英国文学浪漫主义时期92页PPT
英国文学史十八世纪 前浪漫主义 47页PPT文档
The first stanza is rural and descriptive, while the second focuses on abstract spiritual matters and contains explanation and analogy. The child’s question is both naive and profound. The question (“who made thee?”) is a simple one, and yet the child is also tapping into the deep and timeless questions that all human beings have, about their own origins and the nature of creation.
It was ushered in by Thomas Percy ----“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”
2) changing modes in poetry
reject: reason → accept: feelings
society →
nature
flowing l’s and soft vowel sounds contribute
to this effect, and also suggest the bleating of a lamb or the lisping character of a child’s chant.
Commentary
英国文学TheAngloSaxonPeriod ppt课件
The Anglo-Saxon Period witnessed a Transition from tribal society to feudalism.
British Literature I
5. The Anglo-Saxon religious belief
The Anglo-Saxons were heathen (异教徒) people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe.
Early Inhabitants
Britons
Britain
a tribe of Celts the land of Britons
primitive people clustering of huts
tribal society
2. The Roman Conquest
British Literature I
British Literature I
History and Selected Readings of British Literature
British Literature I
Outline of British Literature
▪ 1. Anglo-Saxon Period 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(449-1066) ▪ 2. Anglo-Norman Period (Middle Ages)盎格鲁- 诺曼时期
English language was influenced by the Northern mythology.
▪ 6.The Romanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832） ▪ 7.The Critical Realism 批判现实主义时期（19世纪30年代-
《英国浪漫主义文学》课件
历史背景
哲学思考
英国浪漫主义文学作品中常常包含深 刻的哲学思考，探讨人性、道德、自 由等主题，表现出对人类命运的关注 和思考。
英国浪漫主义文学关注历史背景，将 文学作品与历史事件、社会现实等联 系起来，展现出浓厚的历史感。
05
英国浪漫主义文学的影响与评价
对世界文学的影响
01
丰富了世界文学的多样性
作品风格
现实主义与浪漫主义相结合， 注重细节描写和人物塑造
晚期浪漫主义
时间范围
1830年-1860年
特点
关注人性探索，深入挖掘内心世界，强调个 性表达
代表人物
丁尼生、布朗宁、梅尔维尔等
作品风格
心理分析、象征主义和神秘主义，注重艺术 表现和情感渲染
03
英国浪漫主义文学的主要代表人 物及其作品
威廉·布莱克
诗歌形式与技巧
诗歌形式
英国浪漫主义诗歌形式多样，包 括长诗、短诗、叙事诗等，强调 韵律和节奏感。
象征与隐喻
英国浪漫主义诗歌善于运用象征 和隐喻手法，通过具象的描绘传 达抽象的概念和情感。
情感渲染
英国浪漫主义诗歌注重情感渲染 ，通过强烈的情感表达和渲染来 打动读者。
自然与人文的融合
பைடு நூலகம்
自然描绘
英国浪漫主义作家善于描绘自然，将 自然元素融入到作品中，强调人与自 然的和谐共存。
01
时间范围
1789年-1800年
02
03
04
代表人物
拜伦、雪莱、济慈、华兹华斯 等
特点
强调个人情感、自然和自由， 反对理性主义和传统束缚
作品风格
富有想象力，追求形式和语言 的创新
中期浪漫主义
时间范围
英国浪漫主义文学.ppt.Convertor
Did He who made the Lamb make thee?
Tiger! Tiger! burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eyes
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
照亮了心灵上空
在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？
是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂
敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？
群星投下了他们的投枪。
用它们的眼泪润湿了穹苍，
他是否微笑着欣赏他的作品？
他创造了你，也创造了羔羊？
老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中
燃烧着的煌煌的火光，
是怎样的神手或天眼
造出了你这样的威武堂堂？
（二）前期代表：“湖畔派诗人”Lake Poets
The smiles that win, the tints that glow
But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent.
I saw thee weep我见过你哭
I saw thee weep—the big bright tear
我见过你哭——晶莹的泪珠
Came o’er that eye of blue；
从蓝眼睛滑落
And then me thought it did appear
像一朵梦中出现的紫罗兰
A violet dropping dew
滴下清透的露珠
第三节
英国浪漫主义文学
第五讲英国浪漫主义时期文学(华兹华斯拜伦)共97页
• (7) Lyrical Ballads, 《抒情歌谣集》 a collection of poem by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published in 1798, which marked the start of Romanticism as a literary trend.
Bastille
French Revolution
• (4)the abolition of slavery in the British colonies;
• (5) the introduction of system of national education;
• (6)the Factory Acts《工厂法案》 by which the employment of children under nine was forbidden by the law.
Rousseau: glorify human nature; claim for
social democracy
Response in Britain
Thomas Paine: “The Right of Man”-- fight against tyranny
英国文学课件 新古典主义——浪漫主义
Chapter 12 John MiltonParadise Lost（completed in 1667. In 1674, he published the final version of the epic. 12 books）Type of Work：Paradise Lost is an epic poem which —like the epic poems of Homer, Dante, Vergil, and Goethe—tells a story about momentous events while incorporating grand themes that are timeless and universal. Sources：Milton used the Bible, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Vergil's Aeneid, and the stories in Greco-Roman mythology as sources of information and as writing models. The Bible's Book of Genesis is the main source for his retelling of the story of creation and the first humans, Adam and Eve.Settings：The settings are heaven, hell, the firmament (苍穹) (Chaos), and earth.Characters：• God the Father, God the Son: (trinity)Two of the three divine persons making up the all-powerful Godhead, the single deity（神性）that created and ruled all that exists outside of itself. The third divine person, the Holy Spirit, does not play a role in Paradise Lost. God the Father is portrayed as just but merciful, condemning (批判) the defiant （目中无人）and unrepentant (不后悔的) rebel angels but permitting redemption of the repentant Adam and Eve. God the Son volunteers to redeem them by becoming human and enduring suffering and death.• Satan (Lucifer, Archfiend): Powerful and prideful angel who, with legions (众多的) of supporters, leads an unsuccessful rebellion against God and suffers eternal damnation. T o gain revenge, he devises a plan to corrupt God's newly created beings, Adam and Eve, through deceit. Modern readers often admire him for his steely defiance (藐视). He would rather rule in hell, he says, than serve in heaven. It was not Milton's intent, however, to create an admirable character; rather his intent was to create a character of colossal (巨大的) hatred — loathsome (令人讨厌的), execrable (恶劣的), incurably remorseless (冷酷无情的).• Adam and Eve: The first human beings, created by God to fill the void（真空）that resulted when God cast Satan and his supporters out of the celestial realm. Adam and Eve live on the planet earth in utter happiness in a special garden where spring is the only season and love and godly living prevail. Though they have all that they want and need, cunning Satan tells them they can have knowledge and status beyond their reach if only they eat of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Eve can become a goddess, he says. Vanity overtakes her. She eats. Adam reluctantly does the same.• Gabriel, Raphael, Michael, Uriel: Powerful and fearless angels on the side of God.• Beelzebub, Mammon, Belial, Moloch: Powerful leaders in Satan's army. In a great council in hell, each of them speaks his mind on what policy devil-kind should follow after losing paradise. Should they make a new war? Should they make peace?• Ithuriel, Zephron: Angels who expel Satan from the Garden of Eden with the help of a sign from God. Satan returns to the garden later to complete his devious enterprise.• Mulciber: Fallen angel who designs hell's capital city and seat of government, Pandemonium. In ancient Roman mythology, Mulciber is another name for Vulcan (Greek: Hephaestus), god of fire and the forge. As a blacksmith, he kept shop in burning mountains (volcanoes).• Sin: Daughter of Satan. She was born from his head in the manner of Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and war, who sprang from the forehead of Zeus, king of the gods.天动说的design rather than the Copernican design (哥白尼式设计). The former placed earth at the center of the solar system, with the sun and other celestial bodies orbiting it. Copernicus and other scientists later proved that the earth orbits the sun. Milton was aware of the Copernican theory, but he used the Ptolemaic design—either because he believed it was the more credible theory or because he believed it would better serve his literary purpose. In Paradise Lost, Adam inquires about the movements of celestial bodies—in particular, whether earth orbits the sun or vice versa—in his conversation with the archangel天使Raphael, but Raphael gives no definite answer. Raphael may have been speaking for Milton.Style and Verse FormatMilton wrote Paradise Lost in dignified, lofty, melodic English free of any colloquialisms and slangs that would have limited the work's timeliness and universality. The format, Milton says in an introductory note, is "English heroic verse without rhyme"—in other words, blank verse, the same verse form used by Shakespeare in his plays. Milton's strong religious faith infuses the poem with sincerity and moral purpose, but he does not allow his enthusiasm for his subject to overtake control of his writing. Though Milton frequently uses obscure allusions to mythology and history, as well as occasional difficult words and phrases, his language is never deliberately affected or ostentatious炫耀的. What is more, it does not preach and does not take the reader on circumlocutory迂回的expeditions. Like a symphony composer—mighty Beethoven, for example —Milton is always in control, tempering his creative genius with his technical discipline.With a good dictionary and an annotated有注解的text, a first-time reader of Milton can easily follow and understand the story while developing an appreciation for the exquisite writing.Epic ConventionsIn Paradise Lost, Milton used the classical epic conventions—literary practices, rules, or devices established by Homer that became commonplace in epic poetry. Some of these practices were also used in other genres ofliterature. Among the classical conventions Milton used are the following:(1) The invocation 祈祷of the muse, in which a writer requests divine help in composing his work.(2) Telling a story with which readers or listeners are already familiar; they know the characters, the plot, and the outcome. Most of the great writers of the ancient world—as well as many great writers in later times, including Shakespeare—frequently told stories already known to the public. Thus, in such stories, there were no unexpected plot twists, no surprise endings. If this sounds strange to you, the modern reader and theatergoer, consider that many of the most popular motion pictures today are about stories already known to the public.(3) Beginning the story in the middle, a literary convention known by its Latin term in media res资源(in the middle of things). Such a convention allows a writer to begin his story at an exciting part, then flash back to fill the reader in on details leading up to that exciting part.(4) Announcing or introducing a list of characters who play a major role in the story. They may speak at some length about how to resolve a problem (as the followers of Satan do early in Paradise Lost).(5) Conflict in the celestial realm. Divine beings fight and scheme against one another in the epics of Homer and Vergil, and they do so in Paradise Lost on a grand scale, with Satan and his forces opposing God and his forces. (6) Use of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which a character in a story fails to see or understand what is obvious to the audience or readers. Dramatic irony appears frequently in the plays of the ancient Greeks. Imagery•Milton's imagery is at times graceful and elegant, as in this memorable personification in Book 6 [Waked by the circling hours, with rosy hand Unbarred the gates of light. (lines 2-4)]•At other times, the imagery is imposing and awe-inspiring, as in this description in Book 7•In Book 8, Milton describes the commission of the first sin in simple, straightforward language, followed by a succinct personification summing up the terrible effects of the iniquity•Milton also uses personification in Book 4 in this beautiful passage about a quiet night, the starry sky, and the ascendancy of the moonEnjambment跨行连续Milton uses frequently uses enjambment (also spelled enjambement) in the poem. It is a literary device in which a poet does not complete his sentence or phrase at the end of one line but allows it to carry over to the next line. Milton's use of enjambment helps the poem flow from one line to the next.Of man's first disobedience, and the fruitBrought death into the world. . .(Book 1, lines 1-3)Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal tasteMain ThemeIn Book 1 of Paradise Lost, Milton reveals the central theme of the work: to justify the ways of God to man. Justify here means to explain and defend, and ultimately to vindicate澄清, God’s course of action in dealing with Adam and Eve after they succumbed to the temptation of Satan and ate forbidden fruit.Other ThemesInordinate 过度的pride: It leads to Satan's downfall and his continuing defiance of God.Envy: Arising from Satan's pride, it makes him jealous of God the Son, who is the favorite of God the Father. Revenge: It motivates Satan to corrupt Adam and Eve and thereby subvert God's plans.Vanity: It leads Eve to believe—under the temptation of Satan—that she can become godlike.Deceit: Satan appears in many disguises and tells many lies during his mission to trick Adam and Eve.Infidelity: Adam betrays God by siding with Eve and eating the forbidden fruit.Unbridled 不受约束的pursuit of knowledge: It leads Adam and Eve to seek knowledge beyond their ken, knowledge that will make them godlike.Volition意志: Angels and humans alike possess free will, enabling them to make decisions. Satan freely chooses to rebel against God, and Adam and Eve freely choose to eat forbidden fruit. The consequences of their actions are their own fault, not God's. Milton uses this theme to help support the central theme, "to justify the ways of God to man."Disobedience违抗: All sins are acts of disobedience against God, impairing or cutting off the sinner's relationship with God. Adam and Eve and all of the devils disobey God through their sins.Loyalty: Loyalty to God and his ways are necessary for eternal salvation. Loyalty requires obedience. All of the good angels exhibit loyalty.Repentance悔悟: Even though Adam and Eve have disobeyed God, their repentance makes them eligible for eventual salvation.Hope: At the end of Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve enter the imperfect world with hope; they can yet attain eternal salvation.Redemption赎回: Through the suffering and death of the Son of God, sinful man can reconcile himself with God if he is sincerely sorry for his sins.ClimaxThe climax, or turning point, of Paradise Lost occurs when Adam and Eve succumb to Satan's temptations and eat the forbidden fruit. This act of disobedience results in their downfall and eviction from Paradise.What Is an Angel?An angel is a supernatural being that serves God by praising and adoring Him and by carrying out special missions that assist humans. Angels have the additional task of opposing and punishing devils. Devils are angelscast out of heaven because they rebelled against God. The word angel derives from the Greek word angelos, meaning messenger. The major western religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—all accept the existence of angels. The rank of angels from highest to lowest is as follows:1. Seraphim (Seraph)2. Cherubim (Cherub)3. Thrones4. Dominations5. Virtues6. Powers7. Principalities8. Archangels9. AngelsChapter 13 The Seventeenth-Century Prose2007-11-12 13:53I. Bible1. The Bible is the name given to the revelation of God to man contained in sixty-six books or pamphlets, bound together and forming one book.2. The Books of the Bible：Old Testament（39 Books, written in the Hebrew language between 1400 and 400B.C. ）About the creation of the world, the origin of the Jewish people, its history, religion, law, and poetry. New Testament（27 Books, written in the Greek language between 40 and 100 A.D.）About Jesus Christ’s life, his deeds and teachingsSon of an important official / Studied law, became a barrister and entered House of Commons, legal advisor to Elizabeth I / Attorney General and Lord Chancellor under James I; forced out of office in 1621 / Retired to his estate to write and study / Tried to convince Elizabeth I and James I to embrace natural philosophy as statecraft2. Major WorksEssays (1594)The Advancement of Learning (1605) Great Instauration and Novum Organum (1620) New Atlantis (posthumous)3. Important Baconian ideas●Reliance on the evidence of the senses and instruments●Progress through technology●Technological transformation of nature to make it useful to humanity●State Institutions of science: institutes, centralization, technocratic expertise4. Bacon’s Essays●Essay as a form of literature, the essay is a composition of moderate length, usually in prose, which deals in aneasy, cursory way with the external conditions of a subject, and, in strictness, with that subject, only as it affects the writer.The essay was invented by Montaigne.●Bacon’s essaysBacon offers his views on a whole smorgasbord of topics ranging from Truth, Death,' Adversitie', Marriage & the single life, Love, Boldness, Superstition, Friendship, Health, Ambition, Youth, Beauty to Anger & Fame.Features of Bacon’s essays●Bacon’s essays are the first example of that genre in English lit erature and have been recognized as animportant landmark in the development of English prose. The essays are famous for the pithy aphoristic style, which he had defended in principle in The Advancement of Learning as proper for the expression of tentative opinions.●There is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays. The sentences in the first edition are charged and crowdedwith symmetries. They are composed in a rather affected way. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme, but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive style.●The essays are well arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadences. In general, Bacon’sliterary style is noted for three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.II. John Bunyan (1628-1688)1. Life and CareerHad very little schooling, but abnormally active imagination with dreams and fears of devils and hell-fire / Worked in the tinker's trade / Served in the parliamentary army / Married in 1649 / Joined a non-sectarian church / Was arrested and imprisoned for making illegal preaching in the surrounding villages / Wrote Pilgrim’s Progress in Prison2. Points of View●Religiously, a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church, he believed that man’s finalsalvation could be achieved only by one’s own spiritual struggle.●Politically, with a deep hatred for the corrupted, hypocritical rich, he condemned oppression, falsehood,indulgence in pleasure seeking and many other vices of the money-corrupted upper class, but eulogized the truth-seeking Christian.3. The Pilgrim's Progress(1) Story : A tale of adventure on a perilous path, encountering giants, wild beasts, hobgoblins, etc. The tale based on human experience: e.g. the moving account of his death with Hopeful(2) Major charactersChristian Faithful Hopeful Giant Despair Ignorance Christiana(3) Major theme:●Spiritual salvation for mankind●The cost of salvation●The road to salvation is difficult and lonely ●Salvation is attainable by all who seek it. ●To grow in holiness is a daily battle, in which therewill be setbacks and encouragements, but which isa battle worth fighting(4) The basic metaphor: Life is a journey.●"Everyone sojourning in the flesh is passing through this earth to a mysterious state of future bliss .... thePilgrim's progress is toward no earthly destination.“●The journey is from this world to the next world.●Pilgrim, one who strives to obtain salvation of their soul through a physical journey in which love for God, and notlove for material things, drives them.●Pilgrimage: the journey to a distant sacred goal; it is found in all the great religions of the world. It is a journeyboth outwards to hallowed places and inwards to spiritual improvement; it can express penance for past evils, or the search for future good; the pilgrim may pursue spiritual ecstasy in the sacred sites of a particular faith, or seek a miracle through the medium of God or a saint.●Johnson praised John Bunyan highly. "His Pilgrim's Progress has great merit, both for invention, imagination,and the conduct of the story; and it has had the best evidence of its merit, the general and continued approbation of mankind. Few books, I believe, have had a more extensive sale. It is remarkable, that it begins very much like the poem of Dante; yet there was no translation of Dante when Bunyan wrote. There is reason to think that he had read Spenser."(5) Special features●The most successful religious allegory in English language●Vivid characterization: Travelers who represent states of the soul, or moral attitudes●Style: Modeled on the prose style of the English Bible; Simple diction; colloquial expressions; andstraightforward sentence structuresIII. John Dryden (1631-1700)1. Life and CareerBorn in a country g entry’s family / Received his education at Cambridge / Shifted to the royalist side after Restoration / Became a prominent poet, dramatist, and critic in his time2. Major WorksAbsalom and AchitophelAntony and Cleopatra: All for LoveAn Essay of Dramatic Poesy3. Influence on Literature●Dryden is the “lock by which the waters of English poetry were let down from the mountains of Shakespeare andMilton to the plain of Pope.”●His satire exerted a fruitful influence on the most brilliant verse satirists of the next century.●As a prose writer, Dryden had a very marked influence on English literature in shortening his sentences, andespecially in writing naturally, without depending on literary ornamentation to give effect to what he is saying.Primarily focusing on drama, the poetry of plays, he creates a dialogue between poet/critics of He chooses to review the existing, generally accepted conventions and decide in what respects they are being followed, or whether they should be followed by English writers.Chapter 14 Introduction to the 18th centuryI. Introductory Remarks:The period (1660-1798) began with the Restoration of Charles II, during whose reign the leading literary figure was John Dryden, with whom the neoclassical literature came into being, and concluded with the death of Samuel Johnson in 1784, the last important advocate of neoclassicism. By Johnson’s death, neoclassic ism came to a decline the 18th century. Complacency (self-satisfaction) marked the beginning of the 18th century. The upper classes, in complete control now, wanted no religious enthusiasts and revolutionaries. They believed in reason. This rational approach to social and literary problems have given it the title of “The Age of Reason”, while the desire for perfect form which resulted in adaptations of Greek and Latin models has caused it to be called “The Neoclassic Age.”1. The Glorious Revolution (1688)1) James II (reactionary rule and ruthless suppression of the Protestant rebellion) / discontent from the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy / Mary and her husband, William were invited to be joint sovereigns of the English throne / James II was forced to abdicate and fled to France in 1688. / This was called the Glorious or Bloodless Revolution in England2) After that England gradually became a constitutional monarchy, and power passed from the king to the parliament and the cabinet.2. Religious ConflictsWith the triumph of the Glorious Revolution, the conflicts were very intense between the Anglican Church and its two adversaries – Protestant Dissenters and Roman Catholics. Finally England was firmly established as a dominantly Protestant nation. In the late 17th century, Deism自然神教admitted their belief in a Supreme Being or the God as the creator of the world, but they glorified reason and so rejected the so-called “revealed”religious truth.(reason underlying the so-called “revealed”religious truth)3. The Rapid Expanding of the British Empirethe defeat of the Holland navy; a series of victories over France / the Act of Union of 1707 – Great Britain / from Canada in the west to India in the east / Swift, Burke, Sheridan and Goldsmith (from Ireland); Thomson, Boswell, Hume and Burns (from Scotland).4. The Industrial Revolutionthe discovery of the Laws of Gravitation by Newton; steam engine (James Watt); te xtile machines… / the Enclosure 5. Two-Party Politics (The Tory and the Whig)the Tory (conservative) defended the kingship, the old traditions and the noble country families / the Whig (liberal) sought to increase the powers of the Parliament and to advance commerce and education.6. Connection between Politics and Literaturepolitical pamphlets / literary men were eager to offer their services in shaping the government7. The American War of Independence and the French Revolution (1789-1794)The century closed, however, with revolutions, exploding in the American colonies and in France. Though these outbursts of revolutionar y movements did not change England’s position as a big industrial and capitalist power, they had the most far-reaching influences upon men’s thoughts and were left most deeply in literature, esp in the literature of the Age of Romanticism which followed.III. Enlightenment启蒙运动and its effects on English literature1. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th and Russia in the 19th centuries. The movement was, on the whole, an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation停滞, prejudices and other feudal survivals.2. The enlightenment was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the “enlightenment” or “education” of the people. In other words they believed in the power of reason and their watchword was “common sense”. That is why the 18th century in England has often been called “the Age of Reason”. Most of the enlightenment thinkers believed that social problems could not be solved by church doctrines or by the power of God but should be solved with human intelligence.3. Most of the important writers of the 18th century belonged to the enlightenment. In their works these writers criticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social problems and the management of the government, and some even partly defended the interests of the exploited laboring masses, the peasants, and the working people in the cities. The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.IV. Neo-Classicism1. Neoclassicism was a reaction against the intricacy 复杂and occasional obscurity晦涩, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, and in favor of simplicity, clarity, restraint, regularity and good sense. In England, neoclassicism was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson.2. The writers were considered neoclassic because they modeled themselves on classical Greek or Latin authors in order to achieve perfect form in literature. The general tendency of neoclassical literature was to look at social and political life critically, to emphasize intellect rather than imagination, the form rather than the content of a sentence.3. Chief characteristics of Neoclassic literature1) The neoclassic writers manifested a strong traditionalism, which was clearly shown in their immense respect for classical writers.2) The neoclassic believed that literature was primarily an “art”, which must be perfected by long study and practice. They laid much emphasis on the correct, the appropriate, on restraint and discipline, paid much attention to their style, and respected the established rules of their art.3) The neoclassic regarded poetry as imitation of human life –a mirror up to nature. Emphasis was placed on what human beings possess in common （共性）–representative characteristics, and widely shared experiences, thoughts, feelings and tastes.4) The neoclassic believed that the poet is the maker – the maker of the representative images of human actions and of the world, and the purpose for which he makes this image of life is to teach. In order to teach effectively, he must please the reader by his fictions, and by all the ornaments of language, metrics and rhetoric that belong to his craft. This concept of the nature of the poet inevitably determines the didactic, satirical, artificial and orderly qualities of neoclassicism.5) The neoclassic deduced 演绎rules from the practice of early masters and invented new rules of their own.•In drama, they adhered to the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals.•In di ction, they highly regarded “witty” expressions. They preferred the use of artificial and stock diction.•In poetry, they demanded it to follow the ancient divisions: lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles.•In versification诗律, the age was famous for its “closed heroic couplet”, that is, two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter which contains within itself a complete statement and so is closed by a semicolon, period, question mark, or exclamation point.•The neoclassic poetry differs from that of the Elizabethan Age in three ways. First, it is more formal, with its demand to follow exact rules, while the Elizabethans wrote in a more natural style sometimes without regard to rules; second, it is more artificial, polished, prosaic单调的, and dull and lacks the creative vigor of the Elizabethans; third, the chief poetic form of neoclassicism is heroic couplet which replaced the variety of forms in the Elizabethan Age.4. The literature of the Neoclassic Age (1660-1784)1) the first, extending to the death of Dryden in 1700, may be thought of as the period in which English “neoclassical” literature came into being and its critical principles were formulated; the second, ending with the death of Pope in 1744 and of Swift in 1745, brought to its culmination the literary movement; the third, concluding with the death of Johnson in 1784 and the publication of William Cowper’s The Task in 1785, was a period in which neoclassical principles gradually petered out 耗尽and were replaced by the Romantic Movement.Chapter 15 The 18th Century PoetryI. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1. Life StoryBorn in London of a successful merchant’s family, of Roman Catholic faith / weak and crippled from childhood / did not have regular schooling but was taught at home by a priest / his only amusement was reading and writing. He taught himself by reading and translating Latin, French, Italian, and Greek poets, with the help of dictionaries and grammar books. Pope began to write poems when he was only 12.2. His Poems1) the first groupdidactic and philosophical poems, including Essay on Criticism (1711); Moral Essays (1731); An Essay on Man (1734);2) The second group contains his poems of social satires, such as the Rape of the Lock (1714); An Heroic-Comical Poem and The Dunciad3) The third group is composed of his translations of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.3. His Influences1) He had a brilliant wit, a sharp critical sense, and a deadly pen. He brought the neoclassicism in England to its climax.2) In his hands, the heroic couplet achieved all the finish, elegance, wit and pointedness which the form invited.3) As a technician in English verse 韵文he has never been excelled, and he occupied such a prominent place in the literary world of his time that not infrequently the literary epoch of early 18th century has been named after him as “The Age of Pope”.After his time, esp since the 19th century, Pope has been much criticized and some critics have called him a versifier and not a poet, meaning that he wrote clever and standardized but very mechanical sort of verse which had not flights of poetic imagination. Bla ke summarized him as “elegant formalism”. Byron, however, thought highly of him, defended him, and was much under his influence. Nowadays he is rated by some critics as second only to Shakespeare and Milton, and the equal of Wordsworth.II. Thomas Gray (1716-1771)The most scholarly and well-balanced of all the early romantic poets and the most outstanding of the minor poets of the mid-18th century.1. Life StoryBorn in London / educated first at Eton and then at Cambridge / spend 2 years on a grand tour of the European Continent / after graduation he continued to live at Cambridge and was appointed professor at Cambridge.2. His WorksOn Spring;On a Distant Prospect of Eton College; On Adversity不幸(1742); Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓畔哀歌Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (an elegy on Walpole)3. His Features1) Gray was familiar with all the intellectual interest of his age, and his works had much of the precision and polish of the classical school.2) His early poems belonged to the literary tradition of neoclassicism. But he also shared the reawakened interest in nature, in common men, and in medieval culture, so his later works were generally romantic both in style and in spirit.3) He also fell under the influence of sentimentalism感伤主义. His poetry reveals two suggestive things.●the appearance of that melancholy忧郁which characterizes the poetry of Romanticism;●the study of nature, not for its own beauty or truth, but rather as a suitable background for the play of humanemotions4. His InfluencesGray’s poetic output was small（around 10）, but his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard was given high praise by literary historians and critics almost unanimously. The Elegy was regarded as the acme 顶点of graveyard。
《浪漫主义文学》课件
REPORT
CATALOG
DATE
ANALYSIS
SUMMAR Y
02
浪漫主义文学代表人物 及作品
英国的代表人物及作品
代表人物
拜伦、雪莱、济慈
作品
《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》、《西风颂》、《夜 莺颂》
特点
强调个人情感、反对压迫和束缚、追求自由和解放
法国的代表人物及作品
代表人物
雨果、乔治·桑、缪塞
作品
社会影响的比较
对社会观念的影响
浪漫主义文学推动了个性解放和情感表达， 现实主义文学则促进了社会批判和改革。
对文学发展的影响
浪漫主义文学为后来的现代主义文学打下了基础， 现实主义文学则成为现代小说的重要源头。
对其他艺术领域的影响
浪漫主义文学对音乐、绘画等艺术领域产生 了深远影响，现实主义文学则对电影、戏剧 等艺术形式产生了重要影响。
创作理念的比较
01
创作理念的起源
浪漫主义文学起源于18世纪末至19世纪初的欧洲，现实主义文学则兴
起于19世纪中后期。
02
创作理念的特点
浪漫主义文学强调个性、情感和想象力，追求理想和美好，而现实主义
文学则注重客观、真实和细节，反映社会现实问题。
03
创作目的
浪漫主义文学的目的是表达情感、追求自由和个性，现实主义文学则旨
在揭示社会现象、批判现实。
作品风格的比较
作品主题
浪漫主义文学作品主题多为自然 、情感、理想和英雄主义，现实 主义文学作品主题则关注社会问 题、人性矛盾和心理描写。
作品形式
浪漫主义文学作品形式多样，包 括诗歌、小说、戏剧等，现实主 义文学作品则更注重结构和情节 的严谨。
作品语言
英国浪漫主义时期文学 PPT
II. English Romanticism
• 1. definition—English Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge‘s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》 in the Parliament.
2. The features of the Romantic
writings:
• 1) Dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.
• 2) Their writings filled with strongwilled heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.
英国文学浪漫主义时期92页PPT
63、暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟，狗吠 深巷中 ，鸡鸣 桑树颠 。 64、一生复能几，倏如流电惊。 65、少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。
谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
英国浪漫时期文学课件The Romantic Period
The literature of the Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude of the different social strata of the time toward the existing social and political conditions that came with the industrial revolution and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
The outstanding “romantic” essayists of the first decades of the 19th century include William Hazlitt, Thomas de Quincey , Charles Lamb
The era of the Romantic Movement in the early 19th century English literature was a period of great poetry and great prose.
radical writers for the rights of the people
The Romantic Movement in English Literature as Part of the Romantic Movement in European Literature.
It came earliest in Germany in the late 18th century, began in England a little later, with the romantic precursors in late 18th century and then the great romantic poets in the last years of the 18th century and the first two decades of the 19th, and it arrived last in France, flowering in the early 19th century, with Victor Hugo, Chateaubriand (1768～ 1848) ,Beranger, Lamartine and George Sand(1804～1876).
The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期优秀课件
2021/3/29
14
2021/3/29
15
❖ Lyric（抒情诗）（from Greek lyra---“song”）
❖ As its Greek name indicates, a lyric was originally a short poem written in a repeating stanzaic form, often designed to be set to music. Now, it usually refers to the poem that expresses a speaker’ personal thoughts, perceptions or feelings. The elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.
❖ 其他作品有：《抒情歌谣集》，诗集《双卷诗》 (Poems in Two Volumes)，关于自然的短诗《致 杜鹃》( To the Cuckoo)《我如行云独自游》(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud）关于人类生活的 短诗《露西》（Lucy Poems）《孤独的收割者》 (The Solitary Reaper)《致高地的姑娘》(To a Highland Girl)
1772-1834）
2021/3/29
17
❖ 湖畔派Lake Poets
❖ 18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员 有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一
同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯
米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，
所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。
在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，
英国浪漫主义时期文学PPT课件
Revolution exert great influence on English
Romanticism.
4
• Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revolt against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.
• English Romanticism is a revolt of the
English imagination against the
neoclassical reason. The French Revolution
《英国浪漫主义文学》课件
18世纪末至 19世纪初， 英国社会变 革剧烈，工 业革命、政 治改革等推 动了社会进 步
浪漫主义文 学反对古典 主义，强调 个性解放和 情感表达
浪漫主义文 学受到德国 古典哲学、 法国启蒙运 动等思想的 影响
浪漫主义文 学强调自然、 情感、想象 力和个性， 反对理性、 逻辑和传统
浪漫主义文 学的代表人 物有拜伦、 雪莱、济慈 等
艺术特色：浪漫主义风格， 充满激情和想象力
影响：对欧洲文学和思想 产生了深远影响
评价：被誉为英国浪漫主 义文学的代表作之一
《末日审判》赏析
作者：威廉·布莱克 创作背景：18世纪末，英国工业革命时期 主题：对工业革命的批判和对人类未来的思考 艺术特色：象征主义、寓言、神话和宗教元素 影响：对后世文学和艺术产生了深远影响
文学运动的影响
推动了英国文学的发展
影响了欧洲其他国家的文学
促进了浪漫主义文学的繁荣
对后来的文学流派产生了影响
英国浪漫主义文学的特点
章节副标题
情感表达
强调个人情感和内心世界的表达 追求自由、平等、博爱的价值观 反对理性主义和功利主义 强调自然和人性的和谐统一
自然主题
强调自然与人的和谐共生
强调自然对人的启示和影响
出版时间：1798年
内容：描绘自然风光，表达对自然和人性的热爱
艺术特色：运用象征、隐喻等手法，表达诗人的情感和思想
影响：对英国浪漫主义文学产生了深远影响，被誉为“英国浪漫主义 文学的开山之作”
《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》赏析
作者：拜伦
创作背景：19世纪初的 欧洲社会动荡
主题：追求自由、反抗压 迫
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
描绘自然风光，表达对自然的热 爱和赞美
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
51、没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远 适用的 宪法， 甚至一 条永远 适用的 法律。 ——杰 斐逊 52、法律源于人的自卫本能。——英 格索尔
53、人们通常会发现，法律就是这样 一种的 网，触 犯法律 的人， 小的可 以穿网 而过， 大的可 以破网 而出， 只有中 等的才 会坠入 网中。 ——申 斯通 54、法律就是法律它是一座雄伟的大 夏，庇 护着我 们大家 ；它的 每一块 砖石都 垒在另 一块砖 石上。 ——高 尔斯华 绥 55、今天的法律未必明天仍是法律。 ——罗·伯顿
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，