智能城市及应用(外文翻译)
智能家居节能外文翻译文献编辑
文献信息：文献标题：Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city: A lesson for Singapore households（智能城市的智能家居节能：新加坡家庭的一课）国外作者：Abhishek Bhati，Michael Hansen，Ching Man Chan文献出处：《Energy Policy》,2017,104:230-239字数统计：英文3346单词，18633字符；中文5741汉字外文文献：Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city:A lesson for Singapore householdsAbstract Energy saving is a hot topic due to the proliferation of climate changes and energy challenges globally. However, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the concept stage. This means that people talk about environmental awareness readily, yet in reality, they accept to pay the given energy bill. Due to the availability of electricity and itsintegral role,modulating consumers' attitudes towardsenergysavingscan be a challenge. Notably, the gap in today's smart technology design in smart homes is the understanding of consumers' behaviour and the integration of this understanding into the smart technology. As part of the Paris Climate change agreement (2015), it is paramount for Singapore to introduce smart technologies targeted to reduce energy consumption. This paper focused on the perception of Singapore households on smart technology and its usage to save energy. Areas of current research include: (1)energyconsumptioninSingaporehouseholds, (2) public programs and policies in energy savings, (3) use of technology in energy savings, and (4) household perception of energy savings in smart homes. Furthermore, three casestudiesarereviewedinrelation to smart homes and smart technology, whilediscussing the maturity of existing solutions.Keywords:Energy conservation, Household perception, Smart homes, Singapore1.IntroductionClimate change is a global challenge. The change in the global climate system is directly caused by human activities, which is giving rise to the highest greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in human history (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). Studies have shown that GHG have attributed to extreme weather and changes to natural and human systems (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). These climate changes include floods, droughts, and interrupted food production, which ultimately force people to migrate to safer areas. Extensive exposure to heat waves also affect people's health negatively, and may even spread diseases across multiple territories (Xu, 2015). According to Pachauri and Meyer (2014), electricity and heat production contributed to 25% of the highest proportion of total global GHG emission. This highlights the importance and urgency of sustainable energy consumption to reduce GHG emissions.In line with the Paris agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015 (National Climate Change Secretariat, 2016a), Singapore has pledged to reduce 36% of GHG emissions from year 2005 by 2030. Even as a relatively small country, Singapore is also affected by climate change. Statistics show that Singapore's average temperature has risen from 26.6°C to 27.7 °C from year 1972 to 2014, with the rise in annualsea levels at between 1.2 and 1.7 mm from year 1975 to 2009 (National Climate Change Secretariat, 2016b). Besides making international commitment, Singapore has made conscious efforts to change internally to deal with climate change.Given the global environmental issues, there is a global trend and demand for energy saving and smart technology to increase the efficiency of energy consumption. According to the Energy Market Authority (EMA; 2015), households account for approximately 15% of electricity consumption in Singapore. Under the Energy Conservation Act (2012), the Mandatory Energy Labelling was introduced for registered goods in Singapore. This means that all electrical appliances (refrigerators,air conditioners, etc.) sold in Singapore must be energy labeled.The role of smart home technologies to increase energy efficiencies in households is becoming increasingly important. A survey has been conducted on the consumers' perception and awareness towards adapting new technologies, as wellas therole of thesetechnologiesin saving energy. According to Balta-Ozkan et al. (2014), a smart-home is a home equipped with connected devices, appliances and sensors that can communicate with each other, and can be controlled remotely. These functions provide consumers the flexibility of monitoring its electricity consumption and making lifestyle changes to save electricity. Moreover, Balta-Ozkan et al. (2013) noted that a smart home does not only provide benefits of efficient energy management, but also provides benefits such as improved lifestyle, security and safety. Smart metering, appliances and home automation devices are some of the many technologies that can be used to change electricity consumption patterns of households (Paetz, 2011).This article aims to find out the households' behaviors on energy consumptions; it also attempts to identify the benefits and obstacles on the implementation on smart home technologies, and how it should be done for it to be successful.2.Methods and aimsThere is a global trend and demand for smart technology to reduce energy consumption. According to Pachauri and Meyer (2014), electricity and heat production contributed to 25% of the highest proportion of total global GHG emission. This highlights the importance and urgency of sustainable energy consumption in order to reduce the emissions of GHG. Although the Singapore government has been promoting a lot of policies and programs about energy saving, there has been very few empirical studies on energy saving conducted in Singapore households. Many overseas studies have shown that households are very positive to the idea of saving energy through smart homes and are willing to invest in new technologies. However, those findings cannot be generalized to Singapore's context, as culture, infrastructure, eco-system, support from government and other factors might be different inSingapore. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand energy saving in Singapore households through smart homes.The current research will explore the perception of households on energy saving and give fair understanding about the acceptance of smart technologies in Singapore households. The research aims to achieve the following:A1: To evaluate success stories on saving energy in urban households through smart homesA2: To explore Singapore household perceptions on saving energy through smart homesA1 covers the research of three case studies that have implemented smart homes to save energy in urban cities. These success stories will provide better insights on how smart homes and how smart technologies can be used to save energy. The case studies have been selected based on their research with smart home technology and related energy savings. Moreover, they aligned with this papers sections covering policies, smart homes and consumer's perception of energy savings.A2 covers an online survey conducted to receive insights on energy consumption in Singapore households by looking at the effectiveness of government policies to save energy, usage of smart technologies in households, and households' perception about energy saving through smart homes Two hundred households were randomly selected for the study. A total of 131 valid responses were received via mail showing a 66% response rate. The questionnaire comprised of closed ended questions categorised under four sections: energy consumption in Singapore; public policy on energy saving in Singapore; use of technology in energy saving and household perceptions of energy saving.Since Singapore is one of the most developed countries in the world and its government is actively promoting policies and programs to save energy, it is predicted that Singapore households will have a positive perception towards energy saving and will see benefits of using smart technologies. This will directly address some of the environmental issues and reduce households' electricity bills.Case studies: Global success stories of energy savings in urban households.Case 1:Chinese consumer attitudes towards energy saving: The case of household electrical appliances in Chongqing.Key words: Government Policies, Energy efficiency, energy savingsMa et al. (2013) conducted a case-study which explored 246 consumer's attitudes towards energy savings through a questionnaire over a one-year period from 2009 to 2010. The survey was conducted in Chongqing, China and was conducted via face-to-face surveys due to previous experience of no or low feedback.The findings are based on a survey of questionnaires covering knowledge, awareness, and behavior patterns around saving energy. Results show a high level of knowledge among the respondents that energy is a challenge, but less knowledge about saving energy at home. Knowledge about government policies was clearer among the younger respondents and those with higher education level. Moreover, the results show a good level of awareness around energy pricing. This was matched up against the knowledge of which appliances consumed the most energy, and rightfully, the respondents consistently ranked airconditioners and refrigerators highest, whereas light bulbs and fans at the lowest. The study concluded that the willingness to save energy is high among the citizens, given that their comfort of living are not affected. It also show that general information about government policies and awareness about energy savings could be provided in a more informative manner with better results to build energy-saving behaviors among the citizens.In conclusion, the study showed that there was a general awareness about energy savings and government policies, though little understanding about energy savings. Nevertheless, participants were willing to save energy, yet they lacked the proper guidance and awareness about proper energy saving behavior.Case 2: Consumers' Perspective on Full-Scale Adoption of Smart Meters: A Case Study in Västerås, Sweden.Keywords: Smart meters, energy saving, electricity consumptionThis recent case study (Vassileva and Campillo, 2016) described a full-scale implementation of smart meters integrated with a smart grid in Västerås, Sweden. A survey was conducted to evaluate the consumer's perspective and feedbacks in regardsto energy savings and information given to the consumers around pricing and other information. Over the years, appliances have become more energy-efficient, but consumers tend to have more energy-consuming appliances than before, which results in a higher combined energy consumption.The survey was conducted online, which was considered to get the best feedback from the participants as they felt they had greater privacy. Questions included perceptions from consumers on smart meters and energy savings, but also covered their expectations of using smart meters, and if they find energy saving important. The survey is distinct between genders, age groups, and whether the consumers receive the energy bill by paper or electronic format. Findings show that consumers would have to learn how the usage of their appliances affect energy consumption, and therefore, learn to change their behavior patterns to use the appliances more efficiently. Higher energy efficiency was also indicated among consumers with smart meters over time.To sum up, this case study evaluated the energy consumers in a city with smart meters, and show that smart meters can provide detailed energy consumption information and possibility for consumers to choose between pricing plans. However, it was also revealed that in reality this has not been achieved yet, furthermore the higher level of energy savings through knowledge of smart meters and electricity price offerings has not been reached. Results show that there was not enough information provided by the smart meter data, thus consumers would not be able to understand or take action based on the data provided. This highlighted that consumers need to be better informed and educated in understanding appliance energy consumption. Concomitantly, energy providers must also provide adequate information around the energy consumption data.Case 3: Case Study of Smart Meter and In-home Display for Residential Behavior Change in Shanghai, China.Keywords: Smart meters, energy savings behaviorA case study conducted by Xu and colleagues (2015) has covered one of the national issues, which is the high energy consumption levels in Shanghai, one of the most densely populated urban cities in China. Energy saving behaviors in householdswere investigated through inhome displays and smart meters. The study claimed that one of the main contributors to high carbon emission is the building sector in China and there is a huge demand to reduce energy consumption in those buildings. Since households are part of the buildings, the case study has explored energy consumptions behavior of households through implementation of smart meters and in-home displays.In this case study, smart meters and in-home displays were installed in two newly-built apartment buildings. A total of 131 households participated in this study (76 without in-home display devices, 55 with the devices). There were additional sensors and devices installed to assist data gathering from smart meters and inhome displays. Data from smart meters were shown on in-home displays and transferred to back-end system via the internet. Raw energy data, statistical data, and background information data were stored in dedicated databases, so researchers could work on the respective data separately.In conclusion, this case study was successful as it showed that households' behavior towards saving energy positively changed due to installation of smart home technologies. This study is relevant to Singapore's context as it was conducted in a similar densely populated urban city.3.Survey findings and discussionIn the survey, 50% of the responses from households' have monthly energy bills ranging from SGD$100 to 200. While, 53% of the respondents believed that the price of their energy bill is “about right”, 31% believed that it is “too high”and 9% believed it is “far too high”. Respondents also indicated their awareness of which household appliances consume the most energy. Air-conditioners, washing-machines, and water heaters have scores that ranged from medium to high (in terms of energy consumption), with air-conditioners scoring the highest among all choices. It should be noted that Singapore is situated on the equator and experiences a hot and humid climate for most of the year. As a result, air conditioners may be used throughout the year. In addition, respondents mostly agreed on the fact that using energy efficientappliances would help them to save energy. This finding is consistent to Case Study 1, whereby households also recognized the particular appliances that consume most energy.With regards to the perceptions on using smart home meters, inhome displays, and relevant smart home devices, respondents indicated that they were less convinced that the technology was capable of helping them to save energy, in comparison to using energy efficient appliances directly. This might be due to the fact that the respondents have not 'visualized' the actual effect on the devices and technologies before. As in Case Study 3, households became more aware of their energy usage and saved their consumption when they had in-home smart meters and devices installed, as they allowed them to easily control their energy consumption patterns and behaviors to save energy.Next, respondents mostly agreed that the reduction of energy consumption could be encouraged by educating the public on environmental issues. Therefore, educating individuals earlier on would result in successful knowledge on environmental issues as well as linking it to how it could affect their lives, thereby resulting in appropriate energy consumption. As we could also observe in the Chongqing case study, lack of proper education and guidance could have a negative impact on households' energy savings visions.Government legislation on available market products is another aspect that survey respondents tend to accept and agree on its effectiveness. The ideas behind the legislations of Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme and Minimum Energy Performance Standard do not only apply to Singapore's context. As observed in Case Study 1, the Chinese government have these policies implemented to raise energy efficiencies in households too.On the other hand, respondents in general were either not familiar or did not pay enough attention on relevant government policies. The Energy Efficiency Programme office provides a holistic energy efficiency plan across all sectors, which also include households. The office has a dedicated website that provides information and tips to households on easy-to-follow procedures for consumers. Nevertheless, it seemed thatthe respondents were not aware of this. The descriptive statistics indicated the Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme draws the most familiarity as compared to other policies, and it maybe because whenever households are choosing which appliances to purchase, they could see the corresponding labels on each of the appliance. This legislation does not only exist in Singapore, but also in other major cities, like Chongqing that was mentioned in the case study.In conclusion, with the pledge of the government to the Paris agreement, its vision to tackle global warming and other climate issues are evident. As a result, they would further contemplate strategies and policies across all sectors including households to achieve its vision. Energy saving and efficiency certainly is one big aspect that they would research and tackle. They would continue to build on the existing National Policy Energy Framework. Smart home technologies could play a crucial role to have an impact on households' behaviors in energy consumptions, and to be taken into considerations by the government while they contemplate the relevant strategies and policies.In regards to the usage of technology in energy savings, responses from the survey indicated that smart technology in appliances could help saving electricity. This highlighted the awareness about energy savings, and the purchase decision may often reveal the consumer's plan for long term energy savings.The majority of the participants would invest in smart technology to save energy in their household. Smart technology and smart home devices will eventually be interconnected with health-sector platforms as well as to power plants and other utility providers. Such integration will host the risk of privacy and confidentiality over personal data (e.g., patient records in hospitals). Therefore, there is a big concern about security on smart technology (Popescul and Radu, 2016), and how to manage security risks to secure the privacy of personal data (Bugeja et al. 2016). This is considered a critical risk, as a hacker could take control over the smart home controller or appliances, like surveillance cameras. In the survey, this security risk was reflected from the concern of the participant.The survey also shows a focus on energy savings using smart technology,followed by an increase of security. (Note that security is part of comfort and safety in the home.) This is where surveillance comes in, in the forms of cameras and motion detectors. In the survey, energy savings and comfort are voted more favorably, followed by security as the least important among the three options.Finally, survey results show that 67 Singapore households either agree or strongly agree that “smart home”concept is associated with energy efficiency. Moreover, these households also perceived “convenience”as one of the important aspects of a smart home. Survey findings have highlighted that close to 52% of households are concerned about environmental issues, which was their main reason to save energy. On the other hand, close to 44% of respondents have associated energy saving with reduction of electricity bills.In summary, the findings are very much aligned with other studies in terms of household perceptions on saving energy through smart homes. Households (in particular, aspiring energy savers and monitor enthusiasts) in Singapore have shown concerns on environmental issues, and are willing to invest in smart home technologies to address them.4.Conclusion and policy implicationsMost people perceive electricity as a normal commodity which is readily available. Smart technology and smart homes will require the consumers to take action in order to control appliances and to save energy. Findings from the case studies show that the behavioral patterns of consumers may not change just to save energy. Even though an individual claimed to be concerned about the environment and energy-saving, it is evident that comfort and security play a bigger role in people's life. The present research showed a gap on the maturity and design of the technology as it does not take people's behaviors and perceptions as part of the smart home design functionality. Therefore, smart home technologies would not be efficient if it is not designed with artificial intelligence modules that allow the technology to seamlessly interact with consumers. Also, to achieve a successful smart home solution in Singapore, smart technology must be integrated into public services and utility sectors,such as smart grids and health sectors. For example, smart meters should detect behavioral patterns and proactively take action, so that consumers no longer have to actively turn on light if needed. Likewise, notifications through mobile gadgets or house consoles can provide advice for the best time to turn on certain appliances (e.g., washing machines). Lastly, the findings in this research showed that the maturity of the smart meters are still at its early phase, but projects like Singapore Smart Nation might be one of the leading projects to improve the technology and smart homes in the near future.中文译文：智能城市的智能家居节能：新加坡家庭的一课摘要由于全球气候变化和能源挑战的激增，节能成为了一个热门话题。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Traffic Assignment Forecast Model Research in ITS IntroductionThe intelligent transportation system (ITS) develops rapidly along with the city sustainable development, the digital city construction and the development of transportation. One of the main functions of the ITS is to improve transportation environment and alleviate the transportation jam, the most effective method to gain the aim is to forecast the traffic volume of the local network and the important nodes exactly with GIS function of path analysis and correlation mathematic methods, and this will lead a better planning of the traffic network. Traffic assignment forecast is an important phase of traffic volume forecast. It will assign the forecasted traffic to every way in the traffic sector. If the traffic volume of certain road is too big, which would bring on traffic jam, planners must consider the adoption of new roads or improving existing roads to alleviate the traffic congestion situation. This study attempts to present an improved traffic assignment forecast model, MPCC, based on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of classic traffic assignment forecast models, and test the validity of the improved model in practice.1 Analysis of classic models1.1 Shortcut traffic assignmentShortcut traffic assignment is a static traffic assignment method. In this method, the traffic load impact in the vehicles’ travel is not considered, and the traffic impedance (travel time) is a constant. The traffic volume of every origination-destination couple will be assigned to the shortcut between the origination and destination, while the traffic volume of other roads in this sector is null. This assignment method has the advantage of simple calculation; however, uneven distribution of the traffic volume is its obvious shortcoming. Using this assignment method, the assignment traffic volume will be concentrated on the shortcut, which isobviously not realistic. However, shortcut traffic assignment is the basis of all theother traffic assignment methods.1.2 Multi-ways probability assignmentIn reality, travelers always want to choose the shortcut to the destination, whichis called the shortcut factor; however, as the complexity of the traffic network, thepath chosen may not necessarily be the shortcut, which is called the random factor.Although every traveler hopes to follow the shortcut, there are some whose choice isnot the shortcut in fact. The shorter the path is, the greater the probability of beingchosen is; the longer the path is, the smaller the probability of being chosen is.Therefore, the multi-ways probability assignment model is guided by the LOGIT model:∑---=n j ii i F F p 1)exp()exp(θθ (1)Where i p is the probability of the path section i; i F is the travel time of thepath section i; θ is the transport decision parameter, which is calculated by the followprinciple: firstly, calculate the i p with different θ (from 0 to 1), then find the θwhich makes i p the most proximate to the actual i p .The shortcut factor and the random factor is considered in multi-ways probabilityassignment, therefore, the assignment result is more reasonable, but the relationshipbetween traffic impedance and traffic load and road capacity is not considered in thismethod, which leads to the assignment result is imprecise in more crowded trafficnetwork. We attempt to improve the accuracy through integrating the several elements above in one model-MPCC.2 Multi-ways probability and capacity constraint model2.1 Rational path aggregateIn order to make the improved model more reasonable in the application, theconcept of rational path aggregate has been proposed. The rational path aggregate,which is the foundation of MPCC model, constrains the calculation scope. Rationalpath aggregate refers to the aggregate of paths between starts and ends of the trafficsector, defined by inner nodes ascertained by the following rules: the distancebetween the next inner node and the start can not be shorter than the distance betweenthe current one and the start; at the same time, the distance between the next innernode and the end can not be longer than the distance between the current one and theend. The multi-ways probability assignment model will be only used in the rationalpath aggregate to assign the forecast traffic volume, and this will greatly enhance theapplicability of this model.2.2 Model assumption1) Traffic impedance is not a constant. It is decided by the vehicle characteristicand the current traffic situation.2) The traffic impedance which travelers estimate is random and imprecise.3) Every traveler chooses the path from respective rational path aggregate.Based on the assumptions above, we can use the MPCC model to assign thetraffic volume in the sector of origination-destination couples.2.3 Calculation of path traffic impedanceActually, travelers have different understanding to path traffic impedance, butgenerally, the travel cost, which is mainly made up of forecast travel time, travellength and forecast travel outlay, is considered the traffic impedance. Eq. (2) displaysthis relationship. a a a a F L T C γβα++= (2)Where a C is the traffic impedance of the path section a; a T is the forecast traveltime of the path section a; a L is the travel length of the path section a; a F is theforecast travel outlay of the path section a; α, β, γ are the weight value of that threeelements which impact the traffic impedance. For a certain path section, there aredifferent α, β and γ value for different vehicles. We can get the weighted average of α,β and γ of each path section from the statistic percent of each type of vehicle in thepath section.2.4 Chosen probability in MPCCActually, travelers always want to follow the best path (broad sense shortcut), butbecause of the impact of random factor, travelers just can choose the path which is ofthe smallest traffic impedance they estimate by themselves. It is the key point ofMPCC. According to the random utility theory of economics, if traffic impedance is considered as the negativeutility, the chosen probability rs p of origination-destinationpoints couple (r, s) should follow LOGIT model:∑---=n j jrs rs bC bC p 1)exp()exp( (3) where rs p is the chosen probability of the pathsection (r, s);rs C is the traffic impedance of the path sect-ion (r, s); j C is the trafficimpedance of each path section in the forecast traffic sector; b reflects the travelers’cognition to the traffic impedance of paths in the traffic sector, which has reverseratio to its deviation. If b → ∞ , the deviation of understanding extent of trafficimpedance approaches to 0. In this case, all the travelers will follow the path whichis of the smallest traffic impedance, which equals to the assignment results withShortcut Traffic Assignment. Contrarily, if b → 0, travelers ’ understanding error approaches infinity. In this case, the paths travelers choose are scattered. There is anobjection that b is of dimension in Eq.(3). Because the deviation of b should beknown before, it is difficult to determine the value of b. Therefore, Eq.(3) is improvedas follows:∑---=n j OD j OD rsrs C bC C bC p 1)exp()exp(，∑-=n j j OD C n C 11（4） Where OD C is the average of the traffic impedance of all the as-signed paths; bwhich is of no dimension, just has relationship to the rational path aggregate, ratherthan the traffic impedance. According to actual observation, the range of b which is anexperience value is generally between 3.00 to 4.00. For the more crowded cityinternal roads, b is normally between 3.00 and 3.50.2.5 Flow of MPCCMPCC model combines the idea of multi-ways probability assignment anditerative capacity constraint traffic assignment.Firstly, we can get the geometric information of the road network and OD trafficvolume from related data. Then we determine the rational path aggregate with themethod which is explained in Section 2.1.Secondly, we can calculate the traffic impedance of each path section with Eq.(2),Fig.1 Flowchart of MPCC which is expatiated in Section 2.3.Thirdly, on the foundation of the traffic impedance of each path section, we cancalculate the respective forecast traffic volume of every path section with improvedLOGIT model (Eq.(4)) in Section 2.4, which is the key point of MPCC.Fourthly, through the calculation processabove, we can get the chosen probability andforecast traffic volume of each path section, but itis not the end. We must recalculate the trafficimpedance again in the new traffic volumesituation. As is shown in Fig.1, because of theconsideration of the relationship between trafficimpedance and traffic load, the traffic impedanceand forecast assignment traffic volume of everypath will be continually amended. Using therelationship model between average speed andtraffic volume, we can calculate the travel timeand the traffic impedance of certain path sect-ionunder different traffic volume situation. For theroads with different technical levels, therelationship models between average speeds totraffic volume are as follows: 1) Highway: 1082.049.179AN V = (5) 2) Level 1 Roads: 11433.084.155AN V = (6) 3) Level 2 Roads: 66.091.057.112AN V = (7) 4) Level 3 Roads: 3.132.01.99AN V = (8) 5) Level 4 Roads: 0988.05.70A N V =(9) Where V is the average speed of the path section; A N is the traffic volume of thepath section.At the end, we can repeat assigning traffic volume of path sections with themethod in previous step, which is the idea of iterative capacity constraint assignment,until the traffic volume of every path section is stable.译文智能交通交通量分配预测模型介绍随着城市的可持续化发展、数字化城市的建设以及交通运输业的发展，智能交通系统（ITS）的发展越来越快。
人工智能智慧城市
人工智能智慧城市随着人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，简称AI）技术的迅速发展，智慧城市的概念逐渐被广泛提及。
智慧城市利用人工智能技术，通过感知、分析和响应来提升城市的效率、可持续性和生活质量。
本文将就人工智能智慧城市的定义、核心技术以及对城市发展的影响进行探讨。
一、定义和特征人工智能智慧城市是指通过将大数据、物联网、云计算等先进技术与城市基础设施相结合，以智能化、信息化的方式管理城市。
它的特征有以下几点：1. 多元感知：利用传感器、监控设备等感知技术，实时收集城市各类数据，包括交通流量、环境污染、能源消耗等。
2. 数据分析：通过人工智能算法，对收集到的数据进行分析和处理，从中提取有用信息，为城市管理决策提供支持。
3. 智能响应：根据数据分析的结果，智慧城市可以做出及时的响应，调整交通信号灯，优化能源利用等，以提高城市的运行效率。
4. 公共参与：智慧城市将市民参与城市管理的意识和能力提升到一个新的高度，通过智能手机等终端设备，市民可以参与交通、环保等方面的决策，共同建设更美好的城市。
二、核心技术人工智能智慧城市离不开以下核心技术的支持：1. 大数据分析：智慧城市通过收集和分析大量的城市数据，可以得出更准确的结论，并进行智能化决策和规划。
2. 机器学习：通过机器学习算法，可以使智慧城市系统具备自主学习和优化的能力，以不断提高城市的管理效率和服务质量。
3. 云计算：智慧城市需要强大的计算和存储能力，云计算技术可以提供弹性和高效的服务，满足智慧城市处理和存储大数据的需求。
4. 物联网：物联网技术将各种设备和传感器连接到互联网，实现设备之间的通信和协同工作，为智慧城市的数据采集和分析提供支持。
三、人工智能智慧城市的影响人工智能智慧城市对城市发展产生了深远的影响：1. 提高城市管理效率：智慧城市通过提供实时数据和智能化决策支持，可以更高效地管理城市的交通、能源、环境等方面，减轻了城市管理者的工作压力。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。
事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。
引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
智能导航外文翻译
行人导航智能多传感器系统摘要。
在研究的项目——―行人导航系统在室内或室外环境的结合‖ (NAVIO)，我们正在发展的现代智能系统和服务的对于行人导航和指导。
在现代，先进的智能化多传感器系统应该能够使用3 d方式定位一个用户的所在位置。
因为卫星定位与全球导航卫星系统(GNSS,GPS等)不能在任意的环境条件下工作(如在城市,峡谷,没有卫星信号的地方和室内)，一个组合和集成其他传感器(如航迹传感器、惯性导航系统(INS),室内定位技术,手机定位等)的系统的建立是至关重要的。
利用知识型系统，用我们的方法使得一个松散耦合的雇佣传感器能实现和模拟开发出一个多传感器融合模型。
至少我们可以看到现在知识系统是十分健全和完善的。
应当依据以知识型系统来决定应该使用的传感器，从而获得当前用户的一个最优的估计位置和权重的观察。
新的算法将会是一个综合巨大优势和不同的传感器工作性能的为一体的的算法，其服务质量会有显著的提高。
在本文中将对基本原理的新方法进行描述。
为了测试和演示我们的方法和结果,该项目需要考虑一个实际的场景,即对行人的导航指导，我们从维也纳技术大学的附近的公共交通开始着手。
第一场测试的结果可能会证实, 一个行人在一个城市地区，不论是在室内还是室外的环境下，这种服务都可以实现高水平的绩效指导。
虽然城市地区的障碍物频繁的导致卫星定位的失常，但是3D定位技术的定位标准误差仍然可以控制在几米范围内。
因此，GPS可以用来弥补中断了150米航迹的观察并且提供所需的定位精度。
室内区域卫星定位能被替换为室内定位系统(如。
WiFi,UWB)。
由于开发先进的传感器是可以被预期的,这样的多传感器解决方案将被部署在行人导航服务。
对于这些已经开始的应用程序，我们坚信它们在定位服务领域将扮演一个重要的角色，在不久的将来会有一个快速的发展。
关键词.行人导航、集成定位、多传感器融合、卡尔曼滤波器,、知识型系统。
1. 介绍所研究的项目NAVIO(行人导航系统在室内环境或室外环境的结合)。
城市规划 外文翻译英语词汇总结
草图Draft drawing/sketch平面Plan总平面master plan剖面Section立面Elevation正立面Façade透视图Perspective轴测图Axonometric view示意图/分析图Diagram地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram图表chart/table容积率floor area ratio覆盖率Coverage城市设计Urban design; civic design区域规划Regional planning总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning)场地规划Site planning近期建设规划Immediate planning步行轴Walking axis概念设计conceptual design方案设计schematic design扩初设计design development详细设计、细部设计Detail Design城市化Urbanization城市生态Urban ecology城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture经济能量来源Economy energy sources可持续发展Sustainable development历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan 城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment开发区Development area城市化水平Urbanization level城市群Urban Agglomeration/ Metropolitan Area/ Metropolitan Coordinating Region/mega region城市系统Urban system卫星城市（城镇）Satellite town/ affiliate township城市基础设施Urban infrastructure市政基础设施Municipal Infrastructure绿色基础设施Green Infrastructure生态基础设施Ecological Infrastructure居民点Settlement城市City市Municipality; city城镇Town城市管理区域Administrative region of a city商业区Commercial district民政区域Civil district居住区规划Residential area planning护林区Ranger district绿地Percentage of greenery coverage绿化覆盖率Ratio of green space绿地率Landscaping within factory工厂绿化Landscaping of square广场绿化Landscaping of residential area居住区绿化Improved vegetation & wildlife谷底植栽场Landscaping around public building公共建筑绿化Indoor garden室外绿化Urban green 城市绿化Urban green space system城市绿化系统Public green space公共绿地Park公园Green belt 绿地Specified green space专用绿地Green buffer防护绿地空间(建筑)Parlor客厅Washroom; toilet卫生间、洗手间Balcony阳台、包厢Bathroom浴室Cabinet橱柜Courtyard building庭院建筑Dining-room ; dining hall餐厅Entrance入口Kitchen厨房Roof屋顶Kid room儿童房Dollhouse儿童游乐室Living room起居室Pavilion亭、阁Private garden私家花园Resident住宅Shared zone共享空间Toilet洗手间Servants hall用人房Scale比例Element要素、自然环境conference center会议中心Retail shop零售商店Theatre剧院园林景观Arbor乔木Shrub灌木Band stone铺石Car park below地下车库Carved paving bands曲线形铺地Cartilage Garth 庭园Courtyard identification sign标志牌Courtyard 庭院Fall瀑布Feature景色Footpath步道Garden bridge园桥Garden and park园林Herbage草本植物Liana藤本植物Natural cut stone砌石Pave铺地Pavilion 亭、阁Pavilion on terrace榭Planting植被Planting beds 花坛Plaza大广场Platform台Deck promenade栈道Pole lights灯柱Pool小水池Sculpture雕塑常用的景观英文参考1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE main entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) for vehicle& pedestrian2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行)2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE 2nd entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR. Entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景WATER FEATURE water feature5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE mini amphitheatre6.迎宾景观-1WELCOMING FEATURE-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING) timber deck (viewing)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN bamboo garden9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-2 grand welcoming feature-2 12.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S rock's cape waterfall's GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处)LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER ) lounging terrace (lower ) 16.休憩台地(高处)LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER ) Lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD river wild19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND children's playground20.旱冰道SLIDE Slide21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT badminton court 网球场Tennis court 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE dry landscape23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN Japanese garden24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN dry fountain25.观景台VIEWING DECK viewing deck26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL swimming pool27.极可意JACUZZI JacuzziWADING POOL wading pool29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL winding wall31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE rock sculpture32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA central plaza33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA exercise plaza34.桥BRIDGE bridge35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA meditating plaza36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION tree battle formation 37.停车场PARING AREA paring area38.特色花架TRELLIS trellisSCULPTURE TRAIL sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN putting green41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT entrance paving to unit43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT basketball court44.网球场TENNIS COURT tennis court45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER terracing seat wall / planter 46.广场MAIN PLAZA main plaza47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL forest garden waterfall48.石景园ROCKERY GARD。
单片机智能路灯中英文对照外文翻译文献
单片机智能路灯中英文对照外文翻译文献单片机智能路灯中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent street lightcontrol system【abstract 】 A street light automatic control system design, combined with the control, electric lamp switch control function; And street lamp fault detection and fault street lamp according to the function of the number. Use on STC 89C51 as the core Control unit; Using DS1302 clock chip to control the point open to turn off the lights when street lamps; By a photosensor complete collection of ambient light and street light fault detection, so as to realize the number of optically controlled open to turn off the lights and fault street lamp display. This system Can through the RS - 232 communication port with the street light control room of the upper machine communication.【key words】STC 89C51; Clock chip DS1302; photosensorIntroductionFor the most part at present domestic cities and regions of the street lamp Lighting adopts electric control, time control and single point of electrons Control, maintenance management and manual inspections and the masses The traditional way, because of the lack of scientific and effective monitoring Means, large area lighting during the day, night not large area Light phenomenon occurs frequently, often can't find and in a timely manner Processing, not only caused power resources, human resources Cost, improve the operating costs of the system and to citizens Life bring inconvenience.Intelligent road lighting system can according to different area Domain of different functional requirements, at different times and different every day Natural light or under different traffic flow conditions, the press According to a specific setting, realize dynamic wisdom of road lighting Can management, namely the TPO management (TIME/PLACE, TIME Location/OCCASION occasions). Intelligent road lighting Control system, through the comprehensive consideration and analysis and road Ming is closely related to the intensity of illumination time, road, environment and hand it in Scene control methods of factors such as flow rate, in themicrocomputer According to the preset control strategy, the road lighting into action Street lamp intelligent management and control in different conditions normally In different states implement diversified road lighting scene, To improve the quality of lighting at the same time get the best section Can effect.1. The system hardware designControl circuit mainly to light, temperature signal acquisition, data computing and analysis, and control of street lamp driver circuit according to the results of the operation. Circuit must have MD conversion function, adopt STCl2C5608AD single chip microcomputer as control unit, the single-chip computer as a single clock cycle enhanced 8051 kernel microcontroller, it contains 8 KB FLASH program memory, eight road lO MD conversion interface, can meet the need of data acquisition. Light intensity, temperature sensor using photosensitive resistance and thermal resistance,respectively.Figure 1Figure 2Photosensitive resistor Rx and resistance R2 bleeder circuit, light intensity changes, microcontroller P1.7 pin input voltage changes, and P1.7 pin can be set up for MD conversion interface, set a threshold voltage for light intensity can distinguish between day and night. Thermal resistor Rx and R3 bleeder circuit, the temperature changes, P1.5 pin voltage change, the figure 1 watch NA L/D conversion control circuit green quality can calculate the actual environment temperature and time control to modify parameters. S1 for four dial the code switch, can be used to think.1.1 hardware designSystem hardware modules include: control module, mining Use 89 c51 to realize on STC; Sensor module, Using photosensitive resistance on the surrounding environment light Sample, using photosensitive diode on-off to street lamp equipment Obstacle detection; The clock module, using DS1302 clock chip Slice; Display module, which is made up of four LED digital tube, use To display the fault street lamp number; Sound and light alarm module, Implementation of malfunctioning of the street lamp light hint; Communication moduleBlocks, used to transmit commands from PC.1.2 module functionOn STC 89 c51 based on DS1302 clock chip Provide the clock signal, according to the following time implementation control Turn off the lights.(1) : winter time 18:00 lights at night, The next morning at 7:30 to turn off the lights.(2) age season time: the evening number is turn on the light, The next morning at 6:30 to turn off the lights.(3) in the summer time: 20:00 lights at night, The next morning at 5:30 to turn off the lights.Dynamically changes of this period of time, changes in the operation A machine to complete, through the communication module will hold instructions written to STC 89 c51 chip, then changed the point open to turn off the lights During work time.Photosensitive resistance, by appropriate wavelength of light , the current will along with the increase of light intensity, thus Realize the photoelectric conversion. To die by ADC0832 device Hold number converted to provide single-chip, STC 89c51 according to The default program realize the electric lamp switch function.(1) automatic metering, during the day (or light) When lights go out, night (dark or light) street lights automatically Light up.(2) the sensitivity is adjustable, can adjust according to need Any work under the light.(3) to prevent the instant bright light interference, the AD hoc Delay off function (to strong light, the light switch When 30 seconds to shut down automatically).Photosensitive diode is to use silicon PN knot when the light is produced A photoelectric device, light current work in reverse bias Because of the pressure. During the day light or lamp light photosensitive 2 directly Diode reverse resistance decreases, and diode conduction; Light is very Hours photosensitive diode reverse resistance increases, the diode The check. Using photosensitive diode, detection of street lamp is night Normal work. When the photosensitive diode as shows that street lamp Equipment failure or theft, acousto-optic quote on STC 89 c51 started Alarm device, at the same time in four LED digital tube display the corresponding The street number.2.The system software designThe software design of this system is divided into seven parts, mainly Including the LED digital tube display program design; Light to check the Test program design; Equipment fault detection program design; when Clock driver chip design; Open to turn off the lights program design; Communication program design; Audible and visual alarm program design, etc.Software includes: main program, system initialization, anti-fuzzy functions,A/D conversion subroutine, communication processing subroutine, keyboard processing subroutine, warp/weft clock computing functions, dial the code switch handle child, switch input processing function, the switch quantity output treatment function, display function. MCU software programming to CodeVisionAVR C compiler as a development platform, USES C written in a high-level language.3.TAGUSES the wireless transceiver module and single-chip integration design, can reduce the hardware cost of the system, convenient installation, easy maintenance. Adopt type a 15 STR micropower wireless digital module, high efficiency forward error correction channel coding technology, improves the data the abrupt interference and random interference resistance ability. Using high-speed microcontroller W7E58, improve the measurement precision of the liquid level, simplified the hardware structure of the system. The system not only for level measurement is a kind of safe and effective solutions, can be applied to other material level measurement under the bad environment.Street lamp lighting system is indispensable to the road traffic Facilities, design a kind of intelligent street light control system, right Increase induced by road, improve the driving safety at night And comfort, effectively prevent criminal activity, beautify the environment, Save power resources, has a certain practical significance and can be Development value.References[1], truth, science and technology. 8051 series single chip microcomputer C program design manual [M]. Completely People post and telecommunications press, 2006.[2] realistic technology. Microcontroller peripheral devices and applications [M]. Typical people Posts and telecommunications press, 2006, 2.[3] BianChunYuan, wang zhiqiang. MCS - 51 single chip microcomputer application development practical subroutine [M]. People's posts and telecommunications press, 2005, 9.[4] Shen Gongwei. Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent syste design and implementation [M]. Electronic Industrial press, 2005. m[5] Wan Guangyi, nine sun Ann, Cai Jianping. SOC SCM experiment, practice and should be With design - based on C8051F series [M]. Beijing university ofaeronautics and astronautics Publisher, 2006.[6] Xu Aijun Peng Xiuhua. Keil Cx51 V7.0 microcontroller programming in a high-level language and Mu Vision2 application practice [M]. Beijing: electronic industry press, 2004.[7] blockbuster, special expensive, were yu. Intelligent street light control system design and application research. The modern electronic technology, 2010. (1) : 207-207.[8] kang hua guang, Chen Taiqin. Analog part electronic technology foundation [M]. Beijing: higher education press, 2001.基于单片机的智能路灯控制系统【摘要】设计了一个路灯自动控制系统，具有时控、光控相结合的路灯开关控制功能；以及路灯故障检测并显示故障路灯编号的功能。
单片机外文文献翻译(2024)
引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。
它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。
随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。
本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。
概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。
传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。
而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。
本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。
正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。
1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。
1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。
二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。
采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。
2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。
2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。
三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。
物联网外文文献翻译
物联网外文文献翻译
物联网是一个由许多设备彼此连接而形成的网络，这些设备可以是智能手机、传感器、汽车等。
物联网允许设备之间相互通信和交换数据，从而实现更智能、更高效和更安全的生活。
在物联网领域，一些外文文献对于我们的研究和研究非常有帮助。
以下是一些常见的物联网外文文献：
- "A Survey on Internet of Things From Industrial Market Perspective"：这篇论文介绍了物联网的概念、应用和市场现状，并分析了物联网在未来的趋势。
- "Big Data Analytics for IoT-Based Smart Environments: A Survey"：文章描述了如何使用大数据分析来处理物联网设备所产生的数据，并探讨了这种技术如何应用于智能环境中。
- "A Review of Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things Concept"：这篇综述了物联网在智慧城市中的应用，并对物联网在智慧城市化中的挑战和机遇进行了讨论。
通过阅读这些文献，我们可以更深入地了解物联网的应用、市场和发展趋势，并且了解如何将物联网技术应用到实际生活中。
共享城市单车外文翻译文献编辑
共享城市单车外文翻译文献编辑共享城市单车（Shared Urban Bike）是指为城市居民提供共享的自行车交通服务，并通过智能系统来实现车辆的借还、定位等管理功能。
共享城市单车是近年来快速发展起来的一种交通工具，它能够有效缓解城市交通压力、减少环境污染，并且方便居民出行。
以下是一些关于共享城市单车的外文翻译文献。
文献1：《Shared bikes, shared city: Rediscovering leisure cycling through the shared economy》该文献通过研究新加坡和澳大利亚的案例，探讨了共享城市单车对城市居民休闲骑行的影响。
研究发现，共享城市单车可以重新激发对自行车骑行的兴趣，使城市居民更加积极地参与休闲骑行活动。
共享城市单车的出现使得自行车租赁更加便利和经济，为城市居民提供了更多的自由和灵活性。
文献2：《The impact of shared bicycle programs on cycling behavior in urban areas: Evidence from the United States, Europe, and China》该文献综合分析了美国、欧洲和中国的共享城市单车项目对居民骑行行为的影响。
研究发现，共享城市单车的推广普及使得更多的人选择了骑行作为代步方式，从而减少了汽车使用量，改善了城市交通拥堵问题。
此外，共享城市单车还促进了健康生活方式的选择，提高了居民的身体活动水平。
该文献提出了一个评估共享城市单车项目的综合模型，用于确定关键绩效指标。
研究者通过分析城市居民的使用数据、满意度调查等因素，建立了一套科学可行的评估指标体系。
该模型可以帮助城市管理者了解共享城市单车项目的效果，优化项目运营，提供更好的服务。
文献4：《Modeling the Conflicts between Bicycle Traffic and Vehicle Traffic》该文献探讨了自行车交通和机动车交通之间的冲突，并提出了一种模型来分析和解决这种冲突。
毕业设计外文资料翻译--立体机械车库类型、应用及智能化
附件1：外文资料翻译译文立体机械车库类型、应用及智能化当今车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30-40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功，我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。
由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1：1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特性，已被广大用户接受。
目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、平面移动式、垂直升降式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。
（一）升降横移式升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个，此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价低。
1.产品特点：1）节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。
2）价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。
3）可采用自动控制，构造简单，安全可靠。
4）存取车迅速，等候时间短。
5）运行平稳，工作噪声低。
6）适用于商业、机关、住宅小区配套停车场的使用。
2.安全装置：防坠装置，光电传感器、限位保护器、急停开关等。
（二）巷道堆垛式巷道堆垛式立体车库采用堆垛机作为存取车辆的工具，所有车辆均由堆垛机进行存取，因此，对堆垛机的技术要求较高，单台堆垛机成本较高，所以巷道堆垛式立体车库适用于车位数需要较多的客户使用。
（三）垂直升降式立体车库垂直升降式立体车库类似于电梯的工作原理，在提升机的两侧布置车位，一般地面需一个汽车旋转台，可省去司机掉头。
垂直提升式立体车库一般高度较高（几十米），对设备的安全性，加工安装精度等要求都很高，因此造价较高，但占地却最小。
（四）垂直循环式产品特点：1）占地少，两个泊位面积可停6-10辆车。
2）外装修可只加顶棚，消防可利用消防栓。
3）价格低，地基、外装修、消防等投资少，建设周期短。
智能交通中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)智能交通的的设计由于我国经济的快速发展，导致大中型城市汽车数量激增，城市交通面临严峻的考验，导致交通问题增加，其主要表现为：交通事故频发，给人类生命安全造成巨大的威胁，造成严重的交通拥堵，出行时间增加，能源消费的增加；空气污染和噪声污染程度加深等，日常交通拥堵成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受。
在此背景下，结合实际情况城市道路交通，发展真正适合我们自己的特点的智能信号控制系统已成为主要任务。
前言在国内外实际应用中，根据实际交通信号控制的应用检验，平面独立的交叉口信号控制基本采用了定周期，多时间的设置周期，半感应，全传感器等几种方式。
前两者的控制模式是完全基于平面交叉口的交通流量数据的统计调查，由于交通流量的现在变性和随机性的存在，这两种方法具有交通效率低的缺陷，该方案，老化和半感应和感应两方法在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器，根据提供的信息来调整周期和车辆的绿色通道，它比随机到达的适应性大，可以使车辆在交通拥挤前先停车，实现对交通流量的影响。
在现代工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、速度、开关量等都是常用的主要被控参数。
例如：在冶金工业、化工药品的生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域，人们需要交通的有序控制。
通过单片机控制交通运输，不仅具有方便的控制、配置简单、灵活等优点，而且还可以通过控制量大幅度提高技术指标，从而大大提高了产品的质量和数量。
因此，单片集成电路的交通灯控制问题是一个工业生产中，我们经常遇到的问题。
在工业生产过程中，有很多行业有大量的交通设备，在目前的系统中，大部分的交通控制信号是通过继电器，而继电器的响应时间长、灵敏度低、长期使用后，故障的机会大大增加，相对于单片机控制，远大于继电器的精度、响应时间短，软件可靠性，不会因为工作时间的缘故而降低其性能，相比，该方案具有较高的可行性。
关于AT89C51（1）功能特点说明：AT89C51是一个低功耗，高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K可编程Flash存储器。
外文翻译-数字密码锁的设计
外文资料原文Market demand of innovation and development all brightprospects of electronic lockAt present, China's lock industry with annual sales of about 40 billion yuans, the production of 1.9 billion. With the development of technology, the demand of the market gradually from the traditional metal lock likes smart locks, electronic lock. Electronic combination lock is a password or to control circuit (access control system), so as to control mechanical switches closed, lock, lock task of electronic products. Intelligent lock is different from traditional mechanical locks, in terms of user identification, security, manageability more intelligent locks, door lock the door when you leave the execution of the components in the system. Innovation and development change of locks industry in our country, in the future, intelligent electronic lock market will be a piece of blue ocean waiting for development.Development and innovation of the lockIn the past ten years, lock have experienced the change based on the emergence of electronic locks and application. Since 1988, the government institutions and companies in addition to the guards and other solutions on the market, have been using the cable of the electronic system to ensure the safety of the border. The cable electronic solutions also became popular. Reason is very simple, compared with the traditional mechanical lock safety, convenience, no information traceability shortcomings, such as cable electronic solutions in terms of safety, convenience, manageability are improved.As are known to all, now want to open a traditional method is not only a mechanical lock, such as picking, perforation, and more recently become embarrassed "bump" technology industry. Therefore, the key problem of the traditional still in the lock key is simple: reduce the tool copies may. The defects and the mechanical lock are opened the safe electronic technology market, electronic lock baseds on the technology of electronic security products rapid growth of more than 20 years, the scale is chasing the trend of the traditional mechanical lock."9 · 11" to make significant changes has taken place in security industry, access control and key management real-name system concept to be recognized. This event almost changed the security industry in people's minds, but also promote a lot of change and innovation, especially in the lock industry, make it become the protagonist of the security world and need to be created tocater to the market demand.The new parts of the lock of the world were created, named electronic locks, it is the combination of mechanical and electronic body, to provide users with additional controls and security new solutions. Electronic lock equipment big innovations and additional benefits of the system is not depend on the power system of power grid, it means that they are made up of batteries of direct current, make installation is simple and convenient. Also, since not rely on the power grid power system, make it more secure, even in the case of power outages, The lock can still normal operations, this is the traditional wired electronic systems unparalleled.Electronic lock market should be to be bornWith the development of modern science and technology, the development of the electronic lock has entered a new stage, all kinds of new technology application, mobile phone induction unlock, id card lock, fingerprint biometric technology lock, mobile phone, SMS remote unlock alarm, etc., of the new technology application results are for the development of the electronic lock on the wings to fly, let the electronic locks intelligent further ascension, greatly enrich the life of modern people, the closer to modern intelligent distance of the pursuit of quality of life and yearning.At the same time, the results of electronic lock are the new technology application benefit the traditional door locks, door factory, door industry, real estate building, hotel, intelligent building of locks, locks and other related industries, enterprises. Can be widely applicable to the security door, armored door, original wood door, such as bronze door type. For the development of industry, the difference between the product made a greater contribution, at the same time to suit kinds of products of high added value and new selling points, more and more been recognized by the market and users alike.The vigorous development of our country's economy, real estate, hotel, etc. As the pillar industry of national economy, real estate began to a large number of high quality buildings of electronic locks, to further strengthen the building of the intelligent degree, continuously improve the quality of building dish, and attract the interest of users and favor, to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of real estate, promote sales. In Beijing, Shanghai, guangzhou, shenzhen, nanjing, changsha, nanchang, wuhan, one third line cities such as electronic smart lock, electronic smart lock hotel constantly emerging community.At the same time, with the development of economy and the continuous improvement inpeople's living standard, people for the pursuit of quality life and security needs is growing. High quality electronic locks began arriving into high-grade private property and enterprise office building, people don't have to worry about the key thing, enjoy the modern intelligent world harmony and life quality.Bright prospects of electronic lockMore solutions are obvious, the market changes, gradually emerging from the market, the basic situation of now is: the government institutions and companies need to seek more control than before human resource cost and an ideal solution to protect the safety of property, and time is money, staff time management has become more urgent, has become a critical value proposition. Tell from this aspect, only for the center with key systems can provide feasible solutions. From an economic point of view, the card reader or mounted on each door installed cameras in each corner (plus a security surveillance cameras) is not feasible.Market development also shows that the integrated development of security industry has been overwhelming, as the important role of lock will become an integral part of the overall solution, is likely to end in the past 4000 years has been the role of. But what is undeniable is that the lock to protect property or restrict access permissions alert or closed-circuit television (CCTV) system is the importance of play can't do it.Conclusion:With the deepening of China's opening to the outside world, the wealthy and middle class, high-grade building development soon, high-grade electronic smart lock has broad market prospects for development. Along with our country for smart locks lock industry of new and high technology investment is increasing year by year, the 3 g era, electronic locks gradually replace mechanical lock is the inevitable development trend. National macro-control of real estate at the same time, the strengthening of environmental awareness, home prices gradually return to rational prices, a new round of commercial competition focus will gradually reflected in such aspects as environmental protection, energy saving, intelligent, safe, high-end smart door lock market demand began to explode, electronic lock industry will also march into the new stage of development.外文资料译文：市场需求带来创新发展悉数电子锁的灿烂前景目前，中国锁具行业年销售额约为400亿元，产量为19亿把。
金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献
金融危机对全球经济的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)金融危机对全球商业的影响目前，新的经济只是在部分工业化经济高度发达的国家初露端倪，在全球范围还属于萌芽状态。
不过这种经济的发展肯定对于世界政治和经济将产生越来越大的影响。
日本经济审议会1999年向日本政府提出对未来十年日本新经济计划的建议时说：“当前，世界文明正在发生变化，这一变化不是一般的‘进步’与“高度化”，而是要创造新的历史发展阶段的变化。
一直支撑战后增长的现代工业社会的规范已跟不上人类文明的巨大潮流。
在今后存在多种智慧的社会中，必须通过不断创造出新的智慧来搞活经济与文化。
为此，就必须能够更加容易地吸收世界的信息和知识，还要有更加容易向世界传递信息的环境。
同时，还必须拥有能够培养富于个性和创造性的组织和人才的计划和社会气氛”。
如果把上面所说的世界经济的变化加以概括，似乎可以说，未来经济有两大趋势：一个是经济知识化，表现为知识和信息成为经济发展最活跃、最重要的因素；另一个是经济全球化，表现为商品、劳务、资本、技术和人才在全球流动的加速。
这两大趋势相互联系、互相影响。
也可以说，新的经济将是以知识与技术创新为基础，以全球为市场的时代。
它将促使各国的增长模式、产业构成、经济体制、社会结构、教育制度、文化取向等产生深刻的变化，也将对各国的对内、对外政策提出新课题。
三、经济全球化的大趋势及其两重性经济全球化的发端似可溯源到二次世界大战后期布雷顿森林体制的创建。
世界银行、国际货币基金组织和关贸总协定三大机构的建立与发展，给全球金融、贸易与投资活动以极大的推动。
美元与黄金挂钩使美元成为国际流通与储备的手段，首先便利了美国企业向全球的拓展。
不过，冷战时期两个世界市场的划分又使经济全球化受到一定限制。
冷战结束后，经济全球化得到进一步发展。
主要有两股力量推动：一股力量是信息技术革命和高新技术成长的大大促进了商品、劳务、资本、人才、技术的全球交流。
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)智能停车场最近几年来汽车的动态平衡与静态管理已成为许多专家学者重点研究的新课题。
智能停车场系统为了保证车辆安全和交通方便，迫切需要采用自动化程度高、方便快捷的停车场自动管理系统，提高停车场管理水平。
现阶段的目标就是要提供满足人们工作、生活、娱乐环境更科学、规范、有效快捷、安全、方便的智能停车场自动管理系统。
停车场管理系统正在向大型化、复杂化、集成化和高科技化方向发展，智能停车场系统已经被纳入智能建筑的一个重要子系统，并且正与智能建筑的其它子系统进一步高度集成。
智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供—种高效管理服务的系统。
新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合，提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统。
它依靠高科技，以人为本，采用图形人机界面操作方式，提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间，促进了人文环境的健康发展。
1 目前国内外停车场主要有以下几种类型1．1 机械式停车场机械式停车场是国内停车场主要的一种，机械式停车场是指停车场完全由机械停车设备如曳引驱动机、导向轮、载车板、横移装置、控制柜、召唤操作盘、升降回转装置、搬运器等构成。
分为升降横移类、垂直循环类、水平循环类、多层循环类、平面移动类、垂直升降类、简单升降类等类型。
因其停车方式多样独特，具有很强的应用性。
它的主要优点有占地面积小，选型多样、可具体结合场地特点设计，也可与其他方式相结合来实施，自动化程度高，操作使用方便，管理和维护也较为容易，具有定量存车的特点。
1．2 平面停车场系统智能停车场系统平面停车场系统因其主要采取感应式IC卡读卡方式，所以也叫感应式停车场系统。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译智能交通信号灯控制中英文对照
英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example，according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译：智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
城市智能公交识别系统外文翻译
The research of RFID technology and the bus stops automatically What is the RFID?RFID is the abbreviation for Radio Frequency Identification, called electronics label .RFID recognition is a non-contact automatic identification technology, RFID signal through its automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, identify work without manual intervention, it can work in various environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags, the operation is fast and convenient.RFID is a technology which uses radio communication between tags and readers to automatically identify the locations of items. In a networked environment of RFID readers, enormous data are generated from the proliferation of RFID readers. The raw data generated from the readers cannot be directly used by the application because it consists of enormous volume of data duplication, false positive, and false negative. Thus, the RFID data repositories must cope with a number of quality issues. These data quality issues include data redundancy, false positive, and false negative. Poor data quality has adverse effects at the operational, tactical, and strategic levels of an organization. This is especially true in the healthcare field where cost pressures and the desire to improve patient care drive efforts to integrate and clean organizational data.What is the basic component of RFID?The most basic RFID system consists of three parts:Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it canbe designed for portable or fixed;Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader. What is the basic principle of RFID technology ?The basic principle of RFID technology is not complex: Label into the field, Receive radio frequency signals from reader collision, with all the energy stored in a chip of the product information （passive tag, there is no source label or labels ）, Oractively to send a frequency signals （active tag and to label or labels ）；to read information and understanding of the decoder after the central information systems to carry out the relevant data processing.Basic working process of the RFID systemThe RFID system of basic workflow is: reader through the antenna send certain frequencies of RFID signals, when the RFID card to enter the antenna working area induced current, RF cards gain energy to be activated,RF cards will own coding information through the card built-in transmitting antenna send out, System receiving aerial from RF card from the carrier signal, the antenna of a regulator to the reader, the reader to receive a signal and demodulates and decodes to the system to deal with the relevant ； the main system based on logic, determine the legality of smart cards, in different settings make the appropriate treatment and control signals control and direction of movement. In the coupling between inductors and electromagnetic way , communication process (FDX, HDX, SEQ)、From RF card to the reader of data transmission of the load method (modulation, reverse scattering, high time harmonics) and frequency, from the contact method transmission a fundamental difference, but all the reader in principle, and the decision of the design structures are very similar. all the reader is a simple matter of high frequency and control unit two basic module. high frequency interface includes both transmitters and receivers, its functions include: to produce high-frequency transmit power to start and provide RF card energy. To launch signal used to send data to RF cards, Receive and demodulation of high frequency signals from RF cards. Different RFID system with some difference frequency interface design, the system frequency inductive coupling interface diagram shown.quartzoscillatormodulator output stage amplifier antband passamplifier output stage TXD RXDReaders of the control unit features include: communicate with the application software, Application software and to execute the order of radio frequencies ；control and communication from the principle of the lord；signal of the decoding. to some specific systems are the collision, the algorithm to RF card reader, and to the transfer of data encryption and decryption, as well as on radio frequencies and the reader's authentication for an additional function.The RFID system is a key and distance of the parameters. At present, the price of long-distance RFID system is very expensive, thus to improve their reading for distance of the method is very important. Influence factors of distance and RF card reader, including antenna working frequency of RF output power, reader's reception sensitivity, RF card power, antenna and the resonant circuit Q value, antenna, RF card reader and the direction of the coupling, and RF card itself of energy and send information energy etc. Most of the system of writing is read and write different, read the distance is about 40% to 80%.The application of RFID system（1）Application in healthcareLocalization of patients, staff, supplies and equipment is very important for healthcare centers to improve service, save costs, and reduce risks. Pilot projects in hospitals demonstrate that RFID localization is a valuable approach. LANDMARC, an RFID localization system (Li et al. 2004), has been applied to facilitate the management of hospitals and other organizations in case of emergency. The system operates at the frequency of 308MHz, and is composed of active tags, landmark tags, readers, and communication devices. The position of an active tag can be determined by comparing the signal strength detected and the signal strengths of landmark tags. Using this system to monitor the infectious patients can reduce the number of healthcare professionals and ensure timely response for emergency. Meanwhile, integrated business systems and services (IBSS) announced a success pilot study for using RFID technology to locate assets and personnel at a large healthcare facility in Chicago (O’Connor 2005). Emory Healthcare successfu lly deployed 2.45GHz active RFID devices to track infusion pumps and other high-value equipment to improve asset management and utilization (O’Connor 2007). Note that the last two healthcareapplications do not employ localization algorithms, instead, they estimate the object location based on the detection from a nearby sensor. The accuracy of location can be improved by integrating localization algorithms.(2)Application in construction material managementTracking the location of construction resources enables effortless progress monitoring and supports real-time sensing of construction status. Jaselskis and ElMisalami (2003) developed a prototype RFID tracking system for improving the material procurement process on a construction site. Furthermore, Song et al. (2007) developed a method to locate materials on construction sites. The method requires a eld supervisor be equipped with an RFID reader and a GPS receiver. The GPS receiver provides the absolute position information of the supervisor, while the position of the material relative to the supervisor can be determined from the multiple communications between the reader and the tag attached to the materials.The bus is automatically stops the background and significanceThe people of car out for provides convenient service, while the bus stops directly affect the quality of the service. Traditional stops by the crew artificially, and in this way because of its poor and working intensity effect is too great, in many big ci ties have been eliminated. In recent years, with the development of science and technology progress and microcomputer technology in many fields has been widely used. In the acoustic field, with various pronunciation chip microcomputer technology ,can complete combined speech synthesis technology, makes the car stops controller is realized for citizens becomes possible, and thus provide a more personalized service. In view of the traditional bus stops system deficiency, combined with the use of public transport vehicle characteristics and practical operating environment, the design of a single-chip microcomputer control bus stops system automatically.The bus stops the design of automatic device is mainly to compensate for changing the traditional voice stops device must have driver control can work backward way, pitted ,automatic station broadcasts six-foot-tall service term for the public and provide mor e humanized more perfect service.The characteristics of the system and advantageThis system greatly improve the accuracy of bus stops, and reliability.Improving the service quality of the bus system. Promote the city economic developm ent and harmonious development of traffic changes. Made up for changing thetraditional voice stops device must have driver control can work means, in the bus sto ps behind when the station broadcasts, automatic six-foot-tall service term for the public and provide more humanized more perfect service.The present status of intelligent city bus stopsIn the process of informationization in China, a city's public transportation industry becomes the measuring level and a reference point of urban civilization for informationization as an important window. The developing level of public transportation not only represents the image of a city, but also relates with everyone in the city. The Broadcasting System for Bus well embodies services and careness for passengers.At present, the Broadcasting System installed on the bus is still operated manually with push-button, which may have potential safety hazard. In order to control the speed of each bus, Public Transport Company has to send a worker to record the time when the buses in the same line arrive at the station. The television installed on each bus transmits the same programme all day, which hardly satisfies every passenger. So the cost of advertisements broadcasted on the TV can' t drop. Based on the studies on present public transportation system, the dissertation aims to design the multi-function automatic broadcasting system for bus, which technologically combines ARM with RFID. RFID is a kind of non-contact automatic identification technology; it identifies and obtains the corresponding data automatically through the RF signal. This system can not only realize the basic function of automatic broadcasting but also do attendance checking for buses’arrival time as well. At the same time, it has realized Play AD at Real-Space-a new kind of advertising on the bus, thus enhencing the informationization level of public transpotation industry，reducing management costs, satisfing most passangers favors, improving the serving and operating level of automatic broadcasting and then makes the city more beautiful.ConclusionRFID plays an essential role in all the subdomains of the applications inhealthcare applications. The effectiveness in cleaning the RFID data in healthcare sectors remains a concern, even though a number of literary works are available.To a maximum, the dirty data that are read may even leads to patients’ death. The errors need to be cleansed in an effective manner before they are subjected to warehousing. Current solutions to correct missed readings usually use time window filtering. A serious issue is that a single static window size cannot compensate for missed readings while capturing the dynamics of tag motion. An adaptive time window filtering cannot deal with the condition that tags are always moving.In this paper, we have proposed algorithms to clean the anomalies false positive, missed readings, and duplications. It is decided to record all the values associated with each tag event for future reference otherwise too much valid data will be lost.Finally, the management can analyze the data and filter by applying business rules based on the requirement. The proposed algorithms predict and clean the anomalies based on the integration of middleware and deferred. Our experimental result proved that our algorithms predicts and removes the anomalies in an effective manner compared to the existing works. Thus, it will pave the way for an effective means of data warehousing system that will keep the RFID data safe for future mining.RFID技术及公交自动报站的研究RFID是什么?RFID射频识别的缩写,被称为电子标签。
外文翻译---多智能体系统优化城市交通
A Multiagent System for Optimizing Urban TrafficJohn France and Ali A. GhorbaniFaculty of Computer ScienceUniversity of New BrunswickFredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, CanadaAbstractFor the purposes of managing an urban traffic system, a hierarchical multiagent system that consists of several locally operating agents each representing an intersection of a traffic system is proposed. Local Traffic Agents (LTAs) are concerned with the optimal performance of their assigned intersection; however, the resulting traffic light patterns may result in the failure of the system when examined at a global level. Therefore, supervision is required and achieved with the use of a Coordinator Traffic Agent (CTA).A CTA provides a means by which the optimal local light pattern can be compared against the global concerns. The pattern can then be slightly modified to accommodate the global environment, while maintaining the local concerns of the intersection.Functionality of the proposed system is examined using two traffic scenarios: traffic accident and morning rush hour. For both scenarios, the proposed multiagent system efficiently managed the gradual congestion of the traffic.1 IntroductionThe 20th century witnessed the worldwide adoption of the automobile as a primary mode of transportation. Coupled with an expanding population, present-day traffic networks are unable to efficiently handle the daily movements of traffic through urban areas. Improvements to road networks are often confined by the boundaries of existing structures. Therefore, the primary focus should be to improve traffic flow without changing the layout or structure of the existing roadways. Any solution to traffic problem must handle three basic criteria, including: dynamically changing traffic patterns, occurrence of unpredictable events, and a non-finite based traffic environment [2]. Multiagent systems provide possible solutions to this problem, while meeting all necessary criteria. Agents are expected to work within a real-time, non-terminating environment. As well, agents can handle dynamically occurring events and may posses several processes to recognize and handle a variety of traffic patterns [3, 5].Although several approaches to developing a multiagent traffic system have been studied, each stresses the importance of finding a balance between the desires of the local optimum against a maintained average at the global level [4]. Unfortunately, systems developed to only examine and optimize local events do not guarantee a global balance[6]. However, local agents are fully capable of determining their own local optimum. Therefore, a more powerful approach involves the creation of a hierarchical structure in which a higher-level agent monitors the local agents, and is able to modify the local optimum to better suit the global concerns [7].The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 examines the problems of urban traffic. The design of a hierarchical multiagent model is given in Section 3. The experimental results are presented in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions of the present study are summarized in Section 5.2 Urban Traffic CongestionImprovements to urban traffic congestion must focus on reducing internal bottlenecks to the network, rather than replacing the network itself. Of primary concern is the optimization of the traffic lights, which regulate the movement of traffic through the various intersections within the environment. At present, traffic lights may possess sensors to provide basic information relating to their immediate environment. This includes road and clock sensors, measuring the presence and density of traffic and providing the time of day to the traffic light.A solution to the urban traffic problem using agents is to simply replace all decision-making objects within the system by a corresponding agent. Even the most basic system will consist of several agents, leading to the creation of a multiagent environment. In this case, the traffic environment is broken down into its fundamental components, with one agent for each of the traffic lights within the system. To maintain organization and cooperation between the Local Traffic Agents (LTA), a Coordinator Traffic Agent (CTA) exists to monitor global concerns and maintain order.3 Hierarchical Multiagent Model for Urban TrafficTo achieve a balance between the local and global aspects of an urban traffic system, a multiagent system based on a hierarchical architecture is proposed. LTAs and CTAs make up the fundamental levels of the hierarchy, in which the LTAs meet the needs of the specific intersection, and the CTAs determine if the chosen patterns of a LTA are suited to meet any global concerns. A solitary Global Traffic Agent (GTA) may exist for networks of sufficient size, and an Information Traffic Agent (ITA) provides a central location for the storage of all shared information within the system. For each agent, the variables necessary to organize and maintain the hierarchy are listed.The development of this system, in which several LTAs work under the guidance of a single CTA, represents the backbone to a hierarchical structure of agents within the system. The CTA provides the bonds between itself and the LTAs of the system, requiring that the CTA store a list of the neighboring intersections for each of the LTAs. However, the computational capabilities of a single CTA are limited, and a road network of sufficient size may require the use of multiple CTAs to handle all of the LTAs within the system. In this circumstance, the network will be subdivided into regions controlled by a single CTA, with a top-level Global Traffic Agent (GTA) linking the CTAs together. The GTA is an optional agent, existing only if the network is sufficiently large that it is required.A LTA interacts at a global level by sending a message containing the calculated optimal local light pattern to its supervising CTA. The CTA will find the appropriate neighboring intersections, and then determine what the global optimum for the handled LTA will be. To calculate the global optimum, the CTA will require all information relating to each of the neighboring intersection. The CTA will request the information from the ITA by providing a list of the intersections the CTA is concerned with. Once this information is retrieved, a CTA calculates the global optimum and determines if a variance exists between the local and global traffic light patterns. If a significant difference is found, a balance between the local and global optimums must be negotiated, and then returned to the LTA.4 ImplementationThe proposed urban traffic multiagent system has been implemented using the JACK Development Environment, utilizing JACK Intelligent Agents TM.JACK uses the Belief Desire Intention (BDI) model. Under this framework,“the agent pursues its given goals (desires), adopting appropriate plans (intentions) according to its current set of data (beliefs) about the state of the world.”[1]. Agents created under the JACK environment are event-driven, and can respond to internal or external events occurring within the systemThe first phase of implementing the multiagent system involves the creation of LTAs. Each ofthese agents are tailored to meet the requirements of its corresponding intersection.For the purposes of this project, the traffic network consists of six intersections. Each intersection consists of two roads crossing over one another. Each approaching road posses two lanes, a left-turning lane, and a straight/rightturning lane.The decision-making capabilities of the LTAs is developed in the second phase. The first round of decisions by a LTA are concerned with finding the local optimum, with no consideration for neighboring intersections. A basic expert system divides the sensor inputs into a corresponding light pattern. The resulting light pattern consists of an eight-element array, which can be broken down into two elements for each of the North, East, South and West directions.Odd elements of the array (zero is the first index) specify the duration of the advanced green state for each of the appropriate directions, while even elements indicate the time of the straight/right-turning lanes. This light pattern is always in the same format, and once calculated, stored by the LTA. The values contained within the array consist of strings, indicating the duration of the traffic light. The values of the strings are as follows:Red: Red light, lanes remain in a stopped state.Short: Green light, most frequently occurring, 30-seconds in duration for straight directions, 15 seconds for leftturning lanes.Medium: Green light, often for above average traffic densities,45-seconds in duration for straight directions, 25 seconds for left-turning lanesShort: Green light, indicating a high traffic density, 60-seconds in duration for straight directions, 35 seconds for left-turning lanes.Once the optimal local traffic light pattern is calculated,the LTA sends a message event to the CTA. The traffic light pattern is passed to the CTA, allowing the CTA to adjust the LTA’s light pattern to better meet any global concerns. Stored within the CTA is a vector of neighbors for each LTA within the system. When a CTA receives a message event from a LTA, the CTA gathers all information relating to the neighbors of the currently handled LTA from the ITA. The CTA will use this information within its own expert system, comparing the local optimum light pattern against the current densities of the neighboring intersections. If a significant difference is found between the local optimum and the essence of the global optimum, the traffic light pattern to be implemented is altered to reduce the difference between the two optimums. The new traffic light pattern is returned to the LTA for implementation within the traffic light.4.1 ExperimentsThis sections presents some of the experiments carried out for two fixed state scenarios. In each experiment, a list of variables is provided to initialize the current state of the environment. Once the state of the environment is established, each LTA goes through the process of changing the state of their traffic light to accommodate the other direction. The resulting traffic light pattern for each intersection is recorded, and the number of vehicles passing through the intersection, N, in the available time indicated by the traffic light pattern is calculated as N = T/(α+ε)where αandεrepresent the ideal amount of time required for a vehicle to pass through a traffic intersection and the latency increase to the ideal length of time due to unexpected events, respectively.An advanced form of this calculation would allow the latency value of _ to increase by a constant factor for each additional segment of the waiting vehicles. This can be demonstrated by using βto represent each of the latency groups, imposing a maximum number of vehicles that exist within each latency group. Let the number of vehicles found in latency group k is calculated as,where tβi denotes the amount of time used by the latency group βi The total number of vehicles that could then pass through the intersection would be calculated as N = β1 +β2 + ···+ βm, where m represent the number of latency groups that can make it through the traffic light.In this simulation we set α= 2 and ε= 1. A limit of three was imposed on the value of β0, while no limit was imposed on β1. These values were chosen for simplicity, and the precision in which the three possible values of T could be divided.To display the traffic density of the network, a grayscale image representing the density values within the environment is used (see Figure 1). Each lane of the traffic network is covered with an appropriate grayscale image.Figure 1. Initial densities prior to accident.Figure 2. Densities after six cycles.4.1.1 Traffic Accident ScenarioThe traffic accident scenario involves the occurrence of a traffic accident in the upper-right intersection of the network(see Figure 1).The occurrence of the accident results in the intersection at the upper-right to force all traffic tostop. This is done by implementing an all red traffic light pattern at the intersection faced with the traffic accident. The traffic light patterns of the adjacent intersections (2 and 6), remove their green states for the east and north directions, respectively. Although traffic can still move in all other available directions, those vehicles planning to head towards the stopped directions are forced to wait at the intersection. This results in a gradual increase to the traffic density at the intersections adjacent to the accident. Figure 2 shows the densities after 6 cycles.As the level of congestion increases at intersections 2 and 6, eventually their density values reach a point that leads to the CTA reducing the length of time that the other intersections (1 and 5) allow traffic to proceed. This results in a decrease to the overall congestion at intersections 2 and 6. Although slowed down, the density values will eventually reach their maximum level, at which time the totally congested event occurs. This forces intersections 1 and 5 to stop allowing traffic to move towards intersections 2 and 6. By the 8th cycle, the traffic accident is cleared up. Figure 3Figure 3. Densities five cycles after the accident is cleared up.shows the traffic densities 5 cycles after the accident is completely cleared up.4.1.2 Morning Rush Hour ScenarioTo initialize the morning rush hour scenario, the traffic densities of the network are set to low values. Over the next several cycles, a constant movement of incoming traffic is seen from the unknown directions, and from the suburbs located between intersections 1 and 2. With the addition of traffic from the suburbs, by the end of the second cycle, the east-bound lane of intersection 2 is heavily used.When both east-bound directions for intersections 2 and 5 are fully congested (see Figure 4), traffic heading in those directions will be forced to wait. This will allow the eastbound directions of intersection 2 and 5 to reduce their traffic densities, which will allow traffic to approach these lanes during the next cycle. Until one of the east-bound directions is de-congested, traffic will not be diverted in a north/south direction to travel around the problem.As rush hour passes and the inbound traffic density is reduced, the network is able to clear out the congested intersections. This is done from east to west, as the rush hour traffic is proceeding in an eastward direction.5 ConclusionsThe development of a hierarchical multiagent structure to manage an urban traffic system ispresented in this paper. To test the functionality of the proposed urban traffic multiagent system, two traffic scenarios are considered. For both scenarios (traffic accident and morning rush hour), the multiagent system efficiently managed the gradual congestion of the network. As one roadway becomes more congested, the duration of the traffic lights of neighboring intersections leading towards the congested area are reducedFigure 4. Densities after ten cycles.by the CTA. This redirection proves successful and results in the achievement of a global balance between the roadways of the network. However, when the traffic density continues to build, all roadways heading in a similar direction will eventually become equally congested. The urban traffic multiagent system handles this situation by halting all traffic heading in those directions. This allows the congested roadways to decrease their density values. Although this slows the network down, the congested traffic is handled in a more organized and controlled manner.6 AcknowledgmentsThis work was partially funded through grant RGPIN 227441-00 from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to Dr. Ali Ghorbani.References[1] Jack intelligent agents: User guide. 2002.[2] T. P. M. Baglietto and R. Zoppoli. Distributed-information neural control: The case of dynamic routing intraffic networks.IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 3(12), 2001.[3] P. Brumeister, A. Haddadi, and G. Matylis. Application of multiagent systems in traffic and transportation. IEEE Proc.-Soft. Eng., (144), 1997.[4] J. R. Campos and N. R. Jennings. Towards a social level characterization of socially responsible agents. IEEEProc.-Soft.Eng., (144), 1997.[5] K. R. Erol, R. Levy, and J. Wentworth. Application of agent technology to traffic simulation./advance/agent.html, Last access June 2002.[6] C. Ledoux. An urban traffic flow model integrating neural networks. Transportation Research, 5, 1997.[7] D. A. Roozemond. Using intelligent agents for pro-active, real-time urban intersection control. EuropeanJournal of Operational Research, 2001.多智能体系统优化城市交通约翰·法国和阿里 A.Ghorbani计算机科学学院新不伦瑞克大学弗雷德里克顿E3B 5A3 加拿大摘要管理城市交通系统而言，建议由的几个本地经营代理组成，每个代表交叉口的交通系统的分层多智能体系统。
外文翻译---人工智能的应用
is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.Computer visionThe world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.Expert systemsA “knowledge engineer” interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and events occurring in time. Its interactions depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts consulted by the knowledge engineers knew about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that the knowledge engineers forced what the experts told them into a predetermined framework. In the present state of AI, this has to be true. The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their users having common sense.Heuristic classificationOne of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).Minimax Trees and Alpha-Beta PruningMoving on to another genre of games completely - board games. Board gaming AI has received a huge amount of publicity since the famous chess match between Deep Blue (IBM's master chess computer) and Kasparov - the first time a chess world champion has been beatenby a machine. Games like chess, checker, Pente, and Go require a great deal of thinking。
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智能城市及应用苏科华，李婕，富宏博计算机学院武汉大学武汉市，湖北省，中国电子邮件：****************，***************，******************摘要：基于“数字城市”，“智慧城市”广泛应用于民生，环保，公共安全城市服务等领域。
本文主要着眼于近几年的研究和“智慧城市”的概念，总结“智慧城市”和“数字之间的关系城市”之间的关系，提出了应用系统的主要内容，以及“智慧城市”建设的重要性和难度，并为其在中国智慧城市发展中的影响作了简短声明。
关键词：数字城市,智慧城市,智能地球,物联网第一章简介2008年11月6日，在纽约的外交关系委员会上，彭明盛作为IBM的CEO 发表了讲话，发布“智慧地球：下一代领导人议程”，并明确提出了“智慧地球”的概念。
1月28日，由美国商界领袖举行的“圆桌会议”上，彭明盛再次推着“智慧地球”的概念，它已收到来自奥巴马的积极回应。
2009年2月24日，在IBM论坛期间，钱大群成为IBM在大中国区总裁，并于2009年8月7日公布了“智慧地球”的最新策略，当温家宝总理在无锡市互联网协会视察物联网时，他提出在传感器网络的发展过程中，通过“物联网”阅读中国，我们需要提前规划未来，并早做核心技术的突破，。
智慧城市是IBM的重要策略，主要关注下一代信息技术在各行各业的应用，从感应器嵌入和装备到医院，电网，铁路，桥梁，隧道，道路，建筑物，水系统，大坝，油气管道和世界上每一个角落的其他方面，并通过互联网形成“物联网”。
然后，我们可以通过超级计算机和云计算整合物联网。
在这种情况下，人们可以以动态的方式进行更细致的管理生产和生活，实现全球智能的状态，最终达成的“互联网+物联网=智能星球“。
这些年来，以“智能星球”的概念被向前推，智能城市，智能电网和智能企业已先后被提议作为智能星球的重要组成部分。
智能城市，不仅是一个典型的应用智能的星球，也是最热门的话题之一，最前沿的问题，已引起广泛关注。
近年来，从伦敦到台北，从纽约到新加坡，一个接一个智慧城市的建设项目在世界各地蔓延。
第二章智慧城市“智慧城市”是由IBM定义，为利用信息和通信技术来感知，分析和运行中的整合城市核心系统的关键信息。
同时，智慧城市可以做出各种不同的需求，包括日常民生，环保，公共安全和城市服务，工商业活动的智能响应。
总之，“智慧城市”是“智慧地球”适用于特定地区，实现城市的信息化和一体化管理的实际做法。
它也可以说是智能规划思路、建设智能模式、智能的管理方法，以及智能发展方式的有效结合。
通过城市地理、资源、环境、经济、社会等系统，以及数字和信息处理和应用的城市基础设施和基本环境的数字化网格化管理，我们可以实现智能化城市管理和服务，从而推动更多现代城市高效，更便捷，和谐的运作。
智慧城市的结构包括感知层，网络层和应用层，它可以使未来的世界越来越明晰、可衡量、越来越多的互连和互操作性，并日益智能化。
第三章智慧城市和数字城市之间的关系数字城市是指以遥感（RS），全球定位系统（GPS），地理信息系统（GIS）等空间信息技术为主要手段，构建数字城市地理信息框架，建立城市地理信息公共服务平台。
并通过基础设施建设，我们可以补充的开发和集成各种地理信息，并实现了网络化、数字化、智能化的城市经济、社会、生态和每个操作的其他方面。
智慧城市是全面的数字城市，建立在可视化和可衡量的城市管理和运营情报的基础上。
也就是说，传感器装备到各种物体，形成物联网，并通过超级计算机和云计算实现物联网的融合。
总而言之，智能城市是数字城市结合物联网的产品。
第四章智慧城市应用的主要建设内容智能城市将成为城市发展的未来趋势。
一般来说，智能城市的建设可以分为三个层次，包括公共基础设施建设，公共平台建设，应用系统的建设。
在这三个层面，应用系统的建设显得尤为重要，并赢得了全国各地的高度关注。
目前，除了国防和国家安全应用，智慧城市已应用于各个方面。
(1)无线城市的建设在强大的光纤网络基础和Wi-Fi、网格和WiMAX的技术的进一步延伸下，可以建立无线宽带网络。
与此同时，无线广基站将覆盖整个城市。
它可以为市民，企业，外来访客，游客和政府机构提供城市管理和服务体系和带宽的许多功能。
这些功能包括移动无线视频监控，移动视频会议，移动调度应急响应和应急通信。
（2）智能家居的建设传感器设备，包括射频识别装置、红外传感器、全球定位系统、激光扫描器等，可与因特网相结合，形成物联网。
然后在生活中的所有项目可以作为一个终端到被带入网络，通过各种网络的相互作用实现的机电设备的集中远程和终端控制，可以方便用户识别和管理。
例如，实现智能家居可以方便我们实现照明和电器的智能控制，以及收到的家用报警信息的智能通知。
与此同时，无论是在室内还是室外，我们都可以受益于智慧城市的信息技术成果。
（3）智能交通的建设根据自己的需求和交通情况，每个城市可以利用传感器网络、物联网等技术手段改变传统的交通运输系统，并建立智能交通管理系统，包括自适应交通信号（自动控制流量根据指示灯流时间）控制系统，城市交通控制系统等。
在这一点上，智能交通管理系统可以实现城市规划、建设、管理和运营的整合，并为智能城市系统的其他子系统的提供全面支持。
（4）智能公共服务和社会建设管理在日常生活中，对于人们的投诉、要求协助、社会事务等方面的个人管理，我们可以建立一个社会化服务体系，可以覆盖整个城市，市场化运作的智能化管理。
在此基础上，我们能为城市综合规划、应急、社区管理提供基础平台服务，并把政府变成一个一站式的服务体系。
在这种情况下，政府可以收集和分析在城市地区的实时数据，向公众提供更快速和敏捷的服务。
在这一点上，市民可以通过电话、PDA、个人计算机和DV上传信息，并实现事态实时查询。
（5）智慧城市管理的建设基于对未来城市无处不在网络上，我们可以利用3G、无线网络、下一代无线网络的宽带或未来的4G网络。
同时，通过电子政务专用网络，我们能够实现监控中心、指挥中心和其功能的互操作性。
在私有网络，也可以通过传送数据，携手共进，形成城市管理系统的核心，实现无缝管理。
智能城市管理，可以实现城市网格化的管理和服务。
在这种情况下，它可以通过智能收集和分析数据给我们带来城市基础设施建设、居民服务和活动的有效管理。
（6）智慧医疗的建设物联网对智慧医疗的应用有很大的潜力，其可以帮助医院实现智能医疗保健和医用材料的智能化管理，并支持数码采集，处理，存储，内部医疗信息传递和共享。
此外，它也能满足智能化的管理和监督的医疗信息、医疗设备和用品、智能化的管理和监督公共健康的需求，例如解决弱支撑医疗保健平台，整体水平低医疗服务和医疗安全隐患等问题。
第五章建设智慧城市的重点和难点随着城市管理、建设和运营在城市空间和功能布局、检测事件、应急响应和公共信息服务的合理规划断上需求的不断增长，智慧城市的建设面临着很大的困难，包括如下：（1）管理，整合和大规模的城市时空数据发布目前，数字化城市信息系统的现有数据源仍然过于简单，并经常出现在简单的查询和分析数据和表现风格三维可视化，而不采取多源、多态数据的良好优势，以帮助决定对城市管理。
特别是在当前的城市信息系统，时空数据建模依然疲软。
存在于数据库多态数据的数据结构和组织是准静态的解决方案，并且它不能满足数字实时更新、历史重建和将来的实际需要预测。
因此，静态数字城市发展关键是融合多源异构城市信息、城市地址码、城市基础设施和组件的管理，突破网络空间数据。
（2）大规模的时空信息和高效的服务智慧城市的空间信息来自各种传感器、控制器和运算终端，并通过计算机和不同部门的存储节点维护，因此如何管理和协调各种结构和广域分布的设备是一个很大的挑战构建的服务平台。
另一方面，智能城市信息不仅包含了大量的结构化数据，例如温度，电压，地理坐标等，但也有很多非结构化数据，例如图片，音频和视频文件。
我们是否可以存储和管理海量数据的有效将直接影响信息服务的性能。
此外，大量的实时任务也需要对用户请求做出快速响应，其具有用于信息服务的更高的要求。
对于空间信息服务未解决的问题，我们需要研究城市智能信息服务系统各级，提出有效的方法。
（3）异类传感器数据模型和表达事物的物联网作为开发智能城市的重要基础，物联网也是智慧城市的重要组成部分。
但作为传感器平台，观察机制、流程、位置信息和技术要求的需求是不同的，如何构建描述传感器信息模型是一个技术难题。
由于城市事务是常年渐变和突变的，如何观察数据和检测异常事件也是一个难点。
第六章结论及智慧城市展望在国际上，智能城市是中国的一个很好的机会。
目前，中国已经取得了不错的发展，信息技术作为覆盖地球上的智能，包括传感器技术，物联网技术和智能信息处理技术的技术，我国有一定的研发基础设施和工业能力。
在此基础上，我们应结合我国经济和社会发展需要增加材料，技术和人员基础设施的投入。
与此同时，我们应该有计划地选择一些发展中国家的优先事项，例如智能交通，智能电网，尽快部署，实现更彻底更全面的互联和更多的智能。
在我国，随着物联网的发展，人们的日常生活将发生巨大变化。
同时，物联网的发展也给我们带来了智慧城市。
在鼓励智能城市发展的国家政策下，城市的数字化发展有着全球的趋势，例如北京、上海、广东、武汉等城市，已采取智慧城市作为一个重要的研究，并参与了“智慧城市”和“读书的建设中国”，试图在与物联网布局的未来的经济竞争中站出来。