语言学作业(部分答案)
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）
（完整版）语言学练习题（含答案）判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, withwhich subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities belanguage used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearing C:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of all/doc/6712907809.html,nguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contianA:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?/doc/6712907809.html,nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language expressA.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have aA.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong belowA.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategies/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activityassociated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community 3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin 第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)/doc/6712907809.html,nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone) 第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：/doc/6712907809.html,nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。
语言学概论在线作业答案
语言学概论在线作业答案语言学概论1.根据词的来源特点，我们可以把词分为（）。
• A 基本词汇和一般词汇• B 古语词、方言词、外来词• C 单纯词、合成词• D 阶级习惯语、隐语、禁忌语正确答案:B单选题2.现在一般认为，人学习语言的最迟临界点是在（）左右，就是说在这个年龄之前如果不接触语言，此后就几乎无法学习语言了。
• A 一岁• B 三岁• C 十二岁• D 十八岁正确答案:C单选题3.下列关于文字起源的说法正确的一项是（）。
• A 结绳记事• B 图画和契刻• C 刻漏记事• D 以上说法都错正确答案:D单选题4.下面几个句子中，（）是有歧义的。
• A 她明天要去学校• B 校长给她安排好的工作• C 她只吃了一碗饭• D 小狗累了正确答案:B单选题5.下列词语意义演变过程中，指称范围转移的是（）。
• A 江• B 河• C 闻• D 脸正确答案:C单选题6.下面对话说显示出的会话含义是违反（）原则而产生的。
问：你看，经理太太的衣服真漂亮啊。
答：今天的酒味道不错。
• A 质的准则• B 量的准则• C 关系准则• D 方式准则正确答案:C单选题7.[p、t‘、b、k]在发音方法上的共同点是（）。
• A 清音• B 不送气音• C 塞音• D 擦音正确答案:C单选题8.下面句子中的预设，（）不是通过词语手段实现的。
• A 她今天又来了• B 盟军再次取得了胜利• C 她的爸爸来看她了• D 我明天还要说正确答案:C单选题9.下列文字中，属于自源文字的是（）。
• A 汉字• B 日文• C 英文字母• D 希腊字母正确答案:A单选题10.已有的自源文字，从字符跟语言中什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来归来，都是（）。
• A 音节文字• B 词语文字• C 音位文字• D 语素文字正确答案:B单选题11.当词义所概括的界限不明确时，我们将它称为词义的（）。
• A 概括性• B 民族性• C 层次性• D 模糊性正确答案:D单选题12.语音是（）。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
《语言学》前三章部分答案
Chapter I IntroductionIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are.The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventionsand the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. 68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2：PhonologyIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; itis concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speakinga language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and import. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.Chapter 3：MorphologyIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivationalaffixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by the mselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
语言学概论指导书练习题部分答案
语言学概论指导书练习题部分答案导言：一：填空1：语言学的三大发源地是＿中国＿印度和希腊---罗马2：语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学的形成3：现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》4：语言交际过程可以分为编码——发送——传递——接收——解码五个阶段5：印度最早的经典所用的语言是古代的梵语6：文字，音韵，训诂之学是中国”小学”的主要研究内第一章：语言的功能一：填空1：语言的功能包括语言的社会功能和语言的思维功能2：语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能3：在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的，最基本的手段4：人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数，推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知，立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。
5：儿童语言习得一般经过独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。
第二章：语言是符号系统一：填空1：说出的话语的句子是无限的，但无限多的句子是由有限的造句规则和词汇材料组合而成的。
2：符号包含形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。
3：语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心里现实的概括。
4：我们通过语言文字认识到“孔子是中国古代的思想家”这个知识信息的。
5：语言的表达是对心理现实的编码。
6：心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。
7：语言符号的任意性和线条性是语言符号的基本性质。
8：语言系统的二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。
9：组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两大基本关系。
10：动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础来看主要是不具有语言能力和思维能力。
第四章语法二、填空1、和动词有关的句法范畴有时、体、态和人称。
2、由两个或两个以上的语素构成的词称为合成词。
3、在worker中，worker这一部分可以称为词干。
4、按照词法结构类型，语言可以分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语和复综语。
5、句子的最大特点是一般前后都有停顿并有一个完整的语调。
语言学作业参考答案
Myth1 Language is only a means of communication.If language is viewed only as a system of communication, then many species communicate. Humans also use systems other than language to relate to each other and to send and receive “messages,” like so-called body language. The question is whether the communication systems used by other species are at all like human linguistic knowledge, which is acquired by children with no instruction, and which is used creatively rather than in response to internal or external stimuli. So language should be defined as a system of vocal symbols used for human communication that can also talk about our thoughts, feelings and language itself.Note: 有些同学从语言功能的角度对此论述进行批判，或者只是对语言的定义进行阐述，并非不正确，只是在论述的时候，简单的摘抄笔记或者书本的句子，并没有看到论点。
Myth 2 Language has a form-meaning correspondence.Language is arbitrary which means there is no logic connection between the form and the meaning and they do not correspond to each other. The connection between for form and meaning is the conventionality. Note: 有些同学大概不理解form-meaning correspondence (语言与形式的对应关系), 所以在阐述的时候，没有讲到点上。
语言学概论习题集部分问题参考答案整理(一)
二．填空题1．古印度、古代中国、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2．文字学、音韵学、训诂学是我国传统的语文学。
3.巴尼尼《梵语语法》；古希腊-罗马：狄奥尼修斯•特拉克斯《希腊语法》。
4. [英]威廉•琼斯：大胆提出“印欧语假设”，成为历史比较语言学的先驱。
5. [德]施列格尔：第一个提出“比较语法”，是历史比较语言学的草创者。
6.费尔迪南•德•索绪尔被誉为“现代语言学之父”。
代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。
7. 布龙菲尔德的《语言论》是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作。
8.19世纪建立的历史比较语言学是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志，为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础。
9.语言学真正成为现代意义上的科学，一般认为是从20世纪开始的，是索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学为标志的。
10. 结构主义语言学派内部的三大学派：布拉格学派（功能派）；哥本哈根学派（符号派）和美国学派（描写派）。
11.1957年乔姆斯基的《句法结构》出版，标志着“转换生成语法”的诞生。
12．研究语言的结构，主要是研究：语音、词汇、语法三个部分。
13．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为：编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。
14.在理论上，语言学从具体研究对象上可以分为个别语言学和普通语言学，从时段上可以分为共时语言学和历史语言学。
二．填空题1．人和动物的区别是人会制造工具，而且人类有语言，这人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2．一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和语法规则是十分有限的。
3．语言是人类社会的最重要的交际工具，而且也是思维的最有效的工具。
4．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性思维。
5．汉语的哥哥、弟弟，英语用brother表示，汉语的舅妈、姨妈、姑妈、婶婶，英语用aunt 表示。
6．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个量词。
(完整版)语言学练习题(含答案)
判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities be language used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearingC:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of allnguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the<D>A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contian<D>A:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?<D>nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language express<D>A.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a <D>A.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?<B>A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong below<A>A.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategiesnguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activity associated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called ______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone)第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。
语言学第四章习题(含答案)
第四章语法一、填空题1．时一般分为现在时、过去时和将来时。
2.划分词类的标准有功能、形态和概念意义三个。
3. 历时语法指的是从语法发展变化角度纵向地、动态地研究语法，研究的重点是某些语法现象在特定的时间过程中产生和消失的原因及规律。
4. 共时（描写）语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象角度横向地、静态地研究语法。
研究的重点是某一语法在特定空间范围内的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。
5. 个别语法指的是对个别语言语法的研究，它既包括研究一种语言的语法系统，也包括研究一种语言中与其他语言不同的语法特点，意义在于发现各种语言独特的语法现象。
6. 普遍语法指的是对人类语言的语法共性的研究，其意义在于发现人类语言中共有的语法机制。
7. 句子是由若干个词或词组按照一定规则组合成的，能表达相对完整的意义，前后有较大停顿并带有一定语气和句调的语言单位。
8. 语法规律指语法规则本身，也就是客观存在的语法，即人们说话时直觉和习惯上所遵守的某种语感。
9. 词类就是词在语法上的分类。
它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类，即具有聚合关系的词的类。
10.特定的词类与词类的组合就构成了词组。
11.能够补足缺少的成分而构成主谓句，或者说需要一定的语境和上下文的补充才能表达完整意思的句子就是不完全主谓句，或叫做省略句。
12. 语法规则就是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的。
13.语法的组合规则和聚合规则构成一种语言的语法规则。
14.从形式上看，句子的最大特点是有语调。
15.句子按其语气可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等不同的类型。
例如“他取得了优异的成绩”是陈述句。
16.从是否能独立充当句法结构成分的角度看，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
17.语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫句法，词以下的规则叫词法。
18.我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成构词语素和变词语素两类。
19.一个词，除去它的词尾，就是它的词干。
语言学概论作业答案(提交后显示答案)
语言学概论作业题找找59、60 题的答案，确定好后发我邮箱一下1、下列语言单位中，属于自由词组的是√此题回答正确1. A. 胸有成竹2. B. 智力投资2、下列特征中，普通话辅音音位/t/ 具有的区别特征是（）。
√此题回答正确1. A. 塞3、随着语言的发展，印欧语系语言大多由“宾—动”型变成“动—宾”型，这是语法（）√此题回答正确1. A. 词类的发展2. B. 组合规则的发展4、一般说来，新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等√此题回答正确1. A. 属于一般词汇5、根据语言的形态分类，汉语属于（）√此题回答正确1. A. 孤立语6、世界语（Esperanto）是（）√此题回答正确√此题回答正确2. B. 德国人设计的3. C. 波兰人设计的7、以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫√此题回答正确1. A. 时位2. B. 重位3. C. 调位8、英语 tooth → teeth 采用的语法手段是 （ ）√此题回答正确1. A. 加词尾2. B. 变换重音的位置3. C. 词根内部音素的变化9、从造字方法看，兼用表意表音两种方法的文字叫（） √此题回答正确1. A. 表意字2. B. 假借字3. C. 指事字4. D. 意音文10、现代汉语属于（ ）1. A. 法国人设计的1 . A. 历时语言学√此题回答正确4. D. 荀子11、成都话和上海话的差异，主要体现在（ ）√此题回答正确1. A. 语法2. B. 语音12、在汉词和英语的词汇中，借词占的比重（ ）√此题回答正确1. A. 汉语大于英语2. B. 英语大于汉语13、语言学的三大发源地是（ ） √此题回答正确1. A. 中国、印度、埃及2. B. 中国、埃及、古罗马3. C. 中国、印度、古希腊和古罗马14、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜 ”这句话是两千多年以前我国著名哲学家（ ）说的。
√此题回答正确1. A. 孔子2. B. 孟子3. C. 韩非子15、词是语言中（）2. B. 共时语言学√此题回答正确1. A. 仿译词√此题回答正确1. A. 最小的单位2. B. 音义结合的最小单位3. C. 能够独立运用的最小单位16、一种语言中的词汇和语法，（ ）√此题回答正确1. A. 前者是有限的，后者是无限的2. B. 前者是无限的，后者是有限的3. C. 都是无限的4. D. 都是有限的17、现代汉语的 “着”、“了”、 “过”也表示（√此题回答正确1. A. 体18、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语的母语是（√此题回答正确1. A. 日耳曼语2. B. 拉丁语19、“拖拉机 ”一词是（ ））的语法范畴4. D. 谱系分类B. 借词 3.C. 方言词 4.D. 意译词20、下列英语的读音中，包含有复辅音的是（ ）。
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’ｓof the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used torefer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com municationkn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’ｓowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
语言学第一章习题(含答案)
第一章语言的功能一、填空题.从语言的社会功能上看，语言是人类独有的最重要的交际工具和思维工具：从语言的内部结构上看，语言是一套音义结合的符号系统。
1 .文字是建立在语言基础上的最重要的辅助交际工具:旗语之类是建立在语言和」^基础上的特殊领域的辅助交际工具。
2 . 一种语言的句子数量是无限的，但无限的句子中却包含着有限的博鼠和为数不多的规则。
3 .人类的交际工具分的交际工具和身势等非语言的交际工具。
4 .语言是一种特殊的社会现象的含义是，语言具有全人类性，没有阶级性。
5 .思维的类型可分为宜.观动作思维、表象思维、抽象思维。
抽象思维的三种形式是概念、判断、推理。
6 .人和动物的区别是人会制造工具，而且人类有语言，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
7 .在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务，例如汉民族点头袤示同意，摇头表示不同意，咬牙切齿表示愤怒，手舞足蹈京示激动或高兴°.人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的上半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性思维。
8 .汉语的哥哥、弟弟，英语用brother表示:汉语的舅妈、姑妈、姨妈、婶婶，英语用aunl 表示。
9 .英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个.儿童最早的智力活动就是学习^10 .如果一个病人大脑&半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出他家的地址，却认得自己的家门。
相反，大脑）半球发生损伤，他尽管能说出他家的地址，却找不到自己的家门。
二、判断题.从理论上来说，句子的长度是可以无限的。
（1 .语言是在文字基础之上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。
（X）.文字始终是从属于语言的。
（X）2 .在一定的条件下，身势等伴随动作也可以脱离语言而独立完成一些交际任务。
（J）.现代社会沟通的方式很多，语言的重要性正日渐削弱。
（X）3 .语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。
（J）.我们常听人们说“工人有工人的语言，农民有农民的语言”，这说明语言是有阶级性的。
语言学概论作业答案
精品文档语言学概论作业答案导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属〞关系和历史开展的，叫历时学。
2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。
就语言本身的结构来说汇和语法构成的系统。
3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。
任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。
4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为假设干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。
5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。
所谓“社会〞，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。
语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。
二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。
2、历史比较语言学是在19 世纪逐步开展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立开展道路的标志。
3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。
6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。
7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为假设干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。
8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。
9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。
四、问答题1、语言的作用是什么？同社会有什么样的联系？语言是表达思想、进行交际的工具，是人类最重要的交际工具。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，它包括以下哪些分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案：D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案：B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性？A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言的语法规则可以是：A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案：C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异？A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案：D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是：A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案：C8. 语言接触可能导致：A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案：D9. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围？A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案：语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案：结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案：社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案：形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案：句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案：变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案：方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案：历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案：语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language
（完整版）语⾔学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)⽂化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语⾔功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)⼈际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary ofsentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: ⼈际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)⽂化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：⼯具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语⾔功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: ⾃指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)⼈际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!”which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system,since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users. This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
语言学课后练习(附参考答案)
Chapter 1I. Define the following terms.1. design features2. diachronic3. arbitrariness4. competence5. parole6. prescriptive7. duality 8. performance 9. synchronic10. descriptive 11. displacement 12. langueII. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Answer:Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.III. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language? Answer:On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means “OK/YES” for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying “NO”. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.IV. Why is the distinction between competence and performance important in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept communicative competence?Answer:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair---competence and performance.Chapter 2I. Define the following terms.1. phonetics2. consonant3. allophone4. vowel5. assimilation6. syllable7. intonation8. phonology 9. phoneme 10. toneII. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. [ð]2. [ʃ]3. [ŋ]4. [d]5. [p]6. [k]7. [l]8. [i]9. [u:] 10. [ɔ]Answers:1. [ð]: voiced dental fricative2. [ʃ]: voiceless postalveolar fricative3. [ŋ]: velar nasal4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop6. [k]: voiceless velar stop7. [l]: (alveolar) lateral 8. [i]: high front unrounded lax vowel9. [u:]: high back rounded tense vowel10. [ɔ]: low back rounded lax vowelIII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. voiced postalveolar fricative3. palatal approximant4. voiceless glottal fricative5. voiceless alveolar stop6. high-mid front unrounded vowel7. high central rounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel9. low-mid back rounded vowel10. high back rounded tense vowelAnswers:1. [f]2. [Ʒ]3. [j]4. [h]5. [t]6. [e]7. [ʉ]8. [ɶ]9. [ɔ] 10. [u:]IV. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Answer:Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add theappropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language. It focuses on order.V. The pronunciation of tell is [teɫ], but that of teller is [telə]. Discuss why the phoneme /l/ is realized as [ɫ] and [l] respectively in this situation.Answer:The word teller is formed by adding a suffix –er to the base word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [ɫ]. However, in teller it has a vowel both before and after it, so how do we decide that it should be pronounced as [l], not [ɫ]?We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) for the division of syllable. By MOP, the [l] must be placed in the onset position of the second syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme [l] is realized as it should be before the vowel in the second syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others. We can see from this that the phonological structure of a complex word is often different from its morphological structure, i.e. how the word is formed. In word-formation it is tell+-er while in syllablestructure it is [te+lə].Chapter 3I. Define the following terms.1. morpheme2. affix3. allomorph4. free morpheme5. derivation6. stem7. blending8. back-formation9. inflection 10. root 11. bound morpheme 12. acronym II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreetAnswers:a.irremovable m. dissyllabicrmal n. abnormalc.impracticable o. unworkabled.insensible p. unwrittene.intangible q. unusualf.illogical r. unthinkableg.irregular s. inhumanh.disproportionate t. irrelevanti.ineffective u. uneditablej.inelastic v. immobilek.inductive w. illegall.irrational x. indiscreetIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammaticalconcept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can amorpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?Answer:Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’, ‘tapes’, ‘Frank’s’, ‘race’ is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in ‘tapes’: the plural morpheme; the pho neme /s/ in ‘Frank’s’: the possessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘race’: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4I. Define the following terms.1. syntax2. constituent3. subordination4. endocentric5. category6. construction7. exocentric8. coordinateII. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1.I rode back when it was dark.2.The boy was crying.3.Shut the door.4.Open the door quickly.5. The happy teacher in that class was becoming away.6. He bought an old car with his first pay cheque.Answers:1.((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).2.((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).3.(Shut) ((the) (door)).4.((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).5. ((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((becoming) (away))).6. (He) ((( bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay)(cheque)))))).III. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.—State whether it is headed or non-headed.—If headed, state its headword.—Name the type of constructions.e.g.: His son will be keenly competing.Answer: headed; headword—competing; verbal group(a) Ducks quack.(b) The ladder in the shed is long enough.(c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(d) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.(f) A lady of great beauty came out.(g) He enjoys climbing high mountains.(h) The man nodded patiently.(i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.Answers:(a) non-headed; independent clause(b) non-headed; prepositional phrase(c) headed; headword---damaged; adjectival group(d) headed; headword---singing; gerundial phrase(e) headed; headword---face; nominal group(f) non-headed; prepositional phrase(g) headed; headword---climbing; gerundial phrase(h) non-headed; independent clause(i) headed; headword---roused; adjectival phraseChapter 5 MeaningI. Define the following terms.1. conceptual meaning2. denotation3. connotation4. reference5. sense6. synonymy7. gradable antonymy 8. complementary antonymy9. converse antonymy 10. relational opposites11. hyponymy 12. superordinateII. Do the following according the requirements.(a) Write out the synonyms of the following words:youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; big (b) Give the antonyms of the following words:dark; boy; hot; go; lend; male(c) Provide two or more related meanings for the following:bright; to glare; a deposit; planeAnswers:(a) youth: adolescent automobile: carremember: recall purchase: buyvacation: holidays big: large(b) dark: light boy: girlhot: cold go: comelend: borrow male: female(c) bright: a. shining; b. intelligentto glare: a. to shine intensely; b. to stare angrilya deposit: a. minerals in the earth; b. money in the bankplane: a. a flying vehicle; b. a flat surface。
语言学概论作业答案
一、概念解释10分;每小题1分1．词类词类是根据词的语法功能划分出来的词的类别..2．直接成分所谓直接成分就是每一层次中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法结构单位的两个组成成分..一个复杂的结构;往往是由许许多多的成分构成的;这些成分按照一定的层次逐级构成..3．语法形式语法形式是语法意义在语言中的外部表现;是语法意义的外部标志;表现语法意义的形式就是语法形式..4．复合词复合词就是完全由词根语素与词根语素结合构成的词..5．语法范畴语法范畴是通过词的变化形式表现出来的语法意义概括出来的类别..二、填空25分;每空1分1．语法规则是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯;不是语言学家规定的.. 2．语法的组合规则和聚合规则构成一种语言的语法规则..3．句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型;例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是陈述句..4．从意义和作用看;词可以分为实词和虚词两大类..5．语法研究通常以词为界;词以上的规则叫句法;词以下的规则叫词法.. 6．根据在词中的不同作用;一般把语素分成词根、词缀、词尾三类;例如“学习”中的两个语素是词根; being”中的ing是词尾;“reader”中的er是词缀..7．词尾的主要作用是改变一个词的形式;但不能构成新词..8．根据语素在词中的不同作用;把词根和词缀叫作构词语素语素;把词尾叫作变词语素..9．由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的词;称为复合词..由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词称为派生词;其构词规则又叫作派生构词法;或叫附加法..10．主谓结构、述宾结构、述补结构、偏正结构、联合结构是语言里最基本的结构格式..11．直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做直接成分..12．从语法结构角度分类;一般把世界上的语言分为孤立语、屈折语、粘着语、复综语四种类型;汉语属于孤立语..13．孤立语的主要特点是缺乏词形变化；屈折语的主要特点是有丰富的形态变化..三、单项选择20分;每小题1分1．下列说法正确的是 BA．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D．语法的聚合规则存在于书面语言中2．下列说法不正确的一项是 A ..A．组合规则为句子的生成提供了无数的可能 B．聚合规则为句子的生成提供了无数的可能C．我们日常使用语言离不开语法规则 D．语法规则是人人都必须遵守的3． C 在语言中处于枢纽地位;一般把它作为分析语法结构的最重要的语法单位..A．句子 B.词组 C.词 D.语素4．对英语单词“workers”的分析; D 是正确的..A． work是词干 B． er是词尾 C． s是词缀;严格说是后缀D． work和 er都是构词语素分析说明：很多人选择了A;实际上词根和词缀都是构词语素;是词干;所以A是错误的..5．下列各组词中全都属于复合词的一组是 BA．领导大街 reader B．国家月球 railway C．老师刷子unlike D．考虑作家 classmate分析说明：其余三个选项中都有词缀;不符合复合词的构成条件.. 6．下列说法 D 是正确的..A．“离开、环境比拟、协议”都是派生词 B．“study. look. think.door”都是派生词C．“变化、广义、扒手、左手”都是复合词 D．“留心、伤心、老鼠、impossible”都是合成词..分析说明：要搞清楚合成词、复合词、派生词的内涵;这样才能正确选择..7．下列词组中全都属于述宾结构的一组是 C ..A．太阳红月儿明 I read the book B．吃干净放在一边 the sun risesC．看电影种庄稼 to play football D．金色的年华红五月 to leave a good memory8．下列词组 B 的结构与“我的故乡”相同..A．休息几天太可笑 B． the red sun a red flagC． to waken me to tell her D．祖国富强人民幸福9．下列词组只有 D 没有歧义..A．两个朋友送的花瓶 B．发现了敌人的哨兵 C．看打球的小女孩D．折断了猎人的枪10．英语动词“be”有八种变化形式;下列句子中;只有 B 使用正确..A． He be good child. B． I am a teacher. C． They is peasant. D． You was workers.11．俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是 D ：A．粘着语—屈折语—孤立语 B．屈折语—粘着语—孤立语C．孤立语—屈折语—粘着语 D．屈折语—孤立语—粘着语12．下列句子符合英语语法规则的是 DA．He am a studentes. B．She is a students. C．I were a student. D．You are a student.13．英语名词后面加上词尾s或es;这种变化属于语法范畴中的 B 变化..A．性 B．数 C．格 D．体14．与“春光明媚”结构相同的组合是 CA．阳光的温暖 B．马上开始 C．The sun rise. D．Worker and peasant.15．英语动词的词形变化一般有5种;但动词be的变化形式有 A ..A．8种 B．4种 C．7种 D．6种16．“John is reading the newspaper”变成被动语态是 C ..A．The newspaper is reading by John. B．The newspaper is by John reading.C．The newspaper is being read by John. D．The newspaper is being readed by John.分析说明：很多同学选择了A;被动语态的动词必须使用过去分词形式;而这里使用了现在分词形式;显然是错误的..B与A性质相同;D不符合read的形态变化规则..17．下列句子没有多义的是 B ..A．他在甲板上写字..B．他在黑板上写字..C．他在屋顶上写字..D．他在地上写字..18．下列句子有歧义的一句是 B ..A．那里的茶花很多..B．那里的杜鹃很多..C．那里的月季很多..D．那里的玫瑰很多..19．英语“He writes a letter ”中动词writes中的s表示的语法意义是 C ..A．性 B．数 C．人称 D．格20．下列说法正确的一项是 A ..A．一般把词尾叫做变词语素.. B．语法意义是反映语法形式的..C．语法范畴中的“格”即语法格式.. D．汉语属于屈折语..四、分析题25分1．列表分析下列语素5分;每词1分2．用层次分析法分析下列句法结构4分;每小题2分1这是一个鲜花盛开的村庄1_11___________________1主谓1_11_11________________1述宾1___11______________1偏正1_______11____1偏正1___11____1主谓2非常热爱祖国和人民的英雄1__________________11___1偏正1_______11______________1述宾1____11____11_____11____偏正、联合3．用变换的方法分析下列句法多义的句子4分;每小题2分1发现了敌人的哨兵A．哨兵发现了敌人..B．我们发现了敌人的哨兵..2关心的是广大群众A．关心我们的是广大群众..B．我们关心的是广大群众..4、指出下列合成词的具体的构造方式4分;每词1分1中肯－支配式 2自卫－陈述式 3表态－支配式 4金黄－限定式5．指出下列句子中划线部分的词形变化所表示的语法范畴和语法意义4分;每小题2分1 He has many things to do.has：表示人称的语法范畴;表示的语法意义是第三人称单数..Things：表示的语法范畴是数;表示的语法意义是复数..2 Laowang gives me a book.gives：表示的语法范畴是人称;表示的语法意义是第三人称单数.. me：表示的语法范畴是格;表示的语法意义是宾格..说明：本题很多同学只回答了语法范畴而没有回答语法意义;很显然是没有看清题意要求所致..五、问答题20分;每小题5分1．举例说明什么是词缀、词尾;并简要说明词缀和词尾的区别..答：词缀是粘附在词根上构成新词的语素..根据位置的不同;一般把词缀分为前缀、中缀、后缀三种..前缀粘附于词根的前面;如dislike、rebuild、informal、disagree、enlarge、unhappy、老乡、阿爸、第一;等等..中缀：位于词的中间;比较少见;有人认为汉语“胡里糊涂、罗里罗嗦、肮里肮脏”中间的成分是中缀..后缀粘附在词根的后面;例如“记者、读者、西化、年头、鼓手、凳子、really、teacher、widen、happiness”..词尾是粘附在词词根或词缀后面;表达某种语法意义的语素;词尾只能改变一个词的形式;不能构成新词..比如“reader”加上词尾s变成readers;表示复数的语法意义..词尾不同于词缀：第一;从位置看;词尾只能出现在整个词的后面;不能出现在其它位置上;这个词可能是词根构成的;也可能有后缀;那么词尾只能在后缀的后面;而词缀有的在词的后面;有的在词的前面;少数还在词的中间；第二;从功能看;词缀可以构成新词;是词的构成部分;是固定在词的结构中的;是构词的语素..词尾不是词的构成成分;不能构成新词;它只是改变词的形式;表示某种语法意义;属于变词语素..词尾所表示的语法意义;是通过语法单位例如词或语素的组合体现出来的;一般只在具体的句子中才出现;单独一个词;没有组合;没有语境;没有与具体的语法意义相联系;也没有相应的语法形式;当然就不可能出现词尾..2．形态变化有那几种情况举例说明..答：形态变化主要有三种情况：第一;附加词尾;例如“books”其中的词尾s表示数的语法范畴;表示的语法意义是复数；第二;内部屈折;即词中的元音或辅音发生变化;例如“man”是单数;如果是复数;其中的元音a要变成e;写作men；第三;异根;即采用不同的词语形式表达不同的语法意义;例如第一人称单数;作主格用I;作宾格用me..3．举例说明什么是级;以及级的构成方式..答：级：表示性质或属性的程度上的差别的语法范畴;是形容词和副词所具有的意义..级一般可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种..英语的级的构成情况是：比较级加词尾er;最高级加词尾est..例如：red 原级 redder 比较级;加er reddest 最高级;加est4．“红太阳”和“太阳红”的语法意义有什么差别形成这些差别的语法手段是什么答：“红太阳”的语法意义是修饰和被修饰;二者构成偏正关系；“太阳红”的语法意义是陈述和被陈述;二者构成主谓关系..这两个结构所使用的词完全相同;但是语法意义不同;这种不同的语法意义是通过词序这个语法手段体现出来的..汉语是没有形态变化的语言;词序是表达语法意义的重要手段..语言学概论第四次作业第五章－第九章一、填空20分;每小题1分1．一般性、模糊性、全民性是词义概括性的三个重要表现形式..2．同义词的“同”主要指理性意义相同或相似;不同之处主要有范围大小、词义轻重和附加色彩等方面..3．绝对反义词的意义所概括反映的都是同类现象中的两个对立的方面.. 4．词语的组合一方面要受到语法规则的支配;另一方面要受到语义条件的限制..5．文字的作用主要是突破了有声语言的时间和空间局限;使出口即逝的语言能够传于异地;留于异时..6．文字的发展经历了表意、表意兼表音、表音三个阶段..7．从语言谱系来分类;汉语属于汉藏语系;英语属于印欧语系..8．词汇的变化主要体现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、词语的替换、词义的演变三个方面..二、判断正误14分;每小题1分解题说明：正确的打钩;错误的打叉..1．基本词具有很强的构词能力;而像“我、他、啊、吗、从”这类词都没有能产性特点;所以不是基本词.. ×2．词义不是对客观现实现象的反映;例如像“天堂、地狱、玉皇大帝、夜叉”这类词的意义;并不是客观现实现象.. ×3．“天、地、水、人”这些词只有一个音节;都是单义词.. × 说明：本题很多同学答错;可能简单地将单音节词与单义词对应起来了..4．“小鞋”本义指“号码较小的鞋子”;派生义指“故意给别人的刁难”;这是隐喻.. √5．“铁窗”本义指“安有铁栅栏”的窗户;派生义指“监狱”;这是隐喻.. ×6．所有的汉字都与语素相对应;都有一定的意义.. ×7．从我国的社会政治经济和文化的发展水平看;汉字必须立即改成拼音文字;才能适应社会发展变化的需要.. ×8．口语是在书面语的基础上产生的;促进了书面语的发展.. ×9．语言发展的根本原因是语言中的各种因素相互影响.. ×分析说明：本题很多人选择对;这很不应该;社会发展是语言发展的根本动力;即使语言内部因素互相影响到了语言的变化;其根本原因还是社会的发展变化..社会发展是语言发展最基本的条件;这是语言发展的根本观点..10．语言的发展变化是逐渐发生的;没有突变.. √11．行业用语不能被全民语言吸收而发展成为日常交际用语.. × 12．借词不同于意译词.. √13．一种语言与另一种语言融合;主要取决于操这种语言的民族是否居于统治地位.. ×14．任何规则都是有例外的;如英语名词的复数形式是在后面加上s;但man、knife的复数却不能加s;而是内部元音或辅音发生变化.. √ 三、单项选择题20分;每小题1分解题说明：每小题只有一个答案正确;请将正确答案的题号填入空中..1．下列每组词全都属于基本词汇的是 C ..A、丈夫、妻子、兄弟、令堂B、若干、屹立、篇章、父母C、make; look ; do; getD、电视、开发、能力、学派分析说明；稍微具备一些英语知识;就会选择C了..2．“上帝”“天堂”“妖怪”“神仙”等词的词义是 D ..A、不反映现实现象B、反映现实现象C、没有现实根据D、对现实现象的歪曲反映3．“兵”的最初意义是 B ..A、士兵B、武器C、战争D、军事4．下列各组词中;属于等义词的一组是 C ..A、成果——后果B、many――muchC、替代——代替D、头颅——脑瓜子分析说明：本题很多人选择了D;但这里有口语和书面语的差别;风格不同..5．下列反义词之间属于非此即彼的一组是 D ..A、白——黑B、大——小C、高——低D、生——死6．就下列词语来看;只有 A 组中的汉字全都能独立地表示语素..A．山峰音乐事理委员 B．沙发吉它卡片罗马 C．葡萄玻璃枇杷纱门 D．蜘蛛窈窕逍遥逃遁7．下列文字中属于音节文字的是 A .. A．日文字母 B．英文字母 C．俄文字母 D．法文字母8．下列文字中属于音位字母的是 B ..A．日文字母 B．英文字母 C．汉字 D．阿拉伯字母9．从造字方法考察;文字的发展经历了 D 三个阶段..A．表意—表音—表意兼表音 B．表音—表意兼表音—表意C．表义兼表音—表意—表音 D．表意—表意兼表音—表音10．汉字是现行文字中的一种典型的 C 文字..A．表音 B．表意 C．意音 D．音节11．从偏旁和字音字义的联系情况看;下列各组汉字只有 A 是形声字..A．赶妈想视 B．赵看部路 C．汉地使爨 D．庙春鸡叹12．语言发展变化的基本条件是 C ..A.自然的发展变化B.语言内部的因素C.社会的发展变化D.个人生活经历的变化13. 在一种语言内部划分地域方言时的依据主要是 D ..A.语法B.词汇C.词义D.语音14. 同一语系中的语言可根据它们亲属关系的亲疏远近依次分为 A ..A.语族语支语群B.语族语群语支C.语群语族语支D.语支语族语群15．下列都属于汉语中借词的是 C ..A.雷达足球沙发椅B.卡车电话哈巴狗C.纳粹吉他吉普车D.沙龙朝廷艾滋病16．下列各组词只有 C 是意译词..A.雷达马达咖啡B.啤酒苜蓿哈密C.西装篮球胡瓜D.槟榔浪漫坦克17．柴门霍夫所创造的世界语是 C ..A.世界共同语B.洋泾浜C.国际辅助语D.克里奥耳语18．古汉语声母中有bdgptk;现已合流了;这条语音规律叫做 C ..A.腭化规律B.清音浊化规律C.浊音清化规律D.浊音送气化规律19．英语名词的复数形式一般是加上词尾s或es表示;但 A 组词不能这样类推..A.knife man leaf womanB.chair pen book friendC.pound bag sort weekdayD.hero pig room source20. 在社会变动较大或政治斗争激烈的时期;语言中变化最大的是 C ..A.语音B.词义C.词汇D.语法四、综合分析题16分1．分析下列同义词的主要差别6分;每小题1.5分A．批评－批判：词义轻重不同;“批评”词义轻;“批判”词义重.. B．发挥－发扬：搭配功能不同;“发挥”同“作用、功能”等搭配;“发扬”同“风格、作风”等搭配..C．牺牲－死亡－完蛋：感情色彩不同;“牺牲”是褒义词;“死亡”是中性词;“完蛋”是贬义词.. D．成果－结果－后果：感情色彩不同;“成果”是褒义词;“结果”是中性词;“后果”是贬义词..2．分析下列词语意义的演变情况10分;每小题2分A．墨水：原意是指书写用的黑色液体;今指各种颜色的这种液体..从指称一种颜色的液体到指称所有书写用液体;属于词义扩大..B．牺牲：原意指祭祀用的牲畜;今指为正义事业献身..从指称牲畜到指称正面人物的死亡;属于词义转移..C． deer：原意指动物;今指鹿..从指称所有动物到指称动物中的某一种;属于词义缩小..D．事故：原意泛指事情;今指意外的损失或灾祸;即不幸的事情..从泛指变成特指;属于词义缩小..E．泰斗：原意指泰山北斗;今指德高望重或卓有成就受到尊重的人..从指称自然界事物到指称人;属于词义转移..五、问答题30分;每小题5分1．基本词有哪些特点这些特点之间有什么样的影响答：基本词汇具有三个特点：第一;全民常用;所谓全民常用;就是指基本词汇在使用上具有普遍性;这种普遍性体现在不分阶级、阶层、行业、地域、年龄、性别;各行各业的人都懂得其含义;都要使用;而且经常使用.. 第二;稳固性..所谓稳固就是指基本词汇很少发生变化;长期地为使用这种语言的民族..一方面;词汇系统中的基本词汇只有保持相对稳定性;才能便于人们学习和使用;不至于影响交际;如果基本词汇时时刻刻处于变化之中;人们时时要学习新的词语;那么这种交际工具使用起来就不方便了;所以可以说稳固性是语言作为交际工具对词汇提出的基本要求；另一方面;基本词汇所记录的客观对象或观念;本身就是比较稳固;很少变化的..当然;基本词汇的稳固性是相对而言的;其实仍然有变化;有新旧词语的替换;只是这种变化很小..第三;有构词能力;所谓有构词能力;就是指基本词汇是构成新词的基础;由于基本词汇具有使用上的普遍性;加之使用时间又很长;非常稳固;影响很大;所以人们在创造新词语时;往往使用基本词汇作为构词要素.. 基本词汇的三个特点是互相联系、互相影响、互为因果的..由于基本词汇具有全民常用性特点;在使用上涉及到方方面面;涉及到不同阶层、不同的地域的人们运用语言;牵一发而动全身;所以客观上就要求基本词汇保持相对稳定性;不能经常变动;以利于运用；当新的事物现象出现;需要新词记录时;人们又首选现成的基本词汇作为构词材料;使得基本词汇又具有了很强的构词能力;这又反过来强化了基本词汇的全民常用性特点和稳固性特点..2．什么是词义的概括性有哪些表现形式简要说明这些表现形式的内涵..答：词义反映现实;不是像我们照镜子那样直接反映客观事物;而是经过对同类事物的特征的分析、综合、归纳把形形色色的客观事物的本质特点和事物与事物之间的区别特征抽象概括出来;进行归类;形成概念;再结合一定的语音形式反映出来;形成词义..词义是对客观现实现象的概括反映;它不是反映个别的具体的事物的特征;而是反映同一类事物现象的共同特征..概括性是词义的一个十分突出的特点;也可以说是词义最重要的特点..每个词;无论它所指称的范围有多大;它都是具有概括性的;“任何词都已经是在概括”;都反映的是客观现实的共同特征而舍弃了个别特征..词义的概括性具体表现为一般性、模糊性、全民性..词义的一般性就是指词义是从特殊的具体的对象事物中抽象出来的;舍弃了个别的具体事物的特点;反映的是同类事物的共同特征;一般性的特点..比如我们说“灯”;它指的是照明用具;没有具体指明什么灯;这里反映的是就是事物的共性..词义的模糊性指人们认识中产生的关于客观事物的边界、状态的不确定性..词义的模糊性特征尤其突出地反映在形容词和副词上;很多词;我们可以描述它的词义;可是我们无法给它和另外一个相对立的词划定一个分明的界限;例如“大－小、高－低、多－少、轻－重、咸－淡、好－坏、早－晚、快－慢、冷－温－热、老－中－青”等词的意义;它们的义界是模糊的;不清晰的;没有一个可以遵循的客观标准;这些词的外延是不确定的;因而反映这些概念的词也就具有了模糊性..词义的全民性指词义反映的现实现象是一个社会集团的全体成员共同认知的;没有阶级、阶层之分;没有阶级性;全民共同理解;都可以使用来表达思想..词义具有全民性特点;这是由语言作为人类最重要的交际工具这一社会职能本身决定的.. 3．举例说明什么是拼音文字、音位文字、意音文字..答：拼音文字是用字母记录语言中的音节或音位的文字;可分音位文字和音节文字两种类型;文字体系比较简明;一个字的拼写反映出语言中的一个符号的读音..例如英文;用26个拉丁字母记录语言中的音位;是音位文字;日文用假名记录语言中的音节;属于音节文字..音位文字是是拼音文字的一种;它用字母记录语言中的音位;是文字体系中最简明、最方便的文字..例如法文、英文就是..意音文字是用表意和表音两种方法结合起来所创造的文字体系;字体结构中既有表示字义的成分;又有表示字音的成分..汉字就是现行文字中的一种比较典型的意音文字;如“鹅”;左边表音;右边表意..4．语言发展有哪些特点为什么会有这些特点答：渐变性和不平衡性是语言发展的两个最重要的特点..关于这两个特点;要从语言的社会功能、语言与社会的密切联系角度来认识深入认识..1语言发展的渐变性特点：渐变性是语言发展的一个重要特点;它指语言随着社会的发展变化而变化;但语言不像社会变革那样产生突变;而是逐渐发展变化的;具有相对稳定性.. 语言的发展变化之所以具有渐变性特点;这是由语言的社会功能所决定的;语言作为人类最重要的交际工具;社会成员相互联系的纽带和桥梁;是人们日常生活根本离不开的;人们无时无刻不使用语言;语言同社会的关系是如此密切;因此不可能发生巨变、突变;只能逐渐变化;即使社会发生了剧烈变化;语言也不马上巨变;大有我自岿然不动之势..这样才能有人们的需要相适应;不至于影响人们的使用..2语言发展的不平衡性特点主要表现在两个方面：第一;语言系统的各个组成部分的发展不平衡;发展速度不一样;有的快;有的慢;其中词汇变化最快;语音发展变化较慢;语法发展变化最慢；第二;语言在不同的地域的发展速度和发展方向也不一样;同一种语言现象;在有的地区变化;在有的地区不发生变化;有的地区是这样变化;有的地区是那样变化;其结果是形成地域方言..语言发展不平衡性特点产生的原因是：第一;语言系统各个组成部分中;词汇变化最快;因为词汇与社会的联系最为紧密;最直接;对社会的发展变化反应也最灵敏;社会的变化;现实现象的产生与消失;随时都能在词汇中反应出来；第二;由于各地的社会政治、经济文化等方面的发展水平不一致;往往就导致语言在不同地域的发展变化具有不同的特点;因而具有不平衡性的特点..5．哪些因素促进了语言的发展;主要因素是什么简要说明..答：促进语言发展的因素有两个：一是社会发展变化;这是促进语言发展的基本条件..二是语言的各个要素的相互影响促进了语言的发展;语言是一个系统;作为系统中的各个构成要素是互相联系;互相影响的.. 社会。
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文学院2011级在职研究生“语言学概论”课程作业
一、名词解释
1. 语言
语言是以语音为物质外壳，以语义为意义内容的，音义结合的词汇建筑材料和语法组织规律的体系。
语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具，是进行思维和传递信息的工具，是人类保存认识成果的载体。
语言具有稳固性和民族性。
2.语音
语音是人类发音器官发出的具有区别意义功能的声音；语音是最直接地记录思维活动的符号体系，是语言交际工具的声音形式。
语音的物理基础主要有音高、音强、音长、音色，这也是构成语音的四要素。
人的发音器官及其活动情况是语音的生理基础。
3.符号
符号是指具有某种代表意义的标识。
来源于规定或者约定成俗，其形式简单，种类繁多，用途广泛，具有很强的艺术魅力。
4.音标
音标就是记录音素的符号，是音素的标写符号。
它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素。
如汉语拼音字母、英语的韦氏音标和国际音标等。
5.语流音变
语流音变：在连续的语流中，一个音可能由于邻近音的影响，或自身所处地位的不同，或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化，这种现象叫“语流音变”。
6.词类
词类是指词在语法上的分类，也就是把汉语里的所有词，根据它们的词汇意义和语法特点进行分类，这样得出的结果就是词类。
现代汉语教学系统把词分为十二类：实词名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词虚词副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词、拟声词。
7.文字
文字是人类用来记录语言的符号系统。
文字在语言学中指书面语的视觉形式，古代把独体字叫做“文”，把合体字叫做“字”，现在联合起来叫做“文字”，文字的基本个体叫做“字”。
在日常生活中，“文字”还可以指书面语、语言、文章、字等。
8.同义词
同义词是指意义相同或相近的词。
同义词中，意义和用法完全相同的很少，同义词中的近义词的意义只是相近，并不相同，一般不能互相代替。
9.借词
所谓借词就是一种语言从另一种语言中"借"来的词，通常这种词都是音译词，比如"沙发"、“麦克风”，以至于“塔”；英语里的"tea","kung fu"借自中文。
10.社会方言
在语言学中，社会方言指的是在某一社会团体，社会阶层或次文化群中被使用的语言。
在此意义上，它区别于个人方言，即个人使用的特殊形式的语言。
社会方言也区分于地域方言，即特定地区使用的特殊形式的语言。
然而地域方言通常有
特殊的社会地位，所以一种特定的语言变体常常同时被视为地域方言和社会方言。
二、填空题
1. 人类的发音器官可分为（）、（）和（）三大部分。
2.语言是人类社会的（）工具，而且也是（）的工具，这是语言的两大社会功能。
3. 根据发音特点，音素可以分为（）和（）两类。
4. 任何符号，都是由（）和（）两个方面构成的。
5. （）是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。
6. 语言体系中的一切成分都以关系为基础，语言系统中的所有符号既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，这两种关系就是（）和（）。
7. 语音同其它声音一样，也具有（）、（）、（）和（）四个要素。
8. 词的结构类型可分为（）、（）和（）三类。
9. 只能附加在词根上面，表达一定语法意义的语素叫（）。
10. 词义具有（）性、（）性、（）性三个特征。
11. 依照语言间亲属关系的亲疏程度可以把语言分为（）、（）、（）和（）。
12.词义的演变主要指词义的扩大、（）和（）。
三、分析题
（二）将下列各词按照其构造方式分别填入下表内
踟蹰饽饽敢于纸张星星抓紧刚刚动员耳鸣飞快邋遢体验国家云集司仪奶牛奶奶桌子健美投资
仅仅甜头美容心算扩大夏至司机人潮开关披萨
记者海啸克隆筛选往来新潮皑皑布匹胳膊老乡
四、论述题
1.如何认识语言符号的层级性？
2. 举例说明语音的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
同化：言语中最常见的一种语音变化，指两个不同或不相近的音连读，受影响而变得相同或相近。
如广州话中的“收音机”，往往说成“心机”，普通话中的“面包”miànbāo，前一个音节的韵尾/n/受到后一个音节的声母/p/影响，读成了/m/等。
异化：如果两个或多个相同或相近的音连在一起，又难免使语音成了囫囵的一串而难以分辨，所以其中一个要做出改变，这在语音学上叫做“异化”。
俄语里最丰富；法语“militɑire”[militε：r] →[melitε：r]
汉语主要表现为声调的异化：如两个上声连读，前一个变阳平（好好学习、粉笔、野草、悔改）
弱化：语流中有些音发音时受所处地位（位置：在词的末尾、作助词等）的影响而引起的肌肉紧张度减弱的音变现象。
如：大的[ta t&O01;]→[ta d&O01;]；哥哥[kγkγ]→[kγg&<241;]；妈妈[mA mA]→[mA m&<241;]；脑袋[nau tai]→[nau dε]（元音、辅音都弱化）
脱落：语流音变中连读的某个音消失的语音现象。
（往往弱化的某个音节进一步弱化形成脱落）汉语轻声音节经常出现脱落情况。
如：我们
[wom&<241;n ]→[wom]；豆腐[tou fu]→[touf]；意思
[yi si]→[yis]为了连读方便，儿化音节里韵尾-i -n常脱落。
（[i][n]韵尾与儿化的卷舌不协调，所以先减音再儿化）如“锅盖
儿”[kuo kɑi&<241;]→[kuo kɑ&<241;]；小孩儿
[φiɑu xai]→[φiɑu xar]；茶缸儿
[t&&51;’ɑka&&31;]→[t&&51;’ɑk&>59;&<241;]（只留鼻化的痕迹）
英语音节的连读或语速加快时，常出现脱落现象。
3. 为什么说组合关系和类聚关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系？
在语言体系中一切成分都以关系为基础，语言成分之间的关系都是在两个不同的
范围内展开的，这就是组合关系和类聚关系。
语言的二层关系是相对于语言系统的整体来说的，至于这一系统是如何运作，使语言具有丰富性和生动性，创造出无限多的句子来，所依靠的是组合关系和聚合关系。
组合关系就是两个或两个以上同一性质的结构单位（例如音位与音位、词与词等等），按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
组合关系直接体现了语言的结构规则要求。
在语言的组合结构的某一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用（组合能力）的单位符号之间的关系就是聚合关系。
聚合关系其实就是具有相同功能特点的一群符号之间的关系，由于它们的功能相同，所以在同一结构中可以互相替换，替换后虽然具体内容有所改变，但功能与结构关系没有变化。
组合关系所侧重的是符号和符号怎样组合成为一句完整的话，聚合关系所侧重的是如何替换现有的符号创造出更多的句子。
组合关系和类聚关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系。
不但所有的语言符号（符号系列）处在两种关系中，构成符号的各级单位也处在该关系中。
同样，语义的搭配、同义词的选择等也反映出语义方面的组合和类聚关系。
4. 常见的语法手段和语法范畴有哪些类型？请举例说明。
5. 地域方言和社会方言是怎样形成的？它们的主要区别是什么？
方言是全民语言的地方变体，各方言之间并未斩断一切联系，他们的基本词汇和语法构造基本上还是相同的。
社会的发展往往造成社会内部进一步的分工，这样，同一分工的人群在语言交际上就具有某一社团的特征，产生了语言分支或者语言变体，这就是社会方言。
社会的发展往往还伴随着人群生活地域的扩展或者迁移，这样，原来是同一种语言的语言群落，由于地域的变更，某一地域的语言变体就会跟原来的语言逐渐有了差距，各地域之间的语言变体有了自己的稳定性，就产生了地域方言。
方言差异是语言演变不平衡性的重要体现，这种不平衡是指在不同语言社团中进展速度快慢的不同。
地域方言和社会方言都是随着社会分化而分化，是社会分化的伴随现象。
二者的主要区别在于：
（1）范围不同。
社会方言是适应社会分工需要而产生的全民语言的分支，是全民语言的社会变体。
而地域方言则是全民语言在不同地域上所产生的全民语言的分支，是语言发展不平衡性在地域上的反映，虽然都叫方言，但划分的角度是不同的。
（2）内部差异不同。
域方言之间的主要差别表现在语音上，同时也反映在词汇系统和语法系统方面，而社会方言的主要差别则在一般词汇方面，语音、语法方面没有差别。
（3）发展趋势不同。
地域方言在一定条件下可以发展为独立的语言，或在社会高度统一融合情况下可能消失；社会方言没有自己的基本词汇、语音系统、语法结构，在任何条件下都不可能发展成为独立的语言。