构词法(compounding)(课堂PPT)
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Compounds are different from free phrases in “one-wordness”. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. This is the Semantic feature of compounds.
-ing+n. (chewing gum, reading lamp, leading article, )
n.+ -ing (sightseeing, daydreaming).
v.+n. (swearword, breakwater, driveway)
n.+v. (nightfall, toothpick, water supply )
22
Formation
23
According to word class, there are 3 categories of compounds in total:
Noun compounds: nightfall, watchdog Adjective compounds: airsick, far-reaching Verb compounds: bottle-feed, brain-wash, lip read
v. + adv. (show-off, put-off, follow-up)
adv. + v. (outlet, upset, down fall, upstart, onflow)
25
B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements: daydreaming, sightseeing n + v-ing daydreaming= dreams during the day, i.e. verb + adverbial. sightseeing= sees sights, i.e. verb + object a. sub. and v.: heartbeat, crybaby, commanding officer, revolving door, rainfall b. v. and obj.: pickpocket, birth control, dressmaking, housekeeping
meaning of 2nd): :
Raindrop, tablecloth, ashtray; breakfast time, safety-belt
f. Appositive relation:
a peasant girl; a pine tree, a girlfriend,
27
string compound dead-letter office; test-tube baby; commanders-in-chief; bread-and-butter; give-and-take; come-and-go; hide-andseek Compound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs. sit-in, dropout, phone-in, breakdown, walk-ons, walkout, setback; take-off
第二组：
张科 李佳 余鹏 肖鲜 袁思琦 周爽
1
Introduction Definition Types Characteristics Formation Conclusion
2
Introduction
3
Could you express them in English?
4
Are you right?
美产布料 厚呢短大衣 不辞而别 西班牙运动员 与原物一模一样 的复制品 土耳其软糖 印度大餐 AA制
彩色油布 英国式的暖日 法式告别 吹牛者 中国版本 土耳其式狂欢 玉米粉 荷兰招待方式
15
Their meanings do not just follows the “1+1 Principle”, that is to say, their meanings are not the combination of the meanings of the two elements in the compound.
26
c. v. and adv.:
swimming pool, diving board, drinking cup, typing paper ,
walking stick
d. Sub. and obj.:
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Steamboat, honeybee, power plant
e. Restrictive relation (the 1st element restricts/modifies the
This house is cooled by air-conditioner.
19
Q: How are they changed into plural forms? Is it necessary to add “-s” to each element of the compounds?
20
A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Thus, the compounds in the above sentences show their plural forms by taking inflectional “-s” at the end.
7
Types
8
Solid
hyphenated
open
9
Solid
hyphenated
open
10
Solid
hyphenated
open
11
Characteristics
12
Phonological features
Compound a 'black horse
a 'bluebird a 'fat head a 'hot house
29
A. word class of the compounding elements
b. with v. at the end n. + -ing peace-loving, time-saving, ocean-going n. + -ed heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, book-filled,
21
1.Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on, etc. In spite of this, their single grammatical role is apparent.
2.In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example: hot line can’t be hotter line.
This kindergarten only accept three-year-old and
above.
She is the most famous go-between in this area.
It is difficult to find a really good babysitter.
There are quite a number of compounds who are transparent, that is the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. e.g. washing machine, dumb show
18
Grammatical features
Read the following sentences and change the sentences into plural forms. Pay attention to the underlined words.
There is a new-born left on the corner of the street.
16
--- examples
17
Although many compounds tend to have senses not wholly predictable from the constituent bases, for example, darkroom (room used for photographic processing)
14
Semantic features
Read the following compounds, and then guess their meanings
1. American cloth 2. British warm 3. French leave 4.Spanish athlete 5. Chinese copy 6. Turkish delight 7. Indian meal 8. Dutch treat
28
A. word class of the compounding elements a. with adj. at the end
n. + adj. fat-free, toll-free, care-free, dust-free, dog-tired, home-sick, world famous, tone-deaf, lifelong adj. + adj. wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, bitter-sweet -ing + adj. smoking-hot, soaking-wet, freezing-cold, bitingcold adv. + adj. ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-round
Pigtail Dog-ear Cat’s-paw Chicken head Lion’s share Ass-kisser Fox-sleep
5
Definition
6
Definition
Compoundi ng (also called compositio n), is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
Free phrase a black 'horse a blue ‘bird
a fat 'head a hot 'house
13
In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second elements is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. This is the Phonetic feature of the compounds.
24
A. word class of the compounding elements
n.+n.( ashtray, hydrogen bomb, bar code),
adj.+n. (blueprint, dark-room, hard disc, deadline),
adv.+n. (downtown, upgrade, undercloth;),
-ing+n. (chewing gum, reading lamp, leading article, )
n.+ -ing (sightseeing, daydreaming).
v.+n. (swearword, breakwater, driveway)
n.+v. (nightfall, toothpick, water supply )
22
Formation
23
According to word class, there are 3 categories of compounds in total:
Noun compounds: nightfall, watchdog Adjective compounds: airsick, far-reaching Verb compounds: bottle-feed, brain-wash, lip read
v. + adv. (show-off, put-off, follow-up)
adv. + v. (outlet, upset, down fall, upstart, onflow)
25
B. Syntactic relations of the compounding elements: daydreaming, sightseeing n + v-ing daydreaming= dreams during the day, i.e. verb + adverbial. sightseeing= sees sights, i.e. verb + object a. sub. and v.: heartbeat, crybaby, commanding officer, revolving door, rainfall b. v. and obj.: pickpocket, birth control, dressmaking, housekeeping
meaning of 2nd): :
Raindrop, tablecloth, ashtray; breakfast time, safety-belt
f. Appositive relation:
a peasant girl; a pine tree, a girlfriend,
27
string compound dead-letter office; test-tube baby; commanders-in-chief; bread-and-butter; give-and-take; come-and-go; hide-andseek Compound nouns can also be formed from phrasal verbs. sit-in, dropout, phone-in, breakdown, walk-ons, walkout, setback; take-off
第二组：
张科 李佳 余鹏 肖鲜 袁思琦 周爽
1
Introduction Definition Types Characteristics Formation Conclusion
2
Introduction
3
Could you express them in English?
4
Are you right?
美产布料 厚呢短大衣 不辞而别 西班牙运动员 与原物一模一样 的复制品 土耳其软糖 印度大餐 AA制
彩色油布 英国式的暖日 法式告别 吹牛者 中国版本 土耳其式狂欢 玉米粉 荷兰招待方式
15
Their meanings do not just follows the “1+1 Principle”, that is to say, their meanings are not the combination of the meanings of the two elements in the compound.
26
c. v. and adv.:
swimming pool, diving board, drinking cup, typing paper ,
walking stick
d. Sub. and obj.:
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Steamboat, honeybee, power plant
e. Restrictive relation (the 1st element restricts/modifies the
This house is cooled by air-conditioner.
19
Q: How are they changed into plural forms? Is it necessary to add “-s” to each element of the compounds?
20
A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Thus, the compounds in the above sentences show their plural forms by taking inflectional “-s” at the end.
7
Types
8
Solid
hyphenated
open
9
Solid
hyphenated
open
10
Solid
hyphenated
open
11
Characteristics
12
Phonological features
Compound a 'black horse
a 'bluebird a 'fat head a 'hot house
29
A. word class of the compounding elements
b. with v. at the end n. + -ing peace-loving, time-saving, ocean-going n. + -ed heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, book-filled,
21
1.Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on, etc. In spite of this, their single grammatical role is apparent.
2.In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example: hot line can’t be hotter line.
This kindergarten only accept three-year-old and
above.
She is the most famous go-between in this area.
It is difficult to find a really good babysitter.
There are quite a number of compounds who are transparent, that is the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. e.g. washing machine, dumb show
18
Grammatical features
Read the following sentences and change the sentences into plural forms. Pay attention to the underlined words.
There is a new-born left on the corner of the street.
16
--- examples
17
Although many compounds tend to have senses not wholly predictable from the constituent bases, for example, darkroom (room used for photographic processing)
14
Semantic features
Read the following compounds, and then guess their meanings
1. American cloth 2. British warm 3. French leave 4.Spanish athlete 5. Chinese copy 6. Turkish delight 7. Indian meal 8. Dutch treat
28
A. word class of the compounding elements a. with adj. at the end
n. + adj. fat-free, toll-free, care-free, dust-free, dog-tired, home-sick, world famous, tone-deaf, lifelong adj. + adj. wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, bitter-sweet -ing + adj. smoking-hot, soaking-wet, freezing-cold, bitingcold adv. + adj. ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-round
Pigtail Dog-ear Cat’s-paw Chicken head Lion’s share Ass-kisser Fox-sleep
5
Definition
6
Definition
Compoundi ng (also called compositio n), is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
Free phrase a black 'horse a blue ‘bird
a fat 'head a hot 'house
13
In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second elements is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. This is the Phonetic feature of the compounds.
24
A. word class of the compounding elements
n.+n.( ashtray, hydrogen bomb, bar code),
adj.+n. (blueprint, dark-room, hard disc, deadline),
adv.+n. (downtown, upgrade, undercloth;),