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UnderstandingAustralia & New ZealandKey to Chapter 14 AGeneral Survey & Geography of AustraliaI. Gap-filling1. Australia is officially called the Commonwealth of Australia.2. Advance Australia Fair is the official national anthem of Australia.3. The three largest cities in Australia are Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.4. The Opera House and the Harbor Bridge are the twin landmarks of Sydney.5. Adelaide is both the festival capital of Australia and its capital of food and wine. 6．Western Australia is the largest and most sparsely populated state in Australia.7. Darwin, the capital of Northern Territory, was severely bombed during World War II.8. Australia can be divided into three major topographic regions: the Eastern Highlands, the Central Lowlands and the WesternPlateau.9. The Great Barrier Reef along the northeast coast of Australia is the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem.10. Australia is home to the emu, the world’s second largest bird after the ostrich.II. Term Explanation11. The coat of arms of AustraliaThe central focus of the coat of arms is a shield, on which are the badges representing the six States. The six badges are enclosed by an ermine border, symbolizing the federation of the States into the Commonwealth. The shield is hold by a red kangaroo on the left and an emu on the right, two animals native to Australia. They stand on ornamental rests. As neither animal can move backward easily, they symbolize progress and a nation advancing forward. The crest consists of a Commonwealth star, symbolic of national unity, on a gold and blue wreath. In the background of the coat of arms are sprays ofgolden wattle, with a scroll at the base bearing the word “Australia”.12. Australian EnglishAs a variety of English, Australian English has an accent similar to dialects of the South-East of England. Its grammar and spelling are largely the same as those of British English. Australians use many words that they consider unique to Australian English. A frequently quoted example is Outback, meaning a remote, sparsely-populated area. Some words of aboriginal languages have found their way to Australian English, mainly names for plants, animals and places.13. UluruUluru, also known as Ayers Rock, lies in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. It is one of the largest monoliths in the world and an Aboriginal sacred site.14. Great Artesian BasinBeneath the Central Lowlands of Australia isthe Great Artesian Basin, the largest artesian basin in the world. It underlies approximately one-fifth of the entire continent and functions as a life line through the interior of eastern Australia. The basin provides underground freshwater for drinking, irrigation, cattle raising and industry.15. MarsupialMarsupials are mammals carrying their newborn babies in a pouch near their belly until the infants are old enough to survive on their own. The best known marsupials of Australia are kangaroos and koalas.III. Answer the Following Questions16. Where is Australia located?Australia is an island country lying southeast of Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is often called “the land down under” in the West because when one looks at a map, the country is far to the south, way down under almost everything else.17. What does the Union Jack in the Australiannational flag symbolize? How about the Commonwealth Star and the five white stars? The Union Jack in the upper corner of the hoist symbolizes Australia's historical links with Britain and its present-day membership of the British Commonwealth.The Commonwealth Star is a large white seven-pointed star. Six of its points represent the six original states and the seventh represents the territories.The five white stars are in the shape of the Southern Cross, symbolizing Australia's location in the Southern Hemisphere.18. Why is Australia called a country of migrants?Because 22% of the Australia’s population today was born overseas; 18% ofAustralia-born people have at least one parent born overseas. Most Australians identify themselves as British or Irish descendants, reflecting the country’s colonial history. A growing percentage of immigrants fromnon-English speaking countries contribute to Australia’s cultural diversity.19. What’s the climate like in Darwin? Darwin is on the northern coast of Australia. Northern Australia is highly influenced by ocean currents and has essentially two seasons: a hot, wet period with heavy rainfall mainly in February and March when the northwestern monsoons prevail, and a warm, dry interval characterized by the prevalence of southeasterly winds. Average maximum temperatures range from 30°C to 39°C.20. Why could so many unique animals survive and evolve in Australia?The unique geological history of Australia contributed much to its biological diversity and distinctiveness.Australia was once part of the southern super continent Gondwanaland. For 70 million years it remained attached to Antarctic. Some 50 million years ago, the Australian plate detached Antarctic, started to drift northwardin isolation. The drift allowed the wet and warm climate to remain in north Queensland, which protected species of Gondwana origins from global cooling and glaciers. At the same time, the numerous steep, moist valleys provided refuge from fires caused by dry conditions. All these made it possible for some ancient plants and animals to survive and evolve into today’s amazing species.Key to Chapter 15History,Politics & Economy of AustraliaI. Gap-filling1. It is accepted that man had spread throughout the Australian continent by40,000 years ago.2. The practice that all but European settlers were excluded from colonies was termed White Australia policy.3. Since WWII, the United States has replaced the United Kingdom as the protector and ally of Australia.4. Under the model of separation of powers,political powers and responsibilities are distributed among several, often three, branches: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.5. Federal legislative power in Australia is vested in a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Queen represented by the Governor-General, a Senate and a House of Representatives.6. A bill becomes a Law only after it has been passed in identical form by both Houses of the Parliament and has been assented to by the Governor-General.7. The service sector is dominant in the Australian economy.8. The absence of an export-oriented manufacturing industry has been considereda key weakness of the Australian economy.9. The Australian Stock Exchange is the second-largest equity and options exchange in Asia-Pacific region.10. Greyhound Australia is the national coachoperator in the country.II. Term Explanation11. DreamtimeThe Dreamtime is a worldview shared by indigenous Australians. It is a complex network of knowledge, faith and practices, setting out the structures of society, and governing the way people live and behave. Indigenous Australians believe that all things began with the Dreamtime which was a time when the world came to take on the shape it has today.12. The First FleetThe First Fleet refers to the 11 ships which sailed from Portsmouth, England on May 13, 1787 to establish the first permanent European colony in New South Wales. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip. The date is now celebrated as Australia Day and those convicts and marines on board are acknowledged as the Founders of Australia.13. James CookJames Cook is often considered the European discoverer of Australia. As an Englishman Lieutenant, James Cook sailed along and mapped the Australian east coast in 1770, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Britain. The expedition’s discoveries provided impetus for the establishment of penal colonies in Australian.14. Statute Law and Common LawThe law of Australia consists of statute law and common law. Statute law is made by the Commonwealth Parliament, or by the Parliament of a State or Territory. Common law is derived from that of the United Kingdom and became part of the law of Australia as a consequence of the settlement of Australia as a British colony. Statute law and common law co-exist in many cases, with the statute law filling in a gap in the common law or modifying the common law in some way.15. Big Four BanksBig Four banks, together with Australia'scentral bank—the Reserve Bank of Australia，constitute the main part of the country’s banking system. These Four Banks are the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, the Westpac Banking Corporation, and the National Australia Bank.III. Answer the Following Questions16. Why did Britain establish colonies in Australia?In the second half of the 18th century, the agrarian revolution in Britain and the population explosion in cities resulted in an increase in crime. The problem of overflowing prisons was exacerbated by the loss of its American colonies. Cook’s favorable reports to the British government of “fine harbors for settlement” and “grassy fields” generated interest in establishing a penal colony in Australia discovered.17. What is the influence of World War II on Australia's foreign policy?Australia's relationship with its traditional ally and mother country Britain underwent dramatic changes during WWII. When the war broke out in 1939, Australia declared support for Britain and sent troops to fight along. But when the Australian mainland was attacked by Japanese forces in 1942, Britain was preoccupied with her own fight for survival and unable to provide any aid. Australia then appealed to the USA for military assistance. That began the shift of Australia's foreign policy from its reliance on Britain as its protector to dependence on the US.18. How can the Australian Constitution be amended?The Australian Constitution can be amended only by Australian people through a national referendum in which all adults on the electoral roll must participate. Any constitutional changes must be approved by a double majority — a national majority of electors as well as a majority of electors in a majority ofthe states and territories (at least four of the six). The double majority provision makes alterations to the Constitution difficult.Key to Chapter 16Culture & Society of AnstraliaI. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. TII. 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. DII. Education in Australia follows thethree-tier model which includes primary education, followed by secondary education and tertiary education.10. New citizens receive their citizenship certificates at the citizenship ceremony on Australia day.11. Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.12. Australians eat three meals a day and enjoy an afternoon break for tea and biscuits. IV. 13.c 14. d 15. b 16.aⅤ.Terms Explanation17. The Group of EightThe Group of Eight is the Australian version of the Ivy League. It is a lobby group for eight Australian tertiary institutions which are internationally recognized for their excellence in scholarship and research.18. The School of the AirThe School of the Air is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote Australia. School classes were conducted via shortwave radio or high frequency (HF) radio transceivers. A SOA covers all the same curriculum as any other school in the state.19. ANZAC DayANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. ANZAC Day is an official holiday commemorating the landing of Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. The date, 25 April, was officially named ANZAC Day in 1916.ANZAC Day is a time to remember the deathsand sufferings in war, the valor of fighting men and women, and the ever-present hope for the peoples of the world to live together in harmony and lasting peace. Commemorative services are held at dawn on 25 April, the time of the original landing, across the nation, usually at war memorials.20. Carols by CandlelightCarols by Candlelight is a tradition enjoyed by Australians. It is held every year on Christmas Eve, where tens of thousands of people gather in the city of Melbourne to sing their favorite Christmas songs. The evening is lit by the candles held by the public.Keys to Chapter 17Understanding New ZealandI. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5.FII. 6 C 7.D 8. A 9. BIII.10. Pohutukawa trees are regarded as New Zealand Christmas Tree.11. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand has thesole power of issuing New Zealand currency.12. The Treaty of Waitangi is considered New Zealand's founding document.13. When meeting someone, New Zealanders usually shake hands.14. Alan Duff’s Once Were Warriors is mainly about a Māori family.IV. 15. 1)-b 2)-c 3)-aV. 16. Pakeha are New Zealanders of European descent.17. Kiwiana is the term used to describe items relating to New Zealand’s unique culture and history.18. The All Blacks are New Zealand's national rugby union team.19. Anzac is an acronym for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps.20. Waitangi Day marks the occasion in 1840 when the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Waitangi with Maori.。