Saussure参考答案：A。

语言导论试题及答案解析

语言导论试题及答案解析一、选择题1. 语言的基本功能是什么？A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 记录历史D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 稳定性D. 可变性答案：C3. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言发展D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题4. 语言的最小意义单位是________。

答案：语素5. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。

答案：音位6. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。

答案：句法规则三、简答题7. 请简述语言的任意性特征。

答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号与其所代表的对象之间没有必然的、自然的联系，而是一种社会约定俗成的关系。

8. 什么是语境对语言理解的影响？答案：语境是指语言交流发生的社会环境和上下文环境。

语境对语言理解的影响体现在它能够提供额外的信息，帮助听者或读者更准确地理解说话者的意图和话语的含义。

四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化的关系。

答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。

一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传承和表达文化；另一方面，文化也影响语言的发展和使用，不同的文化背景会产生不同的语言习惯和表达方式。

10. 请分析现代科技对语言发展的影响。

答案：现代科技对语言发展有着深远的影响。

首先，科技的发展促进了语言的传播和交流，如互联网使得语言信息传播速度加快，范围扩大。

其次，科技改变了语言的使用方式，例如语音识别和机器翻译技术的发展，使得语言处理更加高效。

最后，科技还催生了新的语言形式和表达方式，如网络语言和数字媒体语言的出现。

五、案例分析题11. 阅读以下对话，分析其中的语言现象。

- A: “你今天看起来很高兴。

”- B: “是的，我通过了驾照考试。

”答案：这段对话中体现了几个语言现象。

首先是礼貌原则，A通过赞美B来开启对话；其次是话题转换，B通过回答A的问题并提供额外信息来转换话题；最后是语境的利用，B的回答提供了他高兴的原因，这有助于A更好地理解B的情绪状态。

语言学导论课后答案

语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice ______________ linguistic study; the descriptionof a language as it changes through time is a diachronic _____linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic approach to a diachronic ______ one.2. speech _____ and writing _____ are the two major media oflinguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech language as the primary medium of humanlanguage.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ; if the linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive _____ .4. langue _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary _____ vocal symbolsused for human communication _____ .6. competence ____ can be defined as the ideal user?sknowledge of the rules of his language, and performance can be defined as the actual realization ofthis knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary _____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic 本质的connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal .9. language is productive ____ or creative in that its userscan produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement _____means.11. the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic ____ studyof language _____ .13. duality of structures is also referred to as double _____articulation 结构双重性________ .ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework. ( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “ language is a system ” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. c iii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics _____ is defined as the study of the phonicmedium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory phonetics, which studies how a speakeruses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic _____ phonetics, which studies the physicalproperties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal ______ cords ____ results in aquality of speech sounds called “ voicing ____________ ”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad transcription while the latter is callednarrow ______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound issaid to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated .7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels _______________ and consonants _____ .8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless ______________________ .9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops ____________ ,fricatives ______ , affricates _____ , liquids _____ ,nasals ______ , glides ____ . in terms of place of articulation,the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial , labiodental ______ , dental _________ ,alveolar _____ , palatal _____ , velar _____ , glottal _____ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front ____ ,central _____ , and back _____ according to which part of thetongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______________ vowels, semi close _____vowels, semi open _____ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded _____________ vowels andmost back vowels are rounded _____ .13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense ________________vowels and the lax _____ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone __________________ in a certainphonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic contrast . if they are allophones of thesame phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary distribution .17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal __________ pair19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential ________________ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns __________________ , main ______ verbs,adjectives ____ , adverbs _____ , numerals _____ anddemonstrative _____ pronouns; the other categories of wordslike articles _____ , person _____ pronouns, auxiliary _____verbs, preposition _____ , and conj unctions _____ are usuallynot stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is calleda diphthong _____________________________ .26. speech _____ sounds are sounds that convey meaning inhuman communication.27. ipa is the short form for international _____phonetic _____ alphabet ____ or i _____ p _____association _____ .28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels _____ .the english glides are _w ____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive 与众不同的_____ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is .a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______________________ .a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “ same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys: blank-filling 1.phonetics2. rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6. aspirated, unaspirated7. vowels, consonants8. voiceless9. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10. front, central, back11. close, semi-close, semi-open, open12. uounded, rounded13. tense, lax14. phone15. allophones16. phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17. minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions 25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctive multiple choice 1-5abbac true or false judgement 2.f 3.t 4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o class words since we can regularlyadd new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c class words since new words arenot usually added to them.2. m _____ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw _____ , and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m .4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. suchmorphemes are called p _________ ; other morphemes occuronly after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s .5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d _______________ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i ____________________________ morphemes.篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】＞一、名词解释1 、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。

现代英语语言学导论课后答案温宏社主编

现代英语语言学导论课后答案温宏社主编1、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off2、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain3、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务4、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive5、It is reported（）three people were badly injured in the traffic accident. [单选题] *A. whichB. that(正确答案)C.whileD.what6、______this story, and you will realize that not everything can be bought with money. [单选题] *A. ReadingB. ReadC. To readD.Being read(正确答案)7、I_____you that I had made the right decision. [单选题] *A.ensuredB.insuredC.assured(正确答案)D.for sure8、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding9、Sometimes only（）10 out of 500 or more candidates succeed in passing all the tests. [单选题] *A. as many asB. as few as(正确答案)C. as much asD. as little as10、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksC. tells(正确答案)D. talks11、Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _______ her to do so. [单选题] *A. forbidB. allowC. follow(正确答案)D. ask12、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)13、Our school is beautiful. How about _______? [单选题] *A. theirs(正确答案)B. theirC. theyD. them14、( ) .Would you please ______me the gifts from your friends? [单选题] *A.to showB. showingC. show(正确答案)D. shown15、I _____ of her since she left school three years ago. [单选题] *A. didn’t hearB. haven’t heard(正确答案)C. was not hearingD. shall not heard16、These apples smell _____ and taste ______. [单选题] *A. well; wellB. good; good(正确答案)C. well; goodD. good; well17、_______ after dinner is good for our health. [单选题] *A. WalksB. Walking(正确答案)C. WalkedD. Walk18、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)19、44．—Hi, Lucy. You ________ very beautiful in the new dress today.—Thank you very much. [单选题] *A．look(正确答案)B．watchC．look atD．see20、He was very excited to read the news _____ Mo Yan had won the Nobel Prize for literature [单选题] *A. whichB. whatC. howD. that(正确答案)21、-We’ve spent too much money recently–well,it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives_______around all the time [单选题] *ingB. had comeC. were comingD have been coming(正确答案)22、He _______ maths. [单选题] *A. does well in(正确答案)B. good atC. is well inD. does well at23、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles24、81．Some birds are flying ________ the lake. What a beautiful picture! [单选题] *A．forB．underC．inD．above(正确答案)25、The notice put _______ on the wall says “No Smoking”. [单选题] *A. up(正确答案)B. offC. awayD. out26、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much27、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until28、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die29、Jim is a(n) _______. He is very careful and likes to work with numbers. [单选题] *A. secretaryB. tour guideC. accountant(正确答案)D. English teacher30、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear。

语言学导论课后习题答案

Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。

语言导论试题及答案详解

语言导论试题及答案详解# 语言导论试题及答案详解一、选择题1. 语言的定义是什么？- A. 一种交流工具- B. 一种文化现象- C. 一种社会习俗- D. 一种自然现象答案： A. 一种交流工具详解：语言是用于交流思想、感情和信息的工具，它是人类社会中最重要的交流方式之一。

2. 以下哪项不属于语言的基本功能？- A. 信息传递- B. 情感表达- C. 社会控制- D. 艺术创作答案： D. 艺术创作详解：艺术创作虽然可以利用语言作为媒介，但它本身并不构成语言的基本功能。

语言的基本功能包括信息传递、情感表达和社会控制。

二、填空题1. 语言学可以分为多个分支，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、______和______。

- 答案：语用学；社会语言学详解：语用学研究语境对语言使用的影响，社会语言学研究语言与社会结构和文化的关系。

2. 语言的演变是一个______的过程，受到多种因素的影响，包括社会变迁、文化接触等。

- 答案：动态详解：语言不是静态的，它随着时间和社会的发展而不断变化。

三、简答题1. 简述语音和音位的区别。

答案：语音是语言中的声音现象，包括所有可能的声音。

音位则是特定语言中能够区分意义的最小声音单位。

例如，在英语中，/p/和/b/是两个不同的音位，因为它们可以改变单词的意义（如“pat”和“bat”）。

详解：语音是物理现象，音位是抽象概念，它们在特定语言中具有区分意义的功能。

2. 描述语言习得的关键阶段。

答案：语言习得通常包括几个关键阶段：咿呀学语期、单词语期、双词语期、电报句期和完全句期。

每个阶段都是儿童语言能力发展的自然过程。

详解：咿呀学语期是儿童发出无意义的声音；单词语期是儿童开始使用单个词汇；双词语期是儿童开始组合两个词汇表达简单的意思；电报句期是儿童使用简短的句子，省略了某些语法元素；完全句期是儿童能够使用完整的句子表达复杂的意思。

四、论述题1. 论述语言多样性的重要性。

答案：语言多样性是文化多样性的重要组成部分。

当代语言学的第一题英文及答案

Key to the multiple-choice and judgment exercisesChapter 1II. 1) Plato 2) Aristotle 3) Xun Zi 4) (Noam) Chomsky5) (Ferdinand de) SaussureChapter 2II. 1) Plato 2) Herder 3) Galileo 4) William Johns5) the Linguistic Society of ParisIII. 1) syntax 2) pragmatics 3)morphology 4) phonetics5) phonology 6) semantics 7) semanticsIV. 1) psycholinguistics 2) historical linguistics3) sociolinguistics 4) psycholinguistics5) sociolinguistics 6) applied linguistics (in the broad sense)7) applied linguistics 8) psycholinguisticsChapter 3II. Order of the speech organs on the left corresponding to their proper definitions on the right: soft palate; alveolar ridge; pharynx; hard palate; vocal cords; trachea; larynxIII. 1) b 2) t 3) Ѳ4) m 5) f 6)l 7) dʒ8) j 9) ŋ10) sIV. (The correct feature is given after the arrow)1) b) front → central2) a) semi-open → open3) c) low → high4) c) high → mid5) d) rounded → unroundedV. 1) incorrect. inside the chest → inside the head2) correct.3) incorrect. auditory phonetics → acoustic phonetics4) correct.5) incorrect. A syllable cannot contain more than one vowels. Even if a diphthong or thiphthong is contained, it is still a single vowel, pronounced within one chest pulse.6) incorrect. The location of the words “Chinese” and “English” in the statements should be exchanged.7) correct8) correctChapter 4II. 1) morphemes 2) Bound 3) Compounds 4) idiomatic5) agglutinatingIII. 1) The older gentleman voted wisely .a a c a a a c a b2) The children skipped rope and played games joyfullya a c a c a a a c a c ab b3) 他们赛跑拿了第一。

现代英语语言学导论温宏社课后答案

现代英语语言学导论温宏社课后答案1、I can’t hear you _______. Please speak a little louder. [单选题] *A. clearly(正确答案)B. lovelyC. widelyD. carelessly2、There is a popular belief _____schools don’t pay any attention to spelling. [单选题] *A.that(正确答案)B.whichC.whatD.whose3、Catherine has two cousins. One is quiet, and _______ is noisy. [单选题] *A. anotherB. the other(正确答案)C. othersD. other4、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them5、23．Hurry up! The train ________ in two minutes. [单选题] *A．will go(正确答案)B．goC．goesD．went6、77．You can watch TV when you finish________ your homework. [单选题] * A．to doB．doC．to doingD．doing(正确答案)7、_____ of the land in this area _____ covered with forest. [单选题] *A. Two-fifth; isB. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; is(正确答案)D. Two fifths; are8、—Is this ______ football, boy? —No, it is not ______.（）[单选题] *A. yours; myB. your; mine(正确答案)C. your; meD. yours; mine9、Something must be wrong with the girl’s _______. She can’t hear clearly. [单选题] *A. ears(正确答案)B. noseC. armsD. eyes10、The children were all looking forward to giving the old people a happy day. [单选题]*A. 寻找B. 期盼(正确答案)C. 看望D. 继续11、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)12、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)13、Our teacher was very happy because _______ failed the exam. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody14、He can’t meet his friends tonight because he _______ do homework. [单选题] *A. has to(正确答案)B. needC. have toD. don’t have to15、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard16、I hadn't realized she was my former teacher _____ she spoke [单选题] *A. asB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. while17、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)18、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out19、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)B. myC. ID. me20、The black coal there shows a sharp（）white snow. [单选题] *A. contract withB. content withC. contact toD. contrast to(正确答案)21、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it22、Then the speaker _____the various factors leading to the economic crisis. [单选题] *A.went onB.went afterC.went into(正确答案)D.went for23、It is my _______ to meet you here. [单选题] *A. pleasure(正确答案)B. pleaseC. pleasedD. pleasant24、I have only two tickets for TF Boys’concert. ______ you ______ he can go with me.（）[单选题] *A. Either; or(正确答案)B. Either; norC. Both; andD. Not only; but also25、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine26、Bliss, who worked in an information centre, began to work on the book in 1 [单选题] *A. 策划B. 上班C. 写作(正确答案)D. 销售27、The rain is very heavy _______ we have to stay at home. [单选题] *A. butB. becauseC. so(正确答案)D. and28、John is fond of playing _____ basketball and Jack is keen on playing _____ piano. [单选题] * A．/…the(正确答案)B．the…/C．/…/D．the…the29、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat30、—Is this Tony’s history book?—No, it isn’t ______.（）[单选题] *A. himB. his(正确答案)C. heD. himself。

语言学导论试题及答案

语言学导论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言C. 语言现象D. 语言规则答案：B2. 语言学中，研究语言结构的分支学科是？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 句法学D. 语用学答案：C3. 以下哪个选项不是语言学的子学科？A. 语音学B. 词汇学C. 语义学D. 逻辑学答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C5. 以下哪个术语是描述单词在特定语境中的意义？A. 语法意义B. 词义C. 语义D. 语用意义答案：D6. 语言的音素和字母之间的关系是？A. 一一对应B. 多对一C. 一对多D. 没有固定关系答案：D7. 以下哪个选项是描述语言随时间演变的学科？A. 社会语言学B. 历史语言学C. 心理语言学D. 神经语言学答案：B8. 语言的地域变体被称为？A. 语种B. 方言C. 语言D. 语言变体答案：B9. 以下哪个术语是描述语言的交际功能？A. 语言能力B. 语言表现C. 语言使用D. 语言结构答案：C10. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中的作用和影响的学科是？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 历史语言学答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的创始人是________。

答案：费迪南德·德·索绪尔2. 语言的四个基本功能包括表达、信息、社交和________。

答案：情感3. 语言的________性是指它能够传递新信息。

答案：创造性4. 语言的________性是指它能够传递旧信息。

答案：习惯性5. 语言学中，研究语言和思维关系的学科是________。

答案：心理语言学6. 语言的________性是指它能够跨越时间和空间进行交流。

答案：传递性7. 语言的________性是指它能够表达复杂的概念。

答案：表达性8. 语言学中，研究语言在大脑中如何被处理的学科是________。

语言学导论课后答案

语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice_____ linguistic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic______ linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer asynchronic______ approach to a diachronic______ one.2. speech______ and writing______ are the two major media of linguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech______ language as the primary medium of human language.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to bedescriptive_______; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive______.4. langue______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, andparole______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary_______ vocal symbols used for human communication______.6. competence______ can be defined as the ideal user?s knowledge of the rules of his language, andperformance______ can be defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary______ in the sense that there is no intrinsic本质的 connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal______.9. language is productive______ or creative in that its users can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement______ means.11. the study of language as a whole is often calledgeneral______ linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic______ study of language______.13. duality of structures is also referred to as double______ articulation结构双重性______.ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework.( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over asynchronic one.( ) 7. “language is a system” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought tobe said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. ciii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics______ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory_______ phonetics, which studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic______ phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal_______ cords______ results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing______”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad_____ transcription while the latter is called narrow______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated ______ and in the case of spit, the [p] sound isunaspirated______.7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels______ and consonants______.8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless______.9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops_______, fricatives_______, affricates______, liquids______,nasals_______, glides______. in terms of place of articulation, the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial______, labiodental ______, dental______, alveolar______, palatal______, velar______, glottal______ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front______, central______, and back ______ according to which part of the tongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______ vowels, semi close______ vowels, semi open ______ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded ______ vowels and most back vowels are rounded ______.13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense______ vowels and the lax______ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone______ in a certain phonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called theallophones______ of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic______ contrast______. if they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary_______ distribution______.17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal______ pair______.19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential______ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns _____, main______ verbs, adjectives______, adverbs______, numerals ______ and demonstrative______ pronouns; the other categories of words like articles______, person______ pronouns, auxiliary______ verbs, preposition______, and conj unctions______ are usually not stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is called a diphthong______.26. speech______ sounds are sounds that convey meaning in human communication.27. ipa is the short form for international______phonetic______ alphabet______ or i______ p______ association______.28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels______. the english glides are _w _____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive与众不同的______ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is ____.a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _________.a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys:blank-filling1.phonetics2.rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6.aspirated, unaspirated7.vowels, consonants8.voiceless9.stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10.front, central, back11.close, semi-close, semi-open, open12.uounded, rounded13.tense, lax14.phone15.allophones16.phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17.minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctivemultiple choice1-5abbactrue or false judgement2.f3.t4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o______ class words since we can regularly add new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c______ class words since new words are not usually added to them.2. m______ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw______, and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally calledm______.4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. such morphemes are called p______; other morphemes occur only after other morphemes, such morphemes are calleds______.5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemesa new word is formed, such morphemes are called d______ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i______ morphemes.【篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】>一、名词解释1、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。

当代语言学导论课文重点重点词汇考试内容课后习题答案

1.Human superiority lies in his unique endowment天赋—the ability to talk, or rather, tocommunicate by means of language.nguage is a vehicle of power, for control, for creation. And for change.3.The study of human language is called linguistics.nguage is the system of human communication which consists of the structuredarrangement of sounds(or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, sentences, utterances.5.Varieties of language: Any particular language is in essence a set of varieties. There are localvarieties区域变体–dialects and accents(the former differ from each other in pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar; the latter only in pronunciation ), social varieties—sociolects 社会方言(=social dialects , used by people of different classes, ages, or sexes ), historical varieties—registers语域(e.g. formal English, scientific English), and even individual varieties—idiolects个人语言. Usually a language has an officially declared or generally considered standard dialect(e.g. Putonghua in China, General American in the US)6.Prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value thanothers.7.Descriptivism is the policy of describing languages as they are bound to exist. Usages ofdifferent varieties should be observed and recorded instead of being judged with some imposed norms.8.Plato’s problem: How can every human being develop a rich system of linguistic knowledgeon the basis of limited and fragmentary empirical evidence?9.Plato held that there was a universally correct and acceptable logic of language for man tofollow in expressing his ideas.10.Aristotle argued that knowledge of language was arrived at by convention and agreement ofthe speakers of a given language.11.In ancient China, Xun Zi reasoned that a name was accepted through public agreement, andthe appropriateness of naming a thing lay in convention.12.According to Chomsky, knowledge of language is the result of interaction of UG and laterexperience.13.(Ferdinand de) Saussure advocated the diversion of the focus of linguistic study fromdiachronic to synchronic.14.Chomsky’s epistemology of the knowledge of language foes as follows:1)Every human being has the language competence能力, because he has the inborn UGwhich other species lack.2)UG is the initial state of the human language faculty语言器官/机制which alone cannotenable a human baby to speak. A baby needs to be exposed to the linguistic environment of a certain language and accumulate experience.3)Due to the effect of later experience, the baby’s mind develops from the initial state intothe steady state, which corresponds to the competence of speaking a specific human language.15.Behaviorists’ or empiricists’ opinions are identical 统一的，同一的with Aristotle’s.16.Connectionism/ emergentism argues that the mental neural mechanisms responsible forboth lexical and grammatical processing are not unique to language.17.diachronic: focus on the comparison between languages and the exploration of the historicalchange and variation of some ancient languages./ of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of time18.synchronic: research of the facts of language agreed upon or shared by he members oflanguage community at a given point in time./ concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents19.Galilean thesis ”nature is perfect”20.Fossilization is a process in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part ofthe way a person speaks a second language.21.Three adequacies:observational adequacydescriptive adequacyexplanatory adequacy(provide a descriptively adequate grammar for every natural language, and does so in terms of maximally constrained set of universal principles which represent psychologically plausible natural principles of mental computation.)22.A theory in science must not be pure speculation but testable at observational, descriptive,and explanatory levels.23.Science tells us that nature is a physical continuum连续体, which does not break itself intophysics, chemistry, psychology, linguistics…; these disciplines 学科are not facts but our decisions.24.Plato asserted that there was a”legislator” who gave the correct, natur al name toeverything, and languages belonged to states but not to individuals.25.J.G. Herder pointed out that babies’ cry is a sort of natural sounds , which could neverdevelop into a language.26.A cornerstone of science is Galilean’s intuition that nature is perfect.27.Sir William Johns first proposed that a language in South Asia be a relative of many Europeanlanguages .28.The origin of language as a topic was banned by the Linguistic Society of Paris founded in1866.29.In accordance with the three phases just mentioned, phonetics is divided into threesub-fields. Articulatory phonetics发音语音学studies speech production by the speech organs; acoustic phonetics声学语音学studies physical properties of speech sounds, the way sounds travel from the speaker to the hearer; and auditory phonetics听觉语音学studies the perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system.30.A “sound”people say they produce is actually a combination of sounds called a syllable,which is often related to a chest pulse.31.The place of articulation refers to the point in the vocal tract at which the main closure ornarrowing is made so as to modify the flow of air from the chest to the mouth in producing a sound.32.The manner of articulation refers to the type of constriction收缩or movement that occursat any place of articulation.33.The production of different speech sounds through the use of these organs is known asarti culation.34.Vibration 颤动35.Adam’s apple area 喉结36.Consonants are sounds made by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing from whichair cannot escape without producing audible friction摩擦, and vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips.37.Bilabial双唇音, formed by bringing the lips together , e. g. [ p ] , [ m] . Here the function oflips is somewhat complicated: they both can be regarded as the active and passivearticulat ors simultaneously.bi o-dental唇齿音, formed by the lower lip against the upper teeth, e . g. [ f] .39.Dental齿音, formed by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, e . g. [ð].40.Alveolar齿龈音, formed by placing the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge,e. g. [ t ] .41.Palatal腭音, formed by the front of the tongue against the hard palate, namely, the roof ofthe mouth, e . g. [ j] .42.Palato- alveolar腭龈音, formed midway between the places of articulation for palatals andalveolars: the blade ( and sometimes the tip) of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, with a simultaneous raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate , e. g.[ʃ] .43.Velar软腭音, formed by the back of the tongue against the soft palate, e. g. [ k] .44.Glottal声门音, formed by the vocal cords coming together t o cause a closure or friction, e .g.[ h] .45.Retrofle卷舌音, formed when the apex of the tongue is curled back in the direction of thehard palate, as heard in many Indian English accents.46.Uvular小舌音, formed by the back of the tongue against the uvula, as heard in some accentsof French.47.Pharyngeal咽音, formed in the pharynx, the part of the throat above the larynx. Specifically,the front wall of t he pharynx articulates with the back wall , as hear d in Arabic .ans in the vocal tract, such as the lips, teeth, or hard palate, are called articulators.49.Consonants are also classified according to the manner of articulation, concerning whichphoneticians tend to consider several factors .50.The first factor is the degree of the constriction of airflow. At least six main classes can bedistinguished in English:51.Plosive爆破音, formed by completely closing the air passage and suddenly removing theobstacle , so that the air escapes making an explosive sound, e. g. [ p] ,[ d] . It belongs toa broader category called “stop” which includes closures produced by air streams not fromthe lungs , as encountered in some southern African languages.52.Nasal鼻音, formed with the soft palate lowered, thus allowing air to resonate in the nose,e . g. [ m] .53.Affricate塞擦音, a consonant which starts as a plosive, but instead of ending with plosion,ends with a fricative made in the same place, e. g. [tʃ ] .54.Liquid流音, formed by some obstruction of the air stream in the mouth, which seems notenough to cause any real constrict ion or friction, e. g. [ l] , [ r ]. [ l] is cal led a lateral liquid, because in making it, an obstacle is placed in the middle of the mouth, leaving the air free to escape at one or both sides.55.Fricative擦音, formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air inescaping makes audible frication. e. g. [ f] , [ z] . Some fricatives are also cal led sibilants齿擦音, which are made with a groove- like structure in the front part of the tongue, producing a kind of hissing sound, e. g. [ s] , [ʃ] .56.Glide滑音, sometimes called semi -vowel because it is typically produced with the tonguemoving, or “gliding”, to or from the position of a nearby vowel, e.g. [ h] , [ w] .57.The second factor is voicing. Voice is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.58.The third factor is aspiration. This is the sound of air rushing through the vocal tract, usuallyfound after the release of plosive consonants in some situation.59.Different vowels result from changing the shape of the mouth; all of them are voicedcontinuous sounds.60.[i:] close vowels , [a:] open vowels, [e] semi-closed vowels, [ɔ:] semi-open vowels61.Four rounded vowels: [u:] [u] [ɔ:] [ɔ], they are all back vowels.62.[a:]is the only English back vowel that occurs without lip rounding.63.There is another interesting rule: all the long vowels( e.g. [i:] [u:])are tense vowels紧元音,and all the short vowels ([i] [u]) are lax vowels松元音.64.Every vowel constitutes a single syllable. The vowel can be a monophthong, a diphthong, oreven a triphthong that contains three distinctive qualities, e.g.[ai ə]. However, not every syllable contains a vowel. The second syllable of the word little[litl] has no vowel after the plosive [t] but a liquid [l].65.Phonemes have no meaning of themselves, but they are the smallest linguistic unit, whosechange will lead to the change of meaning. A phoneme is defined as the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.66.Allophone is the phonetic variant of a phoneme, which can be substituted of anotherwithout bring about a change of meaning.67.Phoneme用//; allophone用[]68.A phonetic property特性，特质that distinguishes phonemes from one another is called adistinctive feature.69.Phonetics is more specifically the study of how speech sounds are produced, what theirphysical properties are, and how they are interpreted.70.Phonology, is a description of the sounds of a particular language and the rules governingthe distribution of those sounds. Furthermore, phonology is also concerned with the universal properties of natural language sound systems and aims at revealing the general principles of the sound patterns of all languages.71.Pitch is the auditory sensation of the height of a sound.72.There are two ways in which languages make use of pitch variations in speech.1)In languages such as English, French, and German, regular sequences of different pitchescharacterize stretches of speech between pauses and are known collectively as intonation. The differences of intonation may correlate with different types of utterances.2)In languages such as Chinese , Vietnamese, Thai, and Zulu, pitch differences help todistinguish one word from another and may be the only differentiating feature between two or more words whose composition is the same in terms of consonants and vowels.Pitch differences used in these ways are called tones and these languages are called tone languages.73.Stress, pitch, tone and intonation are also called suprasegmentals超切分音位because theyrelate to aspects of pronunciation that go beyond the production of individual segments.rynx喉: the beginning of the vocal tract, containing the vocal cords.75.Pharynx咽: the tube-like passage in the throat which connects the larynx to the upper partof the vocal tract.76.Vocal cords声带：two muscular folds in the larynx that vibrate as a source of sound.77.Soft palate 软腭：the backward continuation of the roof of the mouth, which can be loweredto let air pass through the nose.78.Hard palate 硬腭：the roof of the mouth79.Alveolar ridge 齿龈脊：the bony prominence behind the upper front teeth.80.Trachea 气管：the passage between lungs and larynx.81.Segment is the smallest unit that can be identified in continuous speech.82.A syllable cannot contain more than one vowels. Even if a diphthong or thiphthong iscontained, it is still a single vowel, pronounced within one chest pulse.83.Words are not the smallest unit of meaning. They are composed of smaller units of meaning,called morphemes. Morphemes are the minimal language units.Morphology deals with word structure. Many words are themselves morphemes, such as big and book. They cannot be broken into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning. We call them free morphemes—morphemes that can stand alone as a word. Many other words are created by joining together two morphemes, e.g. blackboard, in which the two morphemes black and board can be recognized as meaningful words by themselves. So they are also free morphemes .84.Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme , which occurs only when attached toanother morpheme, such as -ly in happily and un- in unhappy.The function of an affix can be derivational派生的，衍生的or inflectional屈折的. A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root to form a new word that differs, usually, in its part-of-speech词性classification. For example, when the suffix -ness is added to the adjective happy, the noun happiness is formed.85.Prefixes as derivational morphemes usually change the basic meaning of a word but do notchange its part- of-speech classification .（即系本来系动词就系动词）86.An inflectional morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties associated with nounsand verbs, such as gender , number , case, and tense. Unlike highly inflected languages such as Latin , English has very few inflectional morphemes. In English, the inflectional morphemes are all suffixes. The suffix -s, which indicates plurality in nouns as well as the third-person singular in verbs, is an inflectional morpheme ; the past tense suffix -ed, which is added to verbs, is another .87.According to Wilhelm von Humboldt , languages of the world can be classifiedmorphologically into three types: isolating, inflecting, and agglutinating.88.An isolating language is also called an analytic language or root language, in which all thewords are invariable. Chinese, Vietnamese and Samoan are typical cases. An inflecting language is also called a synthetic language or fusional language, in which grammatical relationships are expressed by changing the internal structure of the words—typically by the use of inflectional endings which express several grammatical meanings at once. Latin, Greek, and Arabic are clear cases. An agglutinating language is also called agglutinativelanguage, in which a word typically consists of a neat linear sequence of morphemes, all clearly recognizable. Turkish, Finnish, Japanese, and Swahili are usual cases.pounding is a process that forms new words not by means of affixes but from two ormore independent words. Compounds are different from phrases in that they symbolize an integrated整体的concept.90.There are different semantic relationships within the morphemes comprising a compound.91.Idiomatic 惯用的，成语的expressions: metaphoric(e.g. I’m really tied up无法分身.)，allusive(e.g. the ruling party met its Waterloo 毁灭性的打击in the new election.), a majority are institutionalized.92.Morphology is the study of word-making and word-marking. On the one hand, morphologyexamines relationships between words and the ways in which these connections are indicated. On the other, morphology looks at how grammatical relationships between words are marked. Different languages focus on different word relationships, and they make use of different patterns of marking.93.The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, iscalled morphology.94.Words are not the most elemental sound-meaning units. The most elemental grammaticalunits in a language are morphemes.95.Bound morphemes like “a-”, “pre-”, “-ly”, “-ness”, which have only grammatical meanings,are limited in number, about 100 in English.pounds are different from phrases in that they symbolize an integrated concept.Phonologically, they have primary stress on the first word only, while individual words in phrases have independent primary stress .97.Modern linguistic research suggests that language is intrinsically 内在的，本质的less literalthan we have always assumed. It is abundant in idiomatic expressions .nguages of the world can be classified morphologically into three types: isolating,inflecting, and agglutinating.99.The tree relationship is non-linear but hierarchical.100.Family tree sequence次序—top-down; syntactic tree sequence—bottom-up.101.The bottom-up process in sentence production is called merging合并.102.A head of a phrase is the key word which determines the properties of the phrase.103.The I( inflectional morpheme) plays an essential role in merging an NP and a VP into a sentence.104.Besides a labeled tree-diagram, this hierarchically arranged structure with in a sentence can also be represented in the form of labeled bracketing.105.There are two groups of syntactical categories: lexical categories and functional categories.All the content words, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, belong to lexical categories ; on the other hand, any word or morpheme which has no descriptive content and which serves an essentially grammatical function belongs to a functional category. A functional category plays a role like glue in combining content words into phrases and phrases into a sentence .106.XP can be defined as the maximal projection headed by X, and X itself, i. e. the head, as the minimal projection.107.I is a category devised by Chomsky whose members include not only inflectionalmorphemes but also finite auxiliaries限定助动词( which are inflected for tense / agreement ) , and the infinitival particle to.108.When a constituent is made the topic of a sentence, it may be moved into a more prominent position at the front of the sentence. This process is called topicalization话题化—A device which marks sth as a topic by simply moving the topic to the front of the sentence, as in This book I can’t recommend.109.Syntax is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationship among their component parts.110.In the VP draw a tree, draw is the head of the phrase while a tree is the complement. 111.A phrase is the projection of the head. XP can be defined as the projection headed by X, X’ , as the intermediate projection, and X itself, i . e. the head , as the minimal projection. 112.According to X-bar theory, head X can either be a lexical category, such as nouns and verbs, or a functional category.113.In the skeleton骨架，框架of XP, SPEC stands for specifier and COMP stands for complement. SPEC and X’ are sisters. So are X and COMP.114.IP refers to inflectional phrase. I, a functional category, includes not only inflectional morphemes but also finite auxiliaries, and the infinitival particle to.115.CP refers to complementizer phrase and can be found in analysis of complex sentence as well as wh-questions and topicalization.116.When we put a sentence in out mind by reading or listening, our mind will immediately treat it as a set of meaning units, called propositions.117.An intransitive verb—1 NP—the subject(external argument); a simple transitive verb—2 NPs—subject(external argument) and object(internal argument); a ditransitive verb 双宾语动词---3 NPs—subject(EA), direct object and indirect object(IA); an unusual verb in English, rain, requires no NPs.118.NPs required by a verb are called its arguments论元.119.A verb very often permits some further phrases, which are optional. These optional phrases are adjuncts附加成分，修饰成分, which are expressed most often as prepositional phrases or adverbial phrases in English.120.Theta theory(orθ-theory)题元角色is concerned with assigning指定thematic roles（θ-role）论旨角色to the arguments of verbs.121.Theta-roles:1)Agent: instigator发起者of some action. E.g. John threw the ball.2)Theme: entity实体，实质undergoing the effect of some action. Often a theme isaccusative宾格(and can be called a patient as well), e.g. John hit the cat; however, it is nominative主格with a few verbs like fall, die, etc. e.g. The cat (accusative)died.3)Experiencer: entity experiencing some psychological state. E.g. John was happy.4)Benefactive: entity benefiting from some action. E.g. Mary bought some chocolate forJohn.5)Recipient: entity receiving some entity. E.g. John got Mary a present(patient).6)Instrument: means by which sth comes about. E.g. Joanna dug the garden with a spade.7)Locative: place in which sth is situated. E.g. John put the washing in the bin.8)Goal: entity towards which sth moves. E.g. Mary passed the plate to John.9)Source: entity from which sth moves. E.g. John returned from London.122.Theta theory enables us to reveal some semantic differences that are not reflected in the syntactic structure demonstrated by X-bar tree diagrams.123.As for verbs, the lexicon contains information about their transitivity, their argument structure , and the theta roles that can be assigned to their arguments.124.和动词最密切的是theme，及物动词的theme是object，不及物动词的theme是subject? 125.The output of the grammatical system consists of two levels of description: the phonetic description for the generated sentence to be spoken out ; the semantic description which logically represents the meaning the speaker would like to convey through uttering the sentence.126.Logicians have long been concerned with formulating representations for the semantic structure of sentences, or more correctly propositions. NPs required by a verb are called its arguments. A proposition comprises a predicate V and a set of arguments. In addition to its arguments , a verb very often permits some optional phrases which are called adjuncts. 127.The internal argument of a verb has to be realized inside the maximal projection of that verb.The external argument of a verb is not contained in the maximal projection of that verb .For example, in John [ (VP) buys books ] , John is the external argument and books is the internal argument of the verb buy.128.E ach verb may have none or one internal argument( s) . Each verb may have none, one or more internal argument(s).129.Each argument is assigned one and only one theta/ thematic role. Each theta/thematic role is assigned to one and only one argument.nguage is symbolic, but not all symbols belong to language. In addition to symbols, there are icons and indexes which also convey meaning. Picasso is an icon of modernism; smoke is an index of fire. Such relationships are beyond the reach of semantics. They are the research objects of a more general field called semiotics, which investigates the types of relationships that may exist between a sign and the object it represents . Semantics can be regarded as a part of this extensive effort, with its particular emphasis on linguistic meaning.Therefore, John I. Saeed, a contemporary authority in this field, proposes a more proper definition: semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language.nguage is the vehicle, and meaning is the cargo.132.Every argument has a theta role assigned from the predicate according to the theory.133.Semantic features are defined as a class of theoretical constructs developed in analogy to the distinctive features of phonology—they are considered to be the smallest semantic units for the description of linguistic expressions and their semantic relations.134.She was the only man in her cabinet.Man---hard, iron handy. The word man is used as a metaphor. When a word is used as a metaphor, it will not keep all the features of its conceptual meaning, but will highlight a certain associative property of its connotative meaning, according to Leech.135.Saussurean arbitrariness, which claims that the relationship between a linguistic sign( signifier) and its content ( signified) is arbitrary.136.According to Ogden and Richards, the “symbol” refers to the linguistic elements(word, sent ence, etc.), the”referent” refer s to the object in the world of experience, and the “thought”“reference” refers to concept or notion.Ogden& Richards’ Semantic Triangle137.Most signs have at least one normal, “common sense” meaning, called the sign’ denotaion, is shared among many people and is the most widely used meaning of the sign. But signs may also have many different ”subjective”meanings that arise from each individual’ personal experiences. These are called the connotations of the sign.138.Meaning falls into at l east two categories--denotative and connotative. A concept in an individual’s mind is mostly the connotative meaning, formed through one’s perception of some features of the object a sign refers to. The denotative meaning is not necessarily generated in such a process, but has long been an agreement among all the people in a community.139.Pierce’s“Semiotic Triangle”Charles S. Pierce is generally acknowledged as an important pioneer in the study of signs.Perception--the ongoing group of bodily processes by which human beings receive data about their environmentsExperience--the memory of previous perceptions and concepts, which is constantly being altered or “updated” by new experienceConvention--the constantly changing social “rules of meaning” that unify groups of people within their communication environments.140.Some semantic properties of the words we use to think and talk about the world are automatically captured by the resources of our human minds.141.All these dimensions of internalized semantic knowledge, namely a)synonymy同义,b)contradiction反义, c)entailment蕴含, d) presupposition前提, e) ambiguity,f)inclusive-exclusive distinction, g) metaphorical interpretation, h) infelicity不恰当, can beattributed to properties of I-meaning proposed by Chomsky ( 2000 ).142.The semantic properties of words are used to think and talk about the world in terms of the perspectives made available by the resources of the mind.143.I-meaning is the human genetic faculty in calculating the logic in meaning ( e. g.presupposition, entailment.. . ) .144.The real meaning in communication is contextual meaning. Without context, a sentence conveys only literal information.145.Words or expressions that have identical meanings are called synonyms.146.Words or phrases that have opposite meanings are called antonyms.147.When a word has two or more meanings that are at least vaguely related to each other, it is called a polysemy多义词. For example, “leaf” can refer to “a part of a tree” and also “a sheet of paper”.148.When words have a single phonetic form but two or more entirely different meanings, they are called homophones同音字，同音异形异义词. For example，“bank”can mean “a commercial lending institution” and ”a small cliff at the edge of a rive”.149.When words have two kinds of meanings: denotative and connotative. Denotative meaning is precise, literal, and object. You can find a word’s denotative from a dictionary.150.Connotative meaning is more variable, figurative比喻的, and subjective. It is whatever the word suggests or implies. Connotative meaning includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that a word touches off in different people .151.The relation of entailment that holds between ”chase” and “follow” is based on properties of I-meaning.。

语言学课后练习

语言学教程(修订版) 练习参考答案修订版第一章语言学导论 1第二章语音 3第三章词汇 8第四章句法 11第五章语义 15第六章语言与思维 18第七章语言、文化与社会 20第八章语用 21第九章语言与文学 24第十章语言与计算机 25第十一章语言学与外语教学 28第十二章现代语言学的学派与理论 30第一章语言学导论1. Define the following terms:1) design features: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2) function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).Language functions include informative function (also ideational function), interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.3) etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviorsly inconsequential, differentiations, just as was often the case with phonetic vs. phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4) emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.5) synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixedinstant(usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.6) diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7) prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.8) descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.9) arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, whichrefers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning(2) At the syntactic level(3) Arbitrariness and convention (convention: the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning)10) duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.11) displacement: one design feature of human language, which means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.12) phatic communion: one function of human language, which refersto the social interaction of language.13) metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.14) macrolinguistics: The interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.15) competence: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.16) performance: the actual use of language in concretesituations.(Chomsky, 1965:3)17) langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.18) parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of language that each gives.After carefully comparing the definitions, write a paper discussingwhich points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differences among the definitions.All the definitions should not exclude the description of design features that have been mentioned in this course book. Also it will be better if other design features, say, interchangeability or cultural transmission is included. But it seems impossible to give an unimpeachable definition on language, because the facets people want to emphasize are seldom unanimous. To compare several definitions can make you realize where the argument is.3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?Not really. Onomatopoeia is at most suggestive of the natural sounds they try to capture. They are arbitrary as signifiers.Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. For example, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? (Bolinger, 1981: 15)Yes. Changing the order of the two clauses may change the meaningof the sentence, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators such as “before” or “after” will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combinedfreely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, red—stop, green—go and yellow—get ready to go or stop.7. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.8. Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple?Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication.It is decided by their shared design features.9. Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese?Some of the typical phatic expressions in Chinese are: 吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？最近都挺好的？10. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I. (B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who did you speak to? (B) Whom did you speak to?You should say B instead of A.(A) I haven't done anything. (B) I haven't done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal andI is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.11. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept “communicative competence”?This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories.It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.12. Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidlyin China and why? (up to you)13. There are many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users. Can you think of some of them?Ethnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state changes within the individual, such as intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness.14. What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies?(1) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Noam Chomsky: Reflections on Language. 1975: 4)(2) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a varietyof different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”; and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an accountof the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation.(M. A. K. Halliday, 1970: 142)The first quote shows children’s inborn ability of acquir ing the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.附：1. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence following the example in section 1.3.3.Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that…2. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor bu t honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings?When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking.A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.3. There are many expressions in language which are metalingual or self-reflexives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking,for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions? When do we use them most often?To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to saySuch expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in anther way in argumentation.第二章语音1. Define the following terms:1) articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds.2) coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is know as anticipatory coarticulation.If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation, as is the case of map.3) Voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds.When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be “voiced”. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily, the sound produced is said to be “voiceless”. When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop [?]4) Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.5) consonant: consonants are sound segments produced byconstricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.6) phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.7) vowel: vowels are sound segments produced without obstruction of the vocal tract, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.8) allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity.9) manner of articulation: in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.10) place of articulation: the point where an obstruction to the flow of air is made in producing a consonant.11) distinctive features: a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. (suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s)12) complementary distribution: the relation between two speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.13) IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 2005.14) suprasegmental: suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.2. Answer the following questions.1) What organs are involved in speech production?Quite a few human organs are involved in the production of speech: the lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.The pharynx, mouth, and nose form the three cavities of the vocal tract. Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy. In most circumstances, the airstream comes from the lungs. It is forced out of the lungs and then passes through the bronchioles and bronchi, a series of branching tubes, into the trachea. Then the air is modified at various points in various ways in the larynx, and in theoral and nasal cavities: the mouth and the nose are often referred to, respectively, as the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.Inside the oral cavity, we need to distinguish the tongue and various parts of the palate, while inside the throat, we have to distinguish the upper part, called pharynx, from the lower part, known as larynx. The larynx opens into a muscular tube, the pharynx, part of which can be seen in a mirror. The upper part of the pharynx connects to the oral and nasal cavities.The contents of the mouth are very important for speech production. Starting from the front, the upper part of the mouth includes the upper lip, the upper teeth, the alveolar ridge, the hard palate, the soft palate (or the velum), and the uvula. The soft palate can be lowered toallow air to pass through the nasal cavity. When the oral cavity is at the same time blocked, a nasal sound is produced.The bottom part of the mouth contains the lower lip, the lower teeth, the tongue, and the mandible.At the top of the trachea is the larynx, the front of which is protruding in males and known as the “Adam’s Apple”. The larynx contains the vocal folds, also known as “vocal cords” or “vocal bands”, a nd the ventricular folds. The vocal folds are a pair of structure that lies horizontally below the latter and their front ends are joined together at the back of the Adam’s Apple. Their rear ends, however, remain separated and can move into various positions: inwards, outwards, forwards, backwards, upwards and downwards.2) How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved. For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips andits final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: (a) the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract, and (b) where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. The former is known as the Manner of Articulationand the latter as the Place of Articulation.The Manner of Articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished: (a) the articulators may close off the oral tract foran instant or a relatively long period; (b) they may narrow the space considerably; or (c) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.The Place of Articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between thelips and the vocal folds. Eleven places of articulation aredistinguished on the IPA chart.As the vowels cannot be described in the same way as the consonants, a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart, are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.The cardinal vowels are abstract concepts. If we imagine that for the production of [@] the tongue is in a neutral position (neither high nor low, neither front nor back), the cardinal vowels are as remote as possible from this neutral position. They represent extreme points of a theoretical vowel space: extending the articulators beyond this space would involve friction or contact. The cardinal vowel diagram (or quadrilateral) in the IPA is therefore a set of hypothetical positionsfor vowels used as reference points.The front, center, and back of the tongue are distinguished, as are four levels of tongue height: the highest position the tongue canachieve without producing audible friction (high or close); the lowestposition the tongue can achieve (low or open); and two intermediate levels, dividing the intervening space into auditorily equivalent areas (mid-high or close -mid, and mid-low or open-mid).3) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Imagine that the speech sound is articulated by a Speaker A. It is then transmitted to and perceived by a Listener B. Consequently, a speech sound goes through a three-step process: speech production, sound transmission, and speech perception.Naturally, the study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process: Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds, Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, and Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds inthem, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.4) What is assimilation?The change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called “contact” or “contiguous” assimilation.3. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1) [e]2) [?]3) [?]4) [d]5) [p]6) [k]7) [l]8) [?]9) [u?]10) [?]1) voiced dental fricative2) voiceless postalveolar fricative3) velar nasal4) voiced alveolar stop/plosive5) voiceless bilabial stop/plosive6) voiceless velar stop/plosive7) (alveolar) lateral8) high front unrounded lax vowel9) high back rounded tense vowel10) low back rounded lax vowel注：lax:短音，tense: 长音4. In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shown by the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.A B Cbite [b??t] bide [ba?d] tie [ta?]rice [r??s] rise [ra?z] by [ba?]type [t??p] bribe [bra?b] sigh [sa?]wife [w??f] wives [wa?vz] die [da?]tyke [t??k] time [ta?m] why [wa?]nine [na?n]tile [ta?l]tire [ta?r]writhe [ra?e]1) How may the classes of sounds that end the words in columns A and B be characterized?All the sounds that end the words in column A are voiceless ([ - voiced ]) and all the sounds that end the words in column B arevoiced([ + voiced ]).2) How do the words in column C differ from those in columns A and B?The words in column C are all open syllables, i.e. they end in vowels.3) Are [??] and [a?] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.The two sounds are in complementary distribution because [??]appear before voiceless consonants and [a?] occurs before voiced consonants and in open syllables.4) What are the phonetic transcriptions of (a) life and (b) lives?Life [l??f] lives[la?vz]5) What would the phonetic transcriptions of the following words be?(a) trial (b) bike (c) lice (d) fly (e) mine(a) [tra?l] (b) [b??k] (c) [l??s] (d) [fla?] (e) [ma?n]6) State the rule that will relate the phonemic representations to the phonetic transcriptions of the words given above./a?/ →[??] / _____[–voice][a?] in other places5. What is the rule that underlies the past tense forms of the regular verbs in English? Collect some data and state the rule.d→ id/t /[ - voiced ]d elsewherecons: continual. 附：Low(1) /p/→[p]/[s]__________/p/在[s]后发音为[p][p] elsewhere/p/在其它地方发音为[p](2) /l/→[l]/__________V/l/在元音前发音为[l] (alveolar)[?]/V__________/l/在元音后发音为[?] (lateral)(3) f, v; , ; s, z;Fricatives and affricatives in English may be assimilated in voicing.(4) /v/→[f]voiced fricative →voiceless/__________voiceless在清音间前摩擦音变为清音(5) Nasalization rule[ - nasal] →[ + nasal]/__________ [ + nasal](6) Dentalization rule[ - dental] →[ + dental]/__________ [ + dental](7) Velarization rule[ - velar] →[ + velar]/__________[ + velar](8) → [n]/[]__________Va在元音前发音为[n] (an)(9) a. The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.b. The /z/ appears after voiced sounds. (All vowels are voiced.)c. The /z/ appears after sibilants.(10) z → s /[ - voice, C]__________ (Devoicing浊音变清音)(11) → /sibilant__________ z (Epenthesis插音)(12) a. // + // b.// + // c.// + //N/A N/A Epenthesiss N/A N/A Devoicingbdz kesz Output(13)a. [ - voiced, - cont] → [ - spread]/s______b. [ + spread]spread: aspirated.(14) Syllabic structure of clasp(15) Sonority scale:Most sonorous醒目的 5 Vowels4 Approximants3 Nasals2 FricativesLost sonorous 1 Stops(16) clasp(18) *lkaps。

现代语言学前五章课后习题答案

Chapter 1 Introduction1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study oflanguage. 请解释以下语言学的定义:语言学是对语言的科学研究。

Linguistics investigates not any particular languagebut languages in general.Linguistic study is scientific because it is baxxxxsed on the systematic investigation of authentic language data.No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually usedformulating some hypothesesand testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.语言学研究的不是任何特定的语言，而是一般的语言。

语言研究是科学的，因为它是建立在对真实语言数据的系统研究的基础上的。

只有在语言学家做了以下三件事之后，才能得出严肃的语言学结论:观察语言的实际使用方式，提出一些假设，并用语言事实检验这些假设的正确性。

1.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?语言学的主要分支是什么?他们每个人都研究什么?Phonetics-How speech sounds are produced and classified语音学——语音是如何产生和分类的Phonology-How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning音系学——声音如何形成系统和功能来传达意义Morphology-How morphemes are combined to form words形态学——词素如何组合成单词Sytax-How morphemes and words are combined to form sentences句法学-词素和单词如何组合成句子Semantics-The study of meaning ( in abstraction)语义学——意义的研究(抽象)Pragmatics-The study of meaning in context of use语用学——在使用语境中对意义的研究Sociolinguistics-The study of language with reference to society社会语言学——研究与社会有关的语言Psycholinguistics-The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind心理语言学:研究与大脑活动有关的语言Applied Linguistics-The application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning应用语言学——语言学原理和理论在语言教学中的应用1.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?现代语言学与传统语法有何不同?Modern linguistics is descxxxxriptive;its investigations are baxxxxsed on authenticand mainly spoken language data.现代语言学是描述性的，它的研究是基于真实的，主要是口语数据。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案黎神华桂林电子科技大学Laｎguａge toucｈeｓeverｙparｔoｆour ｌｉves; it ｇｉvｅs woｒds to用言语表达ouｒthougｈts, voｉce ｔo our ｉｄｅas,and expｒｅssiｏn to ouｒfｅelinｇｓ．Iｔｉｓa rｉch aｎｄｖaｒｉeｄhｕman ability—oｎe that wｅcａn uｓe wｉthouｔevｅｎａｔｈougｈt，that ｃhildren seem to ａcquｉre ａuｔomaｔｉcalｌｙ, and that ｌinｇｕists hａveｆound tｏbe complex yet describａble.语言贯穿于我们生活的全部，予我们的思维以言辞，予我们的理念以话语,予我们的情感以表述。

它是一种人类所拥有的丰富而多样的能力—想用就用,无须思索；天下儿童，自能习得;语言学家知其固然复杂，却可描述。

Lｉnguistics is the stｕdy ofｔｈe nａturｅ, ｓｔructure, and ｖariａｔioｎoｆlaｎguage, ｉncludｉng phonetics, phonｏlogy, morpholｏgｙ，syntax,semａｎtiｃs, and praｇmatics.语言学是研究语言的本质、结构和变化的科学,包括有语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学。

Liｎguistｉｃkｎｏｗｌedｇe as rｅpｒesented in theｓpeａｋeｒ’s ｍind ｉs cａｌled a gramｍａr. Linｇuｉsticｔheｏry is coｎｃerｎｅｄwiｔh涉及revealiｎg揭示tｈe nature oｆthe mental graｍmaｒ心理语法which represｅntｓsｐｅａkｅrs’knowledｇe of theｉr laｎｇuaｇe．语言学知识作为说话者大脑里的表述被称为语法。

语言学理论是关于揭示表述说话者语言知识的心理语法本质的学说。

Grａmmar as viewｅd herｅis ｄifferｅnt ｆrom the ｕｓｕalｎoｔｉon概念of grammar.语法在这里被视为不同于通常语法的概念。

Grammａr is the abiliｔｙto use structｕres aｃcurateｌy精确地, mｅanｉngfｕｌly, aｎｄａｐpropｒiatelｙ.语法是一种精确而富有意义的合适使用语言结构的能力。

Phonetｉcｓ语音学providesｔhe meａns ｆor deｓｃriｂing speech sounｄ语音；phonology音位学ｓtuｄｉeｓthe waｙs in which sｐeeｃh soundｓform sysｔｅｍs and patteｒns in human lａnguage. Ｔhe phｏｎology oｆａlanguage is tｈｅｎthe ｓystem and ｐaｔterｎｏｆｔhｅspeｅcｈsoundｓ. We see ｔｈat ｔhe word phonolo ｇy is tｈｕs uｓed in ｔwoｗａys,ｅitheｒａs ｔhe study oｆsounｄpaｔternｓｉｎlａnguage ｏr as tｈe sｏuｎd pattｅrn of ａlangｕａge.语音学给描述语音提供了方法;音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。

语言的音位学,即语音的系统和模式。

我们发现音位学这个词被作为这样的两种方式来使用,一种是作为研究语言的语音模式的方式，一种是作为语言的语言模式的方式。

Morpholｏgy形态学isｔhe study of word-ｍａkingａｎd ｗｏrd-marking. Ｏn ｔhe one hａｎd, ｍorpｈoｌｏgｙexamines mｅaningｒeｌationshiｐｓbeｔweｅn ｗo ｒdｓaｎｄｔhe waｙｓｉn which thｅｓe connectiｏns are iｎdicated．On tｈe ｏther, morpholoｇy looks at研究how ｇrammaticａl rｅlationshipｓbｅｔｗeen wordｓare mａrked．Dｉfｆerent ｌanｇｕａges focus on dｉfferenｔword ｒelationships，and tｈey makｅusｅof 使用difｆｅrent patterｎｓof mａｒkiｎg.形态学是研究文字构成和文字标识的科学。

形态学既检测已被指出的文字与方式间的意义关系也研究已被标识的文字间的文法关系是怎样的一种关系。

不同的语系关注不同的文字关系和使用不同的标识模式。

Ｔｈe stuｄｙｏf thｅｉｎternalｓtｒｕcｔure ｏf woｒdｓ，ａnd ｏf thｅrｕles by which wｏrdｓarｅformｅｄ, ｉｓcａlleｄmorpholｏgy.研究文字内部结构和文字构成规则的科学被称为形态学。

Sｙｎtax句法学is the suｂfｉeld子域of lｉnｇuiｓtics that ｓtudｉｅｓthe iｎｔeｒnal structｕre of sentenｃｅｓaｎd ｔhe ｒｅlationship among theｉｒｃompｏnｅnt partｓ.句法学是研究句子内部结构和句子各部分关系的语言学子域。

More inｔｅrest ｉs tｈｅfacｔthat langｕａｇes dｉffer ｉn 在…方面存在不同ｉnfleｃｔiｏｎal曲折的ｓystｅｍs: ｃaｓe systeｍs格位系统,for exａmple.Ｗe find ｔhat theｓe are fairｌｙｒiｃh ｉｎＬatin，ｅｖen ｍｏre so更是这样in Sａnskriｔor Finnｉsh, bｕt miｎimａｌin Engｌish aｎd invisｉbｌe in Chinese.更有趣的是语言在曲折系统方面实际上存在不同,例如格位系统。

我们发现，拉丁语中这些方面相当的多,梵文或芬兰语中更是这样,然而英语中却发现极其的少，中文中甚至没有。

Chinｅse aｎd Englｉsh，fｏr example, maｙｈaｖｅthe sａmｅcase sysｔem as Lati ｎ，bｕｔthe phoｎｅtｉc realｉzatioｎis ｄifｆeｒent．Fuｒtｈermore, it ｓeemｓth ａt似乎much ｏｆ很大程度上the vａrietｙｏf ｌanguａge语言变体can be reduced t ｏ简化为ｐrｏｐertiｅs of inflectional sysｔems．例如，中文和英文可能与拉丁文有相同的格位系统,但是语音实现却不同。

此外，似乎很大程度上语言变体能简化为曲折系统性能。

Ｎormａｌly human bｅiｎgｓdｏnot ｐroducｅutterａｎｃes fｏr the sake of为了ｔｈe phoneｔic语音的, phonologｉｃal音系的anｄgｒaｍmａtical feａturｅs语法特征. Utteranceｓare proｄuced becausｅtｈeyｃonｖeｙｍeaｎｉng．通常人类不会为了语音、音系以及语法特征而产生表达。

表达的产生是为了表达意义。

Semantiｃsａsａsubfielｄof linguistｉｃsｉs ｔｈe stuｄy of meａｎing iｎlanguaｇe. Ｓemanｔｉｃs dｅａls with the meaninｇs of wordｓ, and hoｗthe mｅanings of seｎtenｃes are derｉved源于ｆrom theｍ.语义学作为语言学的子域是研究语言含义的科学。

语义学研究文字意义及句子意义的生成。

Funｃｔｉonaｌgrammａｒis ａn ａpproａcｈto linｇuistic whiｃh is ｃｏncerｎed with languａge aｓaｎinsｔrumｅnt oｆsoｃial iｎteracｔｉon ratherｔhan aｓ a sysｔem thａt ｉｓviewed iｎisｏlatｉoｎ.Ｉtｃonsｉｄerｓｔhe inｄiｖidual as a soｃｉaｌbeiｎg aｎd inveｓtｉgａtｅｓthｅｗaｙin whｉcｈｈe acｑuires language ａnd useｓｉt iｎｏrdｅｒｔo comｍｕnicatｅwith oｔhｅｒs iｎhis sociａl ｅnvｉronmｅnt.功能语法是一种语言手段,即与语言有关的一种社会互动工具，而非被视作一种孤立的系统。

它把个人看作一种社会存在来研究个人获取语言以及为了在他的社会环境中与他人交流而使用语言的方法。

Pragmaｔics is thｅbrancｈoｆｌinguisticｓｗhｉchｓtuｄiｅs hｏw utteranceｓｃomｍunｉcate meaｎing in cｏｎtext．语用学是研究如何在语境中表达交际信息的语言学分支。

Psycｈolinguｉsｔics is the study oｆｔhe inteｒrｅlatｉonshiｐｏf lａｎｇuage and tｈe mｉnd which encｏmpasses the acquisitｉon ｏf lａｎguage.心理语言学是研究与语言习得有关的大脑和语言之间的相互关系的科学。

Ｎeurｏlinguisticsｉs the stｕdｙｏf the braｉn and how it functｉons in ｔｈe producｔion，ｐｅrception, and ａcｑuisitｉon of ｌanguagｅ.神经语言学是研究大脑以及大脑在语言产出、感知和习得方面的功能作用的科学。

当代语言学导论课后练习第一题答案

语言学导论第一章答案

语言学教程习题答案第一章

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)

当代语言学的第一题英文及答案

[0181]《语言学导论》 在线作业及参考答案

语言导论试题及答案解析

语言学导论课后答案

现代英语语言学导论课后答案 温宏社主编

语言学导论课后习题答案

语言导论试题及答案详解

当代语言学的第一题英文及答案

现代英语语言学导论温宏社课后答案

语言学导论试题及答案

语言学导论课后答案

当代语言学导论 课文重点 重点词汇 考试内容 课后习题答案

语言学课后练习

现代语言学前五章课后习题答案

[0181]《语言学导论》在线作业及参考答案

现代英语语言学导论课后答案温宏社主编

当代语言学导论课文重点重点词汇考试内容课后习题答案