第11章 免疫系统与免疫功能_PPT幻灯片
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
可以引起人或动物体内免疫应答的特殊外来 物质称为抗原。人体和哺乳动物对不同的抗 原具有特殊的识别能力，并能立即作出相应 的反应，释放出许多直接攻击入侵抗原的细 胞，或者通过另一类细胞制造出相应的具有 识别抗原功能的防御性蛋白质（抗体）。
种牛痘或患天花、麻疹等疾病痊愈以后， 人体一种称为B细胞的淋巴细胞产生出游 离于体液中的抗体蛋白，依靠B细胞的免 疫方式称为体液免疫。
➢ In addition, the helper T cells secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells that are specific for the antigen(Interleukin-2 also stimulates B cells). Cytotoxic T cells can destroy infected cells only if those cells display the foreign antigen together with their MHC-I proteins.
➢ Once the helper T cells have been activated by the antigens presented to them by the macrophages, they secrete the cytokines known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon, which promote the activity of macrophages.
第一道防线对病原体不具有选择性或特异性，因此称为非 特异性防御。
部分侵入到组织或细胞内的病原体还会受到人体内 特殊免疫细胞与化学成分的抵御和攻击，吞噬作用、 抗菌蛋白和炎症反应等构成了人体抵御病原体入侵 的第二道防线。
这些特殊的免疫细胞与化学成分一般都是淋巴系统的组成 部分。人体的淋巴系统是各种免疫细胞协同作用的网状系 统，它们由淋巴管、淋巴结和包括胸腺、骨髓、脾脏和扁 桃体等器官共同组成。
• Need for defense against intruders: - virus；bacteria；pathogens • Need for eliminating abnormal cells
11.1 非特异性防御
人体对病原体侵害的防御共设置了三道防线。
皮肤、口腔、鼻腔、消化道与呼吸道中的黏膜及其 分泌物等构成了第一道防线。
wenku.baidu.com
B细胞及体液介导的免疫应答
B cells also respond to helper T cells activated by interleukin-1. Like cytotoxic T cells, B cells have receptor proteins on their surface, one type of receptor for each type of B cell. B cells recognize invading microbes much as cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells, but unlike cytotoxic T cells, they do not go on the attack themselves.
第三道防线：特异性免疫
First-line respiratory defenses
Phagocytosis by a macrophage
干扰素的作用机理
A simplified view of the inflammatory response
11.2 特异性反应
特异性免疫的发现：天花 Jenner Pasteur
The T cell immune defense. After a macrophage has processed an antigen, it releases interleukin-1, signaling helper T cells to bind to the antigen-MHC protein complex. This triggers the helper T cell to release nterleukin-2, which stimulates the multiplication of cytotoxic T cells. In addition, proliferation of cytotoxic T cells is stimulated when a T cell with a receptor that fits the antigen displayed by an antigen-presenting cell binds to the antigen-MHC protein complex. Body cells that have been infected by the antigen are destroyed by the cytotoxic T cells. As the infection subsides, suppressor T cells “turn off” the immune response.
T细胞及细胞介导的免疫应答
细胞介导的免疫应答可以防御病毒感染 和癌症，杀死并消灭被感染的体细胞， 同时也消灭了其中的病毒等病原体。
T细胞介导的细胞免疫过程
➢ When macrophages process the foreign antigens, they secrete interleukin-1, which stimulates cell division and proliferation of T cells.
人体还能针对病原体产生出一种称为T细 胞的淋巴细胞直接对病原体进行攻击， 依靠T细胞的免疫方式称为细胞免疫。
B细胞和T细胞的分化
当一种病毒或细菌突破了非特异性防御由呼吸 道进入人体后，巨噬细胞便会立即启动免疫应 答。
免疫系统的T细胞通过细胞表面MHC蛋白的进 行自我与非我的识别。
MHC分子嵌合抗原的细胞（抗原呈递细胞）将 加工过的抗原提交给T细胞，进一步激活细胞 毒性T细胞，最终杀死被病毒和细菌感染的细 胞。
种牛痘或患天花、麻疹等疾病痊愈以后， 人体一种称为B细胞的淋巴细胞产生出游 离于体液中的抗体蛋白，依靠B细胞的免 疫方式称为体液免疫。
➢ In addition, the helper T cells secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells that are specific for the antigen(Interleukin-2 also stimulates B cells). Cytotoxic T cells can destroy infected cells only if those cells display the foreign antigen together with their MHC-I proteins.
➢ Once the helper T cells have been activated by the antigens presented to them by the macrophages, they secrete the cytokines known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon, which promote the activity of macrophages.
第一道防线对病原体不具有选择性或特异性，因此称为非 特异性防御。
部分侵入到组织或细胞内的病原体还会受到人体内 特殊免疫细胞与化学成分的抵御和攻击，吞噬作用、 抗菌蛋白和炎症反应等构成了人体抵御病原体入侵 的第二道防线。
这些特殊的免疫细胞与化学成分一般都是淋巴系统的组成 部分。人体的淋巴系统是各种免疫细胞协同作用的网状系 统，它们由淋巴管、淋巴结和包括胸腺、骨髓、脾脏和扁 桃体等器官共同组成。
• Need for defense against intruders: - virus；bacteria；pathogens • Need for eliminating abnormal cells
11.1 非特异性防御
人体对病原体侵害的防御共设置了三道防线。
皮肤、口腔、鼻腔、消化道与呼吸道中的黏膜及其 分泌物等构成了第一道防线。
wenku.baidu.com
B细胞及体液介导的免疫应答
B cells also respond to helper T cells activated by interleukin-1. Like cytotoxic T cells, B cells have receptor proteins on their surface, one type of receptor for each type of B cell. B cells recognize invading microbes much as cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells, but unlike cytotoxic T cells, they do not go on the attack themselves.
第三道防线：特异性免疫
First-line respiratory defenses
Phagocytosis by a macrophage
干扰素的作用机理
A simplified view of the inflammatory response
11.2 特异性反应
特异性免疫的发现：天花 Jenner Pasteur
The T cell immune defense. After a macrophage has processed an antigen, it releases interleukin-1, signaling helper T cells to bind to the antigen-MHC protein complex. This triggers the helper T cell to release nterleukin-2, which stimulates the multiplication of cytotoxic T cells. In addition, proliferation of cytotoxic T cells is stimulated when a T cell with a receptor that fits the antigen displayed by an antigen-presenting cell binds to the antigen-MHC protein complex. Body cells that have been infected by the antigen are destroyed by the cytotoxic T cells. As the infection subsides, suppressor T cells “turn off” the immune response.
T细胞及细胞介导的免疫应答
细胞介导的免疫应答可以防御病毒感染 和癌症，杀死并消灭被感染的体细胞， 同时也消灭了其中的病毒等病原体。
T细胞介导的细胞免疫过程
➢ When macrophages process the foreign antigens, they secrete interleukin-1, which stimulates cell division and proliferation of T cells.
人体还能针对病原体产生出一种称为T细 胞的淋巴细胞直接对病原体进行攻击， 依靠T细胞的免疫方式称为细胞免疫。
B细胞和T细胞的分化
当一种病毒或细菌突破了非特异性防御由呼吸 道进入人体后，巨噬细胞便会立即启动免疫应 答。
免疫系统的T细胞通过细胞表面MHC蛋白的进 行自我与非我的识别。
MHC分子嵌合抗原的细胞（抗原呈递细胞）将 加工过的抗原提交给T细胞，进一步激活细胞 毒性T细胞，最终杀死被病毒和细菌感染的细 胞。