棉花干物质生产与积累对其生长发育的影响

棉花干物质生产与积累对其生长发育的影响

摘要:以4个棉花品种EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1､C111F1､鄂棉23为试验材料,研究了基质育苗模式下棉花干物质生产､积累对棉花生长发育的影响｡结果表明,基质育苗模式下3个杂交棉品种的F1单株营养器官干物质生产与积累优势明显,尤其是进入开花期后明显快于对照品种鄂棉23,在盛铃期达到高峰;杂交棉品种F1的株高､果枝数､幼铃数与对照差异不明显,但成铃数和总果节数明显高于对照,显示杂交棉果节分化速度快于对照;3个杂交棉品种F1伏前桃与对照差异不明显,但伏桃和秋桃比对照多,说明杂交棉中后期生长比对照具有明显优势;对照品种鄂棉23的脱落率高于3个杂交棉品种F1｡

关键词:棉花;干物质;生产与积累;生长发育;影响

Effects of Dry Matter Production and Accumulation on Cotton Growth

Abstract: Cotton of EK288 F1, E-zamian No.10 F1, C111 F1 and E-mian 23 as experimental materials, the effects of dry matter production and accumulation on the growth and development of cotton in substrate-nursery pattern were studied in this trial. The results showed that dry matter production and accumulation of the three F1 of hybrid cottons EK288, E-zamian No.10 and C111 increased significantly compared with the control (common varieties E-mian 23) especially in the blooming stage and got the highest amount in the blooming stage when planted in nursery substrates pattern. There were no significant differences in the plant height, number of fruit branches and young bolls, but there were significant differences in the boll number and total fruit-node numbers between the three hybrid cultivars and the common cotton, which indicated that the differentiation of the fruit branch of hybrid cotton was much faster than the control. There were no differences in the number of pre-hot summer boll between hybrid cotton and common cotton, however, the numbers of hot summer boll and autumn boll of the three hybrid cotton cultivars were more than that of the common cotton, which indicated that hybrid cotton had some growth advantages compared with common cotton in the latter period. Besides, the shedding rate of the common cotton was higher than that of the three hybrid cottons.

Key words: cotton; dry matter; production and accumulation; growth and development; effects

棉花干物重是棉花经济产量形成的基础,棉花各个生育阶段干物质生产与积累的数量都直接影响到棉花的生长发育｡干物质生产与积累对不同的品种､不同的器官影响的规律不同｡研究以4个棉花品种EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1､C111F1､鄂棉23为试验材料,研究在基质育苗模式下棉花干物质生产､积累对其生长发育

的影响,以期为选用适宜的棉花品种､制定合理的栽培措施提供理论依据｡

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

以EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1､C111F1､鄂棉23(CK)4个棉花品种为供试材料｡试验在长江大学试验农场进行,试验地前作为小麦,采取麦棉套作栽培｡供试土壤为潮壤土,有机质含量高,氮含量适中,磷含量中等偏低,钾含量高,土壤肥力中等(表1)｡

1.2 试验设计与测试方法

1.2.1 试验设计试验采取基质育苗移栽的方式,小区面积26.4 m2,4次重复,随机区组排列｡4月8日播种育苗,5月4日移栽到小麦预留行中,移栽密度30 000株/hm2,2行区,株距0.27 m,行距0.80 m｡施纯氮225 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O∶=1.0∶0.3∶0.7,磷､钾肥作底肥一次性施于预留棉行中,氮肥按底肥20%､蕾肥20%和花铃肥60%比例3次施用,田间管理按移栽棉常规栽培进行｡1.2.2 测试方法

1)干物重测定｡试验于7月14日开始取样,每隔30 d取样1次,每次各小区取5株,先杀青,以恒温烘干法烘干再用电子天平称重,测定干物重｡干物重测定包括根､茎､叶､铃､壳及子棉6部分｡

2)产量测定｡各小区单独计产,分别于10月20日前测定子棉产量,轧花后测定皮棉产量｡

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同品种棉苗生育特性的比较

2.1.1 生育时期的比较试验对EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1､C111F1､鄂棉23的生育时期进行了观察,观察结果见表2｡表2表明,从播种期到吐絮期的时间,EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1､C111F1分别比鄂棉23长11､15､11 d｡

2.1.2 生育性状比较5月9日调查测定结果显示,杂交棉品种F1棉苗均较鄂棉23高,且苗壮､叶多,特别是百株棉苗鲜重､根鲜重均高于鄂棉23(表3)｡表明杂交棉品种F1在生育前期就表现出较强的营养生长优势｡

2.1.3 营养器官干物重比较表4结果表明,4个供试品种的营养器官干物重存在差异,其中3个杂交棉品种F1与鄂棉23间差异显著｡根系干物重最大的是鄂杂棉10号F1,EK288F1､C111F1居中,鄂棉23最低;茎干物重C111F1最大,EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1,鄂棉23最小;叶干物重C111F1最大,EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1居中､鄂棉23最小｡营养器官总干物重C111F1最大,EK288F1､鄂杂棉10号F1居中,鄂棉23最小｡此结果表明基质育苗模式下3个杂交棉品种的F1单株营养器官干物质生产与积累优势明显,有利于吸收养分与制造养料｡

2.1.4 不同品种生殖器官干物重比较试验结果表明,现蕾期干物重鄂棉23高于3个杂交棉品种F1;花铃期和吐絮期3个杂交棉品种F1均高于鄂棉23｡说明棉花进入开花期后,杂交棉干物质生产与积累的速度明显快于鄂棉23,表现出明显的杂交生长优势｡所以对杂交棉应加强中､后期田间管理,尤其是养分供应,以充分发挥杂交棉的生长优势｡鄂棉23生殖生长仅在7月中旬到8月上旬表现出优势,8月中旬后生长速度开始下降,与常规棉品种田间生长发育后劲不足､易早衰的表现特征相符合[1]｡

2.2 产量性状比较

根据田间产量性状调查结果(表5)显示,除杂交棉EK288F1的株高明显高于对照品种外,其余两个杂交棉品种的株高､果枝数与对照差异并不大,但单株吐絮铃