GAAP_Business Entity 一般公认会计原则
什么是公认会计原则(GAAP)
什么是公认会计原则（GAAP）当今社会，财务会计已经发展成一门务实的科学，它的发展依赖于一系列保证财务数据创建和使用的规范和标准，其中被称为公认会计原则（GAAP）的原则是其中最重要的部分。
公认会计原则的定义是指衡量和披露会计信息的概念性框架，其核心目标是实现信息透明，将当前和历史真实的经济状况披露出来，以及保证财务报告的一致性和可比性。
1. GAAP 都包括什么内容？GAAP 是一组框架，用于衡量和披露会计信息，它的内容涉及会计的两个主要方面：会计原则，准则，指导方针和方法。
其中，会计原则是最基本的，需要会计人员遵守和记录财务信息；会计准则是更高级的，系统性地整合会计原则；其他指导方针和方法，部分是更具体的参考，已经实施了会计原则和准则的具体披露。
2. GAAP 的历史渊源GAAP 可以追溯到 1933 年美国实行的《证券法》，该法在 U.S. 法律体系中规定，私营企业发行股票时，需要将其财务状况正确地披露出来，为了实现该要求，于是“美国联邦证券和交易委员会”（SEC）制定了相关的指导准则，从而催生了 GAAP 的概念。
3. GAAP 的发展趋势GAAP 的发展问世以来，一直在发展壮大，追求新高度，当前 GAAP 早已跳脱公司和法律框架，拓展到国际，它呼唤着国家与国家之间的信息共享，市场的全球化，行业的垄断，以及各公司的国际化，因此它的发展趋势也是不断地进行改变和完善。
4. GAAP 的实施和适用随着全球化的进程，越来越多的国家接受 GAAP，最终实现了 GAAP 统一适用，而 GAAP 的实施则需要政府、监管机构和财务会计技术人员紧密合作，形成系统框架，使得 GAAP 得以全面、有效地运用。
名词解释 gaap
gaap的名词解释
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GAAP是“Generally Accepted Accounting Principles”的缩写，翻译为“普遍公认的会计原则”。
它是指被广泛接受并用于财务报告与会计实践的一系列规则、标准和原则。
GAAP旨在确保财务报告的准确性、可比性和透明度，以便投资者、债权人和其他利益相关方能够理解和评估一个企业的财务状况。
以下是GAAP的一些关键特点和常见的原则：
1、重要性：GAAP强调将重要信息披露给用户，以影响他们对企业的经济决策。
2、一致性：GAAP要求企业在会计处理上保持一致性，以便不同时间段和实体之间进行比较。
3、实体概念：GAAP视企业为独立的法律实体，独立于其所有者和管理层。
4、费用效益：GAAP鼓励企业根据成本效益原则来确定会计政策
和过程。
5、包容性：GAAP希望涵盖各种类型的企业和交易，并提供灵活性以适应不同的行业和情况。
6、历史成本原则：GAAP要求企业以历史成本记录资产和负债，并在特定情况下进行调整。
7、全面收入原则：GAAP要求企业将其所有的经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的收入都包括在内，以反映企业的全面财务状况。
需要注意的是，GAAP在不同国家和地区可能会有一些差异。
例如，美国的GAAP与国际上通用的国际财务报告准则（IFRS）存在一些差异。
因此，在特定的环境中，可能需要遵循适用的本地或行业特定的会计原则。
财务会计英汉对照词汇表
accountant n. 会计师，会计人员accounting n. 会计，会计学accounting concept 会计概念accounting element 会计要素accounting entity 会计主体accounting equation 会计等式accounting information 会计信息accounting period 会计期间accounting principle 会计原则accounting record 会计记录accounting report 会计报告accounting system 会计系统，会计制度accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制adequate disclosure 充分披露American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)美国注册会计师会analytical process 分析程序asset n. 资产auditing n. 审计balance sheet 资产负债表bookkeeper n. 簿记员，记帐员bookkeeping n. 簿记business n. 企业，商经，经营cash-basis accounting 现金收付制certified public accountants (CPAs) 注册会计师，注册会计师chartered accountant 特许会计师Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA)中国注册会计师协会client n. 客户，委托人company n. 公司conservatism n. 稳健性consistency n. 一致性controller n. 主计长corporation n. 公司cost accounting 成本会计CPA firms 注册会计师事务所debt n. 债务，欠款decision-making 决策double-entry accounting system 复式记帐体系executive n. 高级管理人，行政部门expense n. 费用financial accounting 财务会计financial position 财务状况financial statement 财务报表generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则forecast n. 预测going-concern concept 持续经营概念governmental accounting 政府会计historical cost 历史成本income statement 收益表、损益表income tax returns 所得税申报表insolvent a. 无偿付能力的internal control 内部控制Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 国内税收暑interpret v. 解释、说明inventory n. 存货journal n. 日记帐jurisdiction n. 司法部门liability n. 负债management accounting 管理会计management advisory 管理咨询matching principle 配比原则materiality 重要性measure v. 计量、衡量net income 净收益net loss 净损失、净亏损nonprofit organizations 非营利组织objective principle 客观性原则operating results 经营成果owner’s equity 业主权益partnership n. 合伙企业private businesses 私营企业profit n. 利润、盈利public accounting 公共会计realization principle 实现原则render v. 提供，提出revenue n. 收入Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易管理委员会single proprietorship 独资企业solvent a. 有偿付能力的tailored a. 特定的tax statute 税法transaction n. 经济业务、交易withdrawals n. 撤资，撤回yardstick n. 标准、尺度2会计循环account n. 帐户accounting cycle 会计循环accounting entry 会计分录accounting procedure 会计程序accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表adjusting entry 调整分录advertising expense 广告费用after-closing trial balance 结帐后试算表allocate v. 分配、分摊apportion v. 分配、分摊balance n. 余额balance sheet account 资产负债表帐户bank deposit slip 银行帐单book of original entry 原始分录帐簿calculate v. 计算cash payments journal 现金支出日记帐cash receipts journal 现金收入日记帐check stub 支票存根chronological record 序时记录closing entry 结帐分录closing the accounts 结帐compound journal entry 复合日记帐分录credit n. v. 贷项、贷记credit balance 贷方余额credit entry 贷方分录debit n. v. 借项、借记debit balance 借方余额debit entry 借方分录depreciation expense 折旧费用double-entry accounting 复式记帐会计、复式记帐制end-of-period adjusting entries 期末调整分录footnotes n. 附注general journal 普通日记帐income statement account 损益表帐户income summary account 收益汇总帐户income tax payable 应付所得税journal entry 日记帐分录ledger n. 分类帐ledger account 分类帐帐户liquidity n. 流动性，变现能力nominal account 虚帐户operating expense 营业费用，经营费用owner’s capital 业主资本permanent account 永久性帐户post v. 过帐premium n. 保险费、溢价profitability n. 盈利能力property insurance 财产险purchase journal 购货日记帐real account 实帐户retained earnings 留存收益Salaries expense 薪金费用sales journal 销货日记帐sale receipt 销货发票service revenue 服务收入solvency n. 偿债能力source document 原始凭证special journal 特种日记帐statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of owner’s equity 业主权益表statement of retained earnings 留存收益表summarize v. 加总、汇总telephone expense 电话费用temporary account 临时性帐户unadjusted trial balance 调整前试算表3现金accounting record 会计帐簿accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款bank account 银行帐户bank charges 银行手续费bank credit memorandum 银行贷项通知bank debit memorandum 银行借项通知bank reconciliation 银行余额调节表bank statement 银行对帐单bond n. v. 债券brokerage commission 经纪人佣金cash account 现金帐户cash dividend 现金股利cash in bank 银行存款cash on hand 库存现金cash over and short 现金溢缺cash payment journal 现金支付日记帐cash receipts 现金收入cash receipt journal 现金收入日记帐cash register 现金登记簿check n. 支票checking account 支票帐户controlling account 统制帐户custodian 保管人deposit n. 存款deposit in transit 在途存款dividend revenue 股利收入fiscal period 会计期间government bond 公债income summary 收益汇总interest date 付息日internal control 内部控制IOU (由I owe you的读音缩略转义) 欠条long-term investment 长期投资lower of cost or market (LCM) 成本与市价孰低make change 交换，找零头marketable debit security 债务性有价证券marketable equity security 权益性有价证券marketable security 有价证券miscellaneous expense 杂项费用miscellaneous revenue 杂项收入money on deposit 货币存款money order 汇款单notes receivable 应收票据NSF (not sufficient funds) 存款不足outstanding check 未兑现支票petty cash 备用金petty cash fund 定额备用金postage n. 邮费postdated check 远期支票purchase price 买价quoted market price 挂牌市价replenish v. 补充security exchange 证券交易所short-term investment 短期投资sinking fund cash 偿债基金现金transaction n. 交易，经济业务transportation in 购货运费unrealized loss 未实现损失voucher n. 付款凭单4应收帐款account receivable n. 应收帐款accounts receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率adjusting entry 调整会计分录aging 帐龄(分析)aging schedule 帐龄分析表allowance for doubtful accounts 坏帐准备books n. 帐簿credit department 信贷部门，赊销管理部门credit loss 信贷损失，赊销损失credit manager 信贷经理，赊销管理经理credit ranking 信用评级credit risk 信用风险custody n. 监护，管理indebtedness n. 负债(额)installment plan 分期付款计划internal control 内部控制memorandum n. 备忘录，内容摘要，买卖通知书negotiable asset 可转让资产，可买卖资产net realizable value 可实现净值operating cycle 经营周期past due 逾期sell on account 赊销uncollectible accounts expense 坏帐损失write off 核销，冲减5存货acquisition n. 取得actual physical count 实地盘点average cost method 平均成本法balance sheet date 资产负债表日beginning inventory 期初存货cost of goods available for sale 可供销售的商品成本cost of goods sold 销货成本current asset 流动资产current replacement cost 现时重置成本current period 本期deflation n. 通货，紧缩ending inventory 期末存货finished goods 产成品first-in, first-out method (FIFO) 先进先出法goods in process of manufacture 在产品goods on hand 存货，库存商品goods in transit 在途商品gross profit method 毛利法gross profit on sales 销货毛利import duties 进口关税inflation n. 通货膨胀interim financial statement 中期财务报表inventory n. 存货inventory account 存货帐户inventory measurement 存货计量inventory sheet 盘存表inventory valuation method 存货计价方法last-in, first-out method (LIFO) 后进先出法loss on inventory shortage 存货短缺损失lower of cost or market rule (LCM) 成本与市价孰低原则manufacturing enterprise 制造业企业merchandise n. 商品，存货merchandise on account 赊销商品merchandising enterprise 商业企业net realizable value 可变现净值net purchases 购货净额net sales 销货净额preceding year 以前年度periodic inventory system 定期盘存制perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制physical inventory 实地盘存physical inventory system 实地盘存制purchases account 购货帐户purchases discount 购货折扣purchase invoice 购货发票purchases returns and allowances 购货退回及折让rate of gross profit 毛利率ratio of cost to selling retail price 成本与销售价格之比raw materials 原材料receivables 应收款项replacement cost 重置成本retail business 零售企业retail inventory method 零售价格法retail price 零售价格specific identification method 个别辨认法subsidiary record 明细记录taking a physical inventory 存货的盘点transportation-in 购货运费vendor n. 卖主weighted average cost 加权平均成本weighted average method 加权平均法weighted average unit cost 加权平均单位成本6固定资产above-average return 超常收益accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accumulated amortization 累计摊销accumulated depletion 累计损耗accumulated depreciation 累计折旧acquisition n. 获取，获得allocation n. 分配amortize v. 摊销book value 帐面值brand name 品牌名称capital expenditure 资本性支出capitalize v. 资本化carrying value 帐面净值cash flow 现金流comparable 可比的，有可比性的conservatively adv. 保守地contra-asset account 资产对冲帐户copyright n. 版权，专利权declining-balance method 余额递减（折旧）法deplete v. 损耗，用尽depreciable cost 可供折旧成本depreciation n. 折旧depreciation expense 折旧费depreciation rate 折旧率deterioration 恶化，磨损disposal n. 丢弃，处置double-declining-balance method 双倍余额递减（折旧）法expensing n. 费用化fair market value 公平市价federal government 联邦政府Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会（美国）financial reporting 财务报告franchise n. 专营权，专卖权freight charge 运输费generally accepted accounting principles 通用会计准则goodwill n. 商誉incidental cost 附加成本income tax 所得税installment plan 分期付款协议intangible asset 无形资产interest charge 利息费用life-span 生命期，生命周期long-lived asset 长期资产natural resource 自然资源net identifiable asset 可确认净资产noncurrent adj. 非流动性的normal return 一般回报note payable 应付票据obsolescence 过时，淘汰on due 到期patent n. 专利，专利权physical substance 实物形态plant asset 长期资产prepaid expense 预付费用present value 现值property, plant & equipment 固定资产research and development cost 研究开发成本residual value 残值revenue expenditure 收益性支出round v. 四舍五入sales tax 销售税，消费税salvage value 残值straight-line method 直线（折旧）法tangible asset 有形资产trade in 置换，以旧换新trademark n. 商标useful life 使用年限，有效年限weigh v. 权衡7流动负债current liability 流动负债accounts payable 应付帐款notes payable 应付票据accrued liabilities 应计负债interest payable 应付利息income taxes payable 应付所得税unearned revenue 预收收入impairment of assets 资产减损commitments 承付款项estimated liabilities 估计负债loss contingency 或有损失8长期负债amortization of discount on bonds payable 应付债券的折价摊销convertible bond 可转换债券discount on bonds payable 应付债券折价premium on bonds payable 应付债券溢价mortgage bond 抵押债券000debenture bond 信用债券callable bond 可提前兑回债券sinking fund bond 偿债基金债券equity method 权益法cost method 成本法investee n. 被投资者9合伙企业drawing account 提用帐户general partner 普通合伙人limited liability partnership 有限责任合伙limited partner 有限合伙人limited partnership 有限合伙limited personal liability 有限的个人责任mutual agency 相互代理partnership 合伙企业partnership contract 合伙合同statement of partners’equity 合伙人权益表unlimited personal liability 无限的个人责任liquidation of a partnership 合伙的清算10股东权益Additional paid-in capital 超面值缴入股本Board of directors 董事会book value per share 每股帐面价值capital stock 股本closely held corporation 不公开招股公司common stock 普通股corporation n. 公司dividends n. 股利double taxation 双重纳税legal capital 法定股本imited personal liabil 有限责任paid-in capital 缴入股本par value 票面价值preferred stock 优先股publicly owned corporation 公开招股公司retained earnings 留存收益stockholders n. 股东stock dividend 股票股利stock split 股票分割treasury stock 库藏股票11现金流量表beginning balance 期初余额cash flows 现金流量cash inflows 现金流入cash outflows 现金流出cash equivalent 现金等价物cost of goods sold 商品销售成本direct method 直接法ending balance 期末余额financing activity 筹资活动indirect method 间接法interest expense 利息费用investing activity 投资活动net cash flows 净现金流量operating activity 营业活动operating expense 营业费用preparation of statement 报表编制statement of cash flows 现金流量表supplemental information 补充信息12财务报表分析accounting policy 会计政策acid-test ratio 酸性试验比率，速动比率analyst n. 分析者，分析人员asset turnover 资产周转率auditor's report 审计报告average collection days 平均收帐期base year 基年book value per share 每股帐面价值capital market 资本市场cash ratio 现金比率comparative statement 比较报表comparative common-size statement 比较共同比报表common-size statement 共同比报表contingent liability 或有负债current ratio 流动比率debt ratio 负债比率debt-equity ratio 负债与产权比率debt to tangible net worth ratio 负债与有形资产净值之比dividend yield 股利报酬率earning power 盈利能力earnings per common share(EPS) 每股盈利，每股净收益financial position 财务状况financial ratio 财务比率financial statement analysis 财务报表分析financial structure 财务结构footnotes to the financial statement 财务报表附注horizontal analysis 水平分析inventory turnover 存货周转率inventory turnover in days 存货周转天数liquidity n. 流动性operating cash flows/current debt ratio 现金流量与当期债务之比operating cycle 营业周期price/earning ratio 市盈率profit margin 利润边际，销售利润率profitability n. 盈利能力quick ratio 速动比率rate of dividend payout 股利分配率rate of return on investment(ROI) 投资报酬率rate of return on net sales 销售利润率rate of return on stockholders' equity 股东权益报酬率，净资产收益率rate of return on total assets 总资产报酬率ratio analysis 比率分析receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率receivable turnover in days 应收帐款周转天数share outstanding 发行在外的股票solvency . 偿债能力subsequent events 期后事项，资产负债表日后事项trade account 贸易项目trend analysis 趋势分析times-interest-earned ratio 利息保障倍数valuation . 估价，评估vertical analysis 垂直分析，纵向分析。
一般公认会计原则（GAAP）
一般公認會計原則(GAAP)壹、財務會計之環境一、會計的意義及基本特質會計的定義：＊美國會計學會（AAA）：會計是對經濟資訊的認定、衡量、與溝通的程序，以協助資訊使用者做審慎的判斷與決策。
」＊美國會計師協會（AICPA）：會計係一種服務性之活動，其功能在提供有關經濟個體之數量化資訊…尤其是財務資訊…予使用者，以便使用者藉此資訊在各種行動方案中，做一明智的抉擇。
」＊會計可藉由三項基本特性而定義：(1)確認、衡量與溝通，(2)關於經濟個體的財務資訊，(3)給相關使用者以協助其釐定決策。
二、財務報表（financial statement）及財務報導（financial reporting）1.會計的兩大支派----財務會計與管理會計＊財務會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業外部使用人做決策者，稱為財務會計。
＊管理會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業內部管理當局做決策者，稱為管理會計。
2.財務報表（含附註揭露）為財務會計之最終產品，用以顯示一企業之財務資訊（會計資訊）。
財務報表包括資產負債表、損益表、現金流量表、業主權益變動表及財務報表附註，附註為財務報表不可分割（integral part）的一部份。
3.財務報表加上補充附表（supplementary schedules）及其他報導方式（如管理當局的討論及分析、財務預測、致股東函、公開說明書）合稱財務報導。
4.財務報表及財務報導之關係財務報導財務報表主要報表＋附註＋管理當局的討論及分析＋財務預測＋致股東函＋公開說明書三、會計與資本分配1.資本市場分為初級市場與次級市場。
初級市場又稱發行市場，係指公司原始向社會大眾投資人發行股票、債券或其他權益憑證，亦即原始發行證券的市場。
次級市場又稱交易市場，為以發行證券之交易市場，如證券交易所及證券櫃檯買賣中心等，方便已發行證券之流通轉讓。
初級市場(發行市場) 股票資本市場投資人次級市場(交易市場) 公司債公司向外吸收資金貸款金融市場發行票券債權人賒帳2.資本分配過程四、財務會計所面臨之問題及挑戰1.挑戰（1）非財務指標（2）預期資訊（3）軟體資產（4）時效性2.為克服上述之挑戰，美國會計師協會特殊問題委員會建議未來財務報表應包括下列資訊：（1）財務資料與非財務資料＊財務報表與其相關策路。
会计学的基本原理与原则
B、会计师事业与审计学的发展 美国公共会计师[AICPA(American Institute of Certified Public Accountants)会员]发端于代理记帐业务，后来发展到会计记录审计和编制财务报告。 19世纪末，由于英国等欧洲投资涌入美国，英国会计师行业进入美国会计市场，这时的英式审计为“详细审计”。即将会计记录逐笔核对，考虑各种记录的正确性。 20世纪20年代形成的美式审计的特点是报表审计，在会计发展史上有重要地位。其特点有三：①记录与事实核对；②考虑安全性（报表的整体安全性）③抽查或试查（审计测试）方式。
专题一 会计学的基本原理
一、什么是会计？（一）会计的产生 会计是伴随人类的生产实践而产生的。生产实践活动一方面要创造物质财富，另一方面又要发生劳动消耗。人们关心耗费带来的成果，力求以可能少的劳动消耗，取得可能多的成果。这就需要采取一定方法对生产活动进行管理，当生产活动日益复杂、广泛时，单凭头脑记忆来管理生产活动已不能适应客观要求时，就催生了原始计量、记录行为，继而产生会计。随着生产活动更加复杂，会计又从原来的“生产职能的附带部分”中分离出来，逐渐形成为一种专职的、独立的管理生产活动的工作。很显然，会计是社会生产发展到一定阶段的产物。会计的产生有两个基本前提：（1）一定数量的剩余产品：直接从事生产的人员提供剩余产品，一方面成为会计反映的重要内容，另一方面用以供给专门从事会计管理活动人员的的需要。 （2）有文字、数字和计量单位。这些是记录、计算的基本手段。
（2）财务会计与管理会计的分野 企业组织形式经历独资、合伙、公司制三个阶段,在独资、合伙制下,企业由一个或少数业主集资,在需要时从金融机构贷入资本;公司企业则不同,它向社会公众筹集资本,从事更为广泛的经营活动,规模大、范围广、资金巨、内外部联系复杂,远非独资、合伙企业所能比拟。公司作为法人组织和独立纳税人，更多地受到政府规范和管制,对广大投资者、债权人或社会公众影响也更大。因此在公司外部形成庞大而多样的利害关系集团：●现在或潜在的投资者（资本市场上）；●债权人（公司债券购入者、金融机构等）；●供应商、顾客、雇员及工会组织；●政府有关机构：工商、税务、财政、海关；●执业会计师、律师、财务咨询机构●经济、财务、金融等媒介组织；●社会公众。
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则GAAP – Revenue Recognition PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To set forth the criteria for recognizing and recording revenue in the accounting period.Description:According to the revenue recognition principle, revenue must be reported when it is realized and earned, not necessarily when the actual cash is received. In addition, the following four criteria or conditions must also be met for revenue to be recognized:1. Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered2. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement for customer payment exists3. Price is fixed or determinable4. Collection is reasonably assuredApplication:Revenue is an item that investors and analysts always pay attention to. In order to avoid misrepresentation (overstatement and understatement) of revenue, GAAP has provided additional guidance for revenue reporting for different situations.For the traditional retail business, goods are delivered to the customers at the same time cash is received, and revenue will be recognized at the time of sales. However in other case that cash could be collected before or after goods or services are delivered,the timing of cash receipts from customers does not dictate when businesses report revenues.Instead, revenue will usually be recognized when the title, risks, and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customers. Depending on the situations, revenue may be recognized at different point of time.Example #1 (cash received at the same period goods/services delivered):The newspaper stand sells Macao Daily News to a customer who pays $4 cash and takes away the newspaper immediately.Entries:Dr. Cash…………… $4Cr. Revenue…………..$4Since cash is received at the same time the newspaper is delivered and all the four criteria are met, revenue will be recognized right away:Example #2 (cash received before goods/services delivered): On Jan 1, the Fortune Magazine has received a subscription form and $120 from an IFT student for subscribing 12 issues of Fortune Magazine ($10/issue). The student will receive 1 issue of the magazine on the last day of each month for 12 consecutive months. Entries:Jan 1 (cash received):Dr. Cash………………$120Cr. Unearned revenue …..... $120Jan 31 (and last day of every month):Dr. Un earned revenue… $10Cr. Revenue ………………..$10When the company received the $120 annual subscription fee for the magazine, criteria #1 has not been met and revenuecould not be recognized at that point of time. The cash received represented obligations to provide future magazine issues to the students which will be booked to the “Unearned Revenue” account temporarily.By definition, “Unearned Revenue” is the collection of cash from customers or clients before goods or services are delivered. Since the goods or services have not been delivered yet, the revenue cannot be considered as “earned”, these cash receipts are considered future obligations to the customers and will be booked to “Unearned Revenue” as a liability account. Only when the goods or services are partial ly or fully delivered, the n the related amount will be unwound from the “Unearned Revenue” account and finally be recognized as “Revenue” earned.In the above example, by the end of each month when the company deliveries the magazine to the student, it earns and records the revenue and reduces the liability account or “Unearned Revenue” account balance.Example #3 (cash received after goods/services delivered): An old customer filled in the cleaning form and dropped off his jacket for cleaning at Dave’s Dry Cleaning on June 30, listed price for cleaning such jacket is $30. Dave cleans the jacket on July 1, but customers do not claim and pay for the jacket until August 1. Entries:June 30 (Customer requests service):No Journal EntryJuly 1 (Service performed):Dr. Accounts Receivable …$30Cr. Revenue……………………..$30August 1 (Cash Received):Dr. Cash………………… $30Cr. Accounts Receivable ….…$30Under the revenue recognition principle, Dave’s earns revenue on July 1, rather than August 1 when cash is received, since it performed the service and met all the four criteria for revenue recognition. On July 1, Dave’s would report a receivable on its balance sheet and revenue in its income statement for the service performed.Final Comment:The following chart summarized the revenue recognition timing for different scenarios as illustrated in the above examples.SCENARIOS 1:Cash received same period goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of product for cash --> Revenue Recognition at date of sale (date of delivery)SCENARIOS 2:Cash received before goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Revenue from subscriptions --> Revenue Recognition as time passes or upon consumptionsSCENARIOS 3:Cash received after goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of service on credit --> Revenue Recognition when services performed and billable。
美国公认会计原则GAAP和国际会计准则IFRS差异
美国公认会计原则（US GAAP）与国际会计准则（IFRS）之间存在的主要差异1.在存货成本的计算方法上, IFRS规定禁止使用后进先出法。
US GAAP规定可以采用后进先出法。
2.在存货减值的转回上，IFRS规定在满足一定的条件时﹐需予以转回。
US GAAP规定不可以转回。
3.在现金流量表中收取和支付利息的分类上，IFRS规定可包括在来自经营活动、投资活动或筹资活动的现金流量中。
US GAAP规定必须归类为经营活动。
4.在完工比例无法确定的建造合同上，IFRS规定成本收回法。
US GAAP规定合同完工法。
5.在报告分部的基础上，IFRS规定根据业务和地区划分。
US GAAP规定根据公司内部向高层管理人员报告的信息组成进行划分﹐可以是也可以不是根据业务和地区划分。
6.在广场、厂房及设备的计量基础上，IFRS规定可以使用重估价或历史成本。
如果是按重估价计量﹐会根据重估日的公允价值减之后的累计折旧和减值损失列示。
US GAAP规定通常要求使用历史成本。
7.在辞退福利上，IFRS规定没有区分开“特别”和其他辞退福利﹐在雇主表明承诺会支付时确认辞退福利。
US GAAP规定当雇员接受了雇主提供的条件且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认“特别”（一次性）辞退福利；当雇员很可能有权享有﹐且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认合约性辞退福利。
8.在确认与既定福利相关的过去服务的成本上，IFRS规定立即确认。
US GAAP规定在剩余服务年限或生命期间摊销。
9.在设定受益计划中﹐最小应确认的负债金额上，IFRS规定没有最小的要求。
US GAAP规定应确认的负债金额最小为未注资的累积福利义务。
10.在养老金资产确认上的限制上，IFRS规定确认的养老金资产不能超过未确认的过去服务成本、精算损失以及从该计划返还资金或减少对计划的未来提存金供款而得到的经济利益的现值之总净额。
US GAAP规定对确认的金额没有这样的限制。
11.在确认缩减利得的时间上，IFRS规定当有关企业有明确表示将福利计划缩减﹐且已经对外宣布时﹐确认缩减利得和损失。
美国GAAP和IFRS的主要区别
美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 是一般公认会计原则，1937 年美国会计程序委员会(CAP)发表第一号会计研究公告，开创了由ZF 机关或行业组织颁布一般通用会计的先河。
下面小编准备了关于美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别，提供给大家参考!1.在减值损失的计量上，IFRS 规定基于可收回金额(资产的使用价值和公允价值减销售成本的较高者)。
US GAAP 规定基于公允价值。
2.在资产剩余价值的计量上，IFRS 规定在假定资产已经使用完毕﹐且符合其使用年限结束时的预期状况的情况下﹐以资产目前的净销售价格计量。
US GAAP 规定通常是资产未来处置时预期收入的折现值。
3.在商誉减值测试的层次上，IFRS 规定现金产出单元或一组现金产出单元。
其代表了出于企业内部管理目的而对商誉做出监察的最低组织层次﹐其不能大于一个业务或地区分部。
US GAAP 规定报告单位业务分部或组织内的更低一个层次。
在商誉减值的计算上，IFRS 规定一步法比较现金产出单元的可收回金额(公允价值减销售成本和使用价值的较高者)和其账面价值。
US GAAP 规定两步法：比较报告单位的公允价值和其包括商誉在内的账面价值;如果公允价值大于账面价值﹐没有减值(不需要进行第二步);比较商誉的内含公允价值和其账面价值。
在不可确定年限的无形资产的减值上，IFRS 规定商誉和其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产包括在现金产出单元中﹐对现金产出单元进行减值测试。
US GAAP 规定商誉包括在现金产出单元中﹐其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产则作单独测试。
4.在减值损失的转回上，。
GAAP_Consistency Principle 一般公认会计原则
GAAP-Consistency PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To emphasize the importance and value of comparability of financial information. Description:- Similar transactions should be subjected to the same accounting treatment.- Accounting Concepts applied every year should be consistentApplication:The nature of accounting is actually very flexible. This feature has been further strengthened by the set of accounting standards, which provide “only” the framework on the development, recording and presentation of accounting information, rather than “controlling” every single step of the process.However, every story has 2 sides! When there are advantages, in no doubt, there will be disadvantages.One of the disadvantages in regard to the “flexible” nature of accounting is the possibility that organizations can apply different accounting methodologies for the same kind of calculation.For the following examples, please be noted that 3 common methods of depreciation are widely applied in the industry (namely straight-line; reducing balance; sum-of-the-years’-digit).Example 1:Your company has purchased a machinery at $120,000 and expect that it can be used for 10 years, with no residual value at time of disposal. In Year 1, your management and accountant have decided to apply the straight-line depreciation method.Entries:Dr Depreciation Expenses $12k*Cr Accumulated Depreciation $12k** ($120k / 10Years) – Straight-line depreciationIn Year 2, your company also purchased a machinery at $120,000 and expect that it can be used for 10 years, with no residual value at time of disposal. However, in this year, your management and accountant have decided to apply the sum-of-the-years’-digit method for this new machinery.Entries:Dr Depreciation Expenses $19.6k**Cr Accumulated Depreciation $19.6k***($120k / (9/55)) – Sum-of-the-years’-digit depreciationTo “simplify” the situation, assuming that the company earns $100,000 in both year 1 and year 2 + there are NO other expenses in both years, except depreciation. Then, Net Income (Revenue – Expenses) forYear 1 = $(100 – 12)k = $88k;Year 2 = $(100 – 19.6)k = $80.4kCan you conclude that Year 1 is MORE profitable than Year 2?Ans: NO!Why?Ans: Because you’re not comparing apple-to-apple.This situation is very similar to the fact that if I compare your class based on e.g. “Mid-Term Exam”, “Quiz” and “Final Exam”, while at the same time, evaluate another class by the “Mid-Term Exam” ONLY. Then is it feasible to comment at the end of the semester which of your 2 classes are doing better?Ans: NO!Why?Ans: Because different evaluation criteria has been applied to evaluate the performance of your 2 classes.Final Comment:Consequently, even though the accounting standards “allow” the management to choosewhichever available accounting method they prefer and deem appropriate for their business; however, if different accounting method(s) – no matter for whichever calculation (e.g. depreciation, accrual, bad debts……) – the critical benefit of comparability between different years of business will be GONE! The company will NOT be able to evaluate whether the business is doing better or worse than the previous year(s).So, when management decides to apply another method –they need to “explain” in the disclosure documents, to tell the shareholders “why” they have made such decision(s).。
会计英语1-14章术语翻译（仅供参考,不足之处望批评指正。）
Chapter 1 Accounting会计Accounting equation会计等式Assets资产Auditors审计师Balance sheet资产负债表Bookkeeping记账Business entity assumption会计主体原则Common stock普通股Corporation公司Cost principle成本原则Equity权益Ethics伦理Events事项Expanded accounting equation扩展的会计等式Expenses费用External transactions外部交易External users外部信息使用者Financial accounting财务会计FASB美国财务会计准则委员会Full disclosure principle充分披露原则GAAP公认会计原则Going-concern assumption持续经营原则Income statement损益表Internal transactions内部交易Internal users内部信息使用者IASB国际会计准则理事会Liabilities负债Managerial accounting管理会计Matching principle配比原则Monetary unit assumption货币单位原则Net income净收益Net loss净损失Owner ,Capital所有者名下的资本Owner investment所有者投资Owner withdrawals所有者提取Partnership合伙企业Proprietorship独资企业Recordkeeping记账Revenue recognition principle收入确认原则Revenues收入Sarbanes –Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》SEC证劵交易委员会Shareholders股东Shares股份Sole proprietorship个人独资企业Statement of cash flows现金流量表Statement of owner’s equity所有者权益表Stock股票Stockholders股东Time period assumption会计分期原则Withdrawals提取Chapter 2 Account账户Account balance账户余额Balance column account三栏式账户Chart of accounts会计科目表Compound journal entry复合日记账分录Credit贷方Creditors债权人Debit借方Debtors债务人Double-entry accounting复式记账法General journal普通日记账General ledger总分类账Journal日记账Journalizing 登记日记账Ledger分类账Posting过账(PR) column过账索引栏Source documents原始凭证T-account T型账户Trial balance试算平衡表Unearned revenue预收收入Chapter 3 Accounting period会计期间Accrual basis accounting权责发生制会计Accrued expenses应计费用Accrued revenues应计收入Adjusted trial balance调整后试算平衡表Adjusting entry调整分录Annual financial statements年度财务报表Book value账面价值Cash basis accounting收付实现制会计Contra account备抵账户Depreciation折旧Fiscal year会计年度Interim financial statements中期财务报表Matching principle配比原则Natural business year自然营业年度Plant assets固定资产Prepaid expenses预付费用Straight-line depreciation method直线折旧法Time period assumption会计分期原则Unadjusted trial balance调整前的试算平衡表Unearned revenues 预收收入Chapter 4 Accounting cycle会计循环Classified balance sheet分类资产负债表Closing entries结账分录Closing process结账过程Current assets流动资产Current liabilities流动负债Income summary损益汇总账户Intangible assets无形资产Long-term investments长期投资Long-term liabilities长期负债Operating cycle营业周期Permanent accounts永久性账户Post-closing trial balance结账后试算平衡表Pro forma financial statements预测财务报表Temporary accounts临时性账户Unclassified balance sheet未分类资产负债表Working papers工作底稿Work sheet工作底表Chapter 5 Cash discount现金折扣Cost of goods sold商品销售成本Credit memorandum贷记通知单Credit period 信用期Credit terms信用条件Debit memorandum借记通知单Discount period折扣期EOM月末FOB交货点General and administrative expenses一般及行政管理费用Gross margin毛利Gross profit毛利Inventory存货List price价目表价格Merchandise 商品Merchandise inventory库存商品Merchandiser商业企业Multiple-step income statement多步式损益表Periodic inventory system定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system永续盘存制Purchase discount购货折扣Retailer零售商Sales discount销售折扣Selling expenses销售费用Shrinkage损耗Single-step income statement单步式损益表Supplementary records辅助记录Trade discount商业折扣Wholesaler批发商Chapter 6 A verage cost平均成本Conservatism constraint稳健性原则Consignee 收货人Consignor发货人Consistency concept一致性原则FIFO先进先出法Interim statements中期报告LIFO后进先出法LCM成本与市价孰低法Net realizable value可变现净值Specific identification个别认定法Weighted average加权平均法Chapter 7 Accounts payable ledger应付账款分类账Accounts receivable ledger应收账款分类账Cash disbursements journal现金支出日记账Cash receipts journal现金收入日记账Check register支票登记薄Columnar journal多栏式日记账Compatibility principle适应性原则Controlling account统驭账户Control principle控制原则Cost-benefit principle成本—收益原则Flexibility princ iple灵活性原则General journal普通日记账Internal controls内部控制Purchases journal购货日记账Relevance principle相关性原则Sales journal销售日记账Schedule of accounts payable应付账款明细表Schedule of accounts receivable应收账款明细表Special journal特种日记账Subsidiary ledger明细分类账Chapter 8 Bank reconciliation银行存款余额调节表Bank statement银行对账单Canceled checks注销支票Cash 现金Cash equivalents现金等价物Cash over and short现金溢缺Check支票Deposit ticket存款单Deposits in transit在途存款EFT电子资金转账Internal control system内部控制制度Liquid assets流动资产Liquidity偿债能力Outstanding checks未兑现支票Petty cash备用金Principles of internal control内部控制原则Sarbanes-Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》Signature card印鉴卡V oucher 凭单V oucher system凭单制Chapter 9 Accounts receivable应收账款Aging of accounts receivable应收账款账龄分析Allowance for Doubtful Accounts呆帐准备金Allowance method备抵法Bad debts坏账Direct write-off method直接核销法Interest 利息Maker of the note出票人Matching principle配比原则Materiality constraint重要性约束Maturity date of a note票据到期日Payee of the note票据收款人Principal of a note票据的本金Promissory note票据Realizable value可变现价值Chapter 10 Accelerated depreciation method加速折旧法Amortization摊销Asset book value资产账面价值Betterments改良工程投资Capital expenditures资本支出Change in an accounting estimate会计估计变更Copyright版权Cost成本Declining-balance method余额递减法Depletion折耗Depreciation折旧Extraordinary repairs非常修理Franchises特许权Goodwill商誉Impairment减损Inadequacy生产能力不足Indefinite life不确定使用年限Intangible assets无形资产Land improvements土地改良物Lease租约Leasehold租赁权Leasehold improvements租赁资产改良Lessee承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses特许权Limited life有限使用年限MACRS修正后的加速成本回收制度Natural resources自然资源Obsolescence陈旧，过时Ordinary repairs日常维修Patent专利权Plant asset age固定资产寿命Plant assets固定资产Plant asset useful life固定资产使用年限Revenue expenditures收益性支出Salvage value残值Straight-line depreciation直线折旧法Trademark or trade (brand) name商标或品牌Units-of-production depreciation工作量法Useful life使用年限Chapter 11 Contingent liability或有负债Current liabilities流动负债Current portion of long-term debt一年内到期的长期负债Employee benefits员工福利Estimated liability估计负债（FICA）Taxes联邦社会保险税FUTA联邦失业税Gross pay薪资总额Known liabilities已知负债Long-term liabilities长期负债Merit rating考绩Net pay薪资净额Payroll deductions薪资扣款Short-term note payable短期应付票据SUTA州失业救济税Warranty保修Chapter 12Bond 债券Bond certificate债券证书Bond indenture债券契约Carrying (book) value of bonds债券账面价值Discount on bonds payable应付债券折旧Installment note分期付款期票Market rate市场利率Mortgage抵押权Pension plan养老金计划Premium on bonds债券溢价Par value of a bond债券面值Straight-line bond amortization债券利息直线摊销法Chapter 13(AFS) securities可供出售证劵Comprehensive income综合收益Consolidated financial statements合并财务报表Equity method权益法Equity securities with controlling influence具有控制权的权益类证劵Equity securities with significant influence具有重大影响力的权益类证劵(HTM) securities持有至到期证劵Long-term investments长期投资Parent母公司Short-term investments短期投资Subsidiary子公司Trading securities交易性证劵Unrealized gain (loss)未实现收益（损失）Chapter 14Appropriated retained earnings拨定留存收益Authorized stock核定股本Call price赎回价格Callable preferred stock可赎回优先股Capital stock股本Changes in accounting estimates会计估计变更Common stock普通股Convertible preferred stock可转换优先股Corporation股份制公司Cumulative preferred stock累积优先股Date of declaration股利宣告日Date of payment股利发放日Date of record股权登记日Discount on stock股票折旧Dividend in arrears积欠股利Financial leverage财务杠杆Large stock dividend大额股票股利Liquidating cash dividend清算性现金股利Market value per share每股市价Minimum legal capital最低法定资本Noncumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Nonparticipating preferred stock非参与式股票No-par value stock无面值股票Organization expenses组建费Paid-in capital实收资本Paid-in capital in excess of par value资本溢价Participating preferred stock参与式股票Par value面值Par value stock有面值股票Preemptive right优先认股权Preferred stock优先股Premium on stock股票溢价Prior period adjustments前期损益调整Proxy授权委托书Restricted retained earnings限定用途留存收益Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings deficit留存收益赤字Reverse stock split并股Small stock dividend小额股票股利Stated value stock设定价值股票Statement of stockholders’ equity股东权益表Stock dividend股票股利Stock options股票期权Stock split股票分割Stockholders’ equity股东权益Treasury stock库藏股教你如何用WORD文档(2012-06-27 192246)转载▼标签：杂谈1. 问：WORD 里边怎样设置每页不同的页眉？如何使不同的章节显示的页眉不同？答：分节，每节可以设置不同的页眉。
GAAP_Prudence 一般公认会计原则
GAAP - PrudenceThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To lead managers to anticipate or disclose losses and liabilities, but it does not allow a similar action for gains and assets.“Anticipate no profits, but anticipate all losses”Description:This accounting principle states that if doubt exists between two acceptable alternatives, the manager should choose the alternative that will result in a lesser asset amount and/or a lesser profit. However, it does not mean understating assets or income. Application:If a situation arises where there are two acceptable alternatives for reporting an item, prudence directs the management to choose the alternative that will result in less net income and/or less asset amount.Example:Under lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method, inventory is reported at the lower of its cost or market value, which results in higher cost of goods sold and lower net income. Thus net income and assets are reported at their lowest reasonable amount.Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + purchase – Ending inventoryNet income = Sales – Cost of goods sold – other expenses (operating and non-operating) By using LCM, the inventory is reported at either the cost or market value, whichever is lower, assuming the other factors remain unchanged.Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + purchase – Ending inventoryFinally, the higher Cost of goods sold leads a lower amount of net income, also assuming the other factors remain unchanged.Net income = Sales – Cost of goods sold – other expenses (operating and non-operating)Another example on prudent accounting practice is the practice of accelerated depreciation method. This method results in earlier recording of expense or later recording of revenue. It effects in the postponing on the report of net income and therefore is conservative.Example 2:At the beginning of the year, Southwest purchased equipment for $62,500 cash. The equipment has an estimated useful life of 3 years and an estimated residual value of $2,500. Southwest uses Double-declining method (accelerated depreciation) to calculate the depreciation expense.Entries:Recording Depreciation expense for the first yearDr Depreciation Expense $41,667 (Note 1)Cr Accumulated Depreciation $41,667Note 1:Annual Depreciation expense = Net book value x (2/useful life in years)$41,667 = $62,500 x (2/3 years)Recording Depreciation expense for the second yearDr Depreciation Expense $13,889 (Note 2)Cr Accumulated Depreciation $13,889Note 2:Annual Depreciation expense = Net book value x (2/useful life in years)$13,889 = $(62,500 – 41,667) x (2/3 years)Final comment:Managers are always optimists. Without any constraints, this optimism could find its way into the company’s reported assets and profits. Managers may try to present too favorable a view of the company, and to show a better performance of them than it actually was. However, by so doing, this may result in an overstating of the assets and net income, and mislead the outsiders.。
会计专业词汇英语翻译
会计专业词汇英语翻译泛瑞翻译政治风险political risk再开票中心re-invoicing center现代管理会计专门方法special methods of modern management accounting 现代管理会计modern management accounting提前与延期支付Leads and Lags特许权使用管理费fees and royalties跨国资本成本的计算the cost of capital for foreign investments跨国运转资本会计multinational working capital management跨国经营企业业绩评价multinational performance evaluation经济风险管理managing economic exposure交易风险管理managing transaction exposure换算风险管理managing translation exposure国际投资决策会计foreign project appraisal国际存货管理international inventory management股利转移dividend remittances公司内部贷款inter-company loans冻结资金转移repatriating blocked funds冻结资金保值maintaining the value of blocked funds调整后的净现值adjusted net present value配比原则matching旅游、饮食服务企业会计accounting of tourism and service施工企业会计accounting of construction enterprises民航运输企业会计accounting of civil aviation transportation enterprises企业会计business accounting商品流通企业会计accounting of commercial enterprises权责发生制原则accrual basis农业会计accounting of agricultural enterprises实现原则realization principle历史成本原则principle of historical cost外商投资企业会计accounting of enterprises with foreign investment通用报表all-purpose financial statements铁路运输企业会计accounting of rail way transportation enterprises所有者权益owners equity实质量于形式substance over form修正性惯例principle of exceptions信息系统论information system perspective相关性原则relevance微观会计micro-accounting客观性原则objectivity可比性原则comparability谨慎性原则prudence金融企业会计accounting of financial institutions交通运输企业会计accounting of communication and transportation enterprises 建设单位会计accounting of construction units记账本位币recording currency计量属性measurement attributes及时性原则timeliness货币计量monetary measurement会计准则accounting standards会计主体accounting entity会计职业道德accounting professional ethics会计职能functions of accounting会计预测accounting forecasting会计要素accounting elements会计研究accounting research会计学科体系accounting science system会计学accounting会计信息accounting information会计任务targets of accounting activities会计人员accounting personnel会计确认accounting recognition会计目标accounting objective会计理论结构theoretical structure of accounting会计理论accounting theory会计控制accounting control会计决策accounting decision making会计监督accounting supervision会计假设accounting assumption会计记录accounting records会计计量accounting measurement会计机构accounting department会计环境accounting environment会计核算financial accounting会计管理体制system of accounting administration会计分期accounting periods会计对象accounting object会计等式accounting equation会计本质nature of accounting会计报表accounting statements宏观会计macro-accounting会计accounting汇总报表combination statements划分资本性支出与收益性支出原则distinguishment between capital expenditureand revenue expenditure合并报表consolidated financial statements管理活动论management activities perspective管理会计management accounting管理工具论management tool perspective股份制企业会计accounting of stock companies公认会计原则generally accepted accounting principle‚ GAAP公共会计public accounting工业会计accounting of industrial enterprises个别报表individual statements高新技术企业会计accounting of high technology enterprises负债liability费用expense反馈价值feedback value对外经济合作企业会计accounting of foreign economic cooperation enterprises 对外报表external statements对内报表internal statements一致性原则consistency艺术论art perspective房地产开发企业会计accounting of real estate enterprises邮电通信企业会计accounting of post and telecommunication enterprises预测价值forecast value真实与公允true and fair view持续经营going concern成本报表cost statement财务会计原则financial accounting principles财务会计概念框架financial accounting conceptual framework财务会计financial accounting政府及非营利组织会计governmental and non-profit organization accounting重要性原则materiality专用报表special purpose financial statements资产assets资金funds资金运动funds movement财务报告financial report财务报表要素elements of financial statements财务报表financial statements币值稳定假设constant-dollar assumption保险企业会计accounting of insurance companies收入的确认recognition of revenue公司债券发行价格corporate bond issuing price固定资产折旧depreciation of fixed assets可转换债券convertible bonds公司债券利息摊销加速折旧法accelerated depreciation methods营业外收支净额公司债券利率interest rate on debenture应收账款出借assignment of accounts receivable无担保债券debenture bonds后进先出法last-in‚ first-out‚ LIFO其他货币资金应付票据贴现discount on notes payable先进先出去first-in‚ first-out缩写FIFO在发建工程constructions in process固定资产更换与改良improvements and replacements of fixed assets 实地盘存制periodic inventory system收益总括观点all-inclusive concept of income损益表法可变现净值法net realizable value应付福利费基本业务利润固定资产扩建additions of fixed assets应收账款出售sale or factoring of accounts receivable或有负债contingent liability销货退回与折让sales returns and allowances零售价格法retail method现金折扣cash discount特定履行法其他业务利润公司债券bonds payable销售法sale method应付票据notes payable认股权stock rights固定资产修理repairs and maintenance of fixed assets有担保债券mortgage bonds销售费用selling expenses应付股利dividends payable应收票据notes receivable无形资产intangible assets收款法collection method所得税income tax流动负债current liabilities生产法production method计划成本核算废弃和生置法retirement and replacement method盘存法inventory method流动资产current assets购货折扣purchases discounts商誉goodwill应收账款accounts receivable投资收益investment income营业利润operating income预提费用股本capital stock公司债券偿还redemption of bonds坏账bad debts固定资产重估价revaluations of fixed assets银行存款cash in bank固定资产fixed assets利润总额利益分配profit distribution应计费用accrued expense商标权trademarks and trade names全部履行法净利润net income应付利润profit payable未分配利润收益债券income bonds货币资金利息资本化capitalization of interests公益金工程物资预付账款advance to supplier其他应收款other receivables现金cash预收账款公司债券发行corporate bond floatation应付工资wages payable实收资本paid-in capital盈余公积surplus reserves管理费用土地使用权股利dividend应交税金taxes payable负商誉negative goodwill费用的确认recognition of expense短期投资temporary investment短期借款short-term loans递延资产deferred charges低值易耗品当期经营观点current operating concept of income 待摊费用待核销基建支出[旧]待处理流动资产损失待处理固定资产损失存货销售的影响effects of inventory errors折旧[旧]折旧方法depreciation method折旧率depreciation rate支出payment直线法straight-line职工福利基金welfare fund专项拨款【旧】专利权patents住房基金housing fund重置成本法replacement costing专项物资[旧]专项资产【旧】专有技术know-how专营权franchises资本公积capital reserves资产负债表balance sheet资金占用和资金来源[旧]自然资源natural resources存货inventory车间经费【旧】偿债基金sinking fund长期应付款long-term payables长期投资long-term investments长期借款long-term loans长期负债long-term liability of long-term debt财务费用financing expenses拨定留存收益appropriated retained earnings标准成本法standard costing变动成本法variable costing比例履行法包装物版权copyrights汇总原始凭证cumulative source document汇总记账凭证核算形式bookkeeping procedure using summary vouchers 工作底稿working paper复式记账凭证multiple account titles voucher复式记账法Double entry bookkeeping复合分录compound entry划线更正法correction by drawing a straight ling汇总原始凭证cumulative source document会计凭证accounting documents会计科目表chart of accounts会计科目account title红字更正法correction by using red ink会计核算形式bookkeeping procedures过账posting会计分录accounting entry会计循环accounting cycle会计账簿Book of accounts活页式账簿loose-leaf book集合分配账户clearing accounts计价对比账户matching accounts记账方法bookkeeping methods记账规则recording rules记账凭证voucher记账凭证核算形式Bookkeeping procedure using vouchers记账凭证汇总表核算形式bookkeeping procedure using categorized account summary简单分录simple entry结算账户settlement accounts结账closing account结账分录closing entry借贷记账法debit-credit bookkeeping局部清查partial check卡片式账簿card book跨期摊提账户inter-period allocation accounts累计凭证multiple-record document联合账簿compound book明细分类账簿subsidiary ledger明细分类账户subsidiary account盘存账存inventory accounts平行登记parallel recording全面清查complete check日记总账combined journal and ledger日记总账核算形式bookkeeping procedure using summarized journal三式记账法triple-entry bookkeeping实账户real accounts试算表trial balance试算平衡trial balancing收付记账法receipts-payment bookkeeping收款凭证receipt voucher损益表账户income statement accounts通用记账凭证general purpose voucher通用日记账核算形式bookkeeping procedure using general journal外来原始凭证source document from outside现金日记账cash journal虚账户nominal accounts序时账簿book of chronological entry一次凭证single-record document银行存款日记账deposit journal永续盘存制perpetual inventory system原始凭证source document暂记账户suspense accounts增减记账法increase-decrease bookkeeping债权结算账户accounts for settlement of claim债权债务结算账户accounts for settlement of claim and debt债务结算账户accounts for settlement of debt账户account账户编号Account number账户对应关系debit-credit relationship账项调整adjustment of account专用记账凭证special-purpose voucher转回分录reversing entry资金来源账户accounts of sources of funds资产负债账户balance sheet accounts转账凭证transfer voucher资金运用账户accounts of applications of funds自制原始凭证internal source document总分类账簿general ledger总分类账户general account附加账户adjunct accounts付款凭证payment voucher分类账簿ledger多栏式日记账核算形式bookkeeping procedure using columnar journal 对账checking对应账户corresponding accounts定期清查Periodic checking method定期盘存制periodic inventory system订本式账簿bound book调整账户adjustment accounts调整分录adjusting journal entry单式记账凭证single account title voucher单式记账法single-entry bookkeeping从属账户Secondary accounts成本计算账户costing accounts财产清查physical inventory簿记bookkeeping不定期清查non-periodic checking method补充登记法correction by extra recording表外账户off-balance sheet accounts备抵账户provision accounts备抵附加账户provision and adjunct accounts 备查账簿memorandum。
GAAP_Materiality 一般公认会计原则
GAAP-MaterialityThis discussion focus on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective: To concern about an item’s impact on a company’s overall financial operations.Description:- An item is material if its inclusion or omission would influence or change the judgment of the users. Likewise, if it would have no impact on a decision maker, it is immaterial. Application:Companies and auditors in Macau generally adopt the rule that anything between $2,000 to $10,000 is considered immaterial and other factors should also be considered when deciding the percentage. Different standards for the level of immateriality are practiced in different types of companies and different countries.Scenario ICompany A has an advertising expense of $3,000 while Company B $30,000. When we compare the two amounts in Company A and B, can you have a conclusion that the advertising expense in Company B is more material than Company A?Ans: No.Explanation:a. Since we do not have any standard for the monetary value for the level of materiality, we cannot tell whether the amount can influence the users or not.b. We do not know the size of both companies so we do not know how the two figures can affect the decision making of the users.c. If both companies use 5 percent of net income as the base of the monetary value for the level of materiality, it will be easier for us to decide. If the net income of company A is $40,000, the advertising expense is 7.5 percent of the net income. In this way, we can consider the advertising expense in Company A is material. On the other hand, if the net income of Company B is $800,000, the expense will be 3.75% of the net income which is considered to be immaterial. Although managers and auditors consider the advertisingexpense in Company A is more material than that in Company B, the amount will still be recorded in both companies’ income statement. Therefore, we cannot just look at the figure in deciding whether the amount is material or not. We also need to analyse the proporation of this expense with the net income so that we can know how influential the amount is to all the users.d. In some companies, they may not base on the percentage of net income. Instead they would set a monetary value for the level such as $2,000. In this case, those items under $2,000 will be treated as immaterial and it may not affect the decision making of the users.Scenario IICompany C has purchased a magnet board which costs $120. A magnet board is regarded as a kind of office supplies which is an asset of the company. The magnet board is estimated to be used for 5 years. Since it can be used more than one year, it is regarded as a non-current (fixed) asset. Therefore, depreciation for the magnet board has to be calculated at the end of the year when preparing the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet). After calculation, the depreciation for the magnet board every year is $24.Entries:Dr Depreciation $24Cr Accumulated Depreciation $24Issue:Do you think that it is cost-effective in recording the depreciation of the magnet board for 10 years?Ans: No.Explanation:a. It is a usual practice in recording the depreciation for non-current assets (ignoring the value of the non-current assets).b. $24 of depreciation is comparatively a very small amount since you may find the unit used in most of the financial statements is ‘k (thousand) or m (million). In this way, you can hardly find the impact of the $24 in the financial statements and the decision making of the users.c. A certain amount of resources has to be allocated in keeping its records for 10 years in the financial statements which is not cost-effective at all.d. If the company has standards for the level of materiality which is $100 to $2,000 already, we can assume that the $120 magnet will not affect the decision making of the users, therefore, it will only be expensed off during the year. (Record the amount as an expense in the Income Statement)Solution:Company can always establish a standard or guideline for the monetary value of materiality. For example, if items between $200 to $2,000 is set as a cut-off value, the magnet board will be treated as an office supplies expense rather than office supplies (non-current assets). Consequently, the records of the transactions are more realistic and materiality can also provide flexibility to certain extent in dealing with decision making and auditing.Notes:In establishing the guideline for materiality, disclosure must be added (to Disclosure Documents or Notes to Financial Statements) so that the decisions makers can have a fair and clear picture of the financial statements.。
GAAP通用会计准则
GAAP通用会计准则GAAP求助编辑百科名片Generally Accepted Accounting Principles是一般公认会计原则，1937年美国会计程序委员会（CAP）发表第一号会计研究公告，开创了由政府机关或行业组织颁布“一般通用会计”的先河。
目录概述基本假设经济实体的假设货币单位假设充分公开的原则时间段的假设权责发生制原则会计收入确认原则匹配的原则成本的原则持续经营的原则相关性，可靠性和一致性谨慎性原则重要性的原则概述基本假设经济实体的假设货币单位假设充分公开的原则时间段的假设权责发生制原则会计收入确认原则匹配的原则成本的原则持续经营的原则相关性，可靠性和一致性谨慎性原则重要性的原则展开编辑本段概述一般通用会计原则是指适用于各个不同行业的企业的，包括从会计的基本概念、基本假设等基本原理到具体会计计量和编制财务报表的程序及方法的规定。
通常一个国家的会计体系就是指一般通用会计。
一般可以分为国际性和区域性的，如美国的叫US GAAP 中国的就是2006年新颁布的会计准则，一般由专门的会计准则委员会制定。
会计师使用普遍公认的会计原则（GAAP），以引导他们记录和报告财务信息。
公认会计原则包括一套广泛的，被会计界和证券及交易委员会（SEC）制定了的原则。
两部法律，1933年证券法和1934年证券交易法，赋予证券交易委员会确立报告和公开规定的权力。
不过，证券交易委员会通常只进行监督工作，而让财务会计标准委员会和政府会计准则委员会(GASB)建立这些规定。
政府会计准则委员会为州政府和地方政府制定会计标准。
编辑本段基本假设会计师现行使用的一套原则取决于一些基本的假设。
在接下来介绍基本假设和原则，被认为是公认会计原则而且适用于大多数的财务报表。
除这些概念之外，还有其他更多的技术标准，会计师在准备财务报表时必须遵循。
经济实体的假设每个经济实体必须保持分开的财务记录。
经济实体，包括企业，政府，学区，教堂，和其他社会组织。
“公认会计原则”探析原则”
“公认会计原则”探析“公认会计原则”（Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP)在各种会计文献中，被广泛的使用，有时它被解释为“会计原则”，有时它又被解释为“会计准则”。
实际上，迄今为止，中外会计界对其真实涵义的认识仍然是模糊不清的。
虽然人们普遍地使用GAAP—词，可是很少有人对它的定义和内容作过系统的分析。
这在一定程度上影响了会计准则的制定与发展。
本文试图对GAAP的产生、定义、内容等问题进行全面的分析，并在此基础上对GMP 作出若干评论。
一、GMP的产生GMP概念，一般认为最早是二十世纪三十年代在美国产生的。
西德尼。
戴维林（1982)认为：GAAP —词，是三十年代表述执业会计师意见时开始出现的，是美国注册会计师协会（AICPA)所属的一个委员会和纽约证券交易所（NYSE) 合作，以及其它事态发展的结局。
但是，戴维森并没有指出GMP形成的过程和比较具体的时间。
实际上，GMP的产生经历了以下演变过程：(1) 1918年，美国联邦储备委员会（FRB)将其在1917年4月发行的“统一会计：联邦储备委员会的暂行建议”修订后，改名为“编制资产负债表的认可方法”加以发表。
在这里，首先出现了“认可的方法”（Approved Methods) 一词。
(2) 1929年，AICPA的前身美国会计师协会(AIA)将“编制资产负债表的认可方法”修订并改名为“财务报表的验证”后，再一次交由FRB发表。
1933年，纽约证券交易所耍求所有上市公司必须提交附有审计师证明书的财务报表。
而对这些财务报表的审计，则要求遵守“财务报表的验证”并提出关于财务报表是否具有“公允性”、“一致性”以及是否符合“认可的会计实务”(Accepted Accounting Practices)的意见。
(3) 1934年初，在“公司帐目审计”中，AIA推荐了一种审计报告格式，在其意见段的说明中提到了可采用是否遵守“认可的会计原则”（Accepted Accounting Principles)作为衡量财务报表“公允性”的标准。
方式保守‘一般公认会计原则GAAP’
圖1-1 直接金融與間接金融的程序
間接金融
直接金融
企業內部之組織形態
A
CEO B C
王品組織圖
企業簡要組織圖
14
企業內部之組織形態 鴻海組織圖
董事會 稽核經理 執行長 總裁 生產部門 會計部
財 務 會 計 成 本 會 計 稅 務 會 計 資 料 處 理 信 用 管 理 營 運 資 金
CEO A B C
18
企業目標
2. 目標之特性
良好的企業目標應具備下列基本特性： 目標與期限明確：模糊的目標會因不同 的人而有不一樣的決策。 具有確切與及時的衡量標準：讓管理者 可立即檢驗執行的成效。
不增加他人之成本：增加社會的有形及無 形成本，未來反而對公司不利。
19
企業目標
3. 股價極大化之問題
總體環境
作法
表1-1 簡化的資產負債表格式
表1-1 簡化 來 源
9
認識財務管理(3/5)
投資學：風險、報酬的折衷藝術 投資 以現時投入以期能在未來換取較原先投入更多的回報 風險 確知或可估計某些特定狀況下，最終結果的不穩定性 投資的應用 各種實質面和金融面的投資行為及程序 「投資程序」，亦即投資決策的形成過程，則包括投資 政策的規劃、證券分析及投資組合管理三類課題
估計成本的缺失：「一般公認會計原則 (GAAP)」重視歷史成本，會使損益產生明顯 的差異。 窗飾：經理人會採取一些人為方式來美化財 務報表，造成報表上的利潤失真。
104年日本東芝企業淨利被報灌水12億美元
17
企業目標
財務管理的目標 ～股東財富極大化
～極大化每股普通股的目前價值 ；意即追求股東權益市值之極大化
GAAP_Accrual Principle 一般公认会计原则
GAAP – Accrual PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:Record transactions when the transaction is “made” but not only when money is received or paid.Description:Accounting transactions should be recognized and recorded in the period of transaction and not necessarily when payment is made or received.Application:The time when money is received or paid will affect when an amount of “cash” is increased or decreased, however, that does not imply when an amount of “revenue” or “expense” is generated.Example 1:Your company receives an electricity bill of $1000 for the month of January. The electricity bill is received on 10 February and has to be paid by 5 March.When should you record the electricity expense? January? February? March?Ans: January – even though the electricity bill has NOT been received by then.Entries (at January):Dr Electricity expenses $1kCr Accrued electricity expenses $1k (Note: Electricity expenses payable can also be used)Entries (at February):NONE! (since this is only the month when the electricity bill is received. No affect to the accounting records.)Entries (at March):Dr Accrued electricity expenses $1kCr Cash $1kExplanation:a) Though the electricity bill has not yet received but the amount of $1k electricity expenses is used during the period of January, therefore, according to the “matching principle”, this amount should be recorded at the month when the revenue generated by this expenses is made (Note: Your company uses electricity to operate and through operation, revenue should be generated. Therefore, the electricity expense is actually the amount of expenses that helps your company to generate revenue.)b) However, since money has NOT been paid, there is NO reduction in cash. (i.e. cannot Cr Cash!). It can only be recorded as a cash outflow by March – when the amount is “paid”.c) This amount of “unpaid” expenses will be treated as an amount of “Liabilities” (i.e. Accrued electricity expenses / Electricity expenses payable)d) How do we know the amount to record in February before we receive the electricity bill?- Either through forecast; or- Through adjustmentExample 2:Your company has sold concert tickets and received $2,000 cash. The concert will take place by next month – February.Entries (at January):Dr Cash $2kCr Accrued concert revenue $2kEntries (at February):Dr Accrued concert revenue $2kCr Concert revenue $2kExplanation:a) Though money has been received in January, however, since services (i.e. the concert) has not been provided, therefore, according to the “realization principle”, you cannot record any “revenue”.b) Consequently, you can only record the amount as “Accrued concert revenue”, an amount of “liabilities”, which your company has to rep ay (through provision of services)in the future.c) When the services are rendered, again according to the “realization principle”, an amount of “revenue” should be recorded. By then, you can change the amount of “liabilities” to “revenue”.。
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GAAP – Business Entity (Separate Entity)
This discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.
Objective:
To emphasize a company that keeps its activity separate and distinct from its owners and any other business unit.
Description:
A company will record its financial activities separate from those of its owners and managers
Application:
All the activities and transactions related to the business will be recorded and maintained. All the personal transactions including revenue and expenses will be separated from the company’s accounts.
Example 1:
Mr Roger is the sole proprietor of Roger Shop. During September, he bought a new car of $150,000 and drove it to office every day. Besides, he paid the company’s utility expenses of $20,000 for the month of September. At the end of the month, he recorded both amount to the company’s accounts.
Entries:
Dr. Vehicle $150,000
Dr. Utility expenses $20,000
Cr. Cash $170,000
Is it reasonable to record both payments in the company’s accounts at the end of September?
Ans: No.
Explanation:
a. Mr Roger should only record the utility expenses instead of the cost of the new car.
b. Though Mr Roger bought the car for the convenience of work, the car was not the asset of the company. It was just the personal possession of Mr Roger or the asset of Mr Roger.
Therefore, the cost of the new car should not be recorded in the c ompany’s account due to the separate entity concept.
c. The utility expenses which include electricity, water and telecommunications are the expenses of the company in generating revenue. According to the ‘matching principle’, the amount should be recorde d in the company’s account.
Example 2:
Mr Roger is not only the owner of Roger Shop, he also works as a consultant in Wayne Corporation. Every month, he can receive a fixed amount of $10,000 as income from providing consulting services.
At the end of September, he found that there is a loss of $8,000 in the income statement of Roger Shop. However, he did not like any loss shown in the financial statements so he just transferred the amount of income earned in Wayne Corp as revenue of Roger Shop. In this way, there would be no loss shown in the income statement. Instead, there was even a profit of $2,000.
Should Mr Roger transfer the income of $10,000 to the income statement in order to change the loss to profit?
Ans: No
Explanation:
a. According to Busi ness entity, Mr Roger’s personal income should not be counted as one source of revenue for the Roger Shop.
b. If the amount of $10,000 is added to the income statement, it will go against the
‘matching principle’ since the revenue cannot be matched with t he expenses.
c. If Mr Roger does not want to show the loss in the income statement, it will go against the ‘true and fair’ principle which means that the information of the financial statement is not reliable and wrong decision making will be resulte
d.
Conclusion:
No matter income or expenses, don’t count them in the company’s financial statement if they are the owner’s personal transactions. Remember that all the activities of an entity have to be separated from individual owners’ activities.。