朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(英国教育体系)【圣才出品】

第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Compulsory education in the UK2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding time3. Open University4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading, ’riting and ’rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic).②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。

②就是说，教育的目的之一是为学生积极参与社会提供所需的基本知识和基本技能。

2. T o socialize children（提高适应社会能力）Children learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.教育的另一个目的是教授学生一些成为好公民所应具备的道理规范和价值观，以便能走上社会，为发达的工业化国家的经济繁荣作贡献。

II. The relationship between education and social class（英国教育和社会阶级的关系）1. Inequality in British education（英国教育的不平等性）(1)Though the split of British middle and working class are about half and half, the opportunities of education are rather different.(2)The school tie is a clear marker of social class(1)虽然英国社会中中产阶级和工人阶级的比例基本上是一比一，但是接受教育的机会却相差很远。

(2)校服的领带是社会阶级的一个明显标志。

2. Good education guarantees a career（接受良好教育是事业成功的保证）(1)The right schoolsParticularly the famous boys’ public schools like Etonand, Winchester.(2)The “right” universitiesOxford University and Cambridge University.(3)The old boy’s networkAn elite group of men who go to famous school and university together. Not only do they dominate government, but they are also very influential in banking, the media, the arts and education.(1)好学校尤其指伊顿公学和温彻斯特公学这种只接收男孩的学校。

(2)好大学牛津大学和剑桥大学。

(3)老男孩关系网这是一个精英集团，成员为在同一所学校或大学学习过的男性。

这些人不仅主导着政府部门，而且在银行业、媒体、艺术和教育界也非常具有影响力。

III. The influence of the Church on schooling（教会对学校的影响）1. In the past（过去）Historically, education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.在过去，接受教育是自愿的，而且学校多由教堂设立。

2. At present（现在）The influence of the Church on schooling is still strong:教会对学校的影响仍然很强：①Until very recently, religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils.②Daily prayers and singing hymns are still a regular part of school life.①直到最近宗教学习还是全国所有学生的必修课目。

②祈祷和唱圣歌仍是学校日常生活的一部分。

3. Changes（变化）Christianity is no longer the only religion officially recognized. Some state-funded schools have Islamic religion as their creed.基督教不再是官方唯一认可的宗教。

有一些公立学校信奉伊斯兰教。

IV. Major changes to British education system（英国教育体系中的重大变化）1. Involvement of government（政府参与）(1)This change was brought by the Industrial Revolution. The government decided to become increasingly involved in taking responsibility for the education of children.(2)In 1870, the government passed a law which called for government-funded education.(3)By 1880, school attendance for 5—10 year-old children was made compulsory.(4)By the end of World War I, school leaving age was made 14.(1)引起这一变化的原因是工业革命。

政府开始决定对儿童教育承担更多的责任。

(2)1870年政府通过法律实行公立教育。

(3)1880年政府规定5到10岁的儿童要接受义务教育。

(4)第一次世界大战后，政府规定14岁以下的儿童不得辍学。

2. The 1994 Education Act（1994年颁布教育法）①During World War II, schools were closed or used for war purpose and education continued in the countryside on an ad hoc basis.②As a result of the disruption of the old system, the government, with the assistance of the Church and newly powerful trade unions began planning to reconstruct the education system which emphasizes equality.③The result was the 1944 Education Act made entry to secondary (middle)schools and universities “meritocratic”.④In spite of the government’s efforts, working class children still left school at a younger age in order to help their families, and also, their entrance exam performance is not so good as the middle class children.①二战期间因为学校离战火很近，政府暂且将学生迁往乡村接受教育。

②这打断了旧的学校体系，政府在教会和新兴力量工会的帮助下开始计划改革教育体系，新的教育体系侧重接受教育的公平性。

③1944年教育法的颁布使中学和大学都录取才智和能力出众的学生。

④尽管如此，但是因为生活压力，很多工人阶级的孩子仍然早早离开了学校。