语言学Pragmatics语用学 ppt课件
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英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十一周
• (3) maxim of relation: Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?
•
Mary: Let’s go get some coffee.
• (4) Bert: Do you like ice-cream?
• Ernie: Is the Pope Catholic? (+> obviously yes!)
•
He’s always ready to help.
•
He never leaves you in the lurch.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
• 反语（irony），隐喻(metaphor)，夸张法 (hyperbole)和弱言法(meiosis)都是有意违 反会话的质量准则的结果.
会话原则的违反和隐喻
Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicature
• 1. Conversational implicature • 2. Generalized conversatonal implicatures • 3. Particularized conversational
implicatures • 4. Properties of conversatoinal
attendance at tutorials has been regular. However, his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job. • (2) You’re the cream in my coffee.------ But I’m afraid I don’t quite like cream in my coffee.
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
pragmatics ppt
2.对语言使用间接性的解释
• SA 理论认为语言使用的间接性来源于话语的词汇) 语义 结构, 例如:Can you pass me the salt? 这句话从表面 看是询问对方是否有能力把盐递过来, 但实际的言外之力 却是请求对方做这件事, 询问是次要的言外行为, 请求才 是主要的言外行为。它把话语当作第一位的,把语境、使 用者以及交际效果当作第二位的。
PA 是一种宏观的人类交际行为理论, 以行为对交际产生的 实际效果为中心, 把言语交际看作社团成员之间的社会) 文 化行为, 突出语境特别是社会、文化语境的重要作用, 认为 在“制度化了的社会活动中”, 情景(如教学、看病、茶会) 在某种程度上已经预先规定了言语的使用, 即依照情景,交 际者彼此期待对方使用某些话语, 这些话语将被认为是可 以接受的。 在情景中实施的SA 就是PA, 但PA不一定是SA, 因为PA也 可以通过身体动作甚至“沉默”这种行为得以实施。 换句话说, PA理论将语用研究重心由微观层面的言语本身, 转向宏观层面的、以言语为主的交际行为发生的情景及其 蕴涵的行为可能性以及实际的行为和行为效果。
The differences between PA and SA
• PA is belong to macropragmatics
• 讨论的是“社会文化层面对语 言运用者言语运用的宏观调控 中所体现的语用问题” • PA 的行为则指主要通过语言进 行的社会交往活动, 它包括说 话, 也包括如表情、动作等在 内的其他交际行为, 在情景中 言语和其他交际行为的地位是 平等的。
• SA is belong to micropragmatics
• 根据徐盛桓的观点, Mey 的微 观语用学是在“话语运用的层 次”上, “围绕着对语言符号 在言谈交际中的指称和意义中 的‘意图’的理解而展开的语 用学课题的讨论” • SA的行为专指说话, 即使用语y认为SA 的解释方向是由里及外的, 即从话语出发, 考察语言的使 用和理解, 而PA 的解释方向则是由外及里的, 即从语言使用和理解 的情景出发, 考察人们的交际自由与制约以及因之而决定的交际行为 的可能性和实际行为。 • SA以话语为中心,把言语交际这种人类活动完全看作个人行为, Mey认 为这种单纯的语言或思维理论不能解释具体情景中语言使用者的行为, 而对交际做语用考察时必须时刻考虑在特定情景中交际者各种交际行 为的可能性, 这就必然引出一个结论即必须用行为理论才能真正解释 语言使用现象, 或者说语用理论本质上必须是行为理论, PA就是这样 一种行为理论。
语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件
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• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
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6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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definition of deixis
新编语言学教程chapter 6 pragmatics (课堂PPT)
The previous word is called the antecedent, and the second word is called the anaphor or anaphoric expression.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
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3.2 Constatives and performatives
• Constatives: statements, assertions and utterances like them; an utterance is used to state a fact or what the speaker believes to be a fact, or to describe state of affairs. e.g: She is a waitress. The characteristic property of a constative is that it can be assessed in terms of truth value.
the rest of social sience was/ wasn’t asleep. >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics. • Cleft sentences It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie. >> Somenone kissed Rosie. • Comparisons and contrasts Carol is/ isn’t a better linguist than Barbara. >> Barbara is a linguist.
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Direct anaphora (direct relation between the antecedent and the anaphor):
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3.2 Constatives and performatives
• Constatives: statements, assertions and utterances like them; an utterance is used to state a fact or what the speaker believes to be a fact, or to describe state of affairs. e.g: She is a waitress. The characteristic property of a constative is that it can be assessed in terms of truth value.
the rest of social sience was/ wasn’t asleep. >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics. • Cleft sentences It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie. >> Somenone kissed Rosie. • Comparisons and contrasts Carol is/ isn’t a better linguist than Barbara. >> Barbara is a linguist.
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十五周
Commissives:
Those kinds of speech acts that the speaker uses to commit himself to some future action.
They express what the speaker intends. They are promises, threats, refusals, pledges, and as shown in (3) , they can be performed by the speaker alone, or by the speaker as a member of a group.
close the door.
Example (3)
One of the most common types of ndirect speech act in English, as shown in (3) has the form of an interrogative, but is not typically used to ask questions, that is , we do not expect an answer, but we expect action.
d. If John will leave the room, I will leave also.
(1972: 140)
命题和言外行为
这五句话具有相同的命题内容，但实施了 五种不同的言外行为。（谓词和声言）。
并非所有言外行为都要通过命题内容来实 施： 例如： “Hello”, “My God”, “Ouch” 等 没有命题内容可言， 他们却都实施了一定 的言外行为。
(2) a. Don’t touch that.
pragmatics语用学-PPT
• Implicatures can be cancelled: a) Plus “if clause…” b) In some context
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Pragmatics 语用学教学PPT
• 交际目的 • 交际目的是各种各样的。或是陈明一种心理， 希望对方明知；或是提出一种问题，希望能 够得到解答；或是表达一种请求，希望对方 照办；或是抒发一种感情，希望引起共鸣。 不同的交际目的制约着人们的交际行为。
• 交际过程
– 改变语音形式， “一”作 “幺”；“0‖作 “洞”。 – 重复话语：如电影《英雄儿女》中：“我是王 成，我是王成！为了祖国，为了人民，请向我 开炮！” – 增加羡余成分：我明天早上，早上九点到！请 到机场接我！ – 放慢语速，加大音量。
• 交际对象 • 言语交际离不开交际对象。交际对象是具有各种个 性特征的。如性别、年龄、身份、地位、生活环境、 职业经历、思想性格、修养爱好、文化水平、社会 心理、处境心情等。这些个性特征都会不同程度地 制约着言语交际。 • 交际对象涉及双方的关系亲疏、地位高低、辈分尊 卑、年龄长幼等因素。一般说来，交际双方关系越 密切，地位、年龄、辈分相当，所需的礼貌成度就 越低；双方关系越疏远，越陌生，双方地位、辈分、 年龄相差越大，越要客气。“礼貌的其中一个功能 便是创造交际双方之间的社会距离。”
• 意义：提醒、催促、或是对听话人不守时间的批评。若考虑 到双方的关系：上下级关系，师生关系，父母子女之间、恋 人之间等，则可以理解的意思还多些。 • 一个人老想着出国，老对别人讲要办好手续了，但老也没见 他出国，有人就说，“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：关心、调侃或嘲讽。 • 下班时间早过了，某人还在办公室里忙乎，值班人员过来锁 门，说：“你怎么还没走？” • 意义：值班人员可能是出于爱护，也可能是出于生气，还可 能是某种猜测（是不是有什么不能在办公时间处理的不可告 人的什么事情，是不是在等什么人的电话，等等。） • 一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事，被某个态度不好的工作 人员拒之门外，过了半天，那个工作人员看见老百姓还在门 口，于是说：“你怎么还不走？” • 意义：可以比较肯定地认为，这是一种不太友好的态度，是 让对方赶快走开的意思。
语用学课件1 What's pragmatics
---- the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics VS. semantics
Blackwell, 1993. /
Forms of Course Assessment
-- Attendance (presence and punctuality) (10%) -- Participation (presentation and participation in class discussion) (20%) -- Paper (20%) -- Final examination (50%)
More exercises:
It's the taste.
It's cold in here. Your father is coming. What are the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the above sentences.
sentence ning VS. utterance meaning
Textbook and References
Pragmatics, J. Peccei, Routledge, 1999. Notes on Pragmatics, He Ziran, Nanjing Normal
University Press, 2002.
Pragmatics: An Introduction, J. Mey, Oxford:
• Sentence meaning VS. utterance meaning
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics VS. semantics
Blackwell, 1993. /
Forms of Course Assessment
-- Attendance (presence and punctuality) (10%) -- Participation (presentation and participation in class discussion) (20%) -- Paper (20%) -- Final examination (50%)
More exercises:
It's the taste.
It's cold in here. Your father is coming. What are the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the above sentences.
sentence ning VS. utterance meaning
Textbook and References
Pragmatics, J. Peccei, Routledge, 1999. Notes on Pragmatics, He Ziran, Nanjing Normal
University Press, 2002.
Pragmatics: An Introduction, J. Mey, Oxford:
• Sentence meaning VS. utterance meaning
语言学Pragmatics语用学24页PPT
语言学Pragmatics语用学
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能Biblioteka 够再往 上登。谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能Biblioteka 够再往 上登。谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第一周
wh-trace
❖ eg. 1. Susan’s brother was killed t in the tsunami.
❖ 2. Who do you love t?
Overt NPs
❖ 1. Lexical anaphors ❖ The composers admire themselves. ❖ 2. Pronouns ❖ He is Italian enough to understand the culture, and
Eg. 1. Lance Armstrong won the centenar Tor de France. 2. Lance Armstrong the centerary Tour de France won.
Sentence-meaning
❖ Those aspectof meaning that are ascribeed to a sentence in the abstract, that is, a sentence independent of its realization in any concrete form.
❖ Eg. 1. Liszt adored chopin. ❖ 2. Chopin was adored by Liszt. ❖ 3. LISZT ADORED CHOPIN.
1.4 The advantage of studying language via pragmatics
❖ one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第三周
编码时间：(Coding time, 简称CT) 接收时间：(receiving time, 简称RT) 时间指和空间指的重要区别：CT和RT是一致
的，但在语言活动中，交际双方却永远不可能 处于同一空间位置。
Deictic center
说 ____go______take________＞there
Pragmatics
The third week
Difficult points
Deixis Deictic projection Non-deictic usage of the dictic expressions Psychological distance
2.1 Deixis
The term “deixis” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to show”or “to point”
temporal location of the utterance;
2. the linguistic context.
3.the general knowledge context
Exercise
Eg. 1. He’s not the chief executive; he is. He’s the managing director.
3. Debby: Anything to see there? 4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it’s
worth the trip. 5. Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most
的，但在语言活动中，交际双方却永远不可能 处于同一空间位置。
Deictic center
说 ____go______take________＞there
Pragmatics
The third week
Difficult points
Deixis Deictic projection Non-deictic usage of the dictic expressions Psychological distance
2.1 Deixis
The term “deixis” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to show”or “to point”
temporal location of the utterance;
2. the linguistic context.
3.the general knowledge context
Exercise
Eg. 1. He’s not the chief executive; he is. He’s the managing director.
3. Debby: Anything to see there? 4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it’s
worth the trip. 5. Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most
语用学课件 Pragmatics 3
❖ “With some knowledge of a certain language, the speaker produces a standard grammatical sentence and this sentence, without any consideration of circumstantial factors, can be understood properly according to its conventional meaning.”
❖ A: Can you tell me the time? ❖ B: Well, the milkman has just come.
❖ It seems likely to simplify the structure and the content of semantic descriptions.
❖ She is poor and honest.
❖ She is poor but honest.
❖ (propositional content, implication)
❖ (context-free)
❖ Non-conversational vs. conversational
❖ A poorly described class which Grice thought as derivable from the possible “aesthetic, social, or moral” maxims which he indicated exist but did not argue for in his work
❖ The maxim of manner
❖ Be perspicuous, and specifically:
❖ A: Can you tell me the time? ❖ B: Well, the milkman has just come.
❖ It seems likely to simplify the structure and the content of semantic descriptions.
❖ She is poor and honest.
❖ She is poor but honest.
❖ (propositional content, implication)
❖ (context-free)
❖ Non-conversational vs. conversational
❖ A poorly described class which Grice thought as derivable from the possible “aesthetic, social, or moral” maxims which he indicated exist but did not argue for in his work
❖ The maxim of manner
❖ Be perspicuous, and specifically:
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第六周
Triangular relation
• Utterer------linguistic forms------addressess
• Speak
language
interprete
• Presuppostion entailment
•
• Convey meaning • with one sentence •
b=Bill,c=Carol,L=like,M=mother, x and y are variables which may be translated as “someone”, “anyone” or “everyone”
• 1. M (a, b)
• 2. Ex (L (x,b)) • 3. L (b, c) ∧L (c, b) • 4. ～Ax (L (x, c)) • 5. L (a, b)∧～L (a, c) • 6. ～Ex (Ay (L (y,x)))
p q p ∧ q p∨ q p → q p≡ q
T TT
T
T
T
T FF
T
F
F
FT
F
T
T
F
FF
F
F
T
T
• 1.father＝PARENT (x, y) ∧MALE (x) • 2.mother＝ PARENT (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 3.son＝CHILD (x, y) ∧ MALE (x) • 4.daughter＝CHILD (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 5.take＝CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y))) • 6.give＝CAUSE (x, (～ HAVE (x, y))) • 7. die＝BECOME (x, (～ ALIVE (x))) • 8.kill＝CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (～ ALIVE(y)))))
语言学教程语用学 PPT
the speaker and the hearer、 ③Various ponents of
shared knowledge have been identified, e、g、
knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what
has been said before, knowledge about the world in
afford to investigate the use of language and extralinguistic factors were not to be considered、
[ 《普通语言学教程》的尾句:The only true object of
study in linguistics is the language, considered in
establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the
expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of
semantics、
[《新编简明英语语言学教程》P84]
Pragmatics vs Semantics
consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics、
③What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the
context of language use is considered、 ④If it is not
shared knowledge have been identified, e、g、
knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what
has been said before, knowledge about the world in
afford to investigate the use of language and extralinguistic factors were not to be considered、
[ 《普通语言学教程》的尾句:The only true object of
study in linguistics is the language, considered in
establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the
expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of
semantics、
[《新编简明英语语言学教程》P84]
Pragmatics vs Semantics
consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics、
③What essentially distinguishes semantics and
pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the
context of language use is considered、 ④If it is not
语言学课件Chapter 6 Pragmatics
e.g. My bag is heavy.
Semantic analysis: BAG ( BEING HEAVY)
Pragmatic analysis: a statement; an indirect, polite request; a refusal
Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
话语是句子意义与语境的结合，是句子意 义在特定语境中的具体化，体现了说话人 的意g is much richer than sentence meaning.
It varies with the context in which the sentence is used.
Context consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
It includes the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, which can be subdivided into the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which communication is taking place.
1) The room is messy.
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Pragmatics：
It refers to the study of “intended speaker meaning”.
I. Invisible meaning 隐含意义
In order for us to recognize the invisible meaning, the writers must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations. Then, we use the meaning of the words, in combination, and the context in which they occur, and we try to arrived at what the writer of the sign intended his message to convey.
a) Co-text
The co-text of a word is the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence.
The surrounding co-text has a strong effect on what we think the word means.
Bank
1. I need to go to the bank to withdraw some cash.
2. It’s on the north bank of the Thames.
3. The girls ran down the steep grassy bank.
4. He has a bank of knowledge.
d. a raised area of ground that slopes at the sides, often at the edge of sth or dividing sth
b) Physical context
Our understanding of much of what we read and hear is tied to the physical context, particularly the time and place, in which we encounter linguistic expressions.
Pragmatics
Preview:
Invisible meaning (隐含意义) Context (语境) Deixis (指示语) Reference (指称) Anaphora (照应) Presupposition (预设) Speech acts (言语行为) Politeness (礼貌原则)
IV.Reference 指称
In discussing deixis, we assumed that the use of words to refer to people and things was a simple matter. However, words themselves don’t refer to anything. People refer. We have to define reference as an act by which a speaker(or writer) uses language to enable a listener(or reader) to identify
Person deixis
Perso bring it
Temporal
deixis
back tomorrow because
Person
Spatial
Temporal
deixis
deixis
deixis
she isn’t here today.
All the deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind. We make a broad distinction between what is marked as close to the speaker(this, here, now) and what is distant(that, there, then), we can also indicate whether movement is away from the speaker’s location(go) or toward the speakers location(come).
II. Context 语境
There are different kinds of context.
One kind is described as linguistic context, also known as co-text.
More generally, we know how to interpret words on the basis of physical context.
III.Deixis 指示语
a)Person deixis: it, this, me, you, him, them, etc.
b)Spatial deixis: here, there, near that, etc.
c)Temporal deixis: now, then, tonight, last week, etc.
a. the side of a river, canal, etc. and the land near it
b. an organization that provides various financial services
c. an amount of sth that is collected; a place where sth is stored ready for use