耶鲁公开课[1].心理学导论

我要用一个不同的演示I'll begin the class officially来正式开始这堂课的内容with a different sort of demonstration.我想给你们看一个在现实中进行的I want to just show you one of the

change-Blindness studies变化盲视实验that has been done in the real world.这些录像带没有公开发行And these videotapes are not available publicly.我们在网上找到了这些录像带We get them from the web然后用了一些java脚本来打开and see them as little java scripts.这是丹尼尔·西蒙斯So, this is one of the first studies done在康奈尔大学时所做的早期研究之一by Dan Simons when he was at cornell.他当时的导师是如今在我们系任教的And his adviser at the time was our Frank Keil,弗兰克·凯尔Who's now in our department.这就是他的研究So, here's the study.人们根本没有注意到And you don't notice it.变化盲视是实验科学家们Change blindness is one of the more striking phenomena和心理学家们所发现的discovered by laboratory scientists较为引人注意的现象之一and by psychologists.但是请大家But it's important to realize,抛开对大猩猩的惊奇to get away from the sort of surprise of the gorilla,以及人们很难看到闪过物体的and the fact that it's hard to see the flickering,这个事实the object that's flickering,理解这之中隐含的寓意是非常重要的and appreciate the big moral of this,因为我觉得这里的寓意because the big moral of this is actually, I think,实际上是非常惊人也是十分重要的striking and quite important.你觉得你正在感知着这个世界You think right now that you're perceiving the world.我在这里俯视你们I look down on you 觉得自己对每个人的位置都了如指掌and I think I have a whole sense of where everybody is.我无法看清坐在后面的每位同学I can't see everybody perfectly in back.因为你们离我太远有点模糊You're kind of far away and blurry但我还是能感知到周围的世界but there's a sense in which I have a world around me.同样如果我把眼睛闭上几秒钟Similarly, if I'm to close my eyes for a second,一切照旧everything just remains我大概能够记起一些原先的事物and I could sort of remember some of the things that are there.刚才的声音是我做的一个很好的声音定位That's really good sound localization by me.你们从下面往讲台上看So you're looking up觉得自己感知并记住了这个场景and you think you have a sense of the world both in perception and memory.而变化盲视实验则表明事实并非如此The change-blindness experiment suggested this isn't true.变化盲视实验表明The change-blindness experiment suggests that如果你盯着我看一小会if you look at me for a second而在这段时间里and during that second你所有的同学包括坐在你旁边的同学all of your classmates change positions,都换了座位including those next to you,你是很难注意到的you are extremely unlikely to notice.变化盲视实验表明The change-blindness experiment suggests如果你将目光从我身上挪到那边去that if you turn your eyes away from me towards there停留片刻然后再看回来for a second and turn back,即便我换了一身完全不同的衣服and I'm dressed entirely differently,你也不会注意到you wouldn't notice.除非你有意识地告诉自己The exceptions would be if you told yourself consciously,"记住这个人的衣着"remember what this guy is wearing;他穿的是这样那样的衣服"He's wearing this, that and the other."但如果你并不是有意识地去观察But if you don't do it consciously那你就不会注意到了you'll lose it,通常情况下这是没问题的and usually this is okay.通常来说没什么问题Usually, it's okay是因为你的记忆系统和视觉系统because your memory and your visual system会应用一个关于宇宙万物的基本事实exploits a basic fact about the universe,这个事实就是which is that多数事物在大部分的时间里是保持不变的most things stay the same most of the time.我转头的时候I don't have to explicitly remember并不需要明确地记住that you're over there你是在那里的when I turn my head for a second因为无论如何你还是会在那里because you'll be over there in any case.你不需要拥有关于世界的准确表征You don't need to hold precise representations of the world.所以只有在某些特定情况下And so you only notice it你才会注意到这些变化in certain clever circumstances.一种特定情况是心理学家们One sort of clever circumstance is when psychologists change reality在变化盲视实验中改变现实场景as in the change-blindness studies.另一种情况就是电影A second sort of circumstance is in movies.人们在制作那些含有切换画面的电影时So, one of the big surprises会惊奇地发现when people started making movies involving cuts想要连续地理解电影中的一切was it is extremely difficult是极其困