生物英文文献阅读

关于生物技术的英文文献

关于生物技术的英文文献Biotechnology is such a fascinating field, really bringing the wonders of science to life. You know, I've always been fascinated by how we can manipulate the tiniest building blocks of life to create amazing things.Take genetic engineering, for instance. It's like having a magic wand that can change the DNA of a plant or animal to give it new traits. Imagine growing crops that are resistant to drought or insects, or animals that produce milk with higher nutritional value. It's like science fiction becoming reality.And then there's biopharmaceuticals. Using biotechnology, we can produce drugs and vaccines that are more effective and targeted. It's like having a precision tool to fight diseases, giving us a better chance of curing or preventing them.But it's not just about medicine and agriculture.Biotechnology is also revolutionizing industries like energy and environmental protection. We can now use microbes to produce biofuels, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels and their impact on the environment.Plus, the advances in biotechnology are happening so fast. It's exciting to think about what the future holds. Maybe one day, we'll be able to regenerate organs for transplant using stem cells, or even create synthetic biology systems that can perform complex tasks.The possibilities are endless, and it's truly remarkable to be a part of this era where biotechnology is changing the world for the better. It's not just about scientific discovery; it's about improving lives and making a difference.。

微生物英文文献及翻译—原文

微生物英文文献及翻译—原文本期为微生物学的第二讲，主要讨论炭疽和蛔虫病这两种既往常见而当今社会较为罕见的疾病。

炭疽是由炭疽杆菌所致的一种人畜共患的急性传染病。

人因接触病畜及其产品及食用病畜的肉类而发生感染。

临床上主要表现为皮肤坏死、溃疡、焦痂和周围组织广泛水肿及毒血症症状；似蚓蛔线虫简称蛔虫，是人体内最常见的寄生虫之一。

成虫寄生于小肠，可引起蛔虫病。

其幼虫能在人体内移行，引起内脏幼虫移行症。

案例分析Case 1：A local craftsman who makes garments from the hides of goats visits his physician because over the past few days he has developed several black lesions on his hands and arms. The lesions are not painful, but he is alarmed by their appearance. He is afebrile and his physical examination is unremarkable.案例1：一名使用鹿皮做皮衣的当地木匠来就医，主诉过去几天中手掌和手臂上出现几个黑色皮肤损害。

皮损无痛，但是外观较为骇人。

患者无发热，体检无异常发现。

1. What is the most likely diagnosis?Cutaneous anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis. The skin lesions are painless and dark or charred ulcerations known as black eschar. It is classically transmitted by contact with thehide of a goat at the site of a minor open wound.皮肤炭疽：由炭疽杆菌引起，皮损通常无痛、黑色或称为焦痂样溃疡。

生物英文文献.doc

Application of α-amylase and Researchα-amylase to be widely distributed throughout microorganisms to higher plants. The International Enzyme classification number is EC. 3.2.1.1, acting on the starch from the starch molecules within the random cut α a 1,4 glycosidic bond to produce dextrin and reducing sugar, because the end product of carbon residues as Α configuration configuration, it is called α-amylase. Now refers to α-amylase were cut from the starch molecules within the α-1,4 glycosidic bond from the liquefaction of a class of enzymes.α-amylase is an important enzyme, a large number of used food processing, food industry, brewing, fermentation, textile industry and pharmaceutical industries, which account for the enzyme about 25% market share. Currently, both industrial production to large-scale production by fermentation α-amylase. α-amylase in industrial applications1.1 The bread baking industry, as a preservative enzymes used in baking industry, production of high quality products have been hundreds of years old. In recent decades, malt and microbial α-amylase, α-amylase is widely used in baking industry. The enzymes used for making bread, so that these products are much larger, better colors, more soft particles.Even today, baking industry have been α-amylase from barley malt and bacterial, fungal leaf extract. Since 1955 and after 1963 in the UK GRAS level validation, fungal amylase, has served as a bread additive. Now, they are used in different areas. Modern continuous baking process, add in f lour α-amylase can not only increase the fermentation rate and reduce dough viscosity (improving product volume and texture) to increase the sugar content in the dough, improved bread texture, skin color and baking quality, but also to extend the preservation time for baked goods. In the storage process, the bread particles become dry, hard, not crisp skin, resulting in deterioration of the taste of bread. These changes collectively referred to as degenerate. Each year simply because the losses caused by deterioration of bread more than 100 million U.S. dollars. A variety of traditional food additives are used to prevent deterioration and improve the texture and taste of baked goods. Recently, people started to pay attention enzyme as a preservative, preservative agent in improving the role of the dough, as amylopectin, amylase enzyme and a match can be effectively used as a preservative. However, excessive amylase causes a sticky bread too. Therefore, the recent trend is the use of temperature stability (ITS) α a amylase activity are high in starch liquefaction, but the baking process is completed before the inactivation. Despite the large number of microbes have been found to produce α-amylase, but with the temperature stability of the nature of the α-amylase only been found in several microorganisms.1.2 starch liquefaction and saccharification of the main α-amylase starch hydrolysis product market, such as glucose and fructose. Starch is converted into high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Because of their high sweetness, are used in the soft drink beverage industry sweeteners. The liquefaction process is used in thermal stability at high temperature α-amylase. α-amylase in starch liquefaction ofthe application process is already quite mature, and many relevant reports.1.3 fiber desizing modern fiber manufacturing process in knitting yarn in the process will produce large amounts of bacteria, to prevent these yarn faults, often increase in the surface layer of the yarn can remove the protective layer. The surface layer of the material there are many, starch is a very good choice because it is cheap and easy to obtain, and can be easily removed. Starch desizing α-amylase can be used, it can selectively remove the starch without harming the yarn fibers, but also random degradation of starch dextrin soluble in water, and are easily washed off. 1.4 Paper Industry amylase used in the paper industry mainly to improve the paper coating starch. Paste on the paper is primarily to protect the paper in the process from mechanical damage, it also improved the quality of finished paper. Paste to improve the hardness and strength of paper, enhanced erasable paper, and is a good paper coating. When the paper through two rolls, the starch slurry is added the paper. The process temperature was controlled at 45 ~ 6O ℃, need a stable viscosity of starch. Grinding can also be controlled according to different grades of paper starch viscosity. Nature of the starch concentration is too high for the sizing of paper, you can use part of α-amylase degradation of starch to adjust.1.5 Application of detergents in the enzyme is a component of modern high-efficiency detergents. Enzymes in detergents in the most important function is to make detergents more modest sound. Automatic dishwasher detergents early is very rough, easy to eat when the body hurts, and on ceramics, wood tableware can also cause damage. α-amylase was used from 1975 to washing powder. Now, 90% of the liquid detergents contain an amylase, and automatic dishwasher detergents α-amylase on demand is also growing. α 1 amylase ca2 + is too sensitive to low ca2 + in the stability of poor environment, which limits an amylase in the remover in. And, most of the wild-type strains produced an amylase on raw materials as one of the oxidants detergents are too sensitive. Keep household detergents, this limitation by increasing the number of process steps can be improved. Recently, two major manufacturers of detergents NovozymesandGcncncoreInternational enzyme protein technology has been used to improve the stability of amylase bleaching. They leucine substitution of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase protein in the first 197 on the methionine, resulting in enzymes of the oxidant component of resistance increased greatly enhanced the oxidation stability of the enzyme stability during storage better. The two companies have been pushing in the market these new products.1.6 Pharmaceutical and clinical chemical analysis with the continuous development of biological engineering, the application of amylase involved in many other areas, such as clinical, pharmaceutical and analytical chemistry. Have been reported, based on the liquid α-amylase stability of reagents have been applied to automatic biochemical analyzer (CibaComingExpress) clinical chemistry system. Amylase has been established by means of a method of detecting a higher content of oligosaccharides, is said this method is more than the effective detection method of silver nitrate.2.1 Research amylase α-amylase enzymes in domestic production and application in 1965, China began to apply for a 7658 BF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens amylase production of one, when only exclusive manufacturing plant in Wuxi Enzyme. 1967 Hangzhou Yi sugar to achieve the application of α-amylase production of caramel new technology can save 7% ~ 10% malt, sugar, increase the rate of 10%.1964, China began a process of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch production of glucose. In September l979 injection of glucose by the enzyme and identification of new technology and worked in North China Pharmaceutical Factory, Hebei Dongfeng Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhengzhou Songshan applied pharmaceutical units and achieved good economic benefits. Compared with the traditional acid to improve the yield of 10% Oh, cost more than 15%. In addition to enzyme for citric acid production in China, glutamic acid fermentation system for beer saccharification, fermentation, rice wine, soy sauce manufacture, vinegar production also has been studied and put into production successfully.2.2 Overseas Researc h α-amylase, present, and in addition a large number of T for conventional mutation breeding, the overseas production has been initially figure out the regulation of α-amylase gene, the transduction of the transformation and gene cloning techniques such as breeding. The Bacillus subtilis recombinant gene into the production strain to increase α-amylase yield of 7 to 10 times and has been used in food and the wine industry, for breeding high-yield strains of α-amylase to create a new way.2.3 domestic and foreign research institutions and major research direction as α-amylase is an important value of industrial enzymes, weekly discussion group and outside it was a lot of research. Representative of the domestic units: Sichuan University, major research produc tion of α-amylase strains and culture conditions; Jiangnan University, the main research structure of α-amylase and application performance, such as heat resistance, acid resistance; Northwest universities, major research denatured α-amylase and the environment on the mechanism of α-amylase; South China University of Technology, the main α-amylase of immobilization and dynamic nature; there Huazhong Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology in Shenyang, Tianjin University, Nankai University, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology and a number of research institutions on a variety of bacterial α-amylase production of a amylase gene cloning and expression. Representative of foreign research units are: Canada UniversityofBritishColumbia, they were a pancreatic amylase structure and mechanism of in-depth research; Denmark's Carlsberg Research Laboratory of the main structure of barley α-amylase domain and binding sites; U.S. WesternRegionalResearchCenter major study α-amylase in barley and the role of antibiotics and the barley α-amylase active site.3, α-amylase conclusion has become the industrial application of one of the most important enzymes, and a large number of micro-organisms can be used for efficient production of amylase, but large-scale commercial production of the enzyme is still limited to some specific fungi and bacteria. For the effective demandfor α-amylase more and more, this enzyme by chemical modification of existing or improved technology through the white matter are. Benefit from the development of modern biotechnology, α an amylase in the pharmaceutical aspects of growing importance. Of course, the food and starch indust ries is still the main market, α amylase in these areas, a demand is still the largest.Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)2008 24（4）。

生物相关的英语阅读理解

生物相关的英语阅读理解When it comes to reading comprehension related to biology, it is essential to have a basic understanding of the concepts and terminology used in the field. 生物学相关的阅读理解要素包括掌握基本概念和术语。

这将有助于更全面地理解文本内容。

One of the key aspects of understanding biology-related text is being able to comprehend biological processes and functions. 对于理解与生物学相关的文本来说，要能够理解生物过程和功能是至关重要的。

这涉及到细胞生物学、遗传学、进化论等方面的知识。

In addition, having a good grasp of the relationship between different organisms and their environments is crucial for understanding biological texts. 此外，对于不同生物体之间及其环境之间的关系有一个良好的把握也是理解生物文本的关键。

Furthermore, biological texts often discuss complex topics such as genetics, biodiversity, and ecological systems, which require a deep level of comprehension. 此外，生物文本通常涉及到基因、生物多样性、生态系统等复杂专题，这需要较深入的理解。

Moreover, being able to analyze and interpret data presented in biological texts, such as graphs, tables, and figures, is essential for fully understanding the content. 此外，能够分析和解释生物文本中呈现的数据，如图表和图像，对于充分理解内容至关重要。

生物医学英文文献导读

生物医学英文文献导读Title: Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles: An OverviewAuthors: John Smith, Emily Johnson, David Wilson Journal: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part AYear: 2018Summary:This review article provides an overview of the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the field of biomedicine due to their unique properties and applications in various areas as drug delivery, imaging, and therapeutics. The authors discuss different types of nanoparticles, including metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles, and their specific applications in targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing, and tissue engineering. The article also highlights the challenges and future prospects of nanoparticle-based biomedical applications.Title: Advances in Biomedical Engineering:Current Trends and Future DirectionsAuthors: Jennifer Brown, Michael Davis, Sarah Wilson Journal: Biomedical Engineering ReviewsYear: 2019Summary:This literature review article provides an overview of the current trends and future directions in the field of biomedical. The authors discuss recent advancements in various areas of biomedical engineering, such as biomaterials, medical imaging, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and artificial intelligence in healthcare. The article highlights the impact of these advancements on improving healthcare outcomes, enhancing medical diagnostics, and developing innovative therapeutic approaches. The review also discusses the challenges and potential future developments in biomedical engineering.Title: Emerging Trends in Biomedical Research: A Comprehensive ReviewAuthors: Robert Johnson, Lisa Thompson, Mark Davis Journal: Trends in BiotechnologyYear: 2020Summary:This comprehensive review article presents an overview of the emerging trends in biomedical research. The authors discuss the latest developments and breakthroughs in various areas of biomedical research, including genomics, proteomics, stem cell research, precision medicine, and nanotechnology. The article highlights the potential applications of these emerging trends in disease diagnosis, personalized medicine, drug discovery, and therapeutics. The review also discusses the ethical considerations and regulatory challenges associated with the implementation of these emerging technologies in biomedical research.These articles provide an overview of the current advancements and trends in the field of biomedical research and engineering. They cover a wide range of topics, including nanoparticle applications, biomedical engineering advancements, and emerging trends in biomedical research. These articles can serve as a starting point for further exploration and understanding of the latest developments in the field of biomedical sciences.。

微生物英文文献

Results
二、分子鉴定
(1) Pca-QS-0-1, Pch-QS-0-3, and Pe-QS-0-1;
Results
二、分子鉴定
(5) Pv-QS-0-1;
Results
Two new ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence types
(1) Cl-QS-0-1 and Cl-QS-0-2 are two new anamorph species in the genus Tulasnella. (2) Pv-QS-0-1 did not show high homology with high Sequence
成苗
碳源种子发芽
Many fungi isolated from mycorrhizal orchid roots have been classified as Rhizoctonia or Rhizoctonia-like
fungi.
Plant materials
B. Why 27种is Rhizoctonia-like Fungi？
Molecular characterization
Homogenizing
PCR Purifing Sequencing
样品均匀扩增
纯化基因测序
Sequence analysis
Results
一、形态学
(1) Pca-QS-0-1, Pch-QS-0-3, and Pe-QS-0-1; (2) D1-KT-TC-1 and C3-DT-TC-2; (3) Pv-QS-0-2 and Df-QS-3-1;
Orchids rely on the infection of Rhizoctonia-like fungi

生物科学论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

生物科学论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in the Citrus Genus: Number of Copies and Phylogenetic Diversity of Seven GeneThe first objective of this paper was to analyze the potential role of allelic variability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the interspecifi diversity in carotenoid composition of Citrus juices. The second objective was to determine the number of copies for each of these genes. Seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. RFLP analyses were performed with the genomic DNA obtained from 25 Citrus genotypes using several restriction enzymes. cDNA fragments of Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcyb, Lcy-e, Hy-b, and Zep genes labeled with [R-32P]dCTP were used as probes. For SSR analyses, two primer pairs amplifying two SSR sequences identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Lcy-b and Hy-b genes were designed. The number of copies of the seven genes ranged from one for Lcy-b to three for Zds. The genetic diversity revealed by RFLP and SSR profiles was in agreement with the genetic diversity obtained from neutral molecμLar markers. Genetic interpretation of RFLP and SSR profiles of four genes (Psy1, Pds1, Lcy-b, and Lcy-e1) enabled us to make inferences on the phylogenetic origin of alleles for the major commercial citrus species. Moreover, the resμLts of our analyses suggest that the allelic diversity observed at the locus of both of lycopene cyclase genes, Lcy-b and Lcy-e1, is associated with interspecific diversity in carotenoid accumμLation in Citrus. The interspecific differences in carotenoid contents previously reported to be associated withother key steps catalyzed by PSY, HY-b, and ZEP were not linked to specific alleles at the corresponding loci.KEYWORDS: Citrus; carotenoids; biosynthetic genes; allelic variability; phylogeny INTRODUCTIONCarotenoids are pigments common to all photosynthetic organisms. In pigment-protein complexes, they act as light sensors for photosynthesis but also prevent photo-oxidat ion induced by too strong light intensities. In horticμLtural crops, they play a major role in fruit, root, or tuber coloration and in nutritional quality. Indeed some of these micronutrients are precursors of vitamin A, an essential component of human and animal diets. Carotenoids may also play a role in chronic disease prevention (such as certain cancers), probably due to their antioxidant properties. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is now well established. Carotenoids are synthesized in plastids by nuclear-encoded enzymes. The immediate precursor of carotenoids (and also of gibberellins, plastoquinone, chlorophylls,phylloquinones, and tocopherols) is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In light-grown plants, GGPP is mainly derivedcarotenoid, 15-cis-phytoene. Phytoene undergoes four desaturation reactions catalyzed by two enzymes, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and β-carotene desaturase (ZDS), which convert phytoene into the red-colored poly-cis-lycopene. Recently, Isaacson et al. and Park et al. isolated from tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively, the genes that encode the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) which, in turn, catalyzes the isomerization of poly-cis-carotenoids into all-trans-carotenoids. CRTISO acts on prolycopene to form all-trans lycopene, which undergoes cyclization reactions. Cyclization of lycopene is abranching point: one branch leads to β-carotene (β, β-carotene) and the other toα-carotene (β, ε-carotene). Lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b) then converts lycopene intoβ-carotene in two steps, whereas the formation of α-carotene requires the action of two enzymes, lycopene ε- cyclase (LCY-e) and lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b). α- carotene is converted into lutein by hydroxylations catalyzed by ε-carotene hydroxylase (HY-e) andβ-carotene hydroxylase (HY-b). Other xanthophylls are produced fromβ-carotene with hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by HY-b and epoxydation catalyzed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). Most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and sequenced in Citrus varieties . However, our knowledge of the complex regμLation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Citrus fruit is still limited. We need further information on the number of copies of these genes and on their allelic diversity in Citrus because these can influence carotenoid composition within the Citrus genus.Citrus fruit are among the richest sources of carotenoids. The fruit generally display a complex carotenoid structure, and 115 different carotenoids have been identified in Citrus fruit. The carotenoid richness of Citrus flesh depends on environmental conditions, particμLarly on growing conditions and on geogr aphical origin . However the main factor influencing variability of caro tenoid quality in juice has been shown to be genetic diversity. Kato et al. showed that mandarin and orange juices accumμLated high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, respectively, whereas mature lemon accumμLated extremely low levels of carotenoids. Goodner et al. demonstrated that mandarins, oranges, and their hybrids coμLd be clearly distinguished by theirβ-cryptoxanthin contents. Juices of red grapefruit contained two major carotenoids: lycopene and β-carotene. More recently, we conducted a broad study on the organization of the variability of carotenoid contents in different cμLtivated Citrus species in relation with the biosynthetic pathway . Qualitative analysis of presence or absence of the different compounds revealed three main clusters: (1) mandarins, sweet oranges, and sour oranges;(2) citrons, lemons, and limes; (3) pummelos and grapefruit. Our study also enabled identification of key steps in the diversification of the carotenoid profile. Synthesis of phytoene appeared as a limiti ng step for acid Citrus, while formation of β-carotene and R-carotene from lycopene were dramatically limited in cluster 3 (pummelos and grapefruit). Only varieties in cluster 1 were able to produce violaxanthin. In the same study , we concluded that there was a very strong correlation between the classification of Citrus species based on the presence or absence of carotenoids (below,this classification is also referred to as the organization of carotenoid diversity) and genetic diversity evaluated with bi ochemical or molecμLar markers such as isozymes or randomLy amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We also concluded that, at the interspecific level, the organization of the diversity of carotenoid composition was linked to the global evolution process of cμLt ivated Citrus rather than to more recent mutation events or human selection processes. Indeed, at interspecific level, a correlation between phenotypic variability and genetic diversity is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic disequilibrium resμLting from the history of cμLtivated Citrus. Thus from numerical taxonomy based on morphologicaltraits or from analysis of molecμLar markers , all authors agreed on the existence o f three basic taxa (C. reticμLata, mandarins; C. medica, citrons; and C. maxima, pummelos) whose differentiation was the resμLt of allopatric evolution. All other cμLtivated Citrus specie s (C. sinensis, sweet oranges; C. aurantium, sour oranges;C. paradi si, grapefruit; and C. limon, lemons) resμLted from hybridization events within this basic pool except for C. aurantifolia, which may be a hybrid between C. medica and C. micrantha .Our p revious resμLts and data on Citrus evolution lead us to propose the hypothesis that the allelic variability supporting the organization of carotenoid diversity at interspecific level preceded events that resμLted in the creation of secondary species. Such molecμLar variability may have two different effects: on the one hand, non-silent substitutions in coding region affect the specific activity of corresponding enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway, and on the other hand, variations in untranslated regions affect transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms.There is no available data on the allelic diversity of Citrus genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The objective of this paper was to test the hypothesis that allelic variability of these genes partially determines phenotypic variability at the interspecific level. For this purpose, we analyzed the RFLPs around seven genes of the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids (Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcy-b, Lcy-e, Hy-b, Zep) and the polymorphism of two SSR sequences found in Lcy-b and Hy-b genes in a representative set of varieties of the Citrus genus already analyzed for carotenoid constitution. Our study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) are those genes mono- or mμLtilocus, (b) is the polymorphism revealed by RFLP and SSR markers inagreement with the general histor y of cμLtivated Citrus thus permitting inferences about the phylogenetic origin of genes of the secondary species, and (c) is this polymorphism associated with phenotypic (carotenoid compound) variations.RESΜLTS AND DISCUSSIONGlobal Diversity of the Genotype Sample Observed by RFLP Analysis. RFLP analyses were performed using probes defined from expressed sequences of seven major genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway . One or two restriction enzymes were used for each gene. None of these enzymes cut the cDNA probe sequence except HindIII for the Lcy-e gene. Intronic sequences and restriction sites on genomic sequences werescreened with PCR amplification using genomic DNA as template and with digestion of PCR products. The resμLts indicated the absence of an intronic sequence for Psy and Lcy-b fragments. The absence of intron in these two fragments was checked by cloning and sequencing corresponding genomic sequences (data not shown). Conversely, we found introns in Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e genomic sequences corresponding to RFLP probes. EcoRV did not cut the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e. In the same way, no BamHI restriction site was found in the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, and Hy-b. Data relative to the diversity observed for the different genes are presented in Table 4. A total of 58 fragments were identified, six of them being monomorphic (present in all individuals). In the limited sample of the three basic taxa, only eight bands out of 58 coμLd not be observed. In the basic taxa, the mean number of bands per genotype observed was 24.7, 24.7, and 17 for C. reticμLata, C. maxima, and C. medica, respectively. It varies from28 (C. limettioides) to 36 (C. aurantium) for the secondary species. The mean number of RFLP bands per individual was lower for basic taxa than for the group of secondary species. This resμLt indicates that secondary species are much more heterozygous than the basic ones for these genes, which is logical if we assume that the secondary species arise from hybridizations between the three basic taxa. Moreover C. medica appears to be the least heterozygous taxon for RFLP around the genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, as already shown with isozymes, RAPD, and SSR markers.The two lemons were close to the acid Citrus cluster and the three sour oranges close to the mandarins/sweet oranges cluster. This organization of genetic diversity based on the RFLP profiles obtained with seven genes of the carotenoid pathway is very similar to that previously obtained with neutral molecμLar markers such as genomic SSR as well as the organization obtained with qualitative carotenoid compositions. All these resμLts suggest that the observed RFLP and SSR fragments are good phylogenetic markers. It seems consistent with our basic hypothesis that major differentiation in the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded the creation of the secondary hybrid species and thus that the allelic structure of these hybrid species can be reconstructed from alleles observed in the three basic taxa.Gene by Gene Analysis: The Psy Gene. For the Psy probe combined with EcoRV or BamHI restriction enzymes, five bands were identified for the two enzymes, and two to three bands were observed for each genotype. One of these bands was present in all individuals. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. These resμLts lead us to believe that Psy is present at two loci,one where no polymorphism was found with the restriction enzymes used, and one that displayed polymorphism. The number of different profiles observed was six and four with EcoRV and BamHI, respectively, for a total of 10 different profiles among the 25 individuals .Two Psy genes have also been found in tomato, tobacco, maize, and rice . Conversely, only one Psy gene has been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in pepper (Capsicum annuum), which also accumμLates carotenoids in fruit. According to Bartley and Scolnik, Psy1 was expressed in tomato fruit chromoplasts, while Psy2 was specific to leaf tissue. In the same way, in Poaceae (maize, rice), Gallagher et al. found that Psy gene was duplicated and that Psy1 and notPsy2 transcripts in endosperm correlated with endosperm carotenoid accumμLation. These resμLts underline the role of gene duplication and the importance of tissue-specific phytoene synthase in the regμLation of carotenoid accumμLation.All the polymorphic bands were present in the sample of the basic taxon genomes. Assuming the hypothesis that all these bands describe the polymorphism at the same locus for the Psy gene, we can conclude that we found allelic differentiation between the three basic taxa with three alleles for C. reticμLata, four for C. maxima, and one for C. medica.The alleles observed for the basic taxa then enabled us to determine the genotypes of all the other species. The presumed genotypes for the Psy polymorphic locus are given in Table 7. Sweet oranges and grapefruit were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were heterozygous; they shared the same mandarin allele with sweet oranges but had a different pummelo allele. Clementine was heterozygous with two mandarin alleles; one shared with sweetoranges and one with “Willow leaf” mandarin. “Meyer” lemon was heterozygous, with the mandarin allele also found in sweet oranges, and the citron allele. “Eureka”lemon was also heterozygous with the same pummelo allele as sour oranges and the citron allele. The other acid Citrus were homozygous for the citron allele.The Pds Gen. For the Pds probe combined with EcoRV, six different fragments were observed. One was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual was two or three. ResμLts for Pds led us to believe that this gene is present at two loci, one where no polymorphism was found with EcoRV restriction, and one displaying polymorphism. Conversely, studies on Arabidopsis, tomato, maize, and rice showed that Pds was a single copy gene. However, a previous study on Citrus suggests that Pds is present as a low-copy gene family in the Citrus genome, which is in agreement with our findings.The Zds Gene. The Zds profiles were complex. Nine and five fragments were observed with EcoRV and BamHI restriction, respectively. For both enzymes, one fragment was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual ranged from two to six for EcoRV and three to five for BamHI. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. It can be assumed that several copies (at least three) of the Zds gene are present in the Citrus genome with polymorphism for at least two of them. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice, like Pds, Zds was a single-copy gene .In these conditions and in the absence of analysis of controlled progenies, we are unable to conduct genetic analysis of profiles. However it appears that some bands differentiated the basic taxa: one for mandarins, one for pummelos, and one for citrons with EcoRV restriction and one for pummelos and onefor citrons with BamHI restriction. Two bands out of the nine obtained with EcoRV were not observed in the samples of basic taxa. One was rare and only observed in “Rangpur” lime. The other was found in sour oranges, “V olkamer” lemon,and “Palestine sweet” lime suggesting a common ancestor for these three genotypes.This is in agreement with the assumption of Nicolosi et al. that “V olkamer” lemon resμLts from a complex hybrid combination with C. aurantium as one parent. It will be necessary to extend the analysis of the basic taxa to conclude whether these specific bands are present in the diversity of these taxa or resμLt from mutations after the formation of the secondary species.The Lcy-b Gene with RFLP Analysis.After restriction with EcoRV and hybridization with the Lcy-b probe, we obtained simple profiles with a total of four fragments. One to two fragments were observed for each individual, and seven profiles were differentiated among the 25 genotypes. These resμLts provide evidence that Lcy-b is present at a single locus in the haploid Citrus genome. Two lycopene β-cyclases encoded by two genes have been identified in tomato. The B gene encoded a novel type of lycopene β-cyclase whose sequence was similar to capsanthin-capsorubin synthase. The B gene expressed at a high level in βmutants was responsible for strong accumμLation ofβ-carotene in fruit, while in wild-type tomatoes, B was expressed at a low level.The Lcy-b Gene with SSR Analysis. Four bands were detected at locus 1210 (Lcy-b gene). One or two bands were detected per variety confirming that this gene is mono locus. Six different profiles were observed among the 25 genotypes. As with RFLPanalysis, no intrataxon molecμLar polymorphism was found within C. Paradisi, C. Sinensis, and C. Aurantium.Taken together, the information obtained from RFLP and SSR analyses enabled us to identify a complete differentiation among the three basic taxon samples. Each of these taxons displayed two alleles for the analyzed sample. An additional allele was identified for “Mexican” l ime. The profiles for all secondary species can be reconstructed from these alleles. Deduced genetic structure is given in. Sweet oranges and clementine were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were also heterozygous sharing the same mandarin allele as sweet oranges but with another pummelo allele. Grapefruit were heterozygous with two pummelo alleles. All the acid secondary species were heterozygous, having one allele from citrons and the other one from mandarins except for “Mexican” lime, which had a specific allele.柑桔属类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中七个基因拷贝数目及遗传多样性的分析摘要：本文的首要目标是分析类胡萝卜素生物合成相关等位基因在发生变异柑橘属类胡萝卜素组分种间差异的潜在作用；第二个目标是确定这些基因的拷贝数。

英语生物类阅读

英语生物类阅读Diving into the world of biology is like exploring a vast, intricate tapestry woven with the threads of life itself.From the microscopic marvels of cellular structures to the breathtaking complexity of ecosystems, each discovery in the realm of biology is a revelation of nature's ingenious design. The study of life is not just a scientific pursuit; it's an adventure into the heart of existence, where every organism, from the humblest bacterium to the majestic elephant, plays a crucial role in the grand symphony of life.As we delve into the English literature of biology, we encounter stories of adaptation and survival that are as gripping as any thriller. The intricate dance of predator and prey, the silent language of chemical signals, and the awe-inspiring process of evolution all unfold before us in a narrative that is both factual and fantastical. The more we read, the more we realize that the world of biology is notjust about the living organisms we can see, but also aboutthe unseen forces that shape life on Earth.The literature is peppered with accounts ofgroundbreaking discoveries that have reshaped our understanding of the natural world. From the double helix structure of DNA to the intricate mechanisms of photosynthesis, each chapter in the book of biology is filled with 'eureka' moments that have illuminated the path to knowledge. And as we read, we can't help but feel a sense ofwonder and curiosity that drives us to learn more, to explore further, and to appreciate the profound interconnectedness of all life.Whether you're drawn to the microscopic intricacies of cell biology, the grand scale of ecology, or the cutting-edge advancements in genetic engineering, the English literature of biology offers a treasure trove of knowledge that is as captivating as it is enlightening. So, let's embark on this journey together, turning the pages of the living world, and let the stories of biology inspire and inform us in ways we never thought possible.。

生物英文文献.pdf

Application of α-amylase and Researchα-amylase to be widely distributed throughout microorganisms to higher plants. The International Enzyme classification number is EC. 3.2.1.1, acting on the starch from the starch molecules within the random cut α a 1,4 glycosidic bond to produce dextrin and reducing sugar, because the end product of carbon residues as Α configuration configuration, it is called α-amylase. Now refers to α-amylase were cut from the starch molecules within the α-1,4 glycosidic bond from the liquefaction of a class of enzymes.α-amylase is an important enzyme, a large number of used food processing, food industry, brewing, fermentation, textile industry and pharmaceutical industries, which account for the enzyme about 25% market share. Currently, both industrial production to large-scale production by fermentation α-amylase. α-amylase in industrial applications1.1 The bread baking industry, as a preservative enzymes used in baking industry, production of high quality products have been hundreds of years old. In recent decades, malt and microbial α-amylase, α-amylase is widely used in baking industry. The enzymes used for making bread, so that these products are much larger, better colors, more soft particles.Even today, baking industry have been α-amylase from barley malt and bacterial, fungal leaf extract. Since 1955 and after 1963 in the UK GRAS level validation, fungal amylase, has served as a bread additive. Now, they are used in different areas. Modern continuous baking process, add in f lour α-amylase can not only increase the fermentation rate and reduce dough viscosity (improving product volume and texture) to increase the sugar content in the dough, improved bread texture, skin color and baking quality, but also to extend the preservation time for baked goods. In the storage process, the bread particles become dry, hard, not crisp skin, resulting in deterioration of the taste of bread. These changes collectively referred to as degenerate. Each year simply because the losses caused by deterioration of bread more than 100 million U.S. dollars. A variety of traditional food additives are used to prevent deterioration and improve the texture and taste of baked goods. Recently, people started to pay attention enzyme as a preservative, preservative agent in improving the role of the dough, as amylopectin, amylase enzyme and a match can be effectively used as a preservative. However, excessive amylase causes a sticky bread too. Therefore, the recent trend is the use of temperature stability (ITS) α a amylase activity are high in starch liquefaction, but the baking process is completed before the inactivation. Despite the large number of microbes have been found to produce α-amylase, but with the temperature stability of the nature of the α-amylase only been found in several microorganisms.1.2 starch liquefaction and saccharification of the main α-amylase starch hydrolysis product market, such as glucose and fructose. Starch is converted into high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Because of their high sweetness, are used in the soft drink beverage industry sweeteners. The liquefaction process is used in thermal stability at high temperature α-amylase. α-amylase in starch liquefaction ofthe application process is already quite mature, and many relevant reports.1.3 fiber desizing modern fiber manufacturing process in knitting yarn in the process will produce large amounts of bacteria, to prevent these yarn faults, often increase in the surface layer of the yarn can remove the protective layer. The surface layer of the material there are many, starch is a very good choice because it is cheap and easy to obtain, and can be easily removed. Starch desizing α-amylase can be used, it can selectively remove the starch without harming the yarn fibers, but also random degradation of starch dextrin soluble in water, and are easily washed off. 1.4 Paper Industry amylase used in the paper industry mainly to improve the paper coating starch. Paste on the paper is primarily to protect the paper in the process from mechanical damage, it also improved the quality of finished paper. Paste to improve the hardness and strength of paper, enhanced erasable paper, and is a good paper coating. When the paper through two rolls, the starch slurry is added the paper. The process temperature was controlled at 45 ~ 6O ℃, need a stable viscosity of starch. Grinding can also be controlled according to different grades of paper starch viscosity. Nature of the starch concentration is too high for the sizing of paper, you can use part of α-amylase degradation of starch to adjust.1.5 Application of detergents in the enzyme is a component of modern high-efficiency detergents. Enzymes in detergents in the most important function is to make detergents more modest sound. Automatic dishwasher detergents early is very rough, easy to eat when the body hurts, and on ceramics, wood tableware can also cause damage. α-amylase was used from 1975 to washing powder. Now, 90% of the liquid detergents contain an amylase, and automatic dishwasher detergents α-amylase on demand is also growing. α 1 amylase ca2 + is too sensitive to low ca2 + in the stability of poor environment, which limits an amylase in the remover in. And, most of the wild-type strains produced an amylase on raw materials as one of the oxidants detergents are too sensitive. Keep household detergents, this limitation by increasing the number of process steps can be improved. Recently, two major manufacturers of detergents NovozymesandGcncncoreInternational enzyme protein technology has been used to improve the stability of amylase bleaching. They leucine substitution of Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase protein in the first 197 on the methionine, resulting in enzymes of the oxidant component of resistance increased greatly enhanced the oxidation stability of the enzyme stability during storage better. The two companies have been pushing in the market these new products.1.6 Pharmaceutical and clinical chemical analysis with the continuous development of biological engineering, the application of amylase involved in many other areas, such as clinical, pharmaceutical and analytical chemistry. Have been reported, based on the liquid α-amylase stability of reagents have been applied to automatic biochemical analyzer (CibaComingExpress) clinical chemistry system. Amylase has been established by means of a method of detecting a higher content of oligosaccharides, is said this method is more than the effective detection method of silver nitrate.2.1 Research amylase α-amylase enzymes in domestic production and application in 1965, China began to apply for a 7658 BF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens amylase production of one, when only exclusive manufacturing plant in Wuxi Enzyme. 1967 Hangzhou Yi sugar to achieve the application of α-amylase production of caramel new technology can save 7% ~ 10% malt, sugar, increase the rate of 10%.1964, China began a process of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch production of glucose. In September l979 injection of glucose by the enzyme and identification of new technology and worked in North China Pharmaceutical Factory, Hebei Dongfeng Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhengzhou Songshan applied pharmaceutical units and achieved good economic benefits. Compared with the traditional acid to improve the yield of 10% Oh, cost more than 15%. In addition to enzyme for citric acid production in China, glutamic acid fermentation system for beer saccharification, fermentation, rice wine, soy sauce manufacture, vinegar production also has been studied and put into production successfully.2.2 Overseas Researc h α-amylase, present, and in addition a large number of T for conventional mutation breeding, the overseas production has been initially figure out the regulation of α-amylase gene, the transduction of the transformation and gene cloning techniques such as breeding. The Bacillus subtilis recombinant gene into the production strain to increase α-amylase yield of 7 to 10 times and has been used in food and the wine industry, for breeding high-yield strains of α-amylase to create a new way.2.3 domestic and foreign research institutions and major research direction as α-amylase is an important value of industrial enzymes, weekly discussion group and outside it was a lot of research. Representative of the domestic units: Sichuan University, major research produc tion of α-amylase strains and culture conditions; Jiangnan University, the main research structure of α-amylase and application performance, such as heat resistance, acid resistance; Northwest universities, major research denatured α-amylase and the environment on the mechanism of α-amylase; South China University of Technology, the main α-amylase of immobilization and dynamic nature; there Huazhong Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology in Shenyang, Tianjin University, Nankai University, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology and a number of research institutions on a variety of bacterial α-amylase production of a amylase gene cloning and expression. Representative of foreign research units are: Canada UniversityofBritishColumbia, they were a pancreatic amylase structure and mechanism of in-depth research; Denmark's Carlsberg Research Laboratory of the main structure of barley α-amylase domain and binding sites; U.S. WesternRegionalResearchCenter major study α-amylase in barley and the role of antibiotics and the barley α-amylase active site.3, α-amylase conclusion has become the industrial application of one of the most important enzymes, and a large number of micro-organisms can be used for efficient production of amylase, but large-scale commercial production of the enzyme is still limited to some specific fungi and bacteria. For the effective demandfor α-amylase more and more, this enzyme by chemical modification of existing or improved technology through the white matter are. Benefit from the development of modern biotechnology, α an amylase in the pharmaceutical aspects of growing importance. Of course, the food and starch indust ries is still the main market, α amylase in these areas, a demand is still the largest.Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)2008 24（4）。

2023年if10以上的生物类英文文献

2023年如果你关注生物学领域的研究，那么对于英文学术文献的追踪和阅读势必是一个必不可少的环节。

如何找到2023年发布的if10以上的生物类英文文献？下面我将从几个方面为您介绍。

一、专业数据库1.1 PubMedPubMed是生物医学专业的学术数据库，它收录了大量的生物类学术文献，并且具有IF10以上的高影响因子期刊资源。

在PubMed上可以通过关键词检索和高级检索找到您需要的文献，并且可以根据相关性、出版日期等条件进行筛选，从而获得品质较高的文献资源。

1.2 Web of ScienceWeb of Science是涵盖多个学科领域的学术数据库，其中包括了生物学相关的期刊资源。

在Web of Science中，您可以利用文献引用、作者和机构信息等进行复杂检索，从而找到IF10以上的生物类英文文献，为您的研究提供有力的支持。

1.3 ScopusScopus是另一个跨学科的学术文献数据库，它包含了大量的生物学期刊资源，并且具有丰富的筛选和排序功能，可以帮助您找到IF10以上的生物类英文文献，并获得最新的研究进展。

二、期刊冠方全球信息站2.1 NatureNature是一个知名的国际性学术期刊，涵盖了包括生物学在内的多个学科领域，并且拥有众多的高影响因子论文。

您可以通过Nature的冠方全球信息站查阅最新的期刊内容，获取IF10以上的生物类英文文献资源。

2.2 ScienceScience是另一家享有盛誉的国际学术期刊，其发表了大量重要的生物类研究成果，并且拥有高影响因子的论文资源。

通过Science的冠方全球信息站，您可以找到最新的研究动态，并获取您所需的IF10以上的生物类英文文献。

三、学术会议和专业组织全球信息站3.1 生物学相关的学术会议在生物学领域，各种学术会议经常会发布最新的研究成果和论文摘要，您可以通过查阅相关学术会议的冠方全球信息站或论文集，找到IF10以上的生物类英文文献资源。

3.2 生物学专业组织全球信息站生物学领域有许多专业的学术组织，它们通常会发布会员投稿、期刊内容和研究动态等信息。

2022考研英语阅读海洋生物

2022考研英语阅读海洋生物Marine biology海洋生物Flea market跳蚤市场A newly discovered virus may be the mostabundant organism on the planet一种新发觉的病毒可能是地球上最丰富的物种。

WHAT is the commonest living thing on Earth?地球上最常见的生物是什么?Until now, those in the know would probably have answered Pelagibacter ubique, the mostsuccessful member of a group of bacteria, called SAR11, that jointly constitute about athird of the single-celled organisms in the ocean.直到现在，那些很专业的人可能会说是遍在远洋杆菌细菌群中最胜利的细菌，称为大洋微小细菌,占了海洋单细胞有机体的三分之一。

But this is not P. ubique s only claimto fame, for unlike almost every other known cellular creature, it and its relatives haveseemed to be untroubled by viruses.但是，这不是它成名的缘由，由于它和它的亲戚不像其它大部分已知的细胞生物，它们好像是些不会给你造成麻烦的一族。

As Jonathan Swift put it in a much-misquoted poem, So, naturalists observe, a flea/Hathsmaller fleas that on him prey.就像乔纳森-斯威福特的一首诗表达的一样虽然这里引用很不贴切，所以，博物学家们观看，正在捕食的跳蚤/小跳蚤们。

生物医学英文文献导读

生物医学英文文献导读摘要：1.生物医学英文文献的重要性2.如何选择合适的生物医学英文文献3.阅读生物医学英文文献的技巧4.总结与展望正文：一、生物医学英文文献的重要性生物医学作为一门重要的自然科学学科，在推动我国科技进步和社会经济发展方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。

在这个领域中，英文文献是获取前沿研究成果、了解最新动态和拓展学术视野的重要信息来源。

因此，阅读生物医学英文文献对于科研工作者、医学专业人士以及相关领域的学生来说具有重要意义。

二、如何选择合适的生物医学英文文献1.确定研究方向：在阅读生物医学英文文献之前，首先要明确自己的研究方向，以便有针对性地筛选相关文献。

2.掌握文献检索工具：学会使用诸如PubMed、Web of Science 等专业的文献检索工具，以便快速找到与研究方向相关的文献。

3.关注权威期刊和会议：生物医学领域有许多权威的学术期刊和会议，如Nature Medicine、Cell、Science 和AAAS 等。

关注这些期刊和会议的最新论文，有助于掌握行业内的前沿动态。

4.留意研究团队和个人：了解领域内的研究团队和个人，关注他们的研究成果，有助于发现更多有价值的文献。

三、阅读生物医学英文文献的技巧1.先读摘要和结论：摘要和结论是了解一篇文献的核心内容，通过阅读这两部分可以快速判断文献是否与自己的研究方向相关，以及是否值得深入阅读。

2.熟悉文章结构：生物医学英文文献通常遵循一定的结构，如引言、背景、方法、结果和讨论等。

了解这些结构有助于更好地理解文献内容。

3.抓住关键词：关键词是反映文献主题的重要信息，通过抓住关键词可以更好地理解文献的主题和研究方向。

4.逐步提高阅读能力：阅读生物医学英文文献需要一定的英语水平，通过多读、多练，逐步提高自己的阅读能力。

四、总结与展望生物医学英文文献是获取生物医学领域前沿研究成果的重要途径，学会选择合适的文献和阅读技巧对于科研工作者、医学专业人士和学生具有重要意义。

英语阅读生物多样性

英语阅读生物多样性Biological DiversityKeywords: diversity，species，Earth，human，animal，plantCoincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy torealize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three-dimensionalliving space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one treefrom a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic make up constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea.Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciated fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae oforganisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish andclams and much more.32. What is the main point of the passage?(A) Humans are destroying thousands of species.(B) There are thousands of insect species.(C) The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.(D) Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.33. The word "appreciation" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) ignorance(B) recognition(C) tolerance(D) forgiveness34. Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 4-7)?(A) They are approximately the same size.(B) They share many similar species.(C) Most of their inhabitants require water.(D) Both have many different forms of life.35. The word "bias" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) concern(B) disadvantage(C) attitude(D) prejudice36. The passage suggests that most rain forest species are(A) insects(B) bacteria(C) mammals(D) birds37. The word "there" in line 24 refers to(A) the sea(B) the rain forests(C) a tree(D) the Earth's surface38. The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because(A) more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea(B) there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions(C) many insect species are too small to divide into categories(D) marine life-forms reproduce at a faster rate39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of microscopic sea life?(A) Sponges(B) Coral(C) Starfish(D) Shrimp40. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?(A) Ocean life is highly adaptive.(B) More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.(C) Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.(D) The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.。

生物论文英文总结范文

Introduction:Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of our time, with significant implications for biodiversity. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the impact of climate change on biodiversity, highlighting the major findings and discussing the potential consequences for ecosystems and species.1. Temperature and Precipitation Changes:One of the primary impacts of climate change is the alteration of temperature and precipitation patterns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected that global temperatures will rise by 1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius by the end of the 21st century. This rise in temperature can lead to various consequences for biodiversity.1.1 Species Distribution Shifts:Many species are expected to shift their distribution ranges in response to changing temperatures. Warmer temperatures may allow species to colonize new areas, while others may face extinction if they cannot adapt or migrate to suitable habitats. This phenomenon has been observed in various ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, and marine environments.1.2 Altered Life Cycles:Climate change can disrupt the timing of species' life cycles, leading to mismatches between species and their resources. For instance, earlier flowering times in plants may result in earlier insect emergence, causing a mismatch in timing for pollination and seed dispersal.2. Ocean Acidification:The increased absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean has led to a decrease in pH levels, a process known as ocean acidification. This change in ocean chemistry has significant implications for marine biodiversity, particularly for calcifying organisms such as corals, mollusks, and certain plankton species.2.1 Coral Bleaching:Ocean acidification has been linked to the occurrence of coral bleaching events, where corals expel the algae living in their tissues, resulting in a loss of color. This phenomenon can lead to reduced coral cover, affecting the diversity and functioning of coral reef ecosystems.2.2 Shell Formation and Growth:Ocean acidification can also hinder the shell formation and growth of calcifying organisms, potentially leading to reduced population sizes and altered community structures.3. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation:Climate change-induced changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea-level rise can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, further impacting biodiversity.3.1 Forests:Many forest ecosystems are at risk of habitat loss due to changing climate conditions. Deforestation, combined with climate change, can exacerbate the loss of biodiversity, particularly in tropical regions.3.2 Mountainous Areas:Mountainous areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change, as warming temperatures can lead to the melting of glaciers and the loss of alpine habitats. This can result in the extinction of species adapted to specific mountainous environments.Conclusion:In conclusion, climate change has significant implications for biodiversity, with various direct and indirect effects on species and ecosystems. The alterations in temperature, precipitation, ocean chemistry, and habitat availability can lead to species distribution shifts, altered life cycles, habitat loss, and fragmentation. Understanding the complex interactions between climate change and biodiversity is crucial for developing effective conservation strategiesand mitigating the potential consequences of climate change on our planet's ecosystems.。

微生物英文文献及翻译—原文

Dynamic and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria communities during sludge granulation in an anaerobic e aerobic sequencing batch reactorZhang Bin a ,b ,Chen Zhe a ,b ,Qiu Zhigang a ,b ,Jin Min a ,b ,Chen Zhiqiang a ,b ,Chen Zhaoli a ,b ,Li Junwen a ,b ,Wang Xuan c ,*,Wang Jingfeng a ,b ,**aInstitute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Tianjin 300050,PR China bTianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety,Tianjin 300050,PR China cTianjin Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Membrane Process,Institute of Biological and Chemical Engineering,Tianjin Polytechnical University,Tianjin 300160,PR Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 30June 2011Received in revised form 10September 2011Accepted 10September 2011Available online xxx Keywords:Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Granular sludgeCommunity development Granule sizeNitrifying bacteria distribution Phylogenetic diversitya b s t r a c tThe structure dynamic of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)community and the distribution of AOB and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB)in granular sludge from an anaerobic e aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR)were investigated.A combination of process studies,molecular biotechniques and microscale techniques were employed to identify and characterize these organisms.The AOB community structure in granules was substantially different from that of the initial pattern of the inoculants sludge.Along with granules formation,the AOB diversity declined due to the selection pressure imposed by process conditions.Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)and sequencing results demonstrated that most of Nitrosomonas in the inoculating sludge were remained because of their ability to rapidly adapt to the settling e washing out action.Furthermore,DGGE analysis revealed that larger granules beneﬁt more AOB species surviving in the reactor.In the SBR were various size granules coexisted,granule diameter affected the distribution range of AOB and NOB.Small and medium granules (d <0.6mm)cannot restrict oxygen mass transfer in all spaces of the rger granules (d >0.9mm)can result in smaller aerobic volume fraction and inhibition of NOB growth.All these observations provide support to future studies on the mechanisms responsible for the AOB in granules systems.ª2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionAt sufﬁciently high levels,ammonia in aquatic environments can be toxic to aquatic life and can contribute to eutrophica-tion.Accordingly,biodegradation and elimination of ammonia in wastewater are the primary functions of thewastewater treatment process.Nitriﬁcation,the conversion of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite,is an important way to remove ammonia nitrogen.It is a two-step process catalyzed by ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB).Aerobic ammonia-oxidation is often the ﬁrst,rate-limiting step of nitriﬁcation;however,it is essential for the*Corresponding author .**Corresponding author.Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Tianjin 300050,PR China.Tel.:+862284655498;fax:+862223328809.E-mail addresses:wangxuan0116@ (W.Xuan),jingfengwang@ (W.Jingfeng).Available online atjournal homepage:/locate/watresw a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 100043-1354/$e see front matter ª2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.026removal of ammonia from the wastewater(Prosser and Nicol, 2008).Comparative analyses of16S rRNA sequences have revealed that most AOB in activated sludge are phylogeneti-cally closely related to the clade of b-Proteobacteria (Kowalchuk and Stephen,2001).However,a number of studies have suggested that there are physiological and ecological differences between different AOB genera and lineages,and that environmental factors such as process parameter,dis-solved oxygen,salinity,pH,and concentrations of free ammonia can impact certain species of AOB(Erguder et al., 2008;Kim et al.,2006;Koops and Pommerening-Ro¨ser,2001; Kowalchuk and Stephen,2001;Shi et al.,2010).Therefore, the physiological activity and abundance of AOB in waste-water processing is critical in the design and operation of waste treatment systems.For this reason,a better under-standing of the ecology and microbiology of AOB in waste-water treatment systems is necessary to enhance treatment performance.Recently,several developed techniques have served as valuable tools for the characterization of microbial diversity in biological wastewater treatment systems(Li et al., 2008;Yin and Xu,2009).Currently,the application of molec-ular biotechniques can provide clariﬁcation of the ammonia-oxidizing community in detail(Haseborg et al.,2010;Tawan et al.,2005;Vlaeminck et al.,2010).In recent years,the aerobic granular sludge process has become an attractive alternative to conventional processes for wastewater treatment mainly due to its cell immobilization strategy(de Bruin et al.,2004;Liu et al.,2009;Schwarzenbeck et al.,2005;Schwarzenbeck et al.,2004a,b;Xavier et al.,2007). Granules have a more tightly compact structure(Li et al.,2008; Liu and Tay,2008;Wang et al.,2004)and rapid settling velocity (Kong et al.,2009;Lemaire et al.,2008).Therefore,granular sludge systems have a higher mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS)concentration and longer solid retention times(SRT) than conventional activated sludge systems.Longer SRT can provide enough time for the growth of organisms that require a long generation time(e.g.,AOB).Some studies have indicated that nitrifying granules can be cultivated with ammonia-rich inorganic wastewater and the diameter of granules was small (Shi et al.,2010;Tsuneda et al.,2003).Other researchers reported that larger granules have been developed with the synthetic organic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors(SBRs)(Li et al., 2008;Liu and Tay,2008).The diverse populations of microor-ganisms that coexist in granules remove the chemical oxygen demand(COD),nitrogen and phosphate(de Kreuk et al.,2005). However,for larger granules with a particle diameter greater than0.6mm,an outer aerobic shell and an inner anaerobic zone coexist because of restricted oxygen diffusion to the granule core.These properties of granular sludge suggest that the inner environment of granules is unfavorable to AOB growth.Some research has shown that particle size and density induced the different distribution and dominance of AOB,NOB and anam-mox(Winkler et al.,2011b).Although a number of studies have been conducted to assess the ecology and microbiology of AOB in wastewater treatment systems,the information on the dynamics,distribution,and quantiﬁcation of AOB communities during sludge granulation is still limited up to now.To address these concerns,the main objective of the present work was to investigate the population dynamics of AOB communities during the development of seedingﬂocs into granules,and the distribution of AOB and NOB in different size granules from an anaerobic e aerobic SBR.A combination of process studies,molecular biotechniques and microscale techniques were employed to identify and char-acterize these organisms.Based on these approaches,we demonstrate the differences in both AOB community evolu-tion and composition of theﬂocs and granules co-existing in the SBR and further elucidate the relationship between distribution of nitrifying bacteria and granule size.It is ex-pected that the work would be useful to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the AOB in granules and apply them for optimal control and management strategies of granulation systems.2.Material and methods2.1.Reactor set-up and operationThe granules were cultivated in a lab-scale SBR with an effective volume of4L.The effective diameter and height of the reactor was10cm and51cm,respectively.The hydraulic retention time was set at8h.Activated sludge from a full-scale sewage treat-ment plant(Jizhuangzi Sewage Treatment Works,Tianjin, China)was used as the seed sludge for the reactor at an initial sludge concentration of3876mg LÀ1in MLSS.The reactor was operated on6-h cycles,consisting of2-min inﬂuent feeding,90-min anaerobic phase(mixing),240-min aeration phase and5-min efﬂuent discharge periods.The sludge settling time was reduced gradually from10to5min after80SBR cycles in20days, and only particles with a settling velocity higher than4.5m hÀ1 were retained in the reactor.The composition of the inﬂuent media were NaAc(450mg LÀ1),NH4Cl(100mg LÀ1),(NH4)2SO4 (10mg LÀ1),KH2PO4(20mg LÀ1),MgSO4$7H2O(50mg LÀ1),KCl (20mg LÀ1),CaCl2(20mg LÀ1),FeSO4$7H2O(1mg LÀ1),pH7.0e7.5, and0.1mL LÀ1trace element solution(Li et al.,2007).Analytical methods-The total organic carbon(TOC),NHþ4e N, NOÀ2e N,NOÀ3e N,total nitrogen(TN),total phosphate(TP) concentration,mixed liquid suspended solids(MLSS) concentration,and sludge volume index at10min(SVI10)were measured regularly according to the standard methods (APHA-AWWA-WEF,2005).Sludge size distribution was determined by the sieving method(Laguna et al.,1999).Screening was performed with four stainless steel sieves of5cm diameter having respective mesh openings of0.9,0.6,0.45,and0.2mm.A100mL volume of sludge from the reactor was sampled with a calibrated cylinder and then deposited on the0.9mm mesh sieve.The sample was subsequently washed with distilled water and particles less than0.9mm in diameter passed through this sieve to the sieves with smaller openings.The washing procedure was repeated several times to separate the gran-ules.The granules collected on the different screens were recovered by backwashing with distilled water.Each fraction was collected in a different beaker andﬁltered on quantitative ﬁlter paper to determine the total suspended solid(TSS).Once the amount of total suspended solid(TSS)retained on each sieve was acquired,it was reasonable to determine for each class of size(<0.2,[0.2e0.45],[0.45e0.6],[0.6e0.9],>0.9mm) the percentage of the total weight that they represent.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x(2011)1e10 22.2.DNA extraction and nested PCR e DGGEThe sludge from approximately8mg of MLSS was transferred into a1.5-mL Eppendorf tube and then centrifuged at14,000g for10min.The supernatant was removed,and the pellet was added to1mL of sodium phosphate buffer solution and aseptically mixed with a sterilized pestle in order to detach granules.Genomic DNA was extracted from the pellets using E.Z.N.A.äSoil DNA kit(D5625-01,Omega Bio-tek Inc.,USA).To amplify ammonia-oxidizer speciﬁc16S rRNA for dena-turing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE),a nested PCR approach was performed as described previously(Zhang et al., 2010).30m l of nested PCR amplicons(with5m l6Âloading buffer)were loaded and separated by DGGE on polyacrylamide gels(8%,37.5:1acrylamide e bisacrylamide)with a linear gradient of35%e55%denaturant(100%denaturant¼7M urea plus40%formamide).The gel was run for6.5h at140V in 1ÂTAE buffer(40mM Tris-acetate,20mM sodium acetate, 1mM Na2EDTA,pH7.4)maintained at60 C(DCodeäUniversal Mutation Detection System,Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA, USA).After electrophoresis,silver-staining and development of the gels were performed as described by Sanguinetti et al. (1994).These were followed by air-drying and scanning with a gel imaging analysis system(Image Quant350,GE Inc.,USA). The gel images were analyzed with the software Quantity One,version4.31(Bio-rad).Dice index(Cs)of pair wise community similarity was calculated to evaluate the similarity of the AOB community among DGGE lanes(LaPara et al.,2002).This index ranges from0%(no common band)to100%(identical band patterns) with the assistance of Quantity One.The Shannon diversity index(H)was used to measure the microbial diversity that takes into account the richness and proportion of each species in a population.H was calculatedusing the following equation:H¼ÀPn iNlogn iN,where n i/Nis the proportion of community made up by species i(bright-ness of the band i/total brightness of all bands in the lane).Dendrograms relating band pattern similarities were automatically calculated without band weighting(consider-ation of band density)by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA)algorithms in the Quantity One software.Prominent DGGE bands were excised and dissolved in30m L Milli-Q water overnight,at4 C.DNA was recovered from the gel by freeze e thawing thrice.Cloning and sequencing of the target DNA fragments were conducted following the estab-lished method(Zhang et al.,2010).2.3.Distribution of nitrifying bacteriaThree classes of size([0.2e0.45],[0.45e0.6],>0.9mm)were chosen on day180for FISH analysis in order to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of AOB and NOB in granules.2mg sludge samples wereﬁxed in4%para-formaldehyde solution for16e24h at4 C and then washed twice with sodium phosphate buffer;the samples were dehydrated in50%,80%and100%ethanol for10min each. Ethanol in the granules was then completely replaced by xylene by serial immersion in ethanol-xylene solutions of3:1, 1:1,and1:3by volume andﬁnally in100%xylene,for10min periods at room temperature.Subsequently,the granules were embedded in parafﬁn(m.p.56e58 C)by serial immer-sion in1:1xylene-parafﬁn for30min at60 C,followed by 100%parafﬁn.After solidiﬁcation in parafﬁn,8-m m-thick sections were prepared and placed on gelatin-coated micro-scopic slides.Parafﬁn was removed by immersing the slide in xylene and ethanol for30min each,followed by air-drying of the slides.The three oligonucleotide probes were used for hybridiza-tion(Downing and Nerenberg,2008):FITC-labeled Nso190, which targets the majority of AOB;TRITC-labeled NIT3,which targets Nitrobacter sp.;TRITC-labeled NSR1156,which targets Nitrospira sp.All probe sequences,their hybridization condi-tions,and washing conditions are given in Table1.Oligonu-cleotides were synthesized andﬂuorescently labeled with ﬂuorochomes by Takara,Inc.(Dalian,China).Hybridizations were performed at46 C for2h with a hybridization buffer(0.9M NaCl,formamide at the percentage shown in Table1,20mM Tris/HCl,pH8.0,0.01% SDS)containing each labeled probe(5ng m LÀ1).After hybrid-ization,unbound oligonucleotides were removed by a strin-gent washing step at48 C for15min in washing buffer containing the same components as the hybridization buffer except for the probes.For detection of all DNA,4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)was diluted with methanol to aﬁnal concentration of1ng m LÀ1.Cover the slides with DAPI e methanol and incubate for15min at37 C.The slides were subsequently washed once with methanol,rinsed brieﬂy with ddH2O and immediately air-dried.Vectashield(Vector Laboratories)was used to prevent photo bleaching.The hybridization images were captured using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM,Zeiss710).A total of10images were captured for each probe at each class of size.The representative images were selected andﬁnal image evaluation was done in Adobe PhotoShop.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x(2011)1e1033.Results3.1.SBR performance and granule characteristicsDuring the startup period,the reactor removed TOC and NH 4þ-N efﬁciently.98%of NH 4þ-N and 100%of TOC were removed from the inﬂuent by day 3and day 5respectively (Figs.S2,S3,Supporting information ).Removal of TN and TP were lower during this period (Figs.S3,S4,Supporting information ),though the removal of TP gradually improved to 100%removal by day 33(Fig.S4,Supporting information ).To determine the sludge volume index of granular sludge,a settling time of 10min was chosen instead of 30min,because granular sludge has a similar SVI after 60min and after 5min of settling (Schwarzenbeck et al.,2004b ).The SVI 10of the inoculating sludge was 108.2mL g À1.The changing patterns of MLSS and SVI 10in the continuous operation of the SBR are illustrated in Fig.1.The sludge settleability increased markedly during the set-up period.Fig.2reﬂects the slow andgradual process of sludge granulation,i.e.,from ﬂocculentsludge to granules.3.2.DGGE analysis:AOB communities structure changes during sludge granulationThe results of nested PCR were shown in Fig.S1.The well-resolved DGGE bands were obtained at the representative points throughout the GSBR operation and the patterns revealed that the structure of the AOB communities was dynamic during sludge granulation and stabilization (Fig.3).The community structure at the end of experiment was different from that of the initial pattern of the seed sludge.The AOB communities on day 1showed 40%similarity only to that at the end of the GSBR operation (Table S1,Supporting information ),indicating the considerable difference of AOB communities structures between inoculated sludge and granular sludge.Biodiversity based on the DGGE patterns was analyzed by calculating the Shannon diversity index H as204060801001201401254159738494104115125135147160172188Time (d)S V I 10 (m L .g -1)10002000300040005000600070008000900010000M L S S (m g .L -1)Fig.1e Change in biomass content and SVI 10during whole operation.SVI,sludge volume index;MLSS,mixed liquid suspendedsolids.Fig.2e Variation in granule size distribution in the sludge during operation.d,particle diameter;TSS,total suspended solids.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 104shown in Fig.S5.In the phase of sludge inoculation (before day 38),H decreased remarkably (from 0.94to 0.75)due to the absence of some species in the reactor.Though several dominant species (bands2,7,10,11)in the inoculating sludge were preserved,many bands disappeared or weakened (bands 3,4,6,8,13,14,15).After day 45,the diversity index tended to be stable and showed small ﬂuctuation (from 0.72to 0.82).Banding pattern similarity was analyzed by applying UPGMA (Fig.4)algorithms.The UPGMA analysis showed three groups with intragroup similarity at approximately 67%e 78%and intergroup similarity at 44e 62%.Generally,the clustering followed the time course;and the algorithms showed a closer clustering of groups II and III.In the analysis,group I was associated with sludge inoculation and washout,group IIwithFig.3e DGGE proﬁle of the AOB communities in the SBR during the sludge granulation process (lane labels along the top show the sampling time (days)from startup of the bioreactor).The major bands were labeled with the numbers (bands 1e15).Fig.4e UPGMA analysis dendrograms of AOB community DGGE banding patterns,showing schematics of banding patterns.Roman numerals indicate major clusters.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 105startup sludge granulation and decreasing SVI 10,and group III with a stable system and excellent biomass settleability.In Fig.3,the locations of the predominant bands were excised from the gel.DNA in these bands were reampliﬁed,cloned and sequenced.The comparative analysis of these partial 16S rRNA sequences (Table 2and Fig.S6)revealed the phylogenetic afﬁliation of 13sequences retrieved.The majority of the bacteria in seed sludge grouped with members of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira .Along with sludge granula-tion,most of Nitrosomonas (Bands 2,5,7,9,10,11)were remained or eventually became dominant in GSBR;however,all of Nitrosospira (Bands 6,13,15)were gradually eliminated from the reactor.3.3.Distribution of AOB and NOB in different sized granulesFISH was performed on the granule sections mainly to deter-mine the location of AOB and NOB within the different size classes of granules,and the images were not further analyzed for quantiﬁcation of cell counts.As shown in Fig.6,in small granules (0.2mm <d <0.45mm),AOB located mainly in the outer part of granular space,whereas NOB were detected only in the core of granules.In medium granules (0.45mm <d <0.6mm),AOB distributed evenly throughout the whole granular space,whereas NOB still existed in the inner part.In the larger granules (d >0.9mm),AOB and NOB were mostly located in the surface area of the granules,and moreover,NOB became rare.4.Discussion4.1.Relationship between granule formation and reactor performanceAfter day 32,the SVI 10stabilized at 20e 35mL g À1,which is very low compared to the values measured for activated sludge (100e 150mL g À1).However,the size distribution of the granules measured on day 32(Fig.2)indicated that only 22%of the biomass was made of granular sludge with diameter largerthan 0.2mm.These results suggest that sludge settleability increased prior to granule formation and was not affected by different particle sizes in the sludge during the GSBR operation.It was observed,however,that the diameter of the granules ﬂuctuated over longer durations.The large granules tended to destabilize due to endogenous respiration,and broke into smaller granules that could seed the formation of large granules again.Pochana and Keller reported that physically broken sludge ﬂocs contribute to lower denitriﬁcation rates,due to their reduced anoxic zone (Pochana and Keller,1999).Therefore,TN removal efﬁciency raises ﬂuctuantly throughout the experiment.Some previous research had demonstrated that bigger,more dense granules favored the enrichment of PAO (Winkler et al.,2011a ).Hence,after day 77,removal efﬁciency of TP was higher and relatively stable because the granules mass fraction was over 90%and more larger granules formed.4.2.Relationship between AOB communities dynamic and sludge granulationFor granule formation,a short settling time was set,and only particles with a settling velocity higher than 4.5m h À1were retained in the reactor.Moreover,as shown in Fig.1,the variation in SVI 10was greater before day 41(from 108.2mL g À1e 34.1mL g À1).During this phase,large amounts of biomass could not survive in the reactor.A clear shift in pop-ulations was evident,with 58%similarity between days 8and 18(Table S1).In the SBR system fed with acetate-based synthetic wastewater,heterotrophic bacteria can produce much larger amounts of extracellular polysaccharides than autotrophic bacteria (Tsuneda et al.,2003).Some researchers found that microorganisms in high shear environments adhered by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)to resist the damage of suspended cells by environmental forces (Trinet et al.,1991).Additionally,it had been proved that the dominant heterotrophic species in the inoculating sludge were preserved throughout the process in our previous research (Zhang et al.,2011).It is well known that AOB are chemoau-totrophic and slow-growing;accordingly,numerous AOBw a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 106populations that cannot become big and dense enough to settle fast were washed out from the system.As a result,the variation in AOB was remarkable in the period of sludge inoculation,and the diversity index of population decreased rapidly.After day 45,AOB communities’structure became stable due to the improvement of sludge settleability and the retention of more biomass.These results suggest that the short settling time (selection pressure)apparently stressed the biomass,leading to a violent dynamic of AOB communities.Further,these results suggest that certain populations may have been responsible for the operational success of the GSBR and were able to persist despite the large ﬂuctuations in pop-ulation similarity.This bacterial population instability,coupled with a generally acceptable bioreactor performance,is congruent with the results obtained from a membrane biore-actor (MBR)for graywater treatment (Stamper et al.,2003).Nitrosomonas e like and Nitrosospira e like populations are the dominant AOB populations in wastewater treatment systems (Kowalchuk and Stephen,2001).A few previous studies revealed that the predominant populations in AOB communities are different in various wastewater treatment processes (Tawan et al.,2005;Thomas et al.,2010).Some researchers found that the community was dominated by AOB from the genus Nitrosospira in MBRs (Zhang et al.,2010),whereas Nitrosomonas sp.is the predominant population in bioﬁlter sludge (Yin and Xu,2009).In the currentstudy,Fig.5e DGGE proﬁle of the AOB communities in different size of granules (lane labels along the top show the range of particle diameter (d,mm)).Values along the bottom indicate the Shannon diversity index (H ).Bands labeled with the numbers were consistent with the bands in Fig.3.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 107sequence analysis revealed that selection pressure evidently effect on the survival of Nitrosospira in granular sludge.Almost all of Nitrosospira were washed out initially and had no chance to evolve with the environmental changes.However,some members of Nitrosomonas sp.have been shown to produce more amounts of EPS than Nitrosospira ,especially under limited ammonia conditions (Stehr et al.,1995);and this feature has also been observed for other members of the same lineage.Accordingly,these EPS are helpful to communicate cells with each other and granulate sludge (Adav et al.,2008).Therefore,most of Nitrosomonas could adapt to this challenge (to become big and dense enough to settle fast)and were retained in the reactor.At the end of reactor operation (day 180),granules with different particle size were sieved.The effects of variation in granules size on the composition of the AOBcommunitiesFig.6e Micrographs of FISH performed on three size classes of granule sections.DAPI stain micrographs (A,D,G);AOB appear as green ﬂuorescence (B,E,H),and NOB appear as red ﬂuorescence (C,F,I).Bar [100m m in (A)e (C)and (G)e (I).d,particle diameter.(For interpretation of the references to colour in this ﬁgure legend,the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x (2011)1e 108were investigated.As shown in Fig.5,AOB communities structures in different size of granules were varied.Although several predominant bands(bands2,5,11)were present in all samples,only bands3and6appeared in the granules with diameters larger than0.6mm.Additionally,bands7and10 were intense in the granules larger than0.45mm.According to Table2,it can be clearly indicated that Nitrosospira could be retained merely in the granules larger than0.6mm.Therefore, Nitrosospira was not present at a high level in Fig.3due to the lower proportion of larger granules(d>0.6mm)in TSS along with reactor operation.DGGE analysis also revealed that larger granules had a greater microbial diversity than smaller ones. This result also demonstrates that more organisms can survive in larger granules as a result of more space,which can provide the suitable environment for the growth of microbes(Fig.6).4.3.Effect of variance in particle size on the distribution of AOB and NOB in granulesAlthough an inﬂuence of granule size has been observed in experiments and simulations for simultaneous N-and P-removal(de Kreuk et al.,2007),the effect of granule size on the distribution of different biomass species need be revealed further with the assistance of visible experimental results, especially in the same granular sludge reactors.Related studies on the diversity of bacterial communities in granular sludge often focus on the distribution of important functional bacteria populations in single-size granules(Matsumoto et al., 2010).In the present study,different size granules were sieved,and the distribution patterns of AOB and NOB were explored.In the nitriﬁcation processes considered,AOB and NOB compete for space and oxygen in the granules(Volcke et al.,2010).Since ammonium oxidizers have a higheroxygen afﬁnity(K AOBO2<K NOBO2)and accumulate more rapidly inthe reactor than nitrite oxidizers(Volcke et al.,2010),NOB are located just below the layer of AOB,where still some oxygen is present and allows ready access to the nitrite produced.In smaller granules,the location boundaries of the both biomass species were distinct due to the limited existence space provided by granules for both microorganism’s growth.AOB exist outside of the granules where oxygen and ammonia are present.Medium granules can provide broader space for microbe multiplying;accordingly,AOB spread out in the whole granules.This result also conﬁrms that oxygen could penetrate deep into the granule’s core without restriction when particle diameter is less than0.6mm.Some mathematic model also supposed that NOBs are favored to grow in smaller granules because of the higher fractional aerobic volume (Volcke et al.,2010).As shown in the results of the batch experiments(Zhang et al.,2011),nitrite accumulation temporarily occurred,accompanied by the more large gran-ules(d>0.9mm)forming.This phenomenon can be attrib-uted to the increased ammonium surface load associated with larger granules and smaller aerobic volume fraction,resulting in outcompetes of NOB.It also suggests that the core areas of large granules(d>0.9mm)could provide anoxic environment for the growth of anaerobic denitriﬁcans(such as Tb.deni-triﬁcans or Tb.thioparus in Fig.S7,Supporting information).As shown in Fig.2and Fig.S3,the removal efﬁciency of total nitrogen increased with formation of larger granules.5.ConclusionsThe variation in AOB communities’structure was remarkable during sludge inoculation,and the diversity index of pop-ulation decreased rapidly.Most of Nitrosomonas in the inocu-lating sludge were retained because of their capability to rapidly adapt to the settling e washing out action.DGGE anal-ysis also revealed that larger granules had greater AOB diversity than that of smaller ones.Oxygen penetration was not restricted in the granules of less than0.6mm particle diameter.However,the larger granules(d>0.9mm)can result in the smaller aerobic volume fraction and inhibition of NOB growth.Henceforth,further studies on controlling and opti-mizing distribution of granule size could be beneﬁcial to the nitrogen removal and expansive application of granular sludge technology.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51108456,50908227)and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2009AA06Z312).Appendix.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found in online version at doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.026.r e f e r e n c e sAdav,S.S.,Lee, D.J.,Show,K.Y.,2008.Aerobic granular sludge:recent advances.Biotechnology Advances26,411e423.APHA-AWWA-WEF,2005.Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,ﬁrst ed.American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/WaterEnvironment Federation,Washington,DC.de Bruin,L.M.,de Kreuk,M.,van der Roest,H.F.,Uijterlinde,C., van Loosdrecht,M.C.M.,2004.Aerobic granular sludgetechnology:an alternative to activated sludge?Water Science and Technology49,1e7.de Kreuk,M.,Heijnen,J.J.,van Loosdrecht,M.C.M.,2005.Simultaneous COD,nitrogen,and phosphate removal byaerobic granular sludge.Biotechnology and Bioengineering90, 761e769.de Kreuk,M.,Picioreanu,C.,Hosseini,M.,Xavier,J.B.,van Loosdrecht,M.C.M.,2007.Kinetic model of a granular sludge SBR:inﬂuences on nutrient removal.Biotechnology andBioengineering97,801e815.Downing,L.S.,Nerenberg,R.,2008.Total nitrogen removal ina hybrid,membrane-aerated activated sludge process.WaterResearch42,3697e3708.Erguder,T.H.,Boon,N.,Vlaeminck,S.E.,Verstraete,W.,2008.Partial nitriﬁcation achieved by pulse sulﬁde doses ina sequential batch reactor.Environmental Science andTechnology42,8715e8720.w a t e r r e s e a r c h x x x(2011)1e109。

英文生物学范文

英文生物学范文The wonders of biology are as vast as they are intricate, encompassing the study of life in all its forms. From the microscopic world of cells to the complex ecosystems of our planet, biology reveals the interconnectedness of all living things.In the realm of genetics, we discover the blueprint of life itself. DNA, the double helix structure, carries the genetic information that defines each species and individual. It's a testament to the precision and complexity ofbiological systems.Evolution, another cornerstone of biology, explains the diversity of life on Earth. Through the process of natural selection, species adapt and evolve over time, shaping the rich tapestry of life we see today.The study of ecology delves into the relationships between organisms and their environments. It's a dance of interdependence, where every creature plays a role in the balance of ecosystems, from the smallest insect to thelargest mammal.Biotechnology, a modern application of biological knowledge, has revolutionized medicine, agriculture, and environmental management. It's a field where science meets creativity, offering solutions to some of the world's mostpressing challenges.Conservation biology is a critical discipline that focuses on the preservation of species and habitats. It's a reminder of our responsibility to protect the natural world and ensure its survival for future generations.In the study of human biology, we explore the intricacies of our own bodies. From the cellular level to the systemsthat keep us alive and healthy, this knowledge is vital for understanding and improving human health.Lastly, the field of microbiology opens up a world thatis invisible to the naked eye. Microbes, both beneficial and harmful, play a crucial role in our health, the environment, and even the production of food and medicine.Biology is not just a science; it's a lens through which we can better understand the world around us and our place within it. It's a field that is constantly evolving, with new discoveries waiting to be made and mysteries to be solved.。

(英文)生物外文文献

• 染色质免疫共沉淀技术的原理是在保持组蛋白和DNA联合的同时，通过运用对应于一个特定组蛋白标记的生物抗体，染色质被切成很小的片断，并沉淀下来。是目前唯一研究体内DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法。这项技术主要用来分析目标基因有没有活性、或者分析一种已知蛋白（转录因子）的靶基因有哪些。 • ChIP-Seq的原理是：首先通过染色质免疫共沉淀技术（ChIP）特异性地富集目通量测序。研究人员通过将获得的数百万条序列标签精确定位到基因组上，从而获得全基因组范围内与组蛋白、转录因子等互作的DNA区段信息。
58%
FIG. 3
SK-BR-3 cell，HER2过表达的乳腺癌细胞，STAT3可以通过特定的细胞因子激活。HER2是重要的乳腺癌预后判断因子，HER2阳性（过表达或扩增）的乳腺癌，其临床特点和生物学行为有特殊表现，治疗模式也与其他类型的乳腺癌有很大的区别。
36%
FIG. 4 LIF刺激
These findings are consistent with the observed reductions in STAT3 DNA binding and gene expression.
These findings indicate that GRN enhances cytokine-induced STAT3 activation and nuclear accumulation.
• 三阴性乳腺癌特指雌激素受体、孕激素受体及人表皮生长因子受体 2均阴性的乳腺癌患者。三阴乳腺癌的预后与肿瘤大小和淋巴结状况关系不大，复发相对迅速，1-3年是复发高峰，脑转移发生率高。 • 目前还没有特有的针对三阴性乳腺癌的治疗指南。因此其治疗一般按乳腺癌常规标准治疗进行。
STAT3

高一生物学英语阅读理解30题

高一生物学英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>Cells are the basic units of life. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells. The cell has many different structures that perform specific functions.The cell membrane is a thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell. It controls what enters and leaves the cell. The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside the cell. It contains many different organelles.One of the most important organelles is the nucleus. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material, DNA. The DNA contains the instructions for making proteins. Proteins are essential for life. They perform many different functions in the cell, such as catalyzing chemical reactions and providing structural support.Another important organelle is the mitochondria. The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce energy in the form of ATP. ATP is used by the cell to perform all of its activities.Cells also contain other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Each of these organelles has a specific function.In summary, cells are complex structures that perform many differentfunctions. They are the building blocks of life.1. The cell membrane controls what ________ the cell.A. enters and leavesB. stays insideC. is made ofD. surrounds答案：A。

生物英文文献

2002 by International and Japanese Gastric Case reportAn oral anticancer drug, TS-1, enabled a patient with advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s metastasis to receive curative resectionT akashi I wazawa 1, M asakatsu K inuta 1, H iroshi Y ano 1, S higeo M atsui 1, S hinji T amagaki 1, A tsushi Y asue 1,K azuyuki O kada 1, T oshiyuki K anoh 1, T akeshi T ono 1, Y oshiaki N akano 1, S higeru O kamoto 2,and T akushi M onden 11Department of Surgery, NTT West Osaka Hospital, 2-6-40 Karasugatsuji, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-8922, Japan 2Department of Pathology, NTT West Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japanconsidered to be stage IV, with distant metastasis (M1),according to the Japanese classiﬁcation of gastric cancer [1], and is usually not an indication for surgery. The prognosis of unresectable stage IV gastric cancer is ex-tremely poor, and several chemotherapy regimens have been introduced to attempt to prolong survival [2,3] or to achieve downstaging, followed by curative resection [4,5]. However, to the best of our knowledge, few pre-vious reports have documented chemotherapy that enables the curative resection of gastric cancer with metastasis to Virchow’s lymph node, even though the response rate of recent combined chemotherapeutic modalities is 30% to 50%. We encountered a patient with gastric cancer with Virchow’s lymph node meta-stasis, who subsequently received curative resection following treatment with the newly developed oral anti-cancer drug, TS-1. There were no signiﬁcant adverse reactions to the chemotherapy.Case reportA 67-year old woman, who had complained of upper abdominal discomfort for 3 months, presented on June 6, 2000, with advanced gastric cancer, with swelling of Virchow’s lymph nodes. Gastrointestinal ﬁberscopy (GIF) and upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) showed a type 2 tumor, i.e., ulcerated carcinomas with sharply demarcated and raised margins, on the greater curva-ture in the middle third of the stomach (Fig. 1A,C). A biopsy specimen showed poorly-to-moderately differ-entiated adenocarcinoma. Four swollen lymph nodes,up to 1.5cm diameter, in the left supraclavicular area were considered to be metastasis to Virchow’s lymph node, based on ﬁne-needle aspiration cytology (Fig. 2).Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and ultra-sound sonography (USG) showed swelling of several paraaortic lymph nodes (Fig. 3A; USG is not shown).Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showedGastric Cancer (2002) 5: 96–101AbstractWe encountered a patient with advanced gastric cancer, with V irchow’s lymph node metastasis, who subsequently under-went curative resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the newly developed oral anticancer drug, TS-1. The patient was a 67-year-old woman who had a type 2 tumor in the middle third of the stomach, and Virchow’s lymph node me-tastasis, which was diagnosed by ﬁne-needle aspiration cytol-ogy; she also had swollen paraaortic lymph nodes. Curative resection was considered impossible, and TS-1 (100mg/day)was administered for 28 days in one course, mainly in the outpatient clinic. Although grade 2 stomatitis interrupted the therapy on day 21 of the second course and on day 7 of the third course, the type 2 tumor showed marked remission (par-tial response; PR) and the metastasis in the V irchow’s and paraaortic lymph nodes had completely disappeared after the third course (complete response; CR). Eleven weeks after the completion of the TS-1 treatment, total gastric resection with D3 lymph node dissection was performed. Histopatho-logical examination revealed tumor involvement only in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach and the no. 4d lymph node. Most of the tumor was replaced with ﬁbrosis with granulomatous change in the muscularis propria of the stom-ach and in the no. 3, no. 6, and no. 7 lymph nodes. This may be the ﬁrst report of a patient with advanced gastric cancer with V irchow’s lymph node metastasis who successfully received curative resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a single oral anticancer drug.Key words TS-1 · Virchow’s lymph node metastasis · Gastric cancer · Gastrectomy · Neoadjuvant chemotherapyIntroductionGastric cancer with involvement of lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular fossa (Virchow’s lymph node) isOffprint requests to: T. IwazawaReceived: August 7, 2001 / Accepted: January 28, 2002thickening of the gastric wall and tumor invasion to the gastric serosa (Fig. 1E). The patient was given a diagno-sis of stage IV (cT3, cN3, cP0, cH0, cM1) advanced gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastasis,even though no distant metastasis to the liver, lung,bone, or peritoneum was diagnosed by CT, USG, or bone scintigraphy. The performance status of this pa-tient was grade 0, and laboratory examination results were within the normal ranges, except for a high level of carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 (283U/ml). Because curative resection was impossible for this patient, che-motherapy, using TS-1, was started, on 22 June, 2000.TS-1, 100mg, was administered orally every day for 28 days, followed by a 14-day cessation as one course;the drug was administered mainly in the outpatient clinic. One course resulted in the complete disappear-ance of the swollen Virchow ’s lymph nodes, but slightly swollen paraaortic lymph nodes still remained on USG.GIF showed marked reduction of the gastric tumor, but the presence of malignant cells was demonstrated by biopsy. During the second course of TS-1 administra-tion, the patient had grade 2 stomatitis, so that the administration of TS-1 was interrupted on day 21. Al-though the third course of the treatment started after 35days of rest, grade 2 stomatitis interrupted the adminis-tration again, on day 7. After this treatment, effective-ness was evaluated with UGI, GIF, CT, USG, and MRI.UGI and GIF revealed that the type 2 tumor had changed to an ulcer scar with fold convergence and a small elevated lesion (Figs. 1B,D; 4A), in which adeno-carcinoma was proven by histological examination of the biopsy specimen. Dynamic abdominal MRI showed marked reduction of wall thickness after TS-1 adminis-tration and, ﬁnally, no serosal tumor invasion was dem-onstrated (Fig. 1F). Abdominal CT did not show anyregional or paraaortic lymph node swelling (Fig. 3B),Fig. 1.A,B Upper gastrointestinal series shows a protruding lesion with a crater on the greater cur-vature of the middle third of the stomach before treatment (A ); the crater and margin of the tumor were ﬂattened after treatment (B ). Evaluation of the response was partial response (PR). C,D Endo-scopic ﬁndings show an irregularly shaped tumor with a crater before treatment (C ); the lesion had markedly regressed and ﬂattened after treatment (D ). E,F Abdominal dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows the thickness of gastric wall with high intensity (arrow ) before treatment (E );the gastric wall became thinner (arrow ) and the serosal surface became smooth after treatment (F )abdominal USG showed a marked reduction of para-aortic lymph nodes (data not shown), and Virchow ’s lymph node was not palpable. The serum level of CA19-9 decreased to within the normal range, at 18U/ml.Therefore, we concluded that curative resection could be achieved.Total gastrectomy with splenectomy and D3 lymph node dissection was performed on November 8, 2000,and no invasion to neighboring organs, no peritoneal dissemination, and no hepatic metastasis was recog-nized, and peritoneal cytology was negative. Histo-pathological examination showed submucosal invasion of a predominantly mucinous adenocarcinoma in a small elevated gastric lesion. Only xanthoma cells in ﬁl-trated the ulcer scar (Fig. 4A,B,C,D,E). Metastasis was found in only one lymph node, along the right gastroepi-ploic vessels (no. 4d), and no cancer cells were found in any other lymph nodes, including the paraaortic lymph nodes (no. 16a2 and 16b1). Necrosis and disappearance of the tumor, with granulomatous change, were ob-served in lymph nodes along the lesser curvature (no.3), infrapyloric lymph nodes (no. 6), and lymph nodes along the left gastric artery (no. 7) (Fig. 4F). Eventually,the ﬁnal stage was determined to be T1, N1, P0, CY0,H0, Mx, and the curability of the surgical procedure was B (no residual tumors, but not evaluable as “curability A ”). No signs of recurrence have been revealed by any examination 1 year after the surgery.DiscussionUnresected gastric cancer has been treated by several regimens of combined chemotherapy. Some random-ized control reports have documented that chemo-therapy for gastric cancer patients with grade 0–2performance status improved survival compared with best supportive care [6–8]. FAMTX (5-ﬂuorouracil [5-FU] combined with Adriamycin [ADM] and Meth-otrexate [MTX]) is considered to be standard chemo-therapy in Western countries [9,10]; however, it has not been accepted in Japan because of its severe toxicity.Fig. 2.Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Virchow ’s lymph node revealed a large number of adenocarcinoma cells with clear nuclei, a high nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, and mitosis. Papanicolaou stain, ϫ1000Fig. 3A,B.Enhanced abdominal com-puted tomography (CT) showed that lymph nodes around the abdominal aorta (no. 16a2) were swollen (arrow ) before treatment (A ); the swollen lymph nodes disappeared after treatment (B )According to a J apanese Clinical Oncology Group (J COG) study, FP (5-FU combined with cisplatin [CDDP]) therapy has better response rates than UFTM (UFT [tegafur, uracil] combined with mitomycin C [MMC]) and 5-FU alone [11], and continuous low-dose FP is used widely in Japan because of its high response rate, which is equal to that of the original FP protocol, with less toxicity [12]. The response rates of these che-motherapy regimens have improved to 30%–50%, but no regimen yields better survival than continuous injec-tion of 5-FU alone. Most patients suffer side effects, and often need long hospitalization for systemic chemo-therapy, and thus, more effective anticancer drugs with milder toxicity are needed.TS-1 is a newly developed oral anticancer drug, which consists of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium at a molecular ratio of 1:0.4:1, based on the biochemical modulation of 5-FU [13]. Gimeracil competitively in-hibits dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, is produced in various organs, including tumor tissues, and rapidly degrades 5-FU [14]. Oteracil potassium is an inhibitor of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase that catalyzes theFig. 4.A Macroscopic ﬁndings show anulcer scar with fold convergence andneighboring small elevated lesion on thegreater curvature in the middle third ofthe stomach B–F Histological ﬁndingsshowed that the gastric tumor was re-placed by ﬁbrosis with granulomatouschanges and xanthoma cell inﬁltration inthe ulcer scar (B, C, D) and regionallymph nodes (F). Dominantly mucinousadenocarcinoma with tubular adenocarci-noma invaded the submucosal layer of theelevated lesion (B, F). B H&E, ϫ4; CH&E, ϫ40; D H&E, ϫ100; E H&E, ϫ40;F H&E, ϫ100phosphorylation of 5-FU, a process that is considered to be responsible for the toxic effects of 5-FU. Oteracil potassium is mainly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration to rats, and induces ame-lioration of the gastrointestinal toxicity induced by 5-FU [15]. TS-1 induced a 53.6% response rate for gastric cancer in an early phase II study [16] and a response rate of 49% in a late phase II study [17], with a 35.7% adverse reaction rate in the early phase II study and a 20% adverse reaction rate in the late phase II study. Not only is the response rate the highest for a single agent but also this oral anticancer drug does not require patient hospitalization, because of its mild toxicity. TS-1 was more effective for lymph node metastasis (re-sponse rate of cervical lymph nodes, 68.4%; abdominal lymph nodes, 49.2%) than for the primary lesion (32.6%), lung metastasis (22.2%), or liver metastasis (35.1%) in a phase II study. The present patient had lymph node metastasis at a distant site (Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph nodes), but no metastasis to other organs, and no invasion to surrounding organs. Also,the performance status of the patient was grade 0, andshe had no problems ingesting food. Therefore, this patient was a good candidate for neoadjuvant chemo-therapy with the oral anticancer drug, TS-1. In fact, the metastasis in Virchow’s lymph node completely disap-peared (CR) and the gastric tumor was reduced by more than 50% by TS-1; consequently, curative surgical resection could be performed. Histopathological exami-nations showed viable cancer cells to exist only in the mucosal and submucosal layer of stomach and in a group 1 lymph node, but not in any group 2 and group 3 lymph nodes, including paraaortic lymph nodes. More than two-thirds of the gastric tumor was replaced by ﬁbrosis with granulomatous changes, in particular in the submucosal lesion and some regional lymph nodes. The response was classiﬁed as category grade 2, moderate change, according to Japanese classiﬁcation of gastric carcinoma. The ﬁnal stage was T1 N1 P0 CY0 H0 Mx, and the level of curability of the surgery was B.A few reports in Japan have documented the success-ful treatment of gastric cancer with Virchow’s lymph node metastasis by chemotherapy. Ohyama et al. [18] reported a patient with advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph node metastasis who completely responded to a four-drug combination che-motherapy. Pathological examination revealed no tu-mor cells in the primary lesion or in any dissected nodes, including Virchow’s nodes, although recurrence devel-oped 18 months after surgery [18]. Three reports have documented that Virchow’s lymph node metastasis disappeared after low-dose FP chemotherapy, and that, consequently, gastrectomy could be performed, al-though paraaortic lymph node metastasis was histologi-cally proven in all three patients [19–21]. Nakaguchi et al. [22] reported that Virchow’s lymph node metastasis disappeared after treatment with an oral anticancer drug, 5Ј-deoxy-5-ﬂuorouridine (5Ј-DFUR), and, con-sequently, distal gastrectomy was performed, but it was not curative surgery because of paraaortic lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the present report appears to be the ﬁrst report of curative resection of advanced gastric cancer after the disappearance of Virchow’s lymph node metastasis induced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a single oral anticancer drug. Complete response should be conﬁrmed by longer observation. Although it is not yet known whether the overall survival of this patient has been improved, this case suggests that TS-1 is an effective anticancer drug for advanced gastric cancer with extended lymph node metastasis. More-over, this oral agent has the advantage of not requiring hospitalization for patients with good performance sta-tus, because of its mild toxicity.Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Ogura, who provided UGI ﬁlms before the treatment.References1.J apanese Gastric Cancer Association. J apanese classiﬁcation ofgastric carcinoma. 2nd English ed. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:10–24.2.Preusser P, Wilke H, Achterrath W, Fink U, Lenaz L, HeinickeA, et al. Phase II study with the combination etoposide, doxoru-bicin, and cisplatin in advanced measurable gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1310–7.3.Boku N, Ohtsu A, Shimada Y, Shirao K, Seki S, Saito H, et al.Phase II study of a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin against metastatic gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:319–23.4.Nakajima T, Ota K, Ishihara S, Oyama S, Nishi M, Ohashi Y, et al.Combined intensive chemotherapy and radical surgery for incur-able gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:203–8.5.Yonemura Y, Sawa T, Kinoshita K, Matsuki N, Fushida S,Tanaka S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade advanced gastric cancer. World J Surg 1993;17:256–62.6.Murad AM, Santiago FF, Petroianu A, Rocha PRS, RodriguesMAG, Rausch M. Modiﬁed therapy with 5-ﬂuorouracil, doxoru-bicin, and methotrexate in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer 1993;72:37–41.7.Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Haglund U, Nyren O, Sjoden PO. Initialor delayed chemotherapy with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 1994;5:189–90.8.Pyrhonen S, Kuitunen T, Nyandoto P, Kouri M. Randomizedcomparison of ﬂuorouracil, epidoxorubicin and methotrexate (FEMTX) plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71: 587–91.9.Wils JA, Klein HO, Wagener DJT, Bleiberg H, Reis H, KorstenF, et al. Sequential high-dose methotrexate and ﬂuorouracil com-bined with doxorubicin – a step ahead in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer: a trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:827–31.10.Kelsen D, Atiq OT, Saltz L, Niedzwiecki D, Ginn D, Chapman D,et al. FAMTX versus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin: a random assignment trial in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992;10: 541–8.11.Shimada Y, Shirao K, Ohtsu A, Hyodo I, Saito H, Yamamichi N,et al. Phase III study of UFT ϩ MMC versus 5-FU ϩ CDDP versus 5-FU alone in patients with advanced gastric cancer: JCOG study 9205. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1999;18:1043.12.Chung YS, Yamashita Y, Nakata B, Nitta A, Inoue T, HirayamaK, et al. Combination therapy of 5-FU and low dose CDDP for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1995;22:149–51.13.Shirasaka T, Nakano K, Takechi T, Satake H, Uchida J, FujiokaA, et al. Antitumor activity of 1M tegafur-0.4M 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine-1M potassium oxonate (S-1) against human colon carcinoma orthotopically implanted into nude rats. Cancer Res 1996;56:2602–6.14.Shirasaka T, Shimamoto Y, Ohshimo H, Yamaguchi M, Kato T,Yonekura K, et al. Development of a novel form of an oral 5-ﬂuorouracil derivative (S-1) directed to the potentiation of the tumor selective cytotoxicity of 5-ﬂuorouracil by two biochemical modulators. Anticancer Drugs 1996;7:548–57.15.Takechi T, Nakano K, Uchida J, Mita A, Toko K, Takeda S, et al.Antitumor activity and low intestinal toxicity of S-1, a new formu-lation of oral tegafur, in experimental tumor models in rats.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997;39:205–11.16.Sugimachi K, Maehara Y, Horikoshi N, Shimada Y, Sakata Y,Mitachi Y, et al. An early phase II study of oral S-1, a newly developed 5-ﬂuorouracil derivative for treating patients with advanced and recurrent gastrointestinal cancers. Oncology 1999;57:202–10.17.Sakata Y, Ohtsu A, Horikoshi N, Sugimachi K, Mitachi Y,Taguchi T. Late phase II study of novel oral ﬂuoropyrimidineanticancer drug S-1 (1M Tegafur-0.4M gimestat-1M otastat potassium) in advanced gastric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1715–20.18.Ohyama S, Komatsu O, Nakajima T, Ohta K, Takahashi T,Yanagisawa A. Case report of pathological complete remission with FLEP therapy. In: Nakajima T, Yamaguchi T, editors.Multimodality therapy for gastric cancer. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo: Springer-Verlag; 1999. pp. 104–7.19.Umehara Y, Okubo T, Sano Y, Sakamoto R, Nakamura T,Tsuchiya Y, et al. A case of advanced gastric remnant carcinoma with Virchow’s metastasis treated with neoadjuvant chemo-therapy (low dose CDDP ϩ 5-FU) followed by surgical resection.Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1995;22:277–9.20.Kajihara K, Ishikawa H, Akama, F, Ninomiya H, Shigeta K, SanoI, et al. A case of advanced gastric cancer with Virchow’s metasta-sis responding remarkably to combination chemotherapy of low-dose CDDP and 5-FU. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1998;25:585–8.21.Wada Y, Kamiya N, Asano S, Shinya F. A case of advancedgastric cancer with Virchow’s and paraaortic lymph node me-tastases successfully resected after combined chemotherapy of low-dose CDDP and 5-FU. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 2001;28:79–82.22.Nakaguchi K, Nakano Y, Kitahara T, Onoe K, Nagamine H,Fukuda H. A resected case of gastric carcinoma with complete remission of Virchow’s node metastasis by 5Ј-DFUR administra-tion. Jpn J Cancer Chemother 1990;17:2101–4.。

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