英语国家概况复习资料
大学英语国家概况复习(名词解释+问答题)
名词解释Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠ第一章英国简介1✧ 1. LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.伦敦位于该国南部最大的城市。
从各方面来看，它是英国主导。
它是文化和商业中心，绝大多数英国大公司总部。
它不仅是国家的金融中心，而且在世界三大国际金融中心之一。
2.Robin HoodRobin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and bid himself with his band of "merry men" in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.罗宾汉是一个撒克逊的贵族。
因为他再也无法容忍诺曼人的压迫，他成为逃犯并且让自己和他的"快活人" 帮派呆在森林里。
英语国家概况复习题答案
英语国家概况复习题答案
1. 英国的首都是哪个城市？
答案：伦敦。
2. 美国的官方语言是什么？
答案：英语。
3. 加拿大的首都是哪里？
答案：渥太华。
4. 澳大利亚的货币单位是什么？
答案：澳元。
5. 新西兰的国旗上有哪些颜色？
答案：蓝色、红色和白色。
6. 英国的全称是什么？
答案：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
7. 美国的独立日是哪一天？
答案：7月4日。
8. 加拿大的官方语言有哪些？
答案：英语和法语。
9. 澳大利亚最大的城市是哪个？
答案：悉尼。
10. 新西兰的首都是哪里？
答案：惠灵顿。
11. 英国的国花是什么？
答案：玫瑰。
12. 美国的总统任期是多久？
答案：四年。
13. 加拿大的国土面积是多少？
答案：约998万平方公里。
14. 澳大利亚的国宝动物是什么？答案：袋鼠。
15. 新西兰的国花是什么？
答案：银蕨。
16. 英国的国歌是什么？
答案：《天佑女王》。
17. 美国的人口数量大约是多少？答案：约3.3亿。
18. 加拿大的国花是什么？
答案：枫叶。
19. 澳大利亚的国歌是什么？
答案：《前进，美丽的澳大利亚》。
20. 新西兰的官方语言有哪些？答案：英语和毛利语。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料全
The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）.两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important),originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口).The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅),St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, andall the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
英语国家概况考试复习资料
一、单选题1._______ realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war ajust war against slavery.A、Frederick DouglassB、George WashingtonC、John AdamsD、Abraham Lincoln答案： D2.The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher _____.A、Paul RevereB、John LockeC、CornwallisD、Frederick Douglass答案： B3.The United States grows nearly _____ of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports ofgrain in the worlD.A、one thirdB、one fourthC、one sixthD、one seventh答案： B4.In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A、1957B、1967C、1973D、1979答案： C5.The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A、30, Richard III, Henry TudorB、50, Richard III, Henry TudorC、30, Richard I, Henry TudorD、50, Richard I, Henry Tudor答案： A6.About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A、independent schoolsB、junior schoolsC、independent schoolsD、primary schools答案： D二、 判断题7.The exploratory voyage made by ______ brought to a close to an era of European discovery ofAustralia that had lasted nearly two hundred years.A 、Arthur PhilipB 、Mathew FlindersC 、Port JacksonD 、Peter Lalor答案： B8.In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers inthe New LanD.A 、1620, LondonB 、1620, PlymouthC 、1720, LondonD 、1720, Plymouth答案： B9.After the outbreak of the First World War, Australia followed Britain's lead and declared war on________.A 、JapanB 、TurkeyC 、ItalyD 、Germany答案： D10.In New Zealand, hydroelectricity from rivers and dams supplies ________ of total energy.A 、15%B 、16%C 、17%D 、18%答案： C1.In 1215, King Egbert united England under his rule.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误2.By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确3.In Britain, "Football hooligans" sometimes have violent clashes.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确三、 名词解释4.The UK economy is thought of as one of decline because Britain is poorer and producing less thanit was in 1945.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误5.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by KingHarold.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确7.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误8.British government offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误9.Britain has no written form of Constitution.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确10.British government is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确1.Puritans答案： After the establishment of the Church of England in England, the people who believe in the Church of England are called Puritans,who think they are the devoted worshipers of divine God, and they are purified.2.Louisiana Purchase答案： In 1803, President Jefferson, by taking advantage of the war in Europe, made Napoleon I agree to sell Louisiana Territory for $15million. This was a vast region of more than 2.6 million square kilometers. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the territory of the new nation.四、问答题1.What kind of economic system does the United States have?答案： The U.S. has a free market economy with a dominant private sector.。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况考试复习资料整理
一、题型一、题型英国、美国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰英国、美国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰 Objective 25% ,subjective 75% 1. Blank filling exercises to go with each unit in the book.( with the exception of P16-17, P50, P55, 25分) 2. Terms for explanation. （名词解释，25分，6*4分+1）3. Answer the questions briefly. （简答题，20分，5*4分）分）4. Elaborate the questions. （阐述题，要有论证，不少于（阐述题，要有论证，不少于100词，30分，3*10分）分）二、范围二、范围1.填空题答案：英国第二章：parliamentary democracy; the House of Commons, the House of Lords; the House of Commons; Commons; the the the Queen; Queen; Queen; executive; executive; executive; constitution; constitution; constitution; European European European Union Union Union (EU)(EU)；military military equipment; equipment; equipment; The The Lord Chancellor; proven guilty 英国第三章：banking, insurance; service; manufacturing; North Sea; Margaret Thatcher; military; 1970s; London; service; electronics 英国第四章：owner occupation, semi-detached, Detached houses, Class, Christmas, Boxing Day, Easter egg, The Guardian, 1400, The Broadcasting Act 英国第五章：1）reading writing Arithmetic 2）A-level 3）flexibility 4）Oxbridge 5)glorious wit 6) church 7)math physics computer science economics 8)12th 13th centuries 9) forty 10) tutorial 美国第三章：1) fifth 2) Northeast 3) one third 4) stock exchange 5) Greyhound Lines 6) Federal Reserve 7) High-tech 8) Retail 9) open 10) unemployment 美国第四章：1) melting pot, salad bowl 2) cultural group 3) baseball 4) religious beliefs and practices 5) Ernest Hemingway 6) Telecommunications 7) coffee 8) American football 9) home school 10) Thanksgiving Day 美国第五章：1) Northeast, Southeast 2) Harvard 3) private 4) master ’s 5) colleges, curriculum 6) eastern Atlantic 7) California 8) Stanford 9) Community college 10) Y ale 澳大利亚第一章：(1) ―the Oldest Cont inentǁ ―the Last of Landsǁ ―the Last F rontier.ǁFrontier.ǁ (2) Aboriginals (3) convicts (4) Gold Rush (5) Canberra (6) license (7) the Age of Exploration (8) Great Depression (9) Melbourne Agreement 10) The Australia Act 澳大利亚第二章：wool mineral exploitation foreign investment farming immigration political movement economy deregulation small domestic market service industry cattle 澳大利亚第三章：1) diversity 2) 25.6% 3) shared values 4) favorable climate 5) Greg Norman 6) Melbourne 7) suburban character 8) The Australian Ballet 9) Georgian 10) independent 澳大利亚第四章：1) low living costs 2) Sydney 3) British 4) financial stringency 5) The Australian Universities Commission Act 1959 6) the Commonwealth government 7) The Dawkins Revolution 8) males 9) The Australian Government 10) The University of Melbourne 新西兰第一章：1) 1) island island 2) 2) Mount Mount Mount Cook Cook 3) 3) reverse reverse 4）30 5）Wellington 6）Maori 7）James Cook 8）Treaty of Waitangi 9）founding document 10）a Commonwealth realm 新西兰第二章：1) 1) international international international trade trade 2) 2) primary primary primary products products 3) 3) United United United Kingdom Kingdom 4）export earner 5）oil 6）the North and South islands 7）Railways 8）Australia 9）competitive 10）a quarter 新西兰第三章： 1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) separation of powers 3) Cabinet 4）Labor Party 5）work-based 6）Government 7）fully funded 8）Christianity 9）traditional performance art 10）drastically reduced 新西兰第四章：1) 1) a a a world-class world-class world-class educational educational educational system system system in in in a a a lifelong lifelong lifelong learning learning learning society society 2) 2) all all post-school education and training 3) The University of Otago 4）The University of of Auckland Auckland 5) 5) The The The Student Student Student Loan Loan Loan Scheme Scheme 6) 6) a a a competitive competitive competitive examination examination 7) 7) technical technical 8）train teachers 9）Maori teaching and research institutions 10) Australia 爱尔兰：1) Ireland is an island, the third-largest in Europe and the twentieth-largest on Earth.2) "Ireland and Britain" is often used as a neutral term for the islands of British Isles in order to avoid controversy. 3) The River Shannon, the island's longest river at 386 km (240 mi) long, rises in County Cavan in the northwest and flows 113 kilometres (70 mi) to Limerick city in the mid west.4) Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east.5) The The Irish Irish Irish people people are are an an an ethnic ethnic ethnic group group group who who who originate originate originate in in in Ireland, Ireland, Ireland, an an an island island island in in in northwestern northwestern Europe.(Page 5)6) The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the " father of chemistry".7) Traditionally, Ireland Ireland is is is subdivided subdivided into into four four four provinces: provinces: provinces: Connacht(west), Connacht(west), Leinster(east), Munster(south), and Ulster(north).8) That That the the the population population population of of of Ireland Ireland Ireland collapsed collapsed collapsed dramatically dramatically dramatically during during during the the the second second second half half half of of of the the the 19th 19th century century resulted resulted resulted mainly mainly mainly from from from the the the dire dire dire economic economic economic state state state of of of the the the country, country, which which led led led to to to an an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. (Page 7)9) Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in the OECD-28 rankings as of 2008. 10) The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the " Celtic Tiger ", a reference to the "tiger economies" of East Asia.(Page 11)11) In November 2010 the Irish Government published the National Recovery plan, which aims to restore order to the public finances and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.(Page 14)12) The primary sector constitutes about 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of Irish employment.13) Ireland's Ireland's inequality inequality inequality of of of income income income distribution distribution distribution score score score on on on the the the Gini Gini Gini coefficient coefficient coefficient scale scale scale was was was 30.4 30.4 30.4 in in 2000, slightly below the OECD average of 31. (Page 17)14) In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched the European Single Currency, the euro. 15) The Celts were commonly thought to have colonized Ireland in a series of invasions between the 8th and 1st centuries BC. (Page 22)16) From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. (Page 26)17) An An extraordinary extraordinary extraordinary climatic climatic climatic shock shock shock known known known as as as the the the "Great "Great "Great Frost" Frost" Frost" struck struck struck Ireland Ireland Ireland and and and the the the rest rest rest of of Europe Europe between between between December December December 1739 1739 1739 and and and September September September 1741, 1741, 1741, after after after a a a decade decade decade of of of relatively relatively relatively mild mild winters. (Page 28)18) In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.（Page 29）19) The The Great Great Great Famine Famine Famine of of of the the the 1840s 1840s 1840s caused caused caused the the the deaths deaths deaths of of of one one one million million million Irish Irish Irish people people people and and and over over over a a million more emigrated to escape it.20) It was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland.21) There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Irish is the only language to have originated from from within within within the the the island. island. island. English English English was was was first first first introduced introduced introduced to Ireland to Ireland in in the the the Norman Norman Norman invasion invasion invasion and and was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England. (Page 35,Page 34)22) Jonathan Swift, the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day for works such as Gulliver's Travels a nd and A Modest Proposal .(Page 36)23) In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature.(Page 36)24) Gaelic Gaelic football football football is is is the the the most most most popular popular popular sport sport sport in in in Ireland Ireland Ireland in in in terms terms terms of of of match match match attendance attendance attendance and and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island.(Page 38)25) The The introduction introduction introduction of of of the the the potato potato potato in in in the the the second second second half half half of of of the the the 16th 16th 16th century century century heavily heavily heavily influenced influenced cuisine of Ireland.(Page 39)26) The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education. 2.Terms for explanation2.1 The U.K.(1)The puritans(P17): members of a group of Protestants in 16th- and 17th-century England and 17th-century America who believed in strict religious discipline and called for the simplification of acts of worship. (2)Great Charter(P17): document document sealed sealed sealed by by by King King King John John John of of of England England England on on on June June June 15, 15, 15, 1215, 1215, 1215, in in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism). Over the course of centuries, these promises have required governments in England (and in countries influenced by English tradition) to follow the law in dealing with their citizens. (3)House of Commons(P22): Britain's Britain's legislature legislature legislature is is is made made made up up up of of of the the the House House House of of of Commons, Commons, Commons, the the House of Lords and the king in his constitutional role. The House of Commons has 651 elected Members Members of of of Parliament Parliament Parliament (MPs), (MPs), (MPs), who who who represent represent represent local local local constituencies. constituencies. constituencies. The The The center center center of of of parliamentary parliamentary power is the House of Commons. (4)House of Lords(P22): The The nonelected nonelected nonelected upper upper upper house house house of of of Parliament Parliament Parliament in in in the the the United United United Kingdom, Kingdom, made up of life peers, some hereditary peers, and some bishops. (5)London Stock Exchange (P26):The London Stock Exchange, one of the largest exchanges in the world, has always been a focus of international trade. In 1986 it was substantially deregulated, an event known as the Big Bang in financial circles. This led to the rapid expansion of products, markets, markets, and and and numbers numbers numbers of of of employees, employees, employees, a a a movement movement movement that that that slowed slowed slowed in in in the the the early early early 1990s 1990s 1990s but but but has has has since since rebounded. (6)A-Level(P40): A-level A-level——is is an an an academic academic academic qualification qualification qualification offered offered offered by by by educational educational educational bodies bodies bodies in in in the the United United Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom and and and the the the British British British Crown Crown Crown dependencies dependencies dependencies to to to students students students completing completing completing secondary secondary secondary or or pre-university education. 2.2 The US(1)Westward movement(P50): It is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, American people and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. By expanding the nation’s nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, destruction, and and and cultural cultural cultural loss loss loss for for for the the the Native Native Native Americans Americans Americans of of of North North North America. America. America. This This expansion expansion also also also meant meant meant that that that much much much of of of North North North America America America was was was dominated dominated dominated by by by English English English institutions institutions institutions and and ways of life, instead of Spanish or French ones. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. For good or ill, the westward westward movement movement movement of of these these American American American settlers settlers settlers was was was one one one of of of the the the most most most influential influential influential forces forces forces to to to shape shape North American history. (2)Separation of Powers(P55): The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the the Separation Separation Separation of of of Powers. Powers. Powers. In In In this this this system, system, system, 3 3 3 branches branches branches of of of government government government are are are created created created and and and power power power is is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other.(3)US Constitution(P55): The The Constitution Constitution of of the the the United United United States States States is is is the the the key key key instrument instrument instrument of of American American government government government and and and the the the supreme supreme supreme law law law of of of the the the country. country. country. Government Government Government was was was established established established by by following the guidelines laid out in the constitution. Since the founding of America, it has served as the framework for the development of governmental institutions. It is the Constitution that has assured political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress.(4)Federal Reserve System(P62): The The Federal Federal Federal Reserve Reserve Reserve System System System (also (also (also known known known as as as the the the Federal Federal Reserve, Reserve, and and and informally informally informally as as as the the the Fed) Fed) Fed) is is is the the the central central central banking banking banking system system system of of of the the the United United United States. States. States. It It It was was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to to a a a series series series of of of financial financial financial panics, panics, panics, particularly particularly particularly a a a severe severe severe panic panic panic in in in 1907. 1907. 1907. Over Over Over time, time, time, the the the roles roles roles and and responsibilities responsibilities of of of the the the Federal Federal Federal Reserve Reserve Reserve System System System have have have expanded expanded expanded and and and its its its structure structure structure has has has evolved. evolved. Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system.(5)Independence Day(P69): Independence Independence Day, Day, Day, commonly commonly commonly known known known as as as the the the Fourth Fourth Fourth of of of July, July, July, is is is a a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.(6)WASP(P69): "WASP" stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is considered the basis of the the mainstream mainstream mainstream culture culture culture of of of the the the United United United States. States. States. The The The people people people who who who settled settled settled in in in the the the 13 13 13 North North North American American colonies colonies were were were mostly mostly mostly white white white European European European Protestant Protestant Protestant believers. believers. believers. The The The United United United States States States was was was founded founded founded and and formed largely by Protestants.(7)Ivy League(P75): The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions institutions of of of higher higher higher education education education in in in the the the Northeastern Northeastern Northeastern United United United States. States. States. The The The conference name conference name is also commonly commonly used used used to to to refer refer refer to to to those those those eight eight eight schools schools schools as as as a a a group. group. group. The The The eight eight eight institutions institutions institutions are are are Brown Brown University, University, Columbia Columbia Columbia University, University, University, Cornell Cornell Cornell University, University, University, Dartmouth Dartmouth Dartmouth College, College, College, Harvard Harvard Harvard University, University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also also has has has connotations connotations connotations of of of academic academic academic excellence, excellence, excellence, selectivity selectivity selectivity in in in admissions, admissions, admissions, and and and social social social elitism. elitism. elitism. In In addition addition to to to Cornell, Cornell, Cornell, all all all these these these schools schools schools are are are establish establish establish before before before American American American Independence Independence Independence War, War, the entering standards of every these school are all very strict.2.3 Australia(1)Convicts(P82):（参考）The first settlement to Australia consisted of about 850 convicts, guards and and officers officers officers who who who were were were all all all led led led by by by Governor Governor Governor Arthur Arthur Arthur Phillip. Phillip. Phillip. Since Since Since then then then more more more and and and more more more British British criminal was transported to Australia. They depended on their skills or education setting up the initial colony.(2)Deregulation(P89): Deregulation is the act or process of removing or reducing state regulation. regulation. It It It is is is therefore therefore therefore opposite opposite opposite of of of regulation, regulation, regulation, which which which refers refers refers to to to the the the process process process of of of the the the government government regulating certain activities. (3)Cultural diversity(P95): Cultural Cultural diversity diversity diversity is is is the the the quality quality quality of of of diverse diverse diverse or or or different different different cultures, cultures, cultures, as as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. (4)Dawkins Revolution(P101): The The Dawkins Dawkins Dawkins Revolution Revolution Revolution was was was a a a series series series of of of Australian Australian Australian tertiary tertiary education reforms instituted by the then Labor Education Minister (1987–1992) John Dawkins. 2.4 New Zealand(1)Kiwi(P104):They are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, and the lack of mammalian(哺乳类动物) predators(食肉动物) led to the birds evolving flightless. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand, and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used in some parts of the world as the colloquial demonism for New Zealanders.(2)“cradle-to-grave ” welfare concept(P123): The The first first first cradle-to-grave cradle-to-grave cradle-to-grave welfare welfare welfare concept concept concept was was was to to offer offer support support support to to to the the the disadvantaged disadvantaged disadvantaged and and and created created created a a a safety safety safety net net net for for for those those those out out out of of of work work work , , , in in in need need need or or without homes or income . (3)Kapa Haka(P123): Haka dance (Haka) refers to traditional dance of the Maori in New Zealand. Haka dance was originally Maori tribal began to jump, wham, contains a glaring, spit tongue flap body movements, the purpose is to show soldiers’soldiers’ strength before the war.( strength before the war.( Strong prestige haka dance requires a collective performance, the more the number, the greater the momentum, thegreater the deterrent against opponents. Maori war with mouth words, loud player, multi-purposehaka dance before the final enemy morale, deterrence, so the haka dance also become an integral part of New Zealand sports culture.)(4)New Zealand Ministry of Education(P129):The The New New New Zealand Zealand Zealand Ministry Ministry Ministry of of of Education Education Education is is responsible responsible for for for higher higher higher education education education budgeting, budgeting, budgeting, strategy strategy strategy and and and statistics statistics statistics and and and the the the Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Council Council Council is is responsible for funding. 2.5 Ireland(1)Celtic Tiger(P136): A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of life in the world. The 1995 to 2007 period of very high economic growth, with a record of posting the highest growth rates in Europe, led many to call the country the Celtic Tiger. One of the keys to this economic growth was a low corporation tax, [5] currently at 12.5% standard rate. (2)PAYE: It It’’s s the the the abbreviation abbreviation abbreviation for for for Pay Pay Pay As As As Y ou Y ou Earn, Earn, Earn, which which which is is is a a a kind kind kind of of of taxes taxes taxes based based based on on on your your income income and and and also also also progressive, progressive, progressive, with with with little little little or or or no no no income income income tax tax tax paid paid paid by by by low low low earners earners earners and and and a a a high high high rate rate applied to top earners. (3)Great Frost(Great Famine): also called ―Great Famine ǁ. Ireland and the rest of Europe were struck by an extraordinary climatic shock between December 1739 and September 1741, and the winters winters destroyed destroyed destroyed stored stored stored crops crops crops of of of potatoes potatoes potatoes and and and other other other staples staples staples and and and the the the poor poor poor summers summers summers severely severely damaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) 3.Question in briefly3.1 Analyze the causes of the American Civil War.(P50)The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural life by the mid-19th mid-19th century. century. century. The The The Southern Southern Southern planters planters planters needed needed needed a a a large large large number number number of of of laborers laborers laborers to to to manage manage manage their their plantations, and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the the North, North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s What’s more, the Northerners more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War. 3.2 How is a President voted into office in America. (P55)Each Each party party party holds holds holds its its its national national national convention convention convention every every every four four four years years years to to to choose choose choose a a a candidate candidate candidate for for for the the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.3.3 What functions do American higher education institutions perform. (P75)Higher Higher education education education institutions institutions institutions in in in the the the US US US have have have three three three functions: functions: functions: teaching, teaching, teaching, research research research and and and public public service, and each has its own emphasis with regard to its functions.3.4 What advice would you give to Australian government to protect aboriginal culture.(P82)First, First, try try try every every every effort effort effort to to to protect protect protect the the the languages languages languages including including including Australian Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal English, English, Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal languages, languages, languages, and and and Australian Australian Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal Aboriginal sign sign sign languages, languages, languages, for for for languages languages languages will will best convey the way of their thinking and the way of their doing things generation by generation. Second, try every effort to establish museums where this unique culture is exhibited so that more people become aware that Aboriginal culture is country ’s remarkable heritage that can not afford to lose. Third, to give equal rights to Aborigines, like voting, public education, law suits. 3.5 Explain the significance of Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand. (P110)The Treaty is generally considered as the founding document of New Zealand as a nation and the principles of which continue to influence political and legal discourses in New Zealand. 3.6 Elaborate the importance of external trade in New Zealand. (P117)External trade is of fundamental importance to New Zealand . Primary sector-based exports and and commodities commodities commodities remain remain remain important important important sources sources sources of of of export export export receipts receipts receipts , , , while while while exports exports exports of of of services services services and and manufactured products also provide a significant contribution . This , together with a reliance on imports imports of of of raw raw raw materials materials materials and and and capital capital capital equipment equipment equipment for for for industry industry industry , , , makes makes makes New New New Zealand Zealand Zealand strongly strongly trade-oriented . 3.7 In New Zealand, what’s the function of the Teacher Registration Board? (P129) There is an official list of institutions that are approved by the Teacher Registration Board to offer offer teaching teaching teaching qualifications qualifications qualifications as as as of of of 30 30 30 October October October 2000. 2000. 2000. Several Several Several of of of these these these institutions institutions institutions offer offer offer off-site off-site programs programs in in in smaller smaller smaller centers centers centers when when when there there there are are are enough enough enough students, students, students, and and and some some some offer offer offer programs programs programs through through distance technology 3.8 How is Ireland’s economy influenced by the Financial Crisis in 2008? Ireland was the first country in the EU, to officially enter a recession related to the Financial Crisis 2008, as declared by the Central Statistics Office and now has the second-highest level of household household debt debt debt in in in the the the world world world (190% (190% (190% of of of household household household income). income). income). The The The country's country's country's credit credit credit rating rating rating was was downgraded downgraded to to to "AA-" "AA-" "AA-" by by by Standard Standard Standard & & & Poor's Poor's Poor's ratings ratings ratings agency agency agency in in in August August August 2010 2010 2010 due due due to to to the the the cost cost cost of of supporting supporting the the the banks, banks, banks, which which which would would would weaken weaken weaken the the the Government's Government's Government's financial financial financial flexibility flexibility flexibility over over over the the medium term. It transpired that the cost of recapitalising the banks was greater than expected at that time, and, in response to the mounting costs, the country's credit rating was again downgraded by Standard & Poor's to "A".3.9 Comment on Irish people and their migration.Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years. The Irish people's earliest ancestors are claimed claimed to to to be be be descended descended descended from from from groups groups groups such such such as as as the the the Nemedians Nemedians , , Fomorians Fomorians , , Fir Fir Bolg , , Tuatha Tuatha DéDanann and the Milesians . Now the population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland. The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took about about 1 1 1 million million million lives. lives. lives. However, However, However, by by by far far far the the the greater greater greater cause cause cause of of of population population population decline decline decline was was was the the the dire dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. 。
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语国家概况考试复习资料
《英语国家概况》考试复习资料及答案1The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by_D__ AKing Arthur B. Robin Hood C. Oliver Cromwell D. William the Conqueror2Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government? AAIt offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.BIt is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.CIt is the oldest representative democracy in the world.DIt has no written form of Constitution.3Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed? AAWilliam of Orange B. James Ⅱ C. Oliver Cromwell D. GeorgeⅠ4. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattle.B. Dairy cattleC. Chicken.D. Sheep.5. Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? BA. Members in the House of Commons.B. Lords in the House of Lords.C. The UK citizens above the age of 18.D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.6. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because __A_________.A. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the governmentB. it informs people of current affairs in the world.C. it provides people with subjective reports.D. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.7．Of Which people is Robert Burns a national poet? BA. The Welsh peopleB. The Irish peopleC. The Scottish peopleD. The English people8．. It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by _D_________A. the VikingsB. the NormansC. Brian BuruD. Saint Patrick9. In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and NorthernEngland to emigrate to the north of Ireland because __A_______.A. they wanted to increase its control over IrelandB. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in BritainC. they intended to expand their investmentD. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them10. Which is the largest city in Scotland?CA. CardiffB. EdinburghC. GlasgowD. Manchester二．填空1. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overrule___ the parliament _______ in the English Revolution.2. The _ official ________IRA believed that they had made enough progress so that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for___ election ____.3. It’s hard to make talks successful between the British and Irish governments without the participation of __ Sinn Fein ________and_______ IRA _____.4. The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms _ the government ________and its party leader becomes _ Prime Minister _________-.5. Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced __ relative ______ decline rather than __ relative _____ decline.6. The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary ________industries, secondary industries and _ tertiary _______industries.7. Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories .They are __ tertiary _______ , _____ comedies ____and history plays.8. Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte are noted for their respective novel _____ Jane Eyre ___and ____ Wuthering Heights ______which are largely the love stories of a woman for a man.9. People usually dress up and show off their fashionable clothes and elaborate hats for the social event called __ Wuthering Heights ________.10. Traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants on _ Boxing Day __________, which is the day after Christmas.三．问答1. Who introduced Christianity into Ireland?He was St. Patrick.2. What’s the full name of the UK?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.What is the major function of the Parliament?4.It was to pass laws.4. How many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win theelection?It needs at least 326.5. Which party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quiet a long time from 1979 to1997?It was the Conservative party.6. Name two of the tragedies written by Shakespeare.They are Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet7. Which is one of the largest government departments that deal with education?It is the Ministry of Education.四．名词解释the quality paperLondonthe Celtsthe Anglo-SaxonsD A A D B A B D A C1.the parliament2. official election3. Sinn Fein IRA4.the government5. Relative recession6. primary tertiary7. tertiary comedies8. Jane Eyre 9. Wuthering Heights10. Boxing Day1.He was St. Patrick.2.It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.Parliament?It needs at least 326.4.It was the Conservative party.5.They are Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet6.It is the Ministry of Education.名词解释见课本。
英语国家概况知识点
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）3投一票第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点
英语国家概况Chapter1LandandPeople第一章英国的国土与人民I.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts?英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
III.RiversandLakes河流与湖泊BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。
全长338公里。
ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。
全长336公里。
LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
面积为396平方公里。
RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
IV.Climate气候1.Britain'sfavorableclimate英国有利的气候条件：Britainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.?英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。
英语国家概况总结资料
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack（英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngland London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化”2.一个高度城市化3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
英语国家概况复习超级详细
英语国家概况复习超级详细Chapter 1Land and People一、本章知识点1.重点：① Different names for Britain and its parts2.难点、考点：① Britain‘s official name② British Commonwealth三、课本内容（一）Different names for Britain and its partsStrictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names.1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands.（see map of UK）The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands.2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K.（UK）capital: LondonThe Republic of Ireland爱尔兰共和国has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.3. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales. England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―England‖ and ―English‖ when they mean ―Britain‖ and ―British‖.4. The British Empire大英帝国: one fourth of th e world‘s people and one fourth of the world‘s land area.5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it wasreplaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.（二）OthersGeographical Features1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France. （p.4）Taiwan Strait：台湾海峡2. ―Chunnel‖: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis, 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）The longest river: the Severn River（338 km）The second largest and most important river: the Thames River（336 km）（p.7）4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）5. The English are Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts凯尔特人. （p.12）四、总结① Britain‘s official nam e② British CommonwealthChapter 2The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）一、本章知识点1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts② Basis ofmodern English race: the Anglo-Saxons③ The Viking and Danish invasions④King Alfred and his contributions⑤The Norman Conquest and its consequences2.难点、考点：① the Anglo-Saxons: Heptarchy七王国; foundation of the Engl ish state② King Alfred③Norman Conquest三、课本内容（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts （p.17）1. began to arrive about 700 BC2. originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany3. three main waves——1st. Gaels盖尔人, about 600 BC; 2nd. Brythons布列吞人, 400 BC, （Britain）; 3rd. Belgae比利其人, 150 BC, （Belgium）.Gaelic：盖尔语4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.5. Religion: Drui dism: The Celts‘ religion was Druidism. The Druids worshipped and performed their rites in woods by the light of the moon.6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410）p.18: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400years Britain was under the Roman occupation. The Roman capital was London（Londinium）.（二）Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes: Jutes朱特人（from southern Denmark）, Saxons, and Angles（both from northern Germany）; Angles were to give their name to the English people.2. ★Heptarchy七王国——seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,Marcia and Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes 部落were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again.3. In 829, Egbert伯特became an overlord of all the English.4. Teutonic日耳曼人的religion: Tiu—war, Woden—heaven, Thor—Storms, Freya—Peace5. St. Augustine奥古斯丁——the first Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state: divide the country into shires（郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip, three-field farming system（三田轮作）; manorial庄园system; Witan（议会）（council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人会议）, the basis of the Privy Council枢密院which still exists today.（三）The Viking and Danish invasions （p.23-24）1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海盗和丹麦人2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw‖（丹麦法区）, the north and east of England.3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made England part of a Scandinavian empire.（四）King Alfred and his contributions1. King of Wessex （871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2. ★his contributions: ―the father of the British navy‖; reorganized the fyrd英国民兵（the Saxon army）; translated into En glish Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English People; established schools and formulated a legal system.3. ―Alfred the Great‖（五）The Norman Conquest and its consequences （p.24-25）1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor‖, was far more Norman than Sax on心向着诺曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国).2. 4 men laid claim to the English throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two brothers of Edwa rd‘s Queen）; 4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟3. Oct. 14, 1066, Hastings, Anglo-Saxon England perished with Harold‘s death.因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败4. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day.5. William the Conqueror: the best-known event in English history;the feudal system was completely established.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度.四、总结:历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：Celts, （Romans）Anglo-Saxons, Viking/Dales, and Normans Chapter 3 the shaping of the nation1066-1381本章知识点1重点: 1 England‘s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror; 2 Contents and the significance of the Great Charter;3 Origins of the English Parliament;4 The Hundred Y ears‘ War with France and its consequences;5 Consequences of the Black Death;2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter; English Parliament;3课本内容i. England‘s feudalism under t he rule of William the Conqueror1. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the Kingowned the land personally. William gave his barons男爵large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‘s produce.The barons parceled out分配land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.★Class structure 等级结构: the king ; barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles, knights, and freemen; villains\serfs (补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词for the king: ―we who are as good as you swear to you, who are no better than we, to accept you as our king and sovereign lord provided you observe all our statutes and laws; if not, no.‖国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.)2. Replace the Witan with the Grand Council (大会议)William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on which they were required to serve when summoned.3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands, tenants, and their possessions, for taxes. Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书) In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence.4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years.Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years.In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another.The common law is the unwritten law common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only sections of it, and is ―case-made‖, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.In Henry‘s day the jury system-whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.ii. c ontents and the significance of the Great charter1. Crusades (十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215.2. Magna Carta, 1215The barons‘ charter, or Magna Carta as it came to be known, was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.3. contents-63 clauses: No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain theirancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.4. significance: regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king iii. o rigins of the English Parliament1.king John and his son Henry III defied Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled.King john defied Magna Carta.The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled.2.provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of 24 members, half to be nominated by the barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act.A civil war broke out between the king‘s support ers, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort.1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort and taken prisoner.3.★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2 knights from each county, 2 burgesses (citizens) from each town.The Great Council developed later into the lords and the Commons known as parliament.3.Met only by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice.At this point parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions.4.under Edward I, Wales was conquered. The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was conquered (1277-1284) and came under the English Crown. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the country under English law end Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.iv. the hundred years‘ war with France and its consequences1.the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form 1337 to 1453.2.the causes: partly territorial and partly economic3.Edward III declared war. When Edward III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. There were three outstanding stages of the war.4.England was successful at first, but was defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德)After his death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France.5.By 1453, only CalaisBy 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.6.a blessing for both countries: good for the development of separate English and French national identity.The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while Frenchnational identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.V. consequences of the Black Death1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347-1350.2. It killed between one half and one third of the population, reduced England‘s p opulation from 4 million to 2 million by the end of 14th century.3. Consequences: much land was left untended, and there was a terrible shortage of labor. The government tried to keep down wages.The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages.IV. 总结: William the Conqueror and feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power: Great Charte r and Parliament; the Hundred Years‘ war; Black DeathChapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)I. 本章知识点1.重点: the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the English reformation; Elizabeth I and Parliament; Elizabeth‘ s r eligious reform and her foreign police; Distinctive features of the English renaissance; The Civil Wars and their consequences; The commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The restoration and the Glorious Revolution;2.难点\考点: the English reformation; Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The restoration; The Glorious revolution; III. 课本内容一the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity; the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (the white rose ) between 1455 and 1485.This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.2.the name was coined by 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott.The name wars of the roses was ,in fact ,coined by the great 19th century novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and that of York, symbolized by the white.3.the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply engaged.4.the last battle was fought between Richard III and Henry Tudor in 1485. Henry Tudor, after his victory ,married Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of the roses was fought between Richard III and another claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, part-welsh grandson of Owen Tudor and descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth ofYork ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster and Y ork and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.5.Consequences: feudalism received its death blow; the nobility was much weakened and discredited; the king‘s power now became supreme.Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited.The ki ng‘s power now became supreme.6.parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted.Parliament in England was already a fairly important body which had to be consulted, if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.二Henry VIII and the English reformation1. 6wives, divorced 2and executed 2Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He divorced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king.Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church.2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money.3.purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.4.two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535The power of the mon arch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.5.real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time. People call this ―the reformation‖ ---the switch to protestant theology.6.Mary Tudor, ―bloody Mary‖: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais.7.Elizabeth I, a protestant queenThe reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since.三Elizabeth I and Parliament1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single.Elizabeth‘s reign wa s a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestantGenerally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform.3.avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约) besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.4.but often turbulent.(动荡不安)Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.四Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal co ntrol; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but opinion should be left free‖. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to b oth the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict.3.the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in 1588 showed England‘s superiority as a naval power, and enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country.五distinctive features of the English renaissance1. renaissance ---the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history; the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650; it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation, the rise of Humanism, the growth of large nation-states, the far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.2. in England, beginning with the accession of the house ofTudor in 1485.In England, the renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485.3.5 characteristics: English culture was revitalized mainly by contemporary Europeans; insular country; native literature (14th century poet Chaucer) ;English renaissance literature is primarily artistic; coincided with the reformation.4.the English renaissance was largely literary –Elizabethan drama5.William Shakespeare莎士比亚is the greatest writer in the English language.注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes Day;1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower, New Plymouth in America Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kings‖(君权神授)Puritanism清教; simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian平等attitude.1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the 2nd Magna Carta.六the civil wars and their consequences1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament from southeast England and London. Many nobles and gentry gathered around the king , while the parliamentary army was made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the supporters of parliament were called Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their short haircuts.2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁骑军), new Model Army.Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew, lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsides‖ cavalry regiment at Marston Moor. Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general of the new model army.3.second civil war, 1648Charles was tried by a high court of justice, found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and the parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the windo ws of the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.4.Charles was executed (beheaded) on a scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇宫)on Jan 30, 1649.5.also called the puritan revolutionthe English civil war is also called the puritan revolution ,because the king‘s opponents were mainly puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic.6.as a conflict between the parliament and the king , but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the crown.7.it not only overthrew feudal system in England , but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.8.as the beginning of modern world history.七the commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell1. Oliver Cromwell and the rump (残余国会) declared Englanda commonwealth. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the rump –members of the long parliament who had voted for Charles‘s execution declared England a commonwealth.2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均派)One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush without mercy arebellion in Ireland, killing all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. Another was the suppression of the levelers.3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth of England.He became Lord protector of the commonwealth of England.4.direct military rule –tyrant; tough control of the nation‘s morals八the restoration and the Glorious revolution1. the re storation : the parliament asked the late king‘s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685).2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不信奉英国国教者)3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资格审查法> excluded all Catholics from public office of any kind; the disabling act <无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in either house of parliament .4. John Bunyan-Pilgrim‘s Progress; john Milton-paradise lost5. the glorious revolution : the English politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and appealed to a protestant king , William of Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James‘s d aughter. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed.6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise: excluding any roman catholic from the succession; confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy; guarantee free speech within both houses.7. the age of constitutional Monarchy- a monarchy with powers limited by parliament8. 1707 , under queen Anne, the act of Union( <联合法>)united England and Scotland ; the name of great Britain came into being.Chapter 5 the rise and fall of the British Empire (1688-1990) 本章前言1重点:Whigs and T ories ; agricultural changes in the 18th century; the English industrial revolution and its impact on the development of Britain ; the chartist movement and its consequences; the building of the British empire; Britain and the first world war; Britain and the second world war; Postwar Britain; Thatcherism2. 难点\考点:1) Whigs and Tories 2) the enclosure act 3) industrial revolution 4) chartist movement 5)colonial expansion 6) effect of the two wars on Britain 7) Thatcherism课本内容一Whigs and Tories1. These two party names originated with the Glorious revolution2. Whigs ---Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers , opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists; earl of Shaftsbury- first leader; care for the interests of merchants and bankers; later, with dissident T ories, became the liberal party.3. Tories –Irish word meaning thugs, supported hereditary monarchy , reluctant to remove kings; traditionalists who want to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England; the Tories were the forerunners of the conservative party, which still bears the nickname today.4. Radicals: there was another brand of opinion, but with much smaller support in the parliament . They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarianism功利主义—thegreatest happiness for the greatest number.5. They advocated laissez faire,自由主义a radical idea of free trade; because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.二Agricultural changes in the late 18th century1. Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term revolution. Traditional farming: the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century. There were of course drawbacks: 1) it wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths; 2) it was wasteful of labor and time; 3) livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. 4) The open field system was a barrier to experiments.2. in the mid-18 century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food.3. the enclosure acts(<圈地法>):during the late 18th and early 19th centuries the open field system ended when the enclosure acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields.4. a system of crop rotation(轮播耕作)5. artificial fertilizer ,and new agricultural machinery: such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull.6. George III and even George III were so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname ―farmer George.‖7. good results: farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed ,and diet became more varied;8. bad results : a disaster for the tenants, enclosure leading。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
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1. The highest mountain peak in Britain is in Scotland.2. British climate has more rainy days and more fogs with changeability.3. British has a temperate, maritime climate4. Britain's most important natural resources are coal and petroleum.5. The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.6. The established church of Britain is the Church of England.7. The major languages spoken in Britain are English, Gaelic, and Welsh.8. The Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted in England for a long time after theReformation.9. By the 1890s', Britain had been overtaken by the US and Germany in economy.10. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in the 1980s' gradually recovered.11. The negative aspect of Thatcher's reform was a rapid increase in taxation.12. The Bank of England advises government on the formulation of monetary policy andplays an important part in making agreed policy effective and acts as a clearinghouse.13. Britain has no written constitution, and still keeps an old-fashioned government.British government is established on the basis of constitutional monarchy.14. The British government ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.15. The present sovereign of Britain is Queen Elisabeth Ⅱ, and Prince Charles is the heir to the throne.16. Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, but in reality, she must act on the advice of the ministers.17. The Liberal Democratic is seen as the party of the "middle", occupying theideological ground between the two main parties.18. The general election in Britain is held every 5 years.19. The Conservative Party developed out of the Tory Party, while the Liberal Party developed outof the Whig Party.20. Punishment in Britain is in the form of fine and imprisonment. The death penalty formurder was completely abolished in the year of 1969.21. The earliest settlers on the British Isles were the Iberians.22. Kent, one of the British early kingdoms, was set up by the Jutes.23. The Romans under Claudius conquered Britain in A.D. 43.24. Henry Ⅱis best remembered for his reform of laws and courts.25. Edward Ⅲlaunched the Hundred Years' War.26. Wars of Roses were fought intermittently between the Lancastrians and the Yorkistsfrom 1455 to 1465.27. The Enclosure of land turned a large number of peasants into landless.28. The Restoration of Charles Ⅱtook place in the year of 1660.29. The British Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry.30. James Hargreaves invented the "spinning Jenny".31. After the Seven Years’ War England became the strongest sea power and dominated world trade.32. Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens.33. The British Empire reached the peak of its colonial expansion after the Anglo-BoerWar.34. China and Britain established the diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial rank in the year of 1972.35. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583, and fell afterthe end of the Second World War.36. The two imperialist blocks that had been formed just before the outbreak of WorldWar Ⅰwere Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.37. Universities that were founded between 1850 and 1930 are called Redbrick universities.38. All universities in Britain are private institutions.39. Independent schools in Britain are private educational institutions.40. Any child may attend, without paying fees, a state school in Britain.41. The continental United States is situated in the southern part of North America.42. Alaska was bought by the United States from Russia after the end of the America n Civil War.43. The State of Alaska is the largest in the area of all the 50 states.44. The famous Niagara Falls are located on the US-Canadian boundary between LakeErie and Lake Ontario.45. The State of California is the largest in population today.46. People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons except religious freedom.47. Black people in the US are descended from Negro slaves imported from Africa.48. In the 19th century a large number of Chinese were shipped to America as "coolies".49. In the industrial capitalism stage American economy developed rapidly.50. The West of the United States is an important mining area.51. The automobile is the most popular means of transportation in the United States.52. The United States government began to pursue a protectionist policy in trade in the 1970s'.53. The President of the United States exercises the executive power.54. President has the veto power in legislation in the United States.55. The number of Representatives is fixed at 435.56. The Judicial branch of the US government is headed by the Supreme Court.57. Two political parties emerged in the middle of the 19th century United States over the issue of slavery.58. The General Election in the United States is held every four years.59. The two parties in the US depend on monopolists for their election money.60. If a President dies or resigns or is removed from office, the Vice President succeeds him.61. Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator.62. The Puritans' first settlement on North America was Plymouth.63. Influenced by Marco Polo's famous travel book, kings, lords and merchants inWestern Europe were eager to find sea routes to the Far East.64. In the 18th century, people in Europe began to believe that natural laws guided the universe.65. James Madison was known as the "Father of the Constitution".66. The motto of the colonies was "No taxation without representation".67. The United States purchased Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.68. The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its textile industry.69. In 1819, the United States "purchased" Florida from Spain after having occupied it for several years.70. The US Imperialism was not marked by free business competition.71. The United States and China established diplomatic relations in the year of 1979.72. The Jungle was a story about the meat-packing plants in Chicago.73. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.74. In the United States, education is a state responsibility.75. The most popular elementary and secondary education pattern in the US is 8-4.76. American education is mainly classified into elementary, secondary, and higher.77. the Declaration of Independence78. Christopher Columbus79. Separation of Powers80. Hawaii81. Black Death82. Glorious Revolution83. Wars of Roses84. Charles ⅡRestoration85. Melting Pot86. Westernization。