哈贝马斯的普遍语用学

哈贝马斯的普遍语用学

廖美珍

2007年10月

Main Ideas

1．The task of universal pragmatics is to identify and reconstruct universal conditions of possible mutual understanding

2．The validity basis of speech

a. uttering something intelligibly,

b. giving (the hearer) something to understand,

c. making herself thereby understandable, and

d. coming to an understanding with another person

Or

a. choose an intelligible expression

b. communicate a true proposition

c. express her intentions truthfully

d. correct with respect to prevailing norms and values

Or

a. Comprehensibility

b. Truth

c. Truthfulness

d. Rightness

3. The aim of reaching understanding is to bring about an agreement that terminates in the inter-subjective mutuality of reciprocal comprehension, shared knowledge, mutual trust, and accord with one another. Agreement is based on recognition of the four corresponding validity claims.

4. Understanding

a. in its narrow sense: two subjects understand an expression in the same way;

b. in its broad sense: an accord exists between two subjects concerning the rightness of an utterance in relation to a mutually recognized normative background. In addition, the participants in communication can reach understanding about something in the world, and they can make their intentions understandable to one another.

c. Reaching understanding is the process of bringing about an agreement on the presupposed basis of validity claims that are mutually recognize

d.

5. The task of mutual interpretation, then, is to achieve a new definition of the situation that all participants can share.

6．哈贝马斯：交往行为模式

（1）韦伯的行为分类

由于哈贝马斯的交往行为模式基于对韦伯的社会行为理论的批判，所以我们简单介绍韦伯的关于社会行为的分类。

（2）哈贝马斯的语言交际模式

（a）理论基础：奥斯丁的言语行为理论（特别是奥斯丁关于言语行为的三分说中的“言外行为”和“以言取效行为”的区分）

（b）言语行为的分类（哈贝马斯，1976，What is universal pragmatics?）

Social action

Communicative action Strategic action

Action oriented toward Consensual action Openly strategic action Latently strategic action Reaching understanding

Action Discourse Manipulation Systematically

distorted communication

在哈贝马斯看来，奥斯丁的言外行为属于交往行为（communicative acts），是其普遍语用学理论的核心；奥斯丁的以言取效行为属于策略行为，不是他要研究的重点，也不是普遍语用学的组成部分。

（c）专门研究交往行为：以沟通，共识，理解为交际目的。（d）语言交际模式

Modes of

Domains of reality communication: V alidity claims General

Basic attitudes functions of speech

“The” world of Cognitive: Truth Representation of facts

external nature Objectivating

attitude

“Our” world of Interactive: Rightness Establishment of

society Conformative legitimate interpersonal relations attitude

“My” world of Expressive: Truthfulness Disclosure of speaker’s subjectivity internal nature Expressive

attitude

Language - Comprehensibility -