自考英语词汇学 第三章课件

3.3 Types of morphemes 词素的类型

The popular method is to group into free morphemes and bound morphemes. 最流行的方法把词素分成自由词
素和粘着词素。
3.3.1
free morphemes Free Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots. 彼此之间相互独立的词素叫自由语素。这 些词素本身具有完整的意义，在句子中用作 自由语法单位。自由词素与根词一致，因为 根词就是由单个的自由词素构成的。因此， 我们不妨说自由词素就是自由根词。
Affixes
are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.词缀是附着于词或词 元素并对其意义或者功能作修饰的形式。 According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups： inflectional and derivational affixes. 根据 词缀的功能，可讲词缀分为两组：屈折词缀 和派生词缀。
3.3.2
Bound morphemes 粘着词素
Bound
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 不能独立成词的词素叫做粘着词素。 之所以叫粘着词素是因为它们要粘附在别的 词素上才能构成词。粘着词素主要出现在派 生词里。
Bound
morphemes include two types: bound root and affix. 粘着词素有两类：粘 着词根和词缀。 Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other 6 morphemes to make words. 粘着词根，就如自由词根一样，是带有基本 意义的词的组成部分。与自由词根不同的是， 粘着词根是一种粘附形式，必须与别的词素 结合在一起才能构成词。

5 - There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel or by zero morph. 名词复数词素的变体也有一些特殊情况，可 以通过改变内部元音或零形素来实现名词复 数。
3.4 Root and Stem 词根和词干
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.词根是一个词的基本形式，这 个形式若再分析下去就不再是这个词了。不管是自 由词根还是粘着词根， 在词中都是主要的意义成分。 Root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是当所有屈折词缀 和派生词缀都去掉时剩下的那部分词形。
Affixes
attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. 加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀是发生屈折变 化的，因此称为屈折词素。屈折词缀数量很 少而且稳定。
Derivational
affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word. 派生词缀。是加在其他词素上创造新词的词 缀。派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。 前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。

3
- These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 这些词素与词一致，因为它们在句子中可以 独立起作用，这类词叫单语素词。
In
English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. They give birth to thousands and thousands of derived words in modern English. 英语中粘着词素不是来源于拉丁语就是来源 于希腊语。粘着词根虽然数量不多，但却有 惊人的能产性，构成数以千计的现代英语词 汇。。
3.1 AlloMorphs 词素变体
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话 语中具体实现的。“形素”是实际说出来的最小的 意义携带体。 The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。
英语词汇学
Chapter 3 Word Formation Ⅰ
构词Ⅰ
3.1 Morphemes 词素
These
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minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words" 这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。 换言之， 词素是“构词中最小功能单位”

4 - Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一 个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫 词素变体。