有机碱在水溶液中的解离常数
酒石酸的解离常数
酒石酸的解离常数全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：酒石酸是一种常见的有机酸，化学式为C4H6O6。
它在生物体内起着重要的作用，也被广泛应用于食品工业和药物生产中。
酒石酸的解离常数是指其在水中解离的程度，通常用Ka表示。
本文将探讨酒石酸的解离常数及其影响因素，希望能带给读者更深入的了解。
我们来了解一下酒石酸的解离反应。
酒石酸的化学式为C4H6O6，它可以在水中部分解离成为氢离子（H+）和酒石酸根离子。
其解离反应式可以表示为：C4H6O6 + H2O ⇌ H+ + C4H5O6-解离常数Ka是用来描述酒石酸在水中解离的程度的指标，其定义为酒石酸离子浓度的乘积除以未解离物浓度的积，即Ka =[H+][C4H5O6-]/[C4H6O6]。
Ka的值越大，表示酒石酸在水中的解离程度越高，其酸性也越强。
酒石酸的解离常数受到多种因素的影响，其中包括温度、溶剂、离子强度等。
温度是影响酒石酸解离常数的重要因素之一。
一般来说，随着温度的升高，酒石酸的解离常数Ka也会增大，这是因为高温会加速反应速率，使得解离程度增加。
溶剂也会对酒石酸的解离常数产生影响。
一般来说，酒石酸在水中的解离常数要比在有机溶剂中的解离常数大，这是因为水的介质效应能够促进酸的解离反应。
离子强度也会对酒石酸的解离常数产生影响。
当溶液中存在其他离子时，它们会影响酒石酸的解离程度，从而改变解离常数Ka的数值。
如果溶液中含有金属离子或其他酸性物质，会与酒石酸形成配位化合物或发生竞争反应，使得酒石酸的解离程度减小。
在实际应用中，了解酒石酸的解离常数对食品工业和药物生产具有重要意义。
在食品行业中，酒石酸常被用作食品添加剂，用于调味和增酸。
了解其解离常数可以帮助我们控制食品的酸碱度，确保产品的质量和口感。
在药物生产中，酒石酸也常被用作药剂的成分，了解其解离常数可以帮助我们设计更有效的药物配方，确保药物的疗效和稳定性。
总结而言，酒石酸的解离常数是描述其在水中解离程度的重要参数，受多种因素的影响。
300℃下水的电离平衡常数
300℃下水的电离平衡常数1.引言1.1 概述概述：电离平衡常数是描述溶液中电离反应程度的重要物理量，它反映了在给定温度和压力下，溶液中化学反应达到平衡时离子生成和离解的比例关系。
在高温环境下，如300下水的电离平衡常数，其研究具有重要意义。
随着温度的升高，物质的分子运动加剧，溶剂分子的活性也随之增强，从而影响了溶质的电离过程。
在300高温下，水分子的热运动更加剧烈，溶剂活性较高，这对水的电离平衡常数产生了显著的影响。
本文将首先介绍电离平衡常数的定义和计算方法，然后重点探讨影响300下水的电离平衡常数的因素。
在此基础上，通过实验结果的总结和分析，我们将进一步讨论300下水的电离平衡常数的特点、变化规律以及可能的原因。
最后，我们将得出结论并展望未来对该领域的研究方向。
通过对300下水的电离平衡常数的深入研究，我们可以更好地理解在高温条件下水的电离行为，并为相关领域的应用提供理论依据。
此外，本研究还有助于推动热化学领域的发展，为高温反应环境下的工业生产和实验研究提供有益参考。
1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以从以下几个方面进行描述：1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构进行论述：引言部分将首先对电离平衡常数的概念做一个简要的介绍，说明其重要性以及相关的研究意义，并概述本文的研究目的和内容。
正文部分将分为两个主要部分。
首先，我们将详细讨论电离平衡常数的定义，包括如何计算和表达电离平衡常数。
将介绍相关的化学方程式和反应式，解释电离平衡常数的物理意义和测定方法。
接着，我们将探讨影响电离平衡常数的因素。
这包括温度、浓度、压力和反应物的性质等方面的影响。
我们将针对300下水的电离平衡常数进行详细讨论，并给出实验数据和实验结果的总结。
结论部分将对实验结果进行总结，对300下水的电离平衡常数进行讨论，并提出相关的研究展望和建议。
通过以上的结构安排，本文将全面而系统地介绍300下水的电离平衡常数的研究内容和结论，为进一步研究提供了重要的参考和指导。
有机无机化合物酸碱解离常数pKapKb数据
pKa ValuesINDEXInorganic2Phenazine24 Phosphates3Pyridine25 Carboxylic acids4, 8Pyrazine26Aliphatic4, 8Aromatic7, 8Quinoline27Phenols9Quinazoline27Alcohols and oxygen acids10, 11Quinoxaline27Amino Acids12Special Nitrogen Compounds28Peptides13Hydroxylamines28Nitrogen Compounds14Hydrazines28Aliphatic amines15, 17, 19Semicarbazones28 Cyanoamines16Amidoximes28Anilines17, 18, 20Thiols29 Nucleosides21Carbon Acids30,31 Special Table Heterocycles22Indicators31Acridine23References32-34 Benzoquinoline24Cinnoline23Hydantoin24Imidazole24For complex chelating agents, see also reference 77.Note. This document was compiled by W.P. Jencks and has been added to by F.H. WestheimerACIDSCompound pK Ref.H3PO2 2.0, 2.23*28H2PO4–7.21*77 AgOH 3.964HPO4_12.32*77Al(OH)311.228H3PO3 2.028As(OH)39.2228H2PO3– 6.58*77H3AsO4 2.22, 7.0, 13.028H4P2O7 1.52*77H2AsO4– 6.98*77H3 P2O7– 2.36*77 HAsO4*11.53*77H2P2O7= 6.60*77As2O304H3AsO39.22*HP2O7=9.25*77H3BO39.23*28HReO4-1.2530H2B4O7 4.0034HSCN 4.0034H2SeO3 2.6, 8.3, 2.62*28 HB4O79.0034HSeO38.3277Be(OH)2 3.74H2SeO4Strong, 2.028 HBr-9.0031HOBr8.728HSeO4 2.0034 HOCl7.53, 7.4628, 33H3SiO310.034 HClO2 2.028H2SO3 1.9, 7.0, 1.76*28, 77 HClO3-1.0028H2SO4-3.0, 1.928 HClO4 (70%)-10.0031HSO37.21*77CH3SO3H-0.631HSO4– 1.99*77 HCN9.4034H2S2O4 1.929H2CO3 6.37, 6.35*, 3.5834, 32H2Se 3.89*77 HCO310.33*HSe–11.00*77H2CrO4-0.9830H2S7.00*77 HCrO4 6.50*2, 30HS–12.92*77 HOCN 3.9234HSbO211.034 HZ 3.17*, 0.59*77HTe 5.0034H2GeO38.59, 12.7234, 78H2Te 2.64, 11.034, 78 Ge(OH)48.68, 12.728H2TeO3 2.7, 8.028HI-10.031Te(OH)6 6.2, 8.828 HOI11.028H2VO4–8.9530 HIO30.828HVO4=14.430H4IO6– 6.0034H2CrO40.7477H5IO6 1.64, 1.55, 8.2734, 28HOCN 3.7377 HMnO4-2.2530HSCN0.8577 NH3OH* 5.98*H3PO2 1.0777 NH4*9.24*77H3PO4 2.12*77 HN3 4.72*77H2S2O30.60*, 1.72*77 HNO2 3.2928H3AuO313.3, 16.078 HNO3-1.328H3GaO310.32, 11.778N2H5+7.99*77H5IO6 3.29, 6.70, 15.078H2N2O27.0534(see above!)H2N2O2–11.034H4V6O17 1.9678H2OsO512.134H2NSO3H 1.080H2O15.7noneH3O+-1.7none* Indicates a thermodynamic value.Pb(OH)2 6.48 (10.92) 4 (78)PHOSPHATES AND PHOSPHONATES CF 3- 1.16, 3.9357CCl 3- 1.63, 4.8157Phosphates NH 3+CH 2- 2.35, 5.957CompoundpKRef.(–OOCCH 2)2NH +CH 2– --, 5.5757Phosphate 1.97, 6.82, 12.555CHCl 2- 1.14, 5.6157Glyceric acid 2-phosphate 3.6, 7.153CH 2CI- 1.40, 6.3057Enolpyruvic acid 3.5, 6.453CH 2Br- 1.14, 6.5257Methyl- 1.54, 6.3155(–OOCCH 22NH +(CH 2)2- --, 6.5457Ethyl- 1.60, 6.6255CH 2I- 1.30, 6.7257n-Propyl- 1.88,6.6755NH 3+CH 2CH 2- 2.45, 7.0057n-Butyl- 1.80, 6.8455Dimethyl- 1.2955C 6H 5CH=CH- 2.00, 7.157Di-n-propyl 1.5955HOCH 2- 1.91, 7.1557Di-n-butyl- 1.7255C 6H 5NH 2+(CH 2)3- 2.1, --57Glucose-3-0.84, 5.6756C 6H 5NH(CH 2)3---, 7.1757Glucose-4-0.84, 5.6756Br(CH 2)2- 2.25, 7.357α-glycero- 1.40, 6.4454CH 3(CH 2)5CH(COO –)---, 7.557β-glycero- 1.37, 6.3454C 6H 5CH 2- 2.3, 7.55573-phosphoglyceric acid 1.42, 3.4254NH 3+(CH 2)4)- 2.55, 7.55572-phosphoglyceric acid 1.42, 3.55, 7.1peroxymonophosphoric acid 4.0569NH 3+(CH 2)5- 2.6, 7.657diphosphoglyceric acid 7.40, 7.9954NH 3+(CH 2)10---, 8.0057glyceraldehyde- 2.10, 6.7554–OOC(CH 2)10---, 8.2557dioxyacetone- 1.77,6.4554(CH 3)3SiCH 2- 3.22, 8.7057hexose di- 1.52, 6.3154fructose-6-0.97, 6.1154C 6H 5CH 2- 3.3, 8.457glucose-6-0.94, 6.1154(C 6H 5)SC- 3.85, 9.0057glucose-1- 1.10, 6.1354adenylic acid 3.8?, 6.2?54Arylphosphonic acids inosinic acid 2.4?, 6.4?542X-RC 6H 3PO 3H 2ADP 2 strong, 6.654X R ATP 3 strong, 6.654Cl 4-O 2N 1.12, 6.1457pyrophosphoric acid 0.9, 2.0, 6.6, 9.454Br 5-O 2N (a), 6.1457phosphopyruvic acid 3.5, 6.3854Cl 5-Cl (a), 6.6357creatine phosphate 2.7, 4.554Cl H 1.63, 6.9857arginine phosphate 2.8, 4.5, 9.6, 11.254Br H 1.64, 7.0057arginine 2.02, 9.0, 12.554Br 5-CH 3 1.81, 7.1557amino phosphate (-0.9), 2.8, 8.254Cl 4-NH 2--, 7.3357trimetaphosphate 2.0577CH 3O 4-O 2N 1.53, 6.9657CH 3O H 2.16, 7.7757PhosphonatesCH 3O 4-O 2N --, 8.2257H 2O 3P(CH 2)4PO 3H 2 <2, 2.75, 7.54, 8.3857HO 4-O 2N 1.22, 5.3957H 2O 3P(CH 2)3PO 3H 2 <2, 2.65, 7.34, 8.3557O 2N H 1.45, 6.7457H 2O 3PCH 2CH(CH 3)PO 3H 2 <2, 2.6, 7.00, 9.2757F H 1.64, 6.8057H 2O 3PCH 2PO 3H 2 <2, 2.57, 6.87, 10.3357I H 1.74, 7.0657Methyl- 2.3557NH 2H --, 7.2957Ethyl- 2.4357CH 3H 2.10, 7.6857n-propyl- 2.4557C 6H 5H (a), 8.1357isopropyl- 2.55, 7.7557HOOC H1.71, 9.1757n-butyl- 2.59, 8.1957isobutyl- 2.70, 8.4357**These values were obtained in 50% ethanol.s-butyl- 2.74, 8.4857(a) The compounds were not sufficiently soluble.t-butyl- 2.79, 8.8857For graphical plots of a large number of substituted phosphorus compounds see 83.neopentyl- 2.84, 8.65571,1 Dimethylpropyl- 2.88, 8.9657n-hexyl- 2.6, 7.957triphosphate8.90, 6.26, 2.3077n-dodecyl---, 8.2557tetrametaphosphate 2.7477CH 3(CH 2)5CH(COOH)- 1, --57fluorophosphate0.55, 4.856Acetic acids, substituted Phosphonates (Ref. 2)H- 4.76*20 X-H-H-NH3+-NH3+O2N- 1.68*20 X(CH2)PO3H2 2.357.1 1.85 5.35(CH3)3N+- 1.83*20 X(CH2)2PO3H2 2.457.85 2.457.00(CH3)2NH+- 1.95*20 X(CH2)4PO3H2 2.557.55CH3NH2+- 2.16*20 X(CH2)5PO3 H2 2.67.65NH3+- 2.31*20 X(CH2)6PO2H2 2.67.9CH3SO2- 2.36*20 X(CH2)10PO2H28.00NC- 2.43*20 Phosphines in acetonitrile, see ref. 89.C6H5SO2- 2.4420HO2C 2.83*20 CARBOXYLIC ACIDSAliphatic C6H5SO- 2.6620 Compound pK Ref.F- 2.6620 Acetoacetic 3.586Cl- 2.86*20 Acetopyruvic 2.61, 7.85 (enol)6Br- 2.8620 Aconitic, trans- 2.80, 4.466Cl2- 1.2920 Betaine 1.846F2- 1.2420 Citric 3.09, 4.75, 5.416Br3-0.6620 Crotonic 4.696Cl3-0.6520 Dihydroxyfumaric 1.146F3-0.23 (-0.26) (2)20 Dethylenediamine- 2.00, 2.676HONC4 3.0120 tetraacetic 6.16, 10.26F3C- 3.07*20 Formic 3.77*2N3- 3.0320 Fumaric 3.03, 4.546I- 3.1220 Glyceric 3.556C6H5O- 3.1220 Glycollic 3.826C2H5O2C- 3.3520 Glyoxylic 3.326C6H5S- 3.52*20 Homogentistic 4.406CH3O- 3.5320α-keto-β-methyl valeric 2.36NCS- 3.5820 Lactic 3.866CH3CO- 3.58*20 Maleic 1.93, 6.586Malic 3.40, 5.26C2H5O- 3.6020 Oxaloacetic (trans-enol) 2.566n-C3H7O 3.6520 +(cis-enol) 2.15, 4.066n-C4H9O 3.6620 Protocatechuic 4.486sec.-C4H9O- 3.6720 Pyruvic 2.506HS- 3.67*20Tartaric + 2.99, 4.406i-C3H7O- 3.69*20 + or - 2.89, 4.406CH3S- 3.72*20 meso 3.22, 4.856i-C3H7S- 3.72*20 Vinylacetic 4.426C6H5CH2S- 3.73*20C2H5S- 3.74*20n-C3H7S- 3.77*20n-C4H9S- 3.81*20HO- 3.83*20–O3S- 4.0520(C6H5)3CS- 4.30*20C6H5- 4.31*20CH2-CH- 4.35*20* Indicates thermodynamic values.Unsaturated acids (25°)CompoundpK poundpK ref.trans-CH 3-CH=CHCO 2H 4.69*20H-CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.88*2cis-CH 3-CH=CHCO 2H 4.44*2H-CH=CHCO 2H 4.25*2C 6H 5-CH 2CH 2CO 2H4.66*2C 6H 5CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.66*2trans-C 6H 5-CH=CHCO 2H 4.44*2C 6H 5CH=CHCO 2H** 4.44*2m-CH 3OC 6H 4CH 2CH 2CO 2H4.65*2C 6H 5CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.66*2C 6H 5CH=CHCO 2H**4.442m-CH 3OC 6H 4CH=CHCO 2H 4.38*2m-ClC 6H 4CH=CHCO 2H**4.29*2m-ClC 6H 4CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.58*2Unsaturated acids, Cis- and Trans-C C R 2H R 1CO 2H C C R 2R 1HCO 2H Cis-Acid Trans-Acid R 1R 2cis-acid trans-acid Ref.H-H- 4.25*4.25*2CH 3-H- 4.44*4.69*2Cl-H- 3.323.652C 6H 5-H- 3.88*4.44*2ClC 6H 4H- 3.91 4.4126-BrC 6H 4H- 4.02 4.412CH 3-CH 3- 4.305.022C 6H 5-H- 5.26***5.58***22,4,6-(CH 3)3C 6H 2-H-6.12***5.70***2C 6H 5-CH 3- 4.98***5.98***2Dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated*Maleic 1.92, 6.232Alicyclic Dicarboxylic acidsCitraconic (Dimethylmaleic acid)2.29, 6.152cis-Caronic(1,1-dimethylcyclopropane-23-dicarboxylic acid 2.34*, 8.31*2Acetylenedicarboxylic 1.73, 4.402∆1-tetrahydrophthalic 3.01, 5.3421,2-trans-cyclopropanedicarboxylic3.65*, 5.13*2Bromomaleic 1.45, 4.622trans-caronic 3.82*, 5.32*2Bromofumaric 1.46, 3.5721,2-cis-cyclopropane-dicarboxylic3.33*, 6.47*2Chlorofumaric 1.78, 3.812Fumaric 3.02,4.382Mesaconic (Dimethylfumaric acid)**trans3.09,4.752***in 40% acetone Phthalic 2.95, 5.412*thermodynamicItaconic (1-Propene-2-3-dicarboxylic acid)3.85, 5.452Chloromaleic 1.72, 3.862AliphaticAlicyclic Dicarboxylic acidsCompound pK Ref Compound pK Ref 1,2-trans-Cyclopropane-cis-Ethyleneoxide-dicarboxylic 3.65, 5.132dicarboxylic 1.94, 3.922 trans-Ethyleneoxide-1,3-cis-Cyclobutane-dicarboxylic 1.93, 3.252dicarboxylic 4.03, 5.3121,3-trans -Cyclobutanedi-1,2-cis-Cyclopentane-carboxylic 3.81, 5.282dicarboxylic 4.37, 6.5121,2-trans-Cyyclopentane-1,3-cis-Cyclopentanedicarboxylic 3.89, 5.912dicarboxylic 4.23, 5.5321,3-trans-Cyclopentane-1,2-cisCyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.40, 5.452dicarboxylic 4.34, 6.7621,2-trans-Cyclohexane-1,3 -cis-Cyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.18, 5.932dicarboxylic 4.10, 5.4621,3-trans-Cyclohexane-1,4-cis-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic 4.31, 5.732di-carboxylic 4.44, 5.7921,4-trans-Cyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.18, 5.422Dicarboxylic acids*oxalic 1.23, 4.192Succinic 4.19, 5.482 Malonic 2.83, 5.692 O-O’-Dimethyl- 3.77, 5.942 Methyl- 3.05, 5.762 (high melting)Ethyl- 2.99, 5.832 O-O’-Dimethyl- 3.94, 6.202n-propyl 3.00, 5.842 (low melting)i-propyl- 2.94, 5.882 O,O’-Diethyl- 3.63, 6.462 Dimethyl- 3.17, 6.062 (high melting)Methylethyl- 2.86, 6.412 O,O’-Diethyl- 3.51, 6.602Diethyl- 2.21, 7.292 (low melting)Ethyl-n-propyl- 2.15, 7.432Tetramethyl- 3.50, 7.282Di-n-propyl- 2.07, 7.512Glutaric 4.34, 5.422Adipic 4.42, 5.412B-Methyl 4.25, 6.222Pimelic 4.48, 5.422B-Ethyl 4.29, 6.332Suberic 4.52, 5.402B-n-Propyl 4.31, 6.392Azelaic 4.55, 5.412B,B-Dimethyl- 3.70, 6.292DL-1:2-Dichlorosuccinic 1.68, 3.1820 B,B-Methylethyl- 3.62, 6.702meso-1:2-Dichlorosuccinic 1.74, 3.2420 B,B-Diethyl- 3.62, 7.122DL-1:2-Dibromosuccinic 1.48, ----20 B,B-Di-n-propyl 3.69, 7.312meso-1:2-Dibromosuccinic 1.42, 2.9720D-Tartaric 3.03, 4.4520DL-1:2-Dimethylsuccinic 3.93, 6.0020DL-Tartaric 3.03, ----20meso-1:2-Dimethylsuccinic 3.77, 5.3620 meso-Tartaric 3.29, 4.9220*All are thermodynamic valuesAliphatic HO- 6.332Br- 6.082 Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acids, 4-substitutedLysergic acid, etc.H- 6.752ergometrine 6.8, --2 C2H5O2C- 6.312Dihydroergometrine7.4, --2β-dihydrolysergol8.2, --2 NC- 5.902Lysergic acid7.8, 3.32C6H5O- 3.53* 3.95* 4.52*α-dihydrolysergic8.3, 3.62CH3- 3.91* 4.24* 4.34* ergometrinine7.3, --2(CH3)2CH- 4.35*α-dihydrolysergol8.3, --2(CH3)3N+- 1.37 3.45 3.436-methylergoline8.85, --2NC- 3.60* 3.55* isolysergic acid8.4, 3.42HO2C* 2.95* 3.54 3.51γ-dihydrolysergic8.6, 3.62F3C- 3.79HO- 2.98* 4.08* 4.58*I- 2.85* 3.86* Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acids Cl- 2.94* 3.83* 3.99* Cyclohexanecarboxylic 4.902(CH3)3Si- 4.24* 4.27* cis-1,2 4.802C2H5O- 4.21* 4.17* 4.45* cis-1,3 4.602i-C3H7O- 4.24* 4.15* 4.68* cis-1,4 4.842n-C5H11O- 4.55* trans-1,2 4.682C6H5- 3.46*trans-1,3 4.822CH3CH2- 3.77 4.35* trans-1,4 4.682(CH3)3C- 3.46 4.28 4.40*–HO3P- 3.78 4.03 3.95 Aromaticbenzene-CO3H 4.20*2–O3S- 4.15 4.11 Anthracene-1-COOH 3.692H2N- 4.98 4.79 4.92 Anthracene-9-COOH 3.652(CH3)2N-8.42 5.10 5.03 naphthalene-2-COOH 4.172–HO3As- 4.22 Naphthalene-1-COOH 3.692–O2C- 5.41** 4.60 4.82CH3NH- 5.3 5.10 5.04 Substituted benzoic acids (ref. 2)COOH*thermodynamicfor complex chelating agents, see also ref. 84.see also page 9a for more carboxylic acids. Benzoic acid o m pOrtho-substituted benzoic acidsH- 4.20* 4.21*Benzoic acid pK Ref.O2N- 2.17* 3.45* 3.442-CH3- 3.91**2CH3CO-2-t-C4H9- 3.462CH3SO2- 3.64* 3.52*2,6-(CH3)2- 3.212CH3S-2,3,4,6-(CH3)4- 4.002HS-2,3,5,6-(CH3)4- 3.522Br- 2.85* 3.81* 4.00*2-C2H5- 3.772F- 3.27* 3.87* 4.14*CH3O- 4.09* 4.09* 4.47*2-C6H5- 3.46**2n-C3H7O- 4.24* 4.20* 4.46*2,4,6-(CH3)3- 3.432n-C4H9O- 4.25* 4.53*2,3,4,5-(CH3)4- 4.222 Benzene Polycarboxylic acids Ref. 2Acid Position of carboxyl pK I pK II pK III pK IV pK V pK VI Benzoic1 4.17*Phthalic1,2 2.98* 5.28*Isophthalic1,3 3.46* 4.46*Terephthalic1,4 3.51* 4.82*Hemimellitic1,2,3 2.80* 4.20* 5.87*Trimellitic1,2,4 2.52* 3.84* 5.20*8Trimesic 1,3,5 3.12* 3.89* 4.70*Mellophanic 1,2,3,4 2.06* 3.25* 4.73* 6.21*Prehnitic 1,2,3,5 2.38* 3.51* 4.44* 5.81*Pyromellitic1,2,4,5 1.92* 2.87* 4.49* 5.63*Benzenepentacarboxylic 1,2,3,4,5 1.80* 2.73* 3.97* 5.25* 6.46*Mellitic1.2,3,4,5,61.40*2.19*3.31*4.78*5.89*6.96**ionic strength 0.032-Methoxyethyliminodiacetic 2.2, 8.96**thermodynamic2-Methylthioethyliminodiacetic 2.1, 8.91oxalic acid* 1.25, 4.14N-n-propylaminoacetic 2.25, 10.03Carboxylic Acids Ref. 77N-2-sulfoethyliminodiacetic 1.92, 2.28, 8.16Aminomalonic acid* 3.32, 9.83α-Bromobutyric acid 2.97N-Butylaminoacetic acid 2.29, 10.07N-(carbamoylmethyl)-imino-diacetic acid2.30, 6.602-carboxyethyliminodiacetic acid2.06,3.69, 9.66Cyanomethyliminodiacetic 3.06, 4.34β-carboxymethylaminopropionic 3.61, 9.46α,β-diaminopropionic acid 1.23, 6.69α,α-diaminobutyric 1.85, 8.24, 10.44Diethylaminoacetic 2.04, 10.47Di-(carboxymethyl)-aminomethyl phosphonic acid 2.00, 2.25, 5.57, 10.76Dimethylaminoacetic 2.08, 9.80N-ethylaminoacetic 2.30, 10.10α,β-dimercaptosuccinic 2.40, 3.46, 9.44, 11.82Gluconic* 3.86β-hydroxybutyric 4.39Ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic 5.58, 11.05α-hydroxybutyric 3.65β-hydroxypropionic 3.73N-2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic 2.2, 8.73Iminodiacetic* 2.98, 9.893-hydroxypropyliminodiacetic 2.06, 9.24β-iodopropionic* 4.04Iminodipropionic 4.11, 9.61N-isopropylaminoacetic 2.36, 10.06Isobutyric* 4.86α-mercaptobutyric 3.53Mandelic acid 3.41N-methylaminoacetic 2.24, 10.012-MercaptoethyliminodiaceticNitrilotriacetic 3.03, 3.07, 10.-2.14, 8.17, 10.792-PhosphonoethyliminodiaceticMethyliminodiacetic 2.81, 10.181.95,2.45, 6.54, 10.46*ThermodynamicPHENOLSCompound pK pound pK Ref. Chromotropic acid 5.36, 15.66Resorcinol--, 9.15 (30o)50o-Methoxyphenol--, 9.9350p-Methoxyphenol--, 10.1650 o-Hydroxybenz-3-Hydroxyanthran-aldehyde7.9550ilic acid10.09, 5.20512-Amino-4,5 dimethyl-2-Aminophenolphenol hydrochloride10.4 5.2851hydrochloride9.99, 4.86514,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3 disulphonic acid7.6612.6eKojic acid9.4077Phenol o m p Phenol o m pH-9.95*9.94*O2N-7.23*8.35*7.14* (CH3)3N+-7.4288OCH- 6.798.007.66CH3SO2-9.337.83NC-8.61**7.95CH3CO-9.198.05CH3O2C-8.47*C2H5O2C-8.50*n-C4H9O2C-8.47*C3H5CH2O2C-8.41*I-9.17*Br-8.42*9.11*9.34*Cl-8.48*9.02*9.38*F-8.81*9.28*9.95*CH3S-9.539.53HO-9.489.449.96HOCH2-9.92*9.83*9.82*CH3-10.28*10.08 10.19*C2H5-10.29.910.0CH3O-9.939.6510.20H2N-9.719.8710.30-O2C-9.94*9.39*-O3S-9.299.03--O3P-10.29.9--O3As8.37 C6H5-9.939.599.51NO- 6.35**2-Chloro-4-Nitro- 5.42792-Nitro-4-Chloro- 6.4679* Thermodynamic**Reference 52ALCOHOLS and other OXYGEN ACIDSAlcoholsCompound pK pound pK Ref. Choline13.96C3F7•CH(C2F5)•OH 10.4865 Chloral hydrate9.66, 11.061(C3F7)2CH•OH10.5265 Trifluoroethanol12.562Carbonium ionsCF3CH2OH11.4, 12.4363CF3CH(OH)CH311.863Triphenylmethanols in H2SO4 HC1O4 HNO3refCF3CH2(CH3)3OH12.43104,4,4-Trimethoxy.82. .82 .8066C3F7CH2OH11.4**634,4’-Dimethoxy-1.24-1.14-1.1166(C3F7)2CHOH10.6**634-Methoxy-3.40-3.59-3.4166HCCCH2OH13.55644-Methyl-5.41-5.6766C(CH2OH))414.1644-Trideuteriomethyl- 5.43 5.6766HOCH2CHOHCH2OH 4.4643,3’,3”-Trimethyl- 6.35-5.9566HOCH2CH2OH14.7764Unsubstituted triphenyl-CH3CCH2OH14.8264methanol- 6.63-6.89 6.6066CH3OH15.54644,4;,4;-Trichloro- 7.74-8.0166 CH2=CHCH2OH15.52644-Nitro-9.15-9.7666 H2O15.7464CCl3CH2OH 11.8***CH3CH2OH1664CF3CH2OH 11.3***Substituent effects for ionization of RCH2OHRCCl-312.24,11.8064,65CF3-12.3764CHF2CH2-12.7464Hydroxamic acidsCHCl2-12.8964Furo-8.4572CHEC-13.5564Glycine7.4072H2Cl-14.3164Hippuro-8.8072CH3CCH2-14.864iso Nicotin7.8572HOCH215.164p-Methylbenz-8.9072H-15.564Nicotin-8.3072CH2=CH-15.564Nicotin-methiodide 6.4672CH3-(extrap)(15.9)64m-Nitrobenz-8.0772CF3C(CH3)2OH11.664Picolin8.5072HOCH2CF2CH2OH1164Pyrimidine-2-carbox-7.8872Primary alcohols=R•CH2•OH and Salicyl-7.4372Secondary alcohols in 50% alcohol Tropo-9.0972C2F511.3565C4F911.3565C5F1111.3765C7F1511.3565Other oxygen acidsCHF212.0065Trimethylamine-n-oxide 4.618CF2Cl11.6365Dimethylglyoxime12.8477CHF2CF211.3465(50% dioxane)CHF2 • (CF2)211.3565O-methyl ether12.9277CF3 • CH212.765Tropolone12a77CF3 • (CH2)212.965 α-Bromotropolone 6.95a77CF3 • CHMe • OH11.2865Acetald hydrate13.4891C3F7 • CHMe • OH11.3865Formald hydrate13.2991C3F7CHEt • OH11.3765C3F7CHPr • OH11.3765C3F7 • CH(CF3) • OH10.4665a50% dioxane***50 aquaeous ethanolOTHER OXYGEN ACIDSHydroxamic acids Aceto-9.4068Compound pK Ref.n-Butyro-9.4868Pyridine oxidesn-Butyro-9.00684-Aminopyridine 1-oxide 3.6967p-Methoxybenzo-9.19684-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide3.8867N-Hydroxyphthalimide 7.00, 6.1071, 72Salicylo 7.32684-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide3.8867Benzo-8.8868p-Chlorobenzo-9.59684-Dimethylamino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate >1167α-Naphtho-~7.768Propiono-9.46682-Methylaminopyridine 1-oxide 2.61672-Amino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate12.467Oximes4-Hydroxypyridine 1-oxide 2.4567Benzophenone oxime 11.3184-Methoxypyridine 1-oxide 2.0567Diethyl ketoxime 12.6181-Methoxypyridi-4-one 2.5767Isonitrosoacetylacetone (INAA) 7.4762-Hydroxypyridine 1-oxide -0.8675-Methyl-1,2,3-cyclohexanetrione-1,3-dioxime8.3762-Ethoxypyridine 1-oxide 1.18671-Methoxypyrid-2-one -1.3Acetophenone oxime 11.48184-Methylaminopyridine 1-oxide 3.8567Acetoxime 11.42184-Amino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate>1167Isonitrosoacetone (INA) 8.376Salicyclaldoxime (SA)9.2762-Aminopyridine 1-oxide 2.67671,2,3-Cyclohexanetrionetrioxime 8.0762-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide2.27675-Methyl-1,2,3-cyclohexane-trionetrioxime8.0762-Methylamino-1-methoxypyridinium toluene-p-sulphonate >11674-Benzyloxypyridine 1-oxide 1.9967Oxygen acids1-Benzyloxypyrid-4-one 2.5867sulfinic acids 2-Methoxypyridine 1-oxide 1.2367p-Toluene- 1.99731-Benzyloxypyrid-2-one -1.767p-Chlorobenzene-73p-Nitrobenzene-73Pyridine 1-oxides p-Bromobenzene- 1.8973RpK Ref.m-Nitrobenzene- 1.88734-CH 3 1.2947Benzene-1.84,2.16733-CH 3 1.0847Peroxyacids3,4-(CH)4 1.0147Peroxymonosulfuric 9.4693-COOC 4H 90.0347Acetic 8.2704-NO 2-1.747n-Butyric 8.2703-NH 2 1.4747Formic 7.170H0.7947Propionic 8.1703-COOH 0.0947peroxydiphosphoric 5.18, 7.8854-COOH-0.4847peroxymonophosphoric 4.8590Peroxides ROOH (Ref. 70)H CH 3C 2H 5iso-C 3H 7tert-C 4H 9iso-C 4H 911.611.511.812.112.812.8Oximesref. 93Pyridine-2-aldoxime heptiodide 8.00benzoquinoline mon- 6.25Pyridine-4-aldoxime methiodide 8.503-pyridine-1,2-ethanedione-2-oxime methiodide7.20Pyridine-4-aldoxime pentiodide 8.504-Pyridine-1,2-ethanedione-2-oxime methiodide7.1O-Methyltyrosine ethyl ester 7.3122 octopine 13, 1.368.776Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide8.0Phenylglyoxald-8.3 2.40Pyridine-4-aldoxime dodeciodide8.5Phenylalanine 1.839.136 Pyridine-3-alkoxime methiodide9.22-Pyrrolidoone-5-carboxylic acid (glucamicacid) 3.32Hydroxamic acids ref. 93Serine 2.219.156 D-Lysine-7.93Threonine 2.6310.436 N-phenylnicotino-8.00N-Trimethyl tyrosine9.7521 Chloroaceto-8.40Tyrosine 10.07, 2.209.11 Formo-8.65Urocanic acid 5.8 3.5p-Chlorophenoxyaceto-8.75Valine 2.329.626 p-Hydroxybenzo-8.93β-Alanine 3.6010.196 p-Methoxybenzo-9.00γ-Aminobutyric acid 4.2310.436 N-Phenylbenzo-9.15Arginine 12.48 2.179.046 o-Aminobenzo-9.17Asparagine 2.028.86 L-Tyrosine9.20Azaserine8.556 L-Lysine7.9Canavanine7.40, 9.2511.50 (?)6 p-Nitrobenzo-8.0Creatine 2.6711.026 p-Aminobenzo-9.3Cysteine 10.78 1.718.336 L-Lacti-9.33,4-DihydroxyphenylalaninePropiono-9.49.88, 2.368.686 Phthalo-9.411.68Indole-3-aceto-9.5Glutamine 2.179.136 Cyclohexano-9.7Histamine 5.09.76 Hexano-9.7β-Hydroxyglutamic 2.099.206acid 4.18Amino Acids Hydroxyproline 1.929.736 Compound pK Ref.Leucine 2.369.606-COOH-NH3Methionine 2.289.21 Alanine 2.359.6961-Methylhistidine 6.48, 1.698.856α-Aminobutyric acid 2.559.60Norleucine 2.399.766α-Aminoisobutyric 2.3610.216Norvaline 2.369.766 Argininosuccinic >12, 1.629.586Ornithine 1.718.6962.70, 4.2610.76 Aspartic acid 2.09,3.869.826Proline 1.9910.606 Canaline10.3, 9.2011.6 (?)6Sarcosine 2.2310.016 Creatinine4.849.26Taurine 1.58.746 Cystine 1.657.856Thiolhistidine <1.5, 11.42.269.856 1.848.476 Diidotyrosine 6.48, 2.127.826Tryptophan 2.389.396 Glutamic acid 2.19, 4.259.676Tyrosine ethyl ester 7.339.8022 Glycine 2.349.66PeptidesHistidine 6.0, 1.829.176Anserine 7.0 2.659.56 Carnosine 6.83--9.516Hydroxylsine 2.138.626Cystinyldiglycine 3.12 6.3669.67 3.12 6.95 Isoleucine 2.369.686Glycylglycine 3.06 8.13 Lysine 2.188.956Gly-gly-gly 3.267.912310.53Glycylproline 2.848.556 O-Methyl tyrosine9.2721Aspartyl histi- 2.457.98dine 6.82 3.02Gly-gly-gly-gly 3.057.7523 Diglycylcystine 2.717.946Lysyl-lysine (L,L) 3.017.536 Glutathione 9.12 2.128.66610.0511.013.53Compound-COOH-NH2-NH2-NH2-NH2Ref. Gly•Ala (L) or (D) 3.178.2327 Ala•Gly (L) or (D) 3.168.2427 Gly•Ala•Ala (LL) 3.388.1027 Gly•Ala•Ala (LD) 3.308.1727 Ala•Ala•OH (DD) 3.308.1427 Ala•Ala•OH (LD) 3.128.3027 H•Ala•Ala•Ala•OH (3L) 3.398.0327 H•Ala•Ala•Ala•OH (LLD) 3.378.0527 H•Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDL) 3.318.1327 H•Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (DLL) 3.378.0627 H-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (3D) 3.398.0627 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (4L) 3.427.9427 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LLDL) 3.247.9327 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDLL) 3.227.9927 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (DLLL) 3.427.9927 H•Lys-Ala•OH (LL) 3.227.6210.7027 H•Lys-Ala•OH (LD) 3.007.7410.6327 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (3L) 3.157.6510.3027 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LDL) 3.337.9710.3627 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LLD) 3.297.8410.4927 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala•OH (4L) 3.588.0110.5827 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LDLL) 3.328.0110.3727 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (5L) 3.537.7510.3527 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDLLL) 3.307.8510.2927 H•Lys-Lys•OH (LL) 3.017.5310.0511.0127 H•Lys-Lys•OH (LD) 2.857.539.9210.9827 H•Lys-Lys•OH (3L) 3.087.349.8010.5411.3227 H•Lys-Lys-Lys•OH (LDL) 2.917.299.7910.5411.4227 H•Lys-Lys-Lys•OH (LDD) 2.947.149.6010.3811.0927 Compound pK ref.Glutathione 3.59, 8.75, 9.6577Glycylserine8.2377Glycylleucine8.1377Leucylglycine7.9677Glycylisoleucine7.9677Leucylglycylglycine7.6677Glycylphenylalanine8.2877Glycyltyrosine8.2277Benzylglutamic acid 3.49, 4.9977Glycyltryptophane8.0477Glutathione, oxidized 3.15, 4.03, 8.57, 9.5477Alanylalanine (LL) 3.308.1492Alanylalanine (LD) 3.128.3092Lysylalanine (LL) 3.227.6210.7092Lysylalanine (LD) 3.007.7410.6392Leucyltyrosine (LL) 3.467.8410.0992Leucyltyrosine (DL) 3.128.3810.3592Lysyllysine (LD) 2.857.539.9292NITROGEN COMPOUNDSAliphatic Amines pK ref.Ammonia9.211n-Propyl-10.531 Primary Amines Trimethylsilymethyl-10.961β-Alanine ester9.131CH3ONH2 4.6012 Allylamine-9.692Allyl-9.491 Benzyl9.341γ-Amino-n-butyric acid ester 9.711n-Butyl-10.591sec-Butyl-10.561t-Butyl-10.551Cyclohexyl-10.641 Cyclohexylmethyl-10.491β-difluoroethyl-7.521 Ethanol-9.501Ethyl10.631 Ethylenedi-9.98, 7.521, 77Glycine ester7.751 Hydrazine8.101Hydroxyl- 5.971 Isopropyl-10.631Methoxy- 4.601 Methyl-10.621neo-Pentyl-10.211 Phenylamyl-10.492δ-Phenylbutyl10.402β-Phenylethyl-9.831γ-Phenylpropyl-10.201Triethylenedi-8.8*?X XNH3+XCH2NH3+X(CH2)2NH3+X(CH2)3NH3+X(CH2)4NH3+X(CH2)5NH3+ref. H-9.25*10.64*10.67*10.58*10.61*10.63*2 HF2C-7.52RO2C-7.759.139.7110.15*10.372 HO- 5.96*9.50*C6H5- 4.58*9.37*9.83*10.20*10.39*10.49*2 H2N-8.12*9.98*10.65*10.84*11.05*2 H2C=CH-9.69CH3-10.64*10.67*10.58*10.61*10.63*10.64*2 X-H-NH3+-CO2–-SO3–-PO3–2X-NH3+9.25*-.88110.25X(CH2)2NH3+10.649.77 5.7510.8X(CH2)2NH3+10.6710.199.2010.8X(CH2)4NH3+10.619.3110.7710.6510.9X(CH2)5NH3+10.639.7410.7510.9511.0X(CH2)8NH3+10.6510.10X(CH2)10NH3+10.6411.3511.25X(CH2)3NH3+10.588.5910.4310.05Secondary amines Di-n-butyl-11.251 Dimethyl-10.641Diisobutyl-10.501Di-n-propyl-11.001α-Ethylpyrroline7.432 Diisopropyl-11.051α-Benzylpyrroline-7.082t-Butylcyclohexyl-11.2312-Methylpiperidine10.992α-Cyclohexylpyrroline7.952α-Cyclohexylpyrrolidine10.802α-(p-Tolyl)pyrroline7.592α-(p-Tolyl)pyrrolidine10.012α-Ethylpyrrolidine10.432N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine 4.7512α-Benzylpyrrolidine10.362Acetanilide+0.614N-methylhydroxylamine 5.9612*thermodynamic valueDiethyl-10.981Aliphatic Amines Methyl-β-diethylamino-ethyl-sulfide 1,2-Iminoethane 7.9871,2-Dimethyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.942cis-2,3-Iminobutane 8.7271-methyl-2-n-butyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.901,2-Imino-2-methylpropane 8.6171-Ethyl-2-methyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.9221,2-Iminobutane 8.2971-n-Butyl-2-methyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.902trans-2,3-Iminobutane 8.6971,2-Dimethyl-∆2-tetrahydropyridine11.572Secondary Amines N-Ethyl derivative of: 1,2-Imino-ethane7.937Allylmethyl-10.111Benzylethyl-9.681Trans-2,3-Iminobutane 9.477Morpholine 8.361Trimethylhydroxylamine 3.6512N-Benzoylpiperazine 7.781Dimethylethyl-9.991Di-sec-butyl-11.011Triethyl-10.651N-Methylmethoxyamine 4.751Dimethyl-n-butyl-10.021Pyrolidine 11.271Dimethyl-isopropyl-10.3011-Tosylpiperazine 7.39Dimethyl-t-butyl-10.521Benzylmethyl-9.581Tri-n-butyl-10.891Piperidine 11.221Diallylmethyl-8.791N-Carbethoxypiperazin 8.2811-n-Propylpiperidine 10.482Dietrimethylsilylmethyl-11.40110.110.15Diallyl-9.2919.8--5N-Methylhydroxyl- 5.9611,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 10.262Trimethyleneimine 11.2911-Methyl-2-n-butylpyrrolidin 10.242Cis-2,6-dimethyl-piperidine 10.9231-Ethyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.6421-n-Butyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.4321-Ethyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.7021,2-Iminobutane 8.187Tertiary amines cis-2,3-Iminobutane 8.567Trimethyl-9.761N-dimethylhydroxylamine 5.2012Dimethyldiethyl-10.291Allyldimethyl 8.781Dimethyl-n-propyl-9.9911,2-Dimethylpiperidine 10.262Dimethyl-isobutyl-9.9111-Ethyl-2-methyl-∆2-tetrahydropyridine11.572Dimethyl-sec-butyl-10.401Tri-n-propyl-10.651Triallyl-8.311N-Allylpiperidine 9.6921-Diethylamino-hexane-thiol-(6)Cyanoamines2-Amino-2-cyanopropane 5.39N-piperidine-CH 2CN 4.558β-Isopropylaminopropionitrile 8.09Et 2NCN -2.08β-Diethylaminopropionitrile 7.69Et 2N(CH 2)2CN 7.658Et 2NCH 2CN 4.558Et 2N(CH 2)4CN 10.088Et 2N(CH 2)3CN 9.298Et 2NC(CH 3)2CN 9.138Et 2N(CH 2)5CN 10.468EtN(CH 2CN)2-0.68HN(CH 2CN)20.28EtN(CH 2CH 2CN)2 4.558HN(CH 2CH 2CN)2 5.268H 2NCH 2CN 5.348N(CH 2CH 2CN)3 1.18N-Amphetamine-(CH 2)2-CN 7.238N-piperidine-C(CH 3)2CN 9.228N-Norcodeine-(CH 2)2CN 5.688N-Methamphetamine-(CH 2)2CN 6.958Dimethylcyanimide 1.29Methyl cyanamide 1.29Diethylcyanimide 1.29Ethyl cyanamide 1.29Aminoacetonitrile 5.39Cyanamide 1.19Diethylaminoacetonitrile 4.59Dimethylaminoacetonitrile 4.29β-Aminopropionitrile7.79CF3CH2NHCH3 6.0510β-Dimethylaminopropionitrile7.09Phenylethylaminesβ,β"-Dicyanodiethylamine 5.292-phenylethylamine9.7811 For complex chelating agents of aliphatic amines,see also ref. 77.N-methyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethylamine8.7811N-methyl-2-phenyl10.3111 Fluoro-substituted aminesEpinephrine8.5511 CF3CH2NH2 5.710Arterenol8.5511 CF3CH2N(CH3)2 4.7510R2R1CHCH2NHR4R3ref. 11R1R2R3R4pKH H H H9.78H H OH H8.90H OH OH H8.81OH H OH H8.67H OH H H9.22OH OH H H8.93OH OH OH H8.58H H H CH310.31H H OH CH39.31H OH OH CH28.62OH H OH CH38.89H OH H CH39.36OH OH H CH38.78OH OH OH CH38.55Ring amines and imines (in 80% methyl cellosolve) (ref. 2)Pentamethylene9.99Cyclotridecyl9.63 Hexamethylene10.00Cyclotetradecyl9.54 Heptamethylene9.77Cyclopentadecyl9.54 Octamethylene9.39Cycloheptadecyl9.57 Nonamethylene9.14Cyclooctadecyl9.54 Decamethylene9.04Undecamethylene9.14Amines otherDodecamethylene9.31Dimeoone 5.2318 Tridecamethylene9.35Phthalimide8.3018 Tetradecamethylene9.35Nitrourea 4.5718 Hexadecamethylene9.29Nitrourethane 3.2818 Heptadecamethylene9.27Diphenylthiocarbazone 4.56 Cyclohexyl9.82β,β,β"-Triaminotriethylamine Cycloheptyl9.998.42, 9.44, 10.1387 CyclooctylCyclononyl9.95Anilines Ref. 2Cyclodecyl9.85MonosubstitutedCycloundecyl9.71Substituent o m p Cyclododecyl9.62H- 4.62* 4.64* 4.58*。
有机酸无机酸PKa值表
肼（联氨） 羟 氨
8.86 3.96 2.43 1.4 4.75 6.02 14.9 8.04 3.02 7.52 3.02
氢氧化铅 氢氧化锌
4. 有机碱在水溶液中的解离常数（25oC） Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution （25oC）
-3 -8
亚碲酸
2. 有机酸在水溶液中的解离常数（25oC） Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution（25oC）
序号 (No.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 名称(Name) 甲 酸 乙 酸 乙醇酸 草 酸 化学式 (Chemical formula) HCOOH CH3COOH CH2(OH)COOH (COOH)2 CH2(NH2)COOH CH2ClCOOH CHCl2COOH CCl3COOH CH3CH2COOH CH2═CHCOOH CH3CHOHCOOH HOCOCH2COOH HC≡CCOOH HOCH2CHOHCOOH CH3COCOOH CH3CHNH2COOH CH2NH2CH2COOH CH3(CH2)2COOH (CH3)2CHCOOH CH2═CHCH2COOH CH2═C(CH2)COOH HOCOCH═CHCOOH HOCOCH═CHCOOH HOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH CH3(CH2)3COOH (CH3)2CHCH2COOH CH3CH2CH═CHCOOH CH3CH═CHCH2COOH CH2═CHCH2CH2COOH HOCO(CH2)3COOH
常见酸碱水中的解离常数
常见酸碱水中的解离常数弱酸、弱碱的解离常数Dissociation Constants of Weak Acids and Weak Bases1. 无机酸在水溶液中的解离常数（25o C）Dissociation Constants of Mineral Acids in Aqueous Solution （25o C）序号名称(Name) 化学式(Chemical formula) K a p K a (No.)1 偏铝酸HAlO2 6.3×10-1312.22 亚砷酸H3AsO3 6.0×10-109.223 砷酸H3AsO46.3×10-3 (K1) 2.2 1.05×10-7 (K2) 6.98 3.2×10-12 (K3) 11.54 硼酸H3BO35.8×10-10 (K1) 9.24 1.8×10-13 (K2) 12.74 1.6×10-14 (K3) 13.85 次溴酸HBrO 2.4×10-98.626 氢氰酸H CN 6.2×10-109.217 碳酸H2CO34.2×10-7 (K1) 6.385.6×10-11(K2) 10.258 次氯酸HClO 3.2×10-87.59 氢氟酸HF 6.61×10-4 3.1810 锗酸H2GeO31.7×10-9 (K1) 8.78 1.9×10-13 (K2) 12.7211 高碘酸HIO4 2.8×10-2 1.5612 亚硝酸HNO2 5.1×10-4 3.2913 次磷酸H3PO2 5.9×10-2 1.2314 亚磷酸H3PO35.0×10-2 (K1) 1.3 2.5×10-7 (K2) 6.615 磷酸H3PO47.52×10-3 (K1) 2.12 6.31×10-8 (K2) 7.2 4.4×10-13 (K3) 12.3616 焦磷酸H4P2O73.0×10-2 (K1) 1.524.4×10-3 (K2) 2.36 2.5×10-7 (K3) 6.65.6×10-10 (K4) 9.2517 氢硫酸H2S 1.3×10-7 (K1) 6.88 7.1×10-15 (K2) 14.1518 亚硫酸H2SO31.23×10-2 (K1) 1.91 6.6×10-8 (K2) 7.1819 硫酸H2SO4 1.0×103 (K1) -31.02×10-2 (K2) 1.9920 硫代硫酸H2S2O32.52×10-1 (K1) 0.6 1.9×10-2 (K2) 1.7221 氢硒酸H2Se 1.3×10-4 (K1) 3.89 1.0×10-11(K2) 1122 亚硒酸H2SeO32.7×10-3 (K1) 2.57 2.5×10-7 (K2) 6.623 硒酸H2SeO41×103 (K1) -3 1.2×10-2 (K2) 1.9224 硅酸H2SiO31.7×10-10 (K1) 9.77 1.6×10-12 (K2) 11.825 亚碲酸H2TeO32.7×10-3 (K1) 2.57 1.8×10-8 (K2) 7.742. 有机酸在水溶液中的解离常数（25o C）Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution （25o C）序号(No .) 名称(Name)化学式K a p K a(Chemical formula)1 甲酸HCOOH 1.8×10-4 3.752 乙酸CH3COOH 1.74×10-5 4.763 乙醇酸CH2(OH)COOH 1.48×10-4 3.834 草酸(COOH)25.4×10-2(K1) 1.27 5.4×10-5(K2) 4.275 甘氨酸CH2(NH2)COOH 1.7×10-109.786 一氯乙酸CH2ClCOOH 1.4×10-3 2.867 二氯乙酸CHCl2COOH 5.0×10-2 1.38 三氯乙酸CCl3COOH 2.0×10-10.79 丙酸CH3CH2COOH 1.35×10-5 4.8710 丙烯酸CH2═CHCOOH 5.5×10-5 4.2611 乳酸(丙醇酸) CH3CHOHCOOH 1.4×10-4 3.8612 丙二酸HOCOCH2COOH 1.4×10-3(K1) 2.852.2×10-6(K2) 5.6613 2-丙炔酸HC≡CCOOH 1.29×10-2 1.8914 甘油酸HOCH2CHOHCOOH 2.29×10-4 3.6415 丙酮酸CH3COCOOH 3.2×10-3 2.4916 α-丙胺酸 CH3CH NH2COOH 1.35×10-109.8717 β-丙胺酸CH2NH2CH2COOH 4.4×10-1110.3618 正丁酸CH3(CH2)2COOH 1.52×10-5 4.8219 异丁酸(CH3)2CHCOOH 1.41×10-5 4.8520 3-丁烯酸CH2═CHCH2COOH 2.1×10-5 4.6821 异丁烯酸CH2═C(CH2)COOH 2.2×10-5 4.6622 反丁烯二酸(富马酸)HOCOCH═CHCOOH9.3×10-4(K1) 3.033.6×10-5(K2)4.4423 顺丁烯二酸(马来酸)HOCOCH═CHCOOH1.2×10-2(K1) 1.925.9×10-7(K2)6.2324 酒石酸HOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH 1.04×10-3(K1) 2.98 4.55×10-5(K2) 4.3425 正戊酸CH3(CH2)3COOH 1.4×10-5 4.8626 异戊酸(CH3)2CHCH2COOH 1.67×10-5 4.7827 2-戊烯酸CH3CH2CH═CHCOOH 2.0×10-5 4.728 3-戊烯酸CH3CH═CHCH2COOH 3.0×10-5 4.5229 4-戊烯酸CH2═CHCH2CH2COOH 2.10×10-5 4.67730 戊二酸HOCO(CH2)3COOH 1.7×10-4(K1) 3.77 8.3×10-7(K2) 6.0831 谷氨酸HOCOCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH7.4×10-3(K1) 2.13 4.9×10-5(K2) 4.31 4.4×10-10 (K3) 9.35832 正己酸CH3(CH2)4COOH 1.39×10-5 4.8633 异己酸(CH3)2CH(CH2)3—COOH 1.43×10-5 4.8534 (E)-2-己烯酸H(CH2)3CH═CHCOOH 1.8×10-5 4.7435 (E)-3-己烯酸CH3CH2CH═CHCH2COOH 1.9×10-5 4.7236 己二酸HOCOCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH 3.8×10-5(K1) 4.42 3.9×10-6(K2) 5.4137 柠檬酸HOCOCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH 7.4×10-4(K1) 3.13 1.7×10-5(K2) 4.76 4.0×10-7(K3) 6.438 苯酚C6H5OH 1.1×10-109.9639 邻苯二酚(o)C6H4(OH)23.6×10-109.45 1.6×10-1312.840 间苯二酚(m)C6H4(OH)23.6×10-10(K1) 9.3 8.71×10-12(K2) 11.0641 对苯二酚(p)C6H4(OH)2 1.1×10-109.9642 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2OH 5.1×10-10.2943 葡萄糖酸CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH 1.4×10-4 3.8644 苯甲酸C6H5COOH 6.3×10-5 4.245 水杨酸C6H4(OH)COOH 1.05×10-3(K1) 2.98 4.17×10-13(K2) 12.3846 邻硝基苯甲酸(o)NO2C6H4COOH 6.6×10-3 2.1847 间硝基苯甲酸(m)NO2C6H4COOH 3.5×10-4 3.4648 对硝基苯甲酸(p)NO2C6H4COOH 3.6×10-4 3.4449 邻苯二甲酸(o)C6H4(COOH)21.1×10-3(K1) 2.96 4.0×10-6(K2) 5.450 间苯二甲酸(m)C6H4(COOH)22.4×10-4(K1) 3.62 2.5×10-5(K2) 4.651 对苯二甲酸(p)C6H4(COOH)22.9×10-4(K1) 3.543.5×10-5(K2)4.4652 1,3,5-苯三甲酸C6H3(COOH)37.6×10-3(K1) 2.12 7.9×10-5(K2) 4.1 6.6×10-6(K3) 5.1853 苯基六羧酸C6(COOH)62.1×10-1(K1) 0.68 6.2×10-3(K2)2.213.0×10-4(K3) 3.52 8.1×10-6(K4) 5.094.8×10-7(K5) 6.323.2×10-8(K6) 7.4954 癸二酸HOOC(CH2)8COOH 2.6×10-5(K1) 4.59 2.6×10-6(K2) 5.5955乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)CH2—N(CH2COOH)2 1.0×10-2(K1) 2∣ 2.14×10-3(K2) 2.67CH2—N(CH2COOH)2 6.92×10-7(K3) 6.165.5×10-11(K4) 10.263. 无机碱在水溶液中的解离常数（25o C）Dissociation Constants of Mineral Bases in Aqueous Solution （25o C）序号(No .) 名称(Name)化学式K b p K b(Chemical formula)1 氢氧化铝Al(OH)3 1.38×10-9(K3) 8.862 氢氧化银AgOH 1.10×10-4 3.963 氢氧化钙Ca(OH)23.72×10-3 2.43 3.98×10-2 1.44 氨水NH3+H2O 1.78×10-5 4.755 肼（联氨）N2H4+H2O 9.55×10-7(K1) 6.02 1.26×10-15(K2) 14.96 羟氨NH2OH+H2O 9.12×10-98.047 氢氧化铅Pb(OH)29.55×10-4(K1) 3.02 3.0×10-8(K2) 7.528 氢氧化锌Zn(OH)29.55×10-4 3.024. 有机碱在水溶液中的解离常数（25o C）Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution （25o C）序号(No.)名称(Name) 化学式(Chemical formula) K b p K b 1 甲胺CH3NH2 4.17×10-4 3.382 尿素（脲）CO(NH2)2 1.5×10-1413.823 乙胺CH3CH2NH2 4.27×10-4 3.374 乙醇胺H2N(CH2)2OH 3.16×10-5 4.55 乙二胺H2N(CH2)2NH28.51×10-5(K1) 4.07 7.08×10-8(K2) 7.156 二甲胺(CH3)2NH 5.89×10-4 3.237 三甲胺(CH3)3N 6.31×10-5 4.28 三乙胺(C2H5)3N 5.25×10-4 3.289 丙胺C3H7NH2 3.70×10-4 3.43210 异丙胺i-C3H7NH2 4.37×10-4 3.361,3-丙二胺NH2(CH2)3NH22.95×10-4(K1) 3.5311 3.09×10-6(K2) 5.511,2-丙二胺CH3CH(NH2)CH2NH25.25×10-5(K1) 4.2812 4.05×10-8(K2) 7.39313 三丙胺(CH3CH2CH2)3N 4.57×10-4 3.3414 三乙醇胺(HOCH2CH2)3N 5.75×10-7 6.2415 丁胺C4H9NH2 4.37×10-4 3.3616 异丁胺C4H9NH2 2.57×10-4 3.5917 叔丁胺C4H9NH2 4.84×10-4 3.31518 己胺H(CH2)6NH2 4.37×10-4 3.3619 辛胺H(CH2)8NH2 4.47×10-4 3.3520 苯胺C6H5NH2 3.98×10-109.421 苄胺C7H9N 2.24×10-5 4.6522 环己胺C6H11NH2 4.37×10-4 3.3623 吡啶C5H5N 1.48×10-98.8324 六亚甲基四胺(CH2)6N4 1.35×10-98.8725 2-氯酚C6H5ClO 3.55×10-6 5.4526 3-氯酚C6H5ClO 1.26×10-5 4.927 4-氯酚C6H5ClO 2.69×10-5 4.5728 邻氨基苯酚(o)H2NC6H4OH 5.2×10-5 4.28 1.9×10-5 4.7229 间氨基苯酚(m)H2NC6H4OH 7.4×10-5 4.13 6.8×10-5 4.1730 对氨基苯酚(p)H2NC6H4OH 2.0×10-4 3.73.2×10-6 5.531 邻甲苯胺(o)CH3C6H4NH2 2.82×10-109.5532 间甲苯胺(m)CH3C6H4NH2 5.13×10-109.2933 对甲苯胺(p)CH3C6H4NH2 1.20×10-98.9234 8-羟基喹啉(20℃) 8-HO—C9H6N 6.5×10-5 4.1935 二苯胺(C6H5)2NH 7.94×10-1413.136 联苯胺H2NC6H4C6H4NH25.01×10-10(K1) 9.3 4.27×10-11(K2) 10.37。
水溶液中的化学平衡
和 都是平衡常数，表示了弱酸、弱碱解离出离子趋势的大小，K值
越大，表示解离的趋势越大。一般把 小于10-2的酸，称为弱酸；碱也可 以按着 值的大小分类。 （2）酸碱的强弱 可用解离平衡常数来表示酸和碱的强度。一些酸从强 到弱的排列顺序是
HAc在H2O中有
4.1.2弱电解质的解离平衡
Ac-。用c0表示醋酸溶液的起始浓度，用c(H+)、c(Ac-)和c(HAc)分别表示 H+、Ac-和HAc的平衡浓度，则有c(H+)= c(Ac-)·c(HAc)=c0- c(H+)。
4.1.2弱电解质的解离平衡
将各平衡浓度代入式（4-1）中，有：
Kaθ
c(H )2 c0 c(H )
（4-2）
4.1.1 酸碱理论
2. 酸碱的质子理论
由丹麦的布朗斯特和英国的劳莱提出并定义了酸与碱：酸碱质子理论将能 给出质子的分子或离子定义为酸；能接受质子的分子或离子定义为碱。 酸和碱之间的关系是：
满足上述关系的一对酸和碱互为共轭酸碱。 例如：醋酸CH3COOH
其中HAc是Ac-的共轭酸，而Ac-是HAc的共轭碱。 酸越强，它的共轭碱就越弱；酸越弱，它的共轭碱就越强。
当c0不是很小，而α不是很大时。弱酸弱碱溶液的解离度与其浓度的
平方根成反比，与其解离常数的平方根成正比。这一关系称为稀释定律。 平衡常数 和 不随浓度变化，但作为转化百分数的解离度α，
却随起始浓度的变化而变化，只有在浓度相同的条件下，才能用解离度的
大小来比较电解质的相对强弱。起始浓度c0越小，解离度α值越大。
由瑞典化学家阿伦尼乌斯提出并定义了酸与碱：电解质在水溶液中能 电离生成阴、阳离子。酸是指在水溶液中电离时产生的阳离子都是H+离子 的化合物；而碱是指在水溶液中电离时产生的阴离子都是OH-离子的化合 物。即，能电离出H+是酸的特征，能电离出OH-是碱的特征，酸碱的中和 反应生成盐和水。又根据强、弱电解质的概念，将在水中全部电离的酸或 碱，称为强酸和强碱；在水中部分电离的酸或碱，称为弱酸和弱碱。
各种酸的pKa及pH值-pb的pka
各种酸的pKa及pH值-pb的pka 各种酸的 pKa 及 pH 值 pb 的 pka在化学的世界里，酸的性质和行为是一个非常重要的研究领域。
其中，pKa 和 pH 值是描述酸的重要参数。
让我们一起来深入了解一下各种酸的 pKa 以及它们与 pH 值之间的关系，同时也探讨一下 pb 的 pKa 。
首先，我们来弄清楚什么是 pKa 和 pH 值。
pH 值，大家应该都比较熟悉，它是用来衡量溶液酸碱度的指标。
简单来说，pH 值越小，溶液酸性越强；pH 值越大，溶液碱性越强；而 pH 值等于 7 时，溶液呈中性。
那么 pKa 又是什么呢？pKa 是酸解离常数（Ka）的负对数。
酸解离常数 Ka 表示酸在溶液中解离出氢离子（H⁺）的能力。
pKa 值越小，说明酸的酸性越强；pKa 值越大，酸的酸性越弱。
接下来，让我们看看一些常见酸的 pKa 值。
比如说盐酸（HCl），它是一种强酸，在水溶液中几乎完全解离，其 pKa 约为－63 。
硫酸（H₂SO₄）也是一种强酸，第一级解离很完全，pKa₁约为－3 。
再来说说有机酸，比如乙酸（CH₃COOH），它是一种常见的有机酸，pKa 约为 476 。
这意味着乙酸在溶液中的解离程度相对较弱，酸性不如盐酸和硫酸那么强。
磷酸（H₃PO₄）是一种多元酸，它有三级解离。
第一级解离的pKa₁约为 212 ，第二级解离的 pKa₂约为 721 ，第三级解离的 pKa₃约为 1232 。
那么，这些酸的 pKa 值是怎么测定的呢？通常是通过实验方法，比如电位滴定法。
在实验中，逐渐向含有酸的溶液中加入碱，测量溶液的 pH 值变化，从而计算出酸的解离常数 Ka ，进而得到 pKa 值。
了解了各种酸的 pKa 值，它们与 pH 值又有什么关系呢？当溶液中酸的浓度和其共轭碱的浓度相等时，溶液的 pH 值就等于该酸的 pKa 值。
如果溶液的pH 值小于酸的pKa 值，那么溶液中酸的形式占主导；如果 pH 值大于 pKa 值，则共轭碱的形式占主导。
第五章_有机化合物的酸碱性
第五章 有机化合物的酸碱性酸碱是化学中的重要概念，从广义的角度讲，多数的有机化学反应都可以被看作是酸碱反应。
因此，酸碱的概念在有机化学中有着重要的应用，在学习有机化学的时候，学习与了解有机化合物的酸碱性是十分必要的。
5.1 Brönsted 酸碱理论1923年，为了克服S. A. Arrehenius 依据电离学说，所提出的水溶液中酸碱理论的不足，丹麦的J. N. Brönsted 和英国的J. M. Lowry 分别独立地提出了新的酸碱理论。
该理论给出的酸碱定义为：凡是能给出质子的任何物质（分子或离子），叫做酸；凡是能接受质子的任何物质，叫做碱。
简言之，酸是质子的给予体，碱是质子的接受体。
因此，Brönsted 酸碱理论又称为质子酸碱理论。
依据Brönsted 酸碱理论，酸给出质子后产生的碱，称之为酸的共轭碱；碱接受质子生成的物质就是它的共轭酸。
即：酸碱 ＋质子CH3CO 2H CH 3CO 2- + H +C2H 5OHC 2H 5O - + H +可以看出，CH 3CO 2H 给出质子是酸，生成的CH 3CO 2―则是碱。
这样的一对酸碱，称为共轭酸碱对。
C 2H 5OH 和C 2H 5O ―也是如此。
酸、碱的电离可以看作是两对酸碱的反应过程。
例如：CH3CO 2H + H 2OCH 3CO 2- + H 3O +酸1 ＋ 碱2碱1 ＋ 酸2H2O + CH 3NH 2OH - + CH 3NH 3+醋酸在水中的电离，CH 3CO 2H 给出一个质子是酸，H 2O 接受一个质子为碱。
这里，CH 3CO 2H/CH 3CO 2―与H 2O/H 3O ＋分别是两个共轭酸碱对。
但是，甲胺在水中电离时，H 2O 给出一个质子是酸，CH 3NH 2接受一个质子为碱。
H 2O/OH ―与CH 3NH 2/CH 3NH 3+分别是两个共轭酸碱对。
由此可见， Brönsted 理论中的酸碱概念是相对的。
有机、无机化合物酸碱解离常数pKa_pKb数据
pKa ValuesINDEXInorganic2Phenazine24 Phosphates3Pyridine25 Carboxylic acids4, 8Pyrazine26Aliphatic4, 8Aromatic7, 8Quinoline27Phenols9Quinazoline27Alcohols and oxygen acids10, 11Quinoxaline27Amino Acids12Special Nitrogen Compounds28Peptides13Hydroxylamines28Nitrogen Compounds14Hydrazines28Aliphatic amines15, 17, 19Semicarbazones28 Cyanoamines16Amidoximes28Anilines17, 18, 20Thiols29 Nucleosides21Carbon Acids30,31 Special Table Heterocycles22Indicators31Acridine23References32-34 Benzoquinoline24Cinnoline23Hydantoin24Imidazole24For complex chelating agents, see also reference 77.Note. This document was compiled by W.P. Jencks and has been added to by F.H. WestheimerACIDSCompound pK Ref.H3PO2 2.0, 2.23*28H2PO4–7.21*77 AgOH 3.964HPO4_12.32*77Al(OH)311.228H3PO3 2.028As(OH)39.2228H2PO3– 6.58*77H3AsO4 2.22, 7.0, 13.028H4P2O7 1.52*77H2AsO4– 6.98*77H3 P2O7– 2.36*77 HAsO4*11.53*77H2P2O7= 6.60*77As2O304H3AsO39.22*HP2O7=9.25*77H3BO39.23*28HReO4-1.2530H2B4O7 4.0034HSCN 4.0034H2SeO3 2.6, 8.3, 2.62*28 HB4O79.0034HSeO38.3277Be(OH)2 3.74H2SeO4Strong, 2.028 HBr-9.0031HOBr8.728HSeO4 2.0034 HOCl7.53, 7.4628, 33H3SiO310.034 HClO2 2.028H2SO3 1.9, 7.0, 1.76*28, 77 HClO3-1.0028H2SO4-3.0, 1.928 HClO4 (70%)-10.0031HSO37.21*77CH3SO3H-0.631HSO4– 1.99*77 HCN9.4034H2S2O4 1.929H2CO3 6.37, 6.35*, 3.5834, 32H2Se 3.89*77 HCO310.33*HSe–11.00*77H2CrO4-0.9830H2S7.00*77 HCrO4 6.50*2, 30HS–12.92*77 HOCN 3.9234HSbO211.034 HZ 3.17*, 0.59*77HTe 5.0034H2GeO38.59, 12.7234, 78H2Te 2.64, 11.034, 78 Ge(OH)48.68, 12.728H2TeO3 2.7, 8.028HI-10.031Te(OH)6 6.2, 8.828 HOI11.028H2VO4–8.9530 HIO30.828HVO4=14.430H4IO6– 6.0034H2CrO40.7477H5IO6 1.64, 1.55, 8.2734, 28HOCN 3.7377 HMnO4-2.2530HSCN0.8577 NH3OH* 5.98*H3PO2 1.0777 NH4*9.24*77H3PO4 2.12*77 HN3 4.72*77H2S2O30.60*, 1.72*77 HNO2 3.2928H3AuO313.3, 16.078 HNO3-1.328H3GaO310.32, 11.778N2H5+7.99*77H5IO6 3.29, 6.70, 15.078H2N2O27.0534(see above!)H2N2O2–11.034H4V6O17 1.9678H2OsO512.134H2NSO3H 1.080H2O15.7noneH3O+-1.7none* Indicates a thermodynamic value.Pb(OH)2 6.48 (10.92) 4 (78)PHOSPHATES AND PHOSPHONATES CF 3- 1.16, 3.9357CCl 3- 1.63, 4.8157Phosphates NH 3+CH 2- 2.35, 5.957CompoundpKRef.(–OOCCH 2)2NH +CH 2– --, 5.5757Phosphate 1.97, 6.82, 12.555CHCl 2- 1.14, 5.6157Glyceric acid 2-phosphate 3.6, 7.153CH 2CI- 1.40, 6.3057Enolpyruvic acid 3.5, 6.453CH 2Br- 1.14, 6.5257Methyl- 1.54, 6.3155(–OOCCH 22NH +(CH 2)2- --, 6.5457Ethyl- 1.60, 6.6255CH 2I- 1.30, 6.7257n-Propyl- 1.88,6.6755NH 3+CH 2CH 2- 2.45, 7.0057n-Butyl- 1.80, 6.8455Dimethyl- 1.2955C 6H 5CH=CH- 2.00, 7.157Di-n-propyl 1.5955HOCH 2- 1.91, 7.1557Di-n-butyl- 1.7255C 6H 5NH 2+(CH 2)3- 2.1, --57Glucose-3-0.84, 5.6756C 6H 5NH(CH 2)3---, 7.1757Glucose-4-0.84, 5.6756Br(CH 2)2- 2.25, 7.357α-glycero- 1.40, 6.4454CH 3(CH 2)5CH(COO –)---, 7.557β-glycero- 1.37, 6.3454C 6H 5CH 2- 2.3, 7.55573-phosphoglyceric acid 1.42, 3.4254NH 3+(CH 2)4)- 2.55, 7.55572-phosphoglyceric acid 1.42, 3.55, 7.1peroxymonophosphoric acid 4.0569NH 3+(CH 2)5- 2.6, 7.657diphosphoglyceric acid 7.40, 7.9954NH 3+(CH 2)10---, 8.0057glyceraldehyde- 2.10, 6.7554–OOC(CH 2)10---, 8.2557dioxyacetone- 1.77,6.4554(CH 3)3SiCH 2- 3.22, 8.7057hexose di- 1.52, 6.3154fructose-6-0.97, 6.1154C 6H 5CH 2- 3.3, 8.457glucose-6-0.94, 6.1154(C 6H 5)SC- 3.85, 9.0057glucose-1- 1.10, 6.1354adenylic acid 3.8?, 6.2?54Arylphosphonic acids inosinic acid 2.4?, 6.4?542X-RC 6H 3PO 3H 2ADP 2 strong, 6.654X R ATP 3 strong, 6.654Cl 4-O 2N 1.12, 6.1457pyrophosphoric acid 0.9, 2.0, 6.6, 9.454Br 5-O 2N (a), 6.1457phosphopyruvic acid 3.5, 6.3854Cl 5-Cl (a), 6.6357creatine phosphate 2.7, 4.554Cl H 1.63, 6.9857arginine phosphate 2.8, 4.5, 9.6, 11.254Br H 1.64, 7.0057arginine 2.02, 9.0, 12.554Br 5-CH 3 1.81, 7.1557amino phosphate (-0.9), 2.8, 8.254Cl 4-NH 2--, 7.3357trimetaphosphate 2.0577CH 3O 4-O 2N 1.53, 6.9657CH 3O H 2.16, 7.7757PhosphonatesCH 3O 4-O 2N --, 8.2257H 2O 3P(CH 2)4PO 3H 2 <2, 2.75, 7.54, 8.3857HO 4-O 2N 1.22, 5.3957H 2O 3P(CH 2)3PO 3H 2 <2, 2.65, 7.34, 8.3557O 2N H 1.45, 6.7457H 2O 3PCH 2CH(CH 3)PO 3H 2 <2, 2.6, 7.00, 9.2757F H 1.64, 6.8057H 2O 3PCH 2PO 3H 2 <2, 2.57, 6.87, 10.3357I H 1.74, 7.0657Methyl- 2.3557NH 2H --, 7.2957Ethyl- 2.4357CH 3H 2.10, 7.6857n-propyl- 2.4557C 6H 5H (a), 8.1357isopropyl- 2.55, 7.7557HOOC H1.71, 9.1757n-butyl- 2.59, 8.1957isobutyl- 2.70, 8.4357**These values were obtained in 50% ethanol.s-butyl- 2.74, 8.4857(a) The compounds were not sufficiently soluble.t-butyl- 2.79, 8.8857For graphical plots of a large number of substituted phosphorus compounds see 83.neopentyl- 2.84, 8.65571,1 Dimethylpropyl- 2.88, 8.9657n-hexyl- 2.6, 7.957triphosphate8.90, 6.26, 2.3077n-dodecyl---, 8.2557tetrametaphosphate 2.7477CH 3(CH 2)5CH(COOH)- 1, --57fluorophosphate0.55, 4.856Acetic acids, substituted Phosphonates (Ref. 2)H- 4.76*20 X-H-H-NH3+-NH3+O2N- 1.68*20 X(CH2)PO3H2 2.357.1 1.85 5.35(CH3)3N+- 1.83*20 X(CH2)2PO3H2 2.457.85 2.457.00(CH3)2NH+- 1.95*20 X(CH2)4PO3H2 2.557.55CH3NH2+- 2.16*20 X(CH2)5PO3 H2 2.67.65NH3+- 2.31*20 X(CH2)6PO2H2 2.67.9CH3SO2- 2.36*20 X(CH2)10PO2H28.00NC- 2.43*20 Phosphines in acetonitrile, see ref. 89.C6H5SO2- 2.4420HO2C 2.83*20 CARBOXYLIC ACIDSAliphatic C6H5SO- 2.6620 Compound pK Ref.F- 2.6620 Acetoacetic 3.586Cl- 2.86*20 Acetopyruvic 2.61, 7.85 (enol)6Br- 2.8620 Aconitic, trans- 2.80, 4.466Cl2- 1.2920 Betaine 1.846F2- 1.2420 Citric 3.09, 4.75, 5.416Br3-0.6620 Crotonic 4.696Cl3-0.6520 Dihydroxyfumaric 1.146F3-0.23 (-0.26) (2)20 Dethylenediamine- 2.00, 2.676HONC4 3.0120 tetraacetic 6.16, 10.26F3C- 3.07*20 Formic 3.77*2N3- 3.0320 Fumaric 3.03, 4.546I- 3.1220 Glyceric 3.556C6H5O- 3.1220 Glycollic 3.826C2H5O2C- 3.3520 Glyoxylic 3.326C6H5S- 3.52*20 Homogentistic 4.406CH3O- 3.5320α-keto-β-methyl valeric 2.36NCS- 3.5820 Lactic 3.866CH3CO- 3.58*20 Maleic 1.93, 6.586Malic 3.40, 5.26C2H5O- 3.6020 Oxaloacetic (trans-enol) 2.566n-C3H7O 3.6520 +(cis-enol) 2.15, 4.066n-C4H9O 3.6620 Protocatechuic 4.486sec.-C4H9O- 3.6720 Pyruvic 2.506HS- 3.67*20Tartaric + 2.99, 4.406i-C3H7O- 3.69*20 + or - 2.89, 4.406CH3S- 3.72*20 meso 3.22, 4.856i-C3H7S- 3.72*20 Vinylacetic 4.426C6H5CH2S- 3.73*20C2H5S- 3.74*20n-C3H7S- 3.77*20n-C4H9S- 3.81*20HO- 3.83*20–O3S- 4.0520(C6H5)3CS- 4.30*20C6H5- 4.31*20CH2-CH- 4.35*20* Indicates thermodynamic values.Unsaturated acids (25°)CompoundpK poundpK ref.trans-CH 3-CH=CHCO 2H 4.69*20H-CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.88*2cis-CH 3-CH=CHCO 2H 4.44*2H-CH=CHCO 2H 4.25*2C 6H 5-CH 2CH 2CO 2H4.66*2C 6H 5CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.66*2trans-C 6H 5-CH=CHCO 2H 4.44*2C 6H 5CH=CHCO 2H** 4.44*2m-CH 3OC 6H 4CH 2CH 2CO 2H4.65*2C 6H 5CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.66*2C 6H 5CH=CHCO 2H**4.442m-CH 3OC 6H 4CH=CHCO 2H 4.38*2m-ClC 6H 4CH=CHCO 2H**4.29*2m-ClC 6H 4CH 2CH 2CO 2H 4.58*2Unsaturated acids, Cis- and Trans-C C R 2H R 1CO 2H C C R 2R 1HCO 2H Cis-Acid Trans-Acid R 1R 2cis-acid trans-acid Ref.H-H- 4.25*4.25*2CH 3-H- 4.44*4.69*2Cl-H- 3.323.652C 6H 5-H- 3.88*4.44*2ClC 6H 4H- 3.91 4.4126-BrC 6H 4H- 4.02 4.412CH 3-CH 3- 4.305.022C 6H 5-H- 5.26***5.58***22,4,6-(CH 3)3C 6H 2-H-6.12***5.70***2C 6H 5-CH 3- 4.98***5.98***2Dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated*Maleic 1.92, 6.232Alicyclic Dicarboxylic acidsCitraconic (Dimethylmaleic acid)2.29, 6.152cis-Caronic(1,1-dimethylcyclopropane-23-dicarboxylic acid 2.34*, 8.31*2Acetylenedicarboxylic 1.73, 4.402∆1-tetrahydrophthalic 3.01, 5.3421,2-trans-cyclopropanedicarboxylic3.65*, 5.13*2Bromomaleic 1.45, 4.622trans-caronic 3.82*, 5.32*2Bromofumaric 1.46, 3.5721,2-cis-cyclopropane-dicarboxylic3.33*, 6.47*2Chlorofumaric 1.78, 3.812Fumaric 3.02,4.382Mesaconic (Dimethylfumaric acid)**trans3.09,4.752***in 40% acetone Phthalic 2.95, 5.412*thermodynamicItaconic (1-Propene-2-3-dicarboxylic acid)3.85, 5.452Chloromaleic 1.72, 3.862AliphaticAlicyclic Dicarboxylic acidsCompound pK Ref Compound pK Ref 1,2-trans-Cyclopropane-cis-Ethyleneoxide-dicarboxylic 3.65, 5.132dicarboxylic 1.94, 3.922 trans-Ethyleneoxide-1,3-cis-Cyclobutane-dicarboxylic 1.93, 3.252dicarboxylic 4.03, 5.3121,3-trans -Cyclobutanedi-1,2-cis-Cyclopentane-carboxylic 3.81, 5.282dicarboxylic 4.37, 6.5121,2-trans-Cyyclopentane-1,3-cis-Cyclopentanedicarboxylic 3.89, 5.912dicarboxylic 4.23, 5.5321,3-trans-Cyclopentane-1,2-cisCyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.40, 5.452dicarboxylic 4.34, 6.7621,2-trans-Cyclohexane-1,3 -cis-Cyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.18, 5.932dicarboxylic 4.10, 5.4621,3-trans-Cyclohexane-1,4-cis-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic 4.31, 5.732di-carboxylic 4.44, 5.7921,4-trans-Cyclohexane-dicarboxylic 4.18, 5.422Dicarboxylic acids*oxalic 1.23, 4.192Succinic 4.19, 5.482 Malonic 2.83, 5.692 O-O’-Dimethyl- 3.77, 5.942 Methyl- 3.05, 5.762 (high melting)Ethyl- 2.99, 5.832 O-O’-Dimethyl- 3.94, 6.202n-propyl 3.00, 5.842 (low melting)i-propyl- 2.94, 5.882 O,O’-Diethyl- 3.63, 6.462 Dimethyl- 3.17, 6.062 (high melting)Methylethyl- 2.86, 6.412 O,O’-Diethyl- 3.51, 6.602Diethyl- 2.21, 7.292 (low melting)Ethyl-n-propyl- 2.15, 7.432Tetramethyl- 3.50, 7.282Di-n-propyl- 2.07, 7.512Glutaric 4.34, 5.422Adipic 4.42, 5.412B-Methyl 4.25, 6.222Pimelic 4.48, 5.422B-Ethyl 4.29, 6.332Suberic 4.52, 5.402B-n-Propyl 4.31, 6.392Azelaic 4.55, 5.412B,B-Dimethyl- 3.70, 6.292DL-1:2-Dichlorosuccinic 1.68, 3.1820 B,B-Methylethyl- 3.62, 6.702meso-1:2-Dichlorosuccinic 1.74, 3.2420 B,B-Diethyl- 3.62, 7.122DL-1:2-Dibromosuccinic 1.48, ----20 B,B-Di-n-propyl 3.69, 7.312meso-1:2-Dibromosuccinic 1.42, 2.9720D-Tartaric 3.03, 4.4520DL-1:2-Dimethylsuccinic 3.93, 6.0020DL-Tartaric 3.03, ----20meso-1:2-Dimethylsuccinic 3.77, 5.3620 meso-Tartaric 3.29, 4.9220*All are thermodynamic valuesAliphatic HO- 6.332Br- 6.082 Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acids, 4-substitutedLysergic acid, etc.H- 6.752ergometrine 6.8, --2 C2H5O2C- 6.312Dihydroergometrine7.4, --2β-dihydrolysergol8.2, --2 NC- 5.902Lysergic acid7.8, 3.32C6H5O- 3.53* 3.95* 4.52*α-dihydrolysergic8.3, 3.62CH3- 3.91* 4.24* 4.34* ergometrinine7.3, --2(CH3)2CH- 4.35*α-dihydrolysergol8.3, --2(CH3)3N+- 1.37 3.45 3.436-methylergoline8.85, --2NC- 3.60* 3.55* isolysergic acid8.4, 3.42HO2C* 2.95* 3.54 3.51γ-dihydrolysergic8.6, 3.62F3C- 3.79HO- 2.98* 4.08* 4.58*I- 2.85* 3.86* Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acids Cl- 2.94* 3.83* 3.99* Cyclohexanecarboxylic 4.902(CH3)3Si- 4.24* 4.27* cis-1,2 4.802C2H5O- 4.21* 4.17* 4.45* cis-1,3 4.602i-C3H7O- 4.24* 4.15* 4.68* cis-1,4 4.842n-C5H11O- 4.55* trans-1,2 4.682C6H5- 3.46*trans-1,3 4.822CH3CH2- 3.77 4.35* trans-1,4 4.682(CH3)3C- 3.46 4.28 4.40*–HO3P- 3.78 4.03 3.95 Aromaticbenzene-CO3H 4.20*2–O3S- 4.15 4.11 Anthracene-1-COOH 3.692H2N- 4.98 4.79 4.92 Anthracene-9-COOH 3.652(CH3)2N-8.42 5.10 5.03 naphthalene-2-COOH 4.172–HO3As- 4.22 Naphthalene-1-COOH 3.692–O2C- 5.41** 4.60 4.82CH3NH- 5.3 5.10 5.04 Substituted benzoic acids (ref. 2)COOH*thermodynamicfor complex chelating agents, see also ref. 84.see also page 9a for more carboxylic acids. Benzoic acid o m pOrtho-substituted benzoic acidsH- 4.20* 4.21*Benzoic acid pK Ref.O2N- 2.17* 3.45* 3.442-CH3- 3.91**2CH3CO-2-t-C4H9- 3.462CH3SO2- 3.64* 3.52*2,6-(CH3)2- 3.212CH3S-2,3,4,6-(CH3)4- 4.002HS-2,3,5,6-(CH3)4- 3.522Br- 2.85* 3.81* 4.00*2-C2H5- 3.772F- 3.27* 3.87* 4.14*CH3O- 4.09* 4.09* 4.47*2-C6H5- 3.46**2n-C3H7O- 4.24* 4.20* 4.46*2,4,6-(CH3)3- 3.432n-C4H9O- 4.25* 4.53*2,3,4,5-(CH3)4- 4.222 Benzene Polycarboxylic acids Ref. 2Acid Position of carboxyl pK I pK II pK III pK IV pK V pK VI Benzoic1 4.17*Phthalic1,2 2.98* 5.28*Isophthalic1,3 3.46* 4.46*Terephthalic1,4 3.51* 4.82*Hemimellitic1,2,3 2.80* 4.20* 5.87*Trimellitic1,2,4 2.52* 3.84* 5.20*8Trimesic 1,3,5 3.12* 3.89* 4.70*Mellophanic 1,2,3,4 2.06* 3.25* 4.73* 6.21*Prehnitic 1,2,3,5 2.38* 3.51* 4.44* 5.81*Pyromellitic1,2,4,5 1.92* 2.87* 4.49* 5.63*Benzenepentacarboxylic 1,2,3,4,5 1.80* 2.73* 3.97* 5.25* 6.46*Mellitic1.2,3,4,5,61.40*2.19*3.31*4.78*5.89*6.96**ionic strength 0.032-Methoxyethyliminodiacetic 2.2, 8.96**thermodynamic2-Methylthioethyliminodiacetic 2.1, 8.91oxalic acid* 1.25, 4.14N-n-propylaminoacetic 2.25, 10.03Carboxylic Acids Ref. 77N-2-sulfoethyliminodiacetic 1.92, 2.28, 8.16Aminomalonic acid* 3.32, 9.83α-Bromobutyric acid 2.97N-Butylaminoacetic acid 2.29, 10.07N-(carbamoylmethyl)-imino-diacetic acid2.30, 6.602-carboxyethyliminodiacetic acid2.06,3.69, 9.66Cyanomethyliminodiacetic 3.06, 4.34β-carboxymethylaminopropionic 3.61, 9.46α,β-diaminopropionic acid 1.23, 6.69α,α-diaminobutyric 1.85, 8.24, 10.44Diethylaminoacetic 2.04, 10.47Di-(carboxymethyl)-aminomethyl phosphonic acid 2.00, 2.25, 5.57, 10.76Dimethylaminoacetic 2.08, 9.80N-ethylaminoacetic 2.30, 10.10α,β-dimercaptosuccinic 2.40, 3.46, 9.44, 11.82Gluconic* 3.86β-hydroxybutyric 4.39Ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic 5.58, 11.05α-hydroxybutyric 3.65β-hydroxypropionic 3.73N-2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic 2.2, 8.73Iminodiacetic* 2.98, 9.893-hydroxypropyliminodiacetic 2.06, 9.24β-iodopropionic* 4.04Iminodipropionic 4.11, 9.61N-isopropylaminoacetic 2.36, 10.06Isobutyric* 4.86α-mercaptobutyric 3.53Mandelic acid 3.41N-methylaminoacetic 2.24, 10.012-MercaptoethyliminodiaceticNitrilotriacetic 3.03, 3.07, 10.-2.14, 8.17, 10.792-PhosphonoethyliminodiaceticMethyliminodiacetic 2.81, 10.181.95,2.45, 6.54, 10.46*ThermodynamicPHENOLSCompound pK pound pK Ref. Chromotropic acid 5.36, 15.66Resorcinol--, 9.15 (30o)50o-Methoxyphenol--, 9.9350p-Methoxyphenol--, 10.1650 o-Hydroxybenz-3-Hydroxyanthran-aldehyde7.9550ilic acid10.09, 5.20512-Amino-4,5 dimethyl-2-Aminophenolphenol hydrochloride10.4 5.2851hydrochloride9.99, 4.86514,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3 disulphonic acid7.6612.6eKojic acid9.4077Phenol o m p Phenol o m pH-9.95*9.94*O2N-7.23*8.35*7.14* (CH3)3N+-7.4288OCH- 6.798.007.66CH3SO2-9.337.83NC-8.61**7.95CH3CO-9.198.05CH3O2C-8.47*C2H5O2C-8.50*n-C4H9O2C-8.47*C3H5CH2O2C-8.41*I-9.17*Br-8.42*9.11*9.34*Cl-8.48*9.02*9.38*F-8.81*9.28*9.95*CH3S-9.539.53HO-9.489.449.96HOCH2-9.92*9.83*9.82*CH3-10.28*10.08 10.19*C2H5-10.29.910.0CH3O-9.939.6510.20H2N-9.719.8710.30-O2C-9.94*9.39*-O3S-9.299.03--O3P-10.29.9--O3As8.37 C6H5-9.939.599.51NO- 6.35**2-Chloro-4-Nitro- 5.42792-Nitro-4-Chloro- 6.4679* Thermodynamic**Reference 52ALCOHOLS and other OXYGEN ACIDSAlcoholsCompound pK pound pK Ref. Choline13.96C3F7•CH(C2F5)•OH 10.4865 Chloral hydrate9.66, 11.061(C3F7)2CH•OH10.5265 Trifluoroethanol12.562Carbonium ionsCF3CH2OH11.4, 12.4363CF3CH(OH)CH311.863Triphenylmethanols in H2SO4 HC1O4 HNO3refCF3CH2(CH3)3OH12.43104,4,4-Trimethoxy.82. .82 .8066C3F7CH2OH11.4**634,4’-Dimethoxy-1.24-1.14-1.1166(C3F7)2CHOH10.6**634-Methoxy-3.40-3.59-3.4166HCCCH2OH13.55644-Methyl-5.41-5.6766C(CH2OH))414.1644-Trideuteriomethyl- 5.43 5.6766HOCH2CHOHCH2OH 4.4643,3’,3”-Trimethyl- 6.35-5.9566HOCH2CH2OH14.7764Unsubstituted triphenyl-CH3CCH2OH14.8264methanol- 6.63-6.89 6.6066CH3OH15.54644,4;,4;-Trichloro- 7.74-8.0166 CH2=CHCH2OH15.52644-Nitro-9.15-9.7666 H2O15.7464CCl3CH2OH 11.8***CH3CH2OH1664CF3CH2OH 11.3***Substituent effects for ionization of RCH2OHRCCl-312.24,11.8064,65CF3-12.3764CHF2CH2-12.7464Hydroxamic acidsCHCl2-12.8964Furo-8.4572CHEC-13.5564Glycine7.4072H2Cl-14.3164Hippuro-8.8072CH3CCH2-14.864iso Nicotin7.8572HOCH215.164p-Methylbenz-8.9072H-15.564Nicotin-8.3072CH2=CH-15.564Nicotin-methiodide 6.4672CH3-(extrap)(15.9)64m-Nitrobenz-8.0772CF3C(CH3)2OH11.664Picolin8.5072HOCH2CF2CH2OH1164Pyrimidine-2-carbox-7.8872Primary alcohols=R•CH2•OH and Salicyl-7.4372Secondary alcohols in 50% alcohol Tropo-9.0972C2F511.3565C4F911.3565C5F1111.3765C7F1511.3565Other oxygen acidsCHF212.0065Trimethylamine-n-oxide 4.618CF2Cl11.6365Dimethylglyoxime12.8477CHF2CF211.3465(50% dioxane)CHF2 • (CF2)211.3565O-methyl ether12.9277CF3 • CH212.765Tropolone12a77CF3 • (CH2)212.965 α-Bromotropolone 6.95a77CF3 • CHMe • OH11.2865Acetald hydrate13.4891C3F7 • CHMe • OH11.3865Formald hydrate13.2991C3F7CHEt • OH11.3765C3F7CHPr • OH11.3765C3F7 • CH(CF3) • OH10.4665a50% dioxane***50 aquaeous ethanolOTHER OXYGEN ACIDSHydroxamic acids Aceto-9.4068Compound pK Ref.n-Butyro-9.4868Pyridine oxidesn-Butyro-9.00684-Aminopyridine 1-oxide 3.6967p-Methoxybenzo-9.19684-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide3.8867N-Hydroxyphthalimide 7.00, 6.1071, 72Salicylo 7.32684-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide3.8867Benzo-8.8868p-Chlorobenzo-9.59684-Dimethylamino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate >1167α-Naphtho-~7.768Propiono-9.46682-Methylaminopyridine 1-oxide 2.61672-Amino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate12.467Oximes4-Hydroxypyridine 1-oxide 2.4567Benzophenone oxime 11.3184-Methoxypyridine 1-oxide 2.0567Diethyl ketoxime 12.6181-Methoxypyridi-4-one 2.5767Isonitrosoacetylacetone (INAA) 7.4762-Hydroxypyridine 1-oxide -0.8675-Methyl-1,2,3-cyclohexanetrione-1,3-dioxime8.3762-Ethoxypyridine 1-oxide 1.18671-Methoxypyrid-2-one -1.3Acetophenone oxime 11.48184-Methylaminopyridine 1-oxide 3.8567Acetoxime 11.42184-Amino-1-methoxypyridinium perchlorate>1167Isonitrosoacetone (INA) 8.376Salicyclaldoxime (SA)9.2762-Aminopyridine 1-oxide 2.67671,2,3-Cyclohexanetrionetrioxime 8.0762-Dimethylaminopyridine 1-oxide2.27675-Methyl-1,2,3-cyclohexane-trionetrioxime8.0762-Methylamino-1-methoxypyridinium toluene-p-sulphonate >11674-Benzyloxypyridine 1-oxide 1.9967Oxygen acids1-Benzyloxypyrid-4-one 2.5867sulfinic acids 2-Methoxypyridine 1-oxide 1.2367p-Toluene- 1.99731-Benzyloxypyrid-2-one -1.767p-Chlorobenzene-73p-Nitrobenzene-73Pyridine 1-oxides p-Bromobenzene- 1.8973RpK Ref.m-Nitrobenzene- 1.88734-CH 3 1.2947Benzene-1.84,2.16733-CH 3 1.0847Peroxyacids3,4-(CH)4 1.0147Peroxymonosulfuric 9.4693-COOC 4H 90.0347Acetic 8.2704-NO 2-1.747n-Butyric 8.2703-NH 2 1.4747Formic 7.170H0.7947Propionic 8.1703-COOH 0.0947peroxydiphosphoric 5.18, 7.8854-COOH-0.4847peroxymonophosphoric 4.8590Peroxides ROOH (Ref. 70)H CH 3C 2H 5iso-C 3H 7tert-C 4H 9iso-C 4H 911.611.511.812.112.812.8Oximesref. 93Pyridine-2-aldoxime heptiodide 8.00benzoquinoline mon- 6.25Pyridine-4-aldoxime methiodide 8.503-pyridine-1,2-ethanedione-2-oxime methiodide7.20Pyridine-4-aldoxime pentiodide 8.504-Pyridine-1,2-ethanedione-2-oxime methiodide7.1O-Methyltyrosine ethyl ester 7.3122 octopine 13, 1.368.776Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide8.0Phenylglyoxald-8.3 2.40Pyridine-4-aldoxime dodeciodide8.5Phenylalanine 1.839.136 Pyridine-3-alkoxime methiodide9.22-Pyrrolidoone-5-carboxylic acid (glucamicacid) 3.32Hydroxamic acids ref. 93Serine 2.219.156 D-Lysine-7.93Threonine 2.6310.436 N-phenylnicotino-8.00N-Trimethyl tyrosine9.7521 Chloroaceto-8.40Tyrosine 10.07, 2.209.11 Formo-8.65Urocanic acid 5.8 3.5p-Chlorophenoxyaceto-8.75Valine 2.329.626 p-Hydroxybenzo-8.93β-Alanine 3.6010.196 p-Methoxybenzo-9.00γ-Aminobutyric acid 4.2310.436 N-Phenylbenzo-9.15Arginine 12.48 2.179.046 o-Aminobenzo-9.17Asparagine 2.028.86 L-Tyrosine9.20Azaserine8.556 L-Lysine7.9Canavanine7.40, 9.2511.50 (?)6 p-Nitrobenzo-8.0Creatine 2.6711.026 p-Aminobenzo-9.3Cysteine 10.78 1.718.336 L-Lacti-9.33,4-DihydroxyphenylalaninePropiono-9.49.88, 2.368.686 Phthalo-9.411.68Indole-3-aceto-9.5Glutamine 2.179.136 Cyclohexano-9.7Histamine 5.09.76 Hexano-9.7β-Hydroxyglutamic 2.099.206acid 4.18Amino Acids Hydroxyproline 1.929.736 Compound pK Ref.Leucine 2.369.606-COOH-NH3Methionine 2.289.21 Alanine 2.359.6961-Methylhistidine 6.48, 1.698.856α-Aminobutyric acid 2.559.60Norleucine 2.399.766α-Aminoisobutyric 2.3610.216Norvaline 2.369.766 Argininosuccinic >12, 1.629.586Ornithine 1.718.6962.70, 4.2610.76 Aspartic acid 2.09,3.869.826Proline 1.9910.606 Canaline10.3, 9.2011.6 (?)6Sarcosine 2.2310.016 Creatinine4.849.26Taurine 1.58.746 Cystine 1.657.856Thiolhistidine <1.5, 11.42.269.856 1.848.476 Diidotyrosine 6.48, 2.127.826Tryptophan 2.389.396 Glutamic acid 2.19, 4.259.676Tyrosine ethyl ester 7.339.8022 Glycine 2.349.66PeptidesHistidine 6.0, 1.829.176Anserine 7.0 2.659.56 Carnosine 6.83--9.516Hydroxylsine 2.138.626Cystinyldiglycine 3.12 6.3669.67 3.12 6.95 Isoleucine 2.369.686Glycylglycine 3.06 8.13 Lysine 2.188.956Gly-gly-gly 3.267.912310.53Glycylproline 2.848.556 O-Methyl tyrosine9.2721Aspartyl histi- 2.457.98dine 6.82 3.02Gly-gly-gly-gly 3.057.7523 Diglycylcystine 2.717.946Lysyl-lysine (L,L) 3.017.536 Glutathione 9.12 2.128.66610.0511.013.53Compound-COOH-NH2-NH2-NH2-NH2Ref. Gly•Ala (L) or (D) 3.178.2327 Ala•Gly (L) or (D) 3.168.2427 Gly•Ala•Ala (LL) 3.388.1027 Gly•Ala•Ala (LD) 3.308.1727 Ala•Ala•OH (DD) 3.308.1427 Ala•Ala•OH (LD) 3.128.3027 H•Ala•Ala•Ala•OH (3L) 3.398.0327 H•Ala•Ala•Ala•OH (LLD) 3.378.0527 H•Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDL) 3.318.1327 H•Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (DLL) 3.378.0627 H-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (3D) 3.398.0627 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (4L) 3.427.9427 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LLDL) 3.247.9327 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDLL) 3.227.9927 H•Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (DLLL) 3.427.9927 H•Lys-Ala•OH (LL) 3.227.6210.7027 H•Lys-Ala•OH (LD) 3.007.7410.6327 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (3L) 3.157.6510.3027 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LDL) 3.337.9710.3627 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LLD) 3.297.8410.4927 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala•OH (4L) 3.588.0110.5827 H•Ala-Lys-Ala•OH (LDLL) 3.328.0110.3727 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (5L) 3.537.7510.3527 H•Ala-Lys-Ala-Ala-Ala•OH (LDLLL) 3.307.8510.2927 H•Lys-Lys•OH (LL) 3.017.5310.0511.0127 H•Lys-Lys•OH (LD) 2.857.539.9210.9827 H•Lys-Lys•OH (3L) 3.087.349.8010.5411.3227 H•Lys-Lys-Lys•OH (LDL) 2.917.299.7910.5411.4227 H•Lys-Lys-Lys•OH (LDD) 2.947.149.6010.3811.0927 Compound pK ref.Glutathione 3.59, 8.75, 9.6577Glycylserine8.2377Glycylleucine8.1377Leucylglycine7.9677Glycylisoleucine7.9677Leucylglycylglycine7.6677Glycylphenylalanine8.2877Glycyltyrosine8.2277Benzylglutamic acid 3.49, 4.9977Glycyltryptophane8.0477Glutathione, oxidized 3.15, 4.03, 8.57, 9.5477Alanylalanine (LL) 3.308.1492Alanylalanine (LD) 3.128.3092Lysylalanine (LL) 3.227.6210.7092Lysylalanine (LD) 3.007.7410.6392Leucyltyrosine (LL) 3.467.8410.0992Leucyltyrosine (DL) 3.128.3810.3592Lysyllysine (LD) 2.857.539.9292NITROGEN COMPOUNDSAliphatic Amines pK ref.Ammonia9.211n-Propyl-10.531 Primary Amines Trimethylsilymethyl-10.961β-Alanine ester9.131CH3ONH2 4.6012 Allylamine-9.692Allyl-9.491 Benzyl9.341γ-Amino-n-butyric acid ester 9.711n-Butyl-10.591sec-Butyl-10.561t-Butyl-10.551Cyclohexyl-10.641 Cyclohexylmethyl-10.491β-difluoroethyl-7.521 Ethanol-9.501Ethyl10.631 Ethylenedi-9.98, 7.521, 77Glycine ester7.751 Hydrazine8.101Hydroxyl- 5.971 Isopropyl-10.631Methoxy- 4.601 Methyl-10.621neo-Pentyl-10.211 Phenylamyl-10.492δ-Phenylbutyl10.402β-Phenylethyl-9.831γ-Phenylpropyl-10.201Triethylenedi-8.8*?X XNH3+XCH2NH3+X(CH2)2NH3+X(CH2)3NH3+X(CH2)4NH3+X(CH2)5NH3+ref. H-9.25*10.64*10.67*10.58*10.61*10.63*2 HF2C-7.52RO2C-7.759.139.7110.15*10.372 HO- 5.96*9.50*C6H5- 4.58*9.37*9.83*10.20*10.39*10.49*2 H2N-8.12*9.98*10.65*10.84*11.05*2 H2C=CH-9.69CH3-10.64*10.67*10.58*10.61*10.63*10.64*2 X-H-NH3+-CO2–-SO3–-PO3–2X-NH3+9.25*-.88110.25X(CH2)2NH3+10.649.77 5.7510.8X(CH2)2NH3+10.6710.199.2010.8X(CH2)4NH3+10.619.3110.7710.6510.9X(CH2)5NH3+10.639.7410.7510.9511.0X(CH2)8NH3+10.6510.10X(CH2)10NH3+10.6411.3511.25X(CH2)3NH3+10.588.5910.4310.05Secondary amines Di-n-butyl-11.251 Dimethyl-10.641Diisobutyl-10.501Di-n-propyl-11.001α-Ethylpyrroline7.432 Diisopropyl-11.051α-Benzylpyrroline-7.082t-Butylcyclohexyl-11.2312-Methylpiperidine10.992α-Cyclohexylpyrroline7.952α-Cyclohexylpyrrolidine10.802α-(p-Tolyl)pyrroline7.592α-(p-Tolyl)pyrrolidine10.012α-Ethylpyrrolidine10.432N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine 4.7512α-Benzylpyrrolidine10.362Acetanilide+0.614N-methylhydroxylamine 5.9612*thermodynamic valueDiethyl-10.981Aliphatic Amines Methyl-β-diethylamino-ethyl-sulfide 1,2-Iminoethane 7.9871,2-Dimethyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.942cis-2,3-Iminobutane 8.7271-methyl-2-n-butyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.901,2-Imino-2-methylpropane 8.6171-Ethyl-2-methyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.9221,2-Iminobutane 8.2971-n-Butyl-2-methyl-∆2-pyrroline 11.902trans-2,3-Iminobutane 8.6971,2-Dimethyl-∆2-tetrahydropyridine11.572Secondary Amines N-Ethyl derivative of: 1,2-Imino-ethane7.937Allylmethyl-10.111Benzylethyl-9.681Trans-2,3-Iminobutane 9.477Morpholine 8.361Trimethylhydroxylamine 3.6512N-Benzoylpiperazine 7.781Dimethylethyl-9.991Di-sec-butyl-11.011Triethyl-10.651N-Methylmethoxyamine 4.751Dimethyl-n-butyl-10.021Pyrolidine 11.271Dimethyl-isopropyl-10.3011-Tosylpiperazine 7.39Dimethyl-t-butyl-10.521Benzylmethyl-9.581Tri-n-butyl-10.891Piperidine 11.221Diallylmethyl-8.791N-Carbethoxypiperazin 8.2811-n-Propylpiperidine 10.482Dietrimethylsilylmethyl-11.40110.110.15Diallyl-9.2919.8--5N-Methylhydroxyl- 5.9611,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 10.262Trimethyleneimine 11.2911-Methyl-2-n-butylpyrrolidin 10.242Cis-2,6-dimethyl-piperidine 10.9231-Ethyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.6421-n-Butyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.4321-Ethyl-2-methylpyrrolidine 10.7021,2-Iminobutane 8.187Tertiary amines cis-2,3-Iminobutane 8.567Trimethyl-9.761N-dimethylhydroxylamine 5.2012Dimethyldiethyl-10.291Allyldimethyl 8.781Dimethyl-n-propyl-9.9911,2-Dimethylpiperidine 10.262Dimethyl-isobutyl-9.9111-Ethyl-2-methyl-∆2-tetrahydropyridine11.572Dimethyl-sec-butyl-10.401Tri-n-propyl-10.651Triallyl-8.311N-Allylpiperidine 9.6921-Diethylamino-hexane-thiol-(6)Cyanoamines2-Amino-2-cyanopropane 5.39N-piperidine-CH 2CN 4.558β-Isopropylaminopropionitrile 8.09Et 2NCN -2.08β-Diethylaminopropionitrile 7.69Et 2N(CH 2)2CN 7.658Et 2NCH 2CN 4.558Et 2N(CH 2)4CN 10.088Et 2N(CH 2)3CN 9.298Et 2NC(CH 3)2CN 9.138Et 2N(CH 2)5CN 10.468EtN(CH 2CN)2-0.68HN(CH 2CN)20.28EtN(CH 2CH 2CN)2 4.558HN(CH 2CH 2CN)2 5.268H 2NCH 2CN 5.348N(CH 2CH 2CN)3 1.18N-Amphetamine-(CH 2)2-CN 7.238N-piperidine-C(CH 3)2CN 9.228N-Norcodeine-(CH 2)2CN 5.688N-Methamphetamine-(CH 2)2CN 6.958Dimethylcyanimide 1.29Methyl cyanamide 1.29Diethylcyanimide 1.29Ethyl cyanamide 1.29Aminoacetonitrile 5.39Cyanamide 1.19Diethylaminoacetonitrile 4.59Dimethylaminoacetonitrile 4.29β-Aminopropionitrile7.79CF3CH2NHCH3 6.0510β-Dimethylaminopropionitrile7.09Phenylethylaminesβ,β"-Dicyanodiethylamine 5.292-phenylethylamine9.7811 For complex chelating agents of aliphatic amines,see also ref. 77.N-methyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethylamine8.7811N-methyl-2-phenyl10.3111 Fluoro-substituted aminesEpinephrine8.5511 CF3CH2NH2 5.710Arterenol8.5511 CF3CH2N(CH3)2 4.7510R2R1CHCH2NHR4R3ref. 11R1R2R3R4pKH H H H9.78H H OH H8.90H OH OH H8.81OH H OH H8.67H OH H H9.22OH OH H H8.93OH OH OH H8.58H H H CH310.31H H OH CH39.31H OH OH CH28.62OH H OH CH38.89H OH H CH39.36OH OH H CH38.78OH OH OH CH38.55Ring amines and imines (in 80% methyl cellosolve) (ref. 2)Pentamethylene9.99Cyclotridecyl9.63 Hexamethylene10.00Cyclotetradecyl9.54 Heptamethylene9.77Cyclopentadecyl9.54 Octamethylene9.39Cycloheptadecyl9.57 Nonamethylene9.14Cyclooctadecyl9.54 Decamethylene9.04Undecamethylene9.14Amines otherDodecamethylene9.31Dimeoone 5.2318 Tridecamethylene9.35Phthalimide8.3018 Tetradecamethylene9.35Nitrourea 4.5718 Hexadecamethylene9.29Nitrourethane 3.2818 Heptadecamethylene9.27Diphenylthiocarbazone 4.56 Cyclohexyl9.82β,β,β"-Triaminotriethylamine Cycloheptyl9.998.42, 9.44, 10.1387 CyclooctylCyclononyl9.95Anilines Ref. 2Cyclodecyl9.85MonosubstitutedCycloundecyl9.71Substituent o m p Cyclododecyl9.62H- 4.62* 4.64* 4.58*。
用碳酸钠电离常数求碳酸氢钠的水解常数
碳酸氢钠（NaHCO3）是一种重要的化学物质，在日常生活和工业生产中都有广泛的应用。
了解碳酸氢钠的水解常数对于理解其化学性质和在实际应用中的行为具有重要意义。
本文将介绍如何利用碳酸钠的电离常数来求得碳酸氢钠的水解常数。
1. 碳酸氢钠的水解反应碳酸氢钠在水中会发生水解反应，生成碳酸根离子和氢离子的平衡反应，其化学方程式为：NaHCO3 + H2O ⇌ Na+ + HCO3- + H+这个平衡反应涉及了两个离子的生成和消失，因此可以用水解常数（Kw）来描述。
水解常数是描述水解反应平衡位置的一个重要物理量。
2. 碳酸钠的电离常数碳酸钠（Na2CO3）是碱性盐类化合物，可以在水中完全电离成Na+和CO3^2-两种离子。
其电离反应可以用电离常数（Ksp）来描述，Ksp的值与化合物在水中的溶解度密切相关。
3. 利用碳酸钠的电离常数求碳酸氢钠的水解常数根据化学原理，我们知道碱性盐的电离常数与其成对的酸性盐的水解常数之间存在着一定的关系。
碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠正是这样一对成对盐，它们之间的关系可以用数学公式来表示。
4. 推导过程首先根据碱性盐的电离常数公式Ksp= [Na+][CO3^2-]，我们可以得到碳酸钠在溶液中的电离常数Ksp的表达式。
然后根据碱性盐和酸性盐之间的关系，可以得到碳酸氢钠的水解反应的平衡常数表达式。
进一步利用碱性盐电离常数与其成对酸性盐水解常数之间的关系公式，可以得到碳酸氢钠的水解常数。
5. 结论通过以上推导过程，我们可以得到碳酸氢钠的水解常数与碳酸钠的电离常数之间的关系。
这个关系不仅揭示了碱性盐和酸性盐之间的内在通联，也为我们深入理解碳酸氢钠在水溶液中的行为提供了重要理论基础。
在化学研究和工程应用中，掌握碳酸氢钠的水解常数对于调控溶液的酸碱性、控制化学反应过程具有重要意义。
通过利用碳酸钠的电离常数求得碳酸氢钠的水解常数，可以帮助化学工作者和研究人员更好地理解和应用碳酸氢钠这一重要化学物质。
6. 实验方法为了验证利用碳酸钠的电离常数求得碳酸氢钠的水解常数的推导结果，可以进行一系列实验来测定碳酸氢钠的水解常数。
酸碱反应-普通化学无机化学
pH 8.88
33
5.2.3弱多元酸碱的离解
弱多元酸碱在水溶液中的离解是分步进行的， 如
H2CO3 H HCO3
K
a1
c(H ) / c c(HCO3 ) / c c(H2CO3) / c
4.30107
HCO3 H CO32
K
a
2
c(H ) / c c(CO32 ) / c c(HCO3 ) / c
NH3 H2O NH4 OH Ac H2O HAc OH
27
NH3 H2O NH4 OH Ac H2O HAc OH
反应的标准平衡常数称为弱一元碱的离解常数 或电离常数:
Kb
c(NH 4 ) / c c(OH ) / c c(NH3 ) / c
Kb
c(HAc) / c c(OH ) / c c( Ac ) / c
c(H ) / c 1.76105 0.10 1.3103 31
c(H ) / c 1.3103 pH 2.89
HAc H Ac c(H ) 1.3103 1.3%
c0 (HAc) 0.10
32
例5.3计算c0(Ac-)=0.10mol·L-1的醋酸钠溶液 的pH值。已知：
Ka
c(H ) / c 2 c0 (HB) / c
24
HB的离解程度不能太小（要比水的离解大到一 定程度）
HB H B H2O H OH c(H ) C(B ) 具体：c0(HB)Ka/Kw≥ 25
HB的离解程度也不能太大
c(HB) c0 (HB) / c c(H ) / c c0 (HB) / c
即一定温度下水中氢离子与氢氧根离子相对浓 度的乘积是个常数。
14
H2O H2O H3O OH
有机酸无机酸PKa值表
38
苯酚
39
邻苯二酚
C6H5OH (o )C6H4(OH)2
40
间苯二酚
41
对苯二酚
42 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚
43
葡萄糖酸
44
苯甲酸
45
水杨酸
46
邻硝基苯甲酸
47
间硝基苯甲酸
48
对硝基苯甲酸
49
邻苯二甲酸
(m )C6H4(OH)2
(p )C6H4(OH)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2OH CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH
2 2.67 6.16 10.26
3. 无机碱在水溶液中的解离常数（25oC） Dissociation Constants of Mineral Bases in Aqueous Solution （25oC）
序号 (No.)
名称(Name)
化学式 (Chemical formula)
Kb
pK b
14
三乙醇胺
(HOCH2CH2)3N
5.75×10-7
6.24
15
丁胺
C4H9NH2
4.37×10-4
3.36
16
异丁胺
C4H9NH2
2.57×10-4
3.59
17
叔丁胺
C4H9NH2
4.84×10-4
3.315
18
己胺
H(CH2)6NH2
序号 (No.)
名称(Name)
化学式(Chemical formula)
Kb
pK b
1
甲胺
CH3NH2
4.17×10-4
3.38
2
尿素（脲）
CO(NH2)2
邢其毅《基础有机化学》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(胺)
第17章胺17.1 复习笔记一、胺的分类1．概念氨上的氢被烃基取代后的物质称为胺（amine）。
氨基（一NH2、--NHR、NR2，amino）是胺的官能团。
2．分类（1）根据胺分子中烃基的种类不同，可以分为脂肪胺（aliphatic amine）和芳香胺（aromatic amine）。
例如：CH3CH2NHCH3对甲基苯胺（芳香胺）甲基乙基胺（脂肪胺）（2）根据在氮上烃基取代的数目，胺可分为一级（伯）胺（primary amine）、二级（仲）胺（secondaryamine）、三级（叔）胺（tertiary amine）和四级（季）铵盐（quaternary ammonium salt）。
这里所指的一级、二级和三级胺是指氮与几个烃基相连，而不是烃基本身的结构。
二、胺的结构1．氨（1）氮是用sp3杂化轨道和其它原子成键的。
氨具有棱锥形的结构，氮用sp3杂化轨道与三个氢的S轨道重叠，形成三个sp3-s σ键，成棱锥体，氮上尚有一对孤电子，占据另一个sp3杂化轨道，处于棱锥体的顶端，类似第四个“基团”。
（2）氨的空间排布基本上近似碳的四面体结构，氮在四面体的中心。
2．胺（1）与氨的结构相似，在胺中，氮上的三个sp3杂化轨道与氢的s轨道或别的基团的碳的杂化轨道重叠，亦具有棱锥形的结构。
如图l7-l所示：氨的结构甲胺的结构三甲胺的结构图l7-l 氨及胺的结构（2）在苯胺中，氮仍是棱锥形的结构，H—N—H键角为ll3.9°，H—N—H平面与苯环平面交叉的角度为39.4°，如图l7-2所示：图17-2 苯胺的结构（3）胺对映体之间的互相转化，需要能量很低，故两个对映体在室温就可以很快地互相转化，见图17-3。
（4）在四级铵盐中，氮上的四个sp3杂化轨道都用于成键。
氮构型的翻转不易发生，可确实分离得到这种旋光相反的对映体，例如图17-4所示的化合物可以拆分为（+）及（-）光活体。
图17-3 胺的对映体及其相互转化图17-4 四级铵盐的对映体三、胺的物理性质（1）胺与氨，除前者易燃外，性质很相像。
各种酸的pKa及pH值-pb的pka
各种酸的pKa及pH值-pb的pka 各种酸的 pKa 及 pH 值 pb 的 pka在化学的世界里，酸的性质和行为是一个非常重要的研究领域。
其中，pKa 和 pH 值是描述酸强度和溶液酸碱度的关键参数。
今天，咱们就来深入探讨一下各种酸的 pKa 以及 pH 值，特别是 pb 的 pka。
首先，咱们得明白啥是 pKa 和 pH 值。
pKa 是酸解离常数（Ka）的负对数，它反映了酸在溶液中解离的难易程度。
数值越小，说明酸越容易解离，酸性也就越强。
而 pH 值呢，则是用来表示溶液酸碱度的指标。
pH ＝ logH⁺，其中 H⁺是氢离子的浓度。
常见的无机酸，比如盐酸（HCl），它是一种强酸，在水溶液中几乎完全解离，pKa 约为－63。
硫酸（H₂SO₄）也是强酸，第一步解离完全，第二步解离的 pKa 约为 199。
硝酸（HNO₃）同样是强酸，pKa 约为－13。
有机酸中，乙酸（CH₃COOH）是比较常见的。
它的pKa 约为476。
这意味着它在溶液中的解离程度相对较弱，酸性不如无机强酸。
甲酸（HCOOH）的 pKa 约为 375，比乙酸稍强。
再来说说磷酸（H₃PO₄），它是一种多元酸，有三步解离。
第一步解离的 pKa 约为 212，第二步约为 721，第三步约为 1232。
那 pKa 和 pH 值有啥关系呢？这得看具体情况。
如果是一种强酸，比如盐酸，当它在溶液中的浓度为 01mol/L 时，溶液中的 H⁺也约为01mol/L，pH 值就约为 1。
但对于弱酸，就不能这么简单计算了。
以乙酸为例，如果它的浓度是 01mol/L，由于它只是部分解离，需要通过解离平衡常数来计算 H⁺，进而得出 pH 值。
现在重点讲讲 pb 的 pka。
pb 通常不是指一种常见的酸，也许您想说的是某种特定的化合物或者体系中涉及到的相关参数。
但如果是指铅（Pb）元素相关的酸，常见的有铅酸（H₂PbO₃），不过关于它的pKa 数据可能相对较难获取，并且在一般的化学研究和应用中也不是特别常见。
酸解离常数
25
正戊酸
CH3(CH2)3COOH
1.4×10-5
4.86
26
异戊酸
(CH3)2CHCH2COOH
1.67×10-5
4.78
27
2-戊烯酸
CH3CH2CH═CHCOOH
2.0×10-5
4.70
28
3-戊烯酸
CH3CH═CHCH2COOH
3.0×10-5
4.52
29
4-戊烯酸
CH2═CHCH2CH2COOH
5.0×10-2
1.30
8
三氯乙酸
CCl3COOH
2.0×10-1
0.70
9
丙酸
CH3CH2COOH
1.35×10-5
4.87
10
丙烯酸
CH2═CHCOOH
5.5×10-5
4.26
11
乳酸(丙醇酸)
CH3CHOHCOOH
1.4×10-4
3.86
12
丙二酸
HOCOCH2COOH
1.4×10-3(K1)
2.85
2.2×10-6(K2)
5.66
13
2-丙炔酸
HC≡CCOOH
1.29×10-2
1.89
14
甘油酸
HOCH2CHOHCOOH
2.29×10-4
3.64
15
丙酮酸
CH3COCOOH
3.2×10-3
2.49
16
-丙胺酸
CH3CHNH2COOH
1.35×10-10
9.87
17
-丙胺酸
CH2NH2CH2COOH
1.74×10-5
4.76
pka定义四甲基氢氧化铵在水中电离能力
pKa定义四甲基氢氧化铵在水中电离能力一、引言在化学研究中，酸碱性质是十分重要的一个方面。
pKa（酸解离常数）是描述酸性强弱的指标之一，它表示酸在溶液中解离成阴离子和质子的平衡程度。
本文将探讨四甲基氢氧化铵（TMAOH）在水中的电离能力，即其pKa值。
二、四甲基氢氧化铵的结构和性质四甲基氢氧化铵（TMAOH）是一种季铵盐，其化学式为（CH3）4NOH。
它是一种无色、无臭的固体，可溶于水和有机溶剂。
TMAOH在水中具有一定的电离能力，能够解离成四甲基铵离子（TMA+）和氢氧根离子（OH-）。
三、pKa的定义和意义pKa是酸解离常数的负对数，用于衡量酸的强弱。
pKa值越小，表示酸越强；pKa值越大，表示酸越弱。
对于TMAOH来说，其pKa值可以用来描述其在水中的电离程度，即酸性强弱。
四、测定TMAOH的pKa值的方法测定TMAOH的pKa值可以采用酸碱滴定法。
具体步骤如下： 1. 准备一定浓度的TMAOH溶液和一定浓度的酸溶液（如盐酸溶液）。
2. 将TMAOH溶液滴定到酸溶液中，记录滴定过程中的pH值。
3. 当pH值发生剧烈变化时，表示TMAOH已经完全中和，此时记录该pH值。
4. 重复上述实验，使用不同浓度的TMAOH溶液，得到多个pH值。
5. 根据滴定曲线，计算TMAOH的pKa值。
五、TMAOH的pKa值的影响因素TMAOH的pKa值受多种因素影响，主要包括以下几点： 1. 溶剂的性质：溶剂的极性和酸碱性会影响TMAOH的电离程度。
在极性溶剂中，TMAOH的电离程度较高。
2. 温度：温度的升高会增加TMAOH的电离程度，降低pKa值。
3. 溶液浓度：溶液浓度的增加会增加TMAOH的电离程度，降低pKa值。
4. 溶质结构：溶质的结构对其电离能力有一定影响。
TMAOH由于其季铵盐结构，具有较高的电离能力。
六、TMAOH的pKa值的应用TMAOH的pKa值在许多领域都有应用，如有机合成、生物化学等。
酸碱的电离常数
名称(Name)
化学式(Chemical formula)
Kb
pKb
1
甲胺
CH3NH2
×10-4
2
尿素（脲）
CO(NH2)2
×10-14
3
乙胺
CH3CH2NH2
×10-4
4
乙醇胺
H2N(CH2)2OH
×10-5
5
乙二胺
H2N(CH2)2NH2
×10-5(K1)
×10-8(K2)
6
二甲胺
(CH3)2NH
×10-4
7
三甲胺
(CH3)3N
×10-58Leabharlann 三乙胺(C2H5)3N
×10-4
9
丙胺
C3H7NH2
×10-4
10
异丙胺
i-C3H7NH2
×10-4
11
1,3-丙二胺
NH2(CH2)3NH2
×10-4(K1)
×10-6(K2)
12
1,2-丙二胺
CH3CH(NH2)CH2NH2
×10-5(K1)
×10-8(K2)
13
三丙胺
(CH3CH2CH2)3N
×10-4
14
三乙醇胺
(HOCH2CH2)3N
×10-7
15
丁胺
C4H9NH2
×10-4
16
异丁胺
C4H9NH2
×10-4
17
叔丁胺
C4H9NH2
×10-4
18
己胺
H(CH2)6NH2
×10-4
19
辛胺
H(CH2)8NH2
×10-4
20
电离常数
6.6×10-6(K3)
5.18
53
苯基六羧酸
C6(COOH)6
2.1×10-1(K1)
0.68
6.2×10-3(K2)
2.21
3.0×10-4(K3)
3.52
8.1×10-6(K4)
5.09
4.8×10-7(K5)
6.32
3.2×10-8(K6)
7.49
54
癸二酸
HOOC(CH2)8COOH
7.74
无机碱在水溶液中的解离常数（25oC）
Dissociation Constants of Mineral Bases in Aqueous Solution（25oC）
序号(No.)
名称(Name)
化学式(Chemical formula)
Kb
pKb
1
氢氧化铝
Al(OH)3
1.38×10-9(K3)
4.27
5
甘氨酸
CH2(NH2)COOH
1.7×10-10
9.78
6
一氯乙酸
CH2ClCOOH
1.4×10-3
2.86
7
二氯乙酸
CHCl2COOH
5.0×10-2
1.30
8
三氯乙酸
CCl3COOH
2.0×10-1
0.70
9
丙酸
CH3CH2COOH
1.35×10-5
4.87
10
丙烯酸
CH2═CHCOOH
序号(No.)
名称(Name)
化学式(Chemical formula)
Ka
pKa
1
甲酸
HCOOH