专业英语大作业

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南邮计算机学院—专业英语大作业

一：英译汉翻译的内容：《Computer_Networks_4th_Edition》书中的第四章的第六节（1-3小节）和第八节。

4.6蓝牙1994年,L.M.Ericsson公司对于“在无电缆情况下将它的移动电话和其他设备（比如PDA）连接起来”产生了浓厚的兴趣。

它与其他四个公司(IBM、英特尔、诺基亚和东芝),组成了一个团体SIG（特别兴趣集团）联盟来开发一个无线标准，用于将计算机和通信设备或附加部件通过短距离的、低功耗的、低成本的无线电波相互连接起来。

这个项目被命名为蓝牙（Bluetooth），该名字来源于北欧的一个海盗王Harald Blaatand（Bluetooth）II(940~981),他统一（即征服）了丹麦和挪威。

虽然最初的想法只是要去掉设备之间的电缆，但是，很快它便扩大了范畴，开始侵入到无线LAN的领地中去了。

尽管这样的改变使得该标准更加有应用价值，但是这也造成了与802.11进行竞争的局面。

更加糟糕的是，这两个系统还会相互电场干扰。

同时值得注意的是，Hewlett-Packard曾经在几年以前引入了一个红外网络，一边将计算机的外围设备通过无线的方式连接起来，但遗憾的是，这种网络并没有真正大规模的流行起来。

尽管如此，到1999年7月，蓝牙SIG发布了一份1500页的规范（1.0版本）。

此后不久正在考虑无线个人域网络(PAN)的IEEE标准组织802.15采纳了蓝牙的文档作为它的基础，并开始对它进行修订。

这件事情虽然看起来非常怪异，因为802.15在对一项已经有了细致规范，但无非兼容实现（还需要进一步调整）的技术进行了标准化，然而，历史表明，通过一个像IEEE这样的中立机构来管理一个开放的标准往往有助于一项技术的推广和应用。

更为精确地来说，我们应该注意到，蓝牙规范是针对整个系统的，从物理层到应用层，面面俱到。

IEEE802.15委员会仅对物理层和数据链路层进行了标准化，协议栈中的其他部分并没有纳入到它的规范之中尽管IEEE于2002年批准了第一个PAN标准802.15.1，然而，蓝牙SIG仍然在积极的改进它的方案。

专业英语作业4.doc

MetalsMan fist began using metals at least 5000 years ago. He found that they could be hammered into tools and weapons that remained sharp. From small beginnings the use of metals has brown to such an extent that civilization as we know it today could not exist with them.Metals make up a large part of the earth's outer layer, or crust. But only a few of them appear in the metal form we are familiar with. Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements. Most of these compounds do not look anything like metals. They are often lumps of rocks. But many of them can be treated to produce metals. These are called ores.Not many metals are used widely in their pure state. Other metals are usually added to them to form mixtures called alloys. Sometimes chemical elements other than metals are included in alloys. The most important is carbon. In engineering, metals and alloys are usually called metals. Metals are divided into tow groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and the nonferrous, which contain no iron.Steel, our most useful metals is alloy of iron and carbon. Because of its strength, steel is used in large buildings and bridges. It is also used to make motor cars, railways and ships. Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.Many other metals are important to us, too. The spoons, knives and forks we eat with are made of stainless steel. We cook in aluminum boilers. Copper cables carry electricity to factories and families. The coins we carry in our pockets contain copper, nickel, and zinc. The list of the uses of metals is endless.Pure iron is quite a weak metal, and it is not very hard, either. But add a little carbon as well as traces of certain other metals, and it becomes both strong and hard. According to what is added, the iron can be given other desirable properties as well. Adding other substances to a metal to change its properties is called alloying, and the product an alloy.Most of the alloys of iron are better known to us as steels. Many other metals form useful alloys, too. Brass and bronze are common alloys of copper. Solder is a well-known lead alloy. Aluminum and zinc alloys are also in widespread use. However, it is the iron alloys that are by far the most important.The pig iron that is made in the blast furnace can be considered one kind of iron alloy, but it is a very crude one. It contains far too many impurities and other materials as well as being uneven in composition. By only slight refining , it can be made into cast iron. Cast iron is an ideal material formaking engine blocks and machine frames. It is strong, hard, rigid, and absorbs shock well. Its main disadvantage is that it is brittle.Wrought iron is a more refined form of pig iron which is quite pure iron (0.1 〜0.2 per cent carbon) with threads of slag running through it. Wrought iron is made by heating the pig iron with iron oxide in a “puddling" furnace. The oxygen in the oxide combines with the impurities, which either boil away as gas or form a slag. But the temperature of the furnace is not high enough to make the metal melt. That is why it contains threads of slag. Wrought iron is seldom used directly in industry.Refining pig iron in the various steelmaking furnaces reduces the carbon content and removes other unwanted substance. The steel-maker stops the refining process when the metal has reached the carbon content he wants. Then he adds controlled amounts of other elements to bring the steel to the desired composition.There are two principal kinds of steels, carbon steels and alloy steels. The properties of carbon steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present. Mild steel (up to 0.25 per cent carbon) is the ordinary kind of steel that is used for girders, automobile bodies, bicycle frames, and so on. Medium-carbon steel (0.25〜0.45 per cent) is stronger than mild steel and is used for bridge members, nuts and bolts, and tools of many kinds. High-carbon steel (0.45〜1.5 per cent) is hard and tough, and is used for cutting tools, drill bits, saws, and so on.The properties of alloy steels depend not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying elements. One of the most familiar alloys is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel corrodes, or rusts if it is left out in the rain, is stained by fruit juices, and so on. But adding chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist corrosion and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart that property to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainless steels contains about 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel.Exercises1.Mark the following sentences with T(true) of F(false) according to the article.(1)The civilization could exist without metals.(2)Many metals appear in the metal form we are familiar with.(3)Only a few of metal are used in their pure state.(4)Metal mixtures are called alloys.(5)Carbon is the most important element to form alloy.(6)Solder is a well-known iron alloy.(7)The pig iron is a kind of iron alloy.(8)Iron alloys are the most important alloys in engineering.(9)Most engine blocks and machine frames are made of cast iron.(10)Wrought iron can be used directly in industry.(11)The properties of alloy steels depend mainly on the amount of carbon present.(12)Carbon steels and alloy steels are two main kinds of steels.(13)Cutting tools and drill bits are made of medium-carbon steel.2.Answer the following questions according to the article・(1)When did man first begin using metals?(2)How many groups of metals? What are they?(3)What kind of metal is most useful in engineering?(4)Is steel an alloy? What is it made from?(5)Please list the usages of iron and steel in daily life.3.Translate the following sentences into Chines・(1)In the old days, man found that metals could be hammered into tools and weapons that remainedsharp.(2)Most metals, such as iron and tin, are found combined with other chemical elements.(3)Other metals are usually added to pure metals to form mixtures called alloys.(4)Metals are divided into two groups, the ferrous, which contain a large percentage of iron, and thenonferrous, which contain no iron.(5)Most of the machinery that makes practically everything we use is made of iron or steel.4.Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below and change the forms wherenecessary.Corrosion, contain, element, stain, property, corrode, depend, leave, alloy, add The properties of alloy steels (1) not on the carbon they contain, but on other alloying (2) . One of the most familiar (3) is stainless steel. As we all know, ordinary steel(4) , or rusts if it (5) out in the rain, (6) by fruit juices, and so on but (7)chromium and nickel to steel makes it resist (8) and stains. Both chromium and nickel resist corrosion well, and they tend to impart (9) to their alloys. One of the most common kinds of stainlesssteels (10) about 18 percent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.。

专业英语大作业样本

lesson 10P1 P2The mould designer is frequently confronted with a component design that incorporates a recess or projection which prevents the simple removal of the molding from the mould. The mould design for this type of component is inevitably more complex than for the in line of draw component, as it necessitates the removal of that part of the impression which forms the undercut prior to ejection①.The splits can be incorporated in the mould design in several ways. The designer considers more complex systems where the splits are retained on the mould plate and actuated automatically. There are two basic designs: sliding and angled-lift splits. In both designs there are moving parts and it is necessary to arrange for (i) guiding the splits in the desired direction, (ii) actuating the splits, and (iii) securely locking the splits in position prior to the material being injection into the moul d②.模具设计师经常面临的一个组成部分的设计，包括凹槽或投影，防止简单去除成型模具。

专业英语大作业优选10篇(英文原文)

杜孟远PILOTING THE SMART GRIDAhmad Faruqui, Ryan Hledik and Sanem Sergici1The transformative power of the smart grid is enormous. It is receiving much consideration frutilities and commissions across North America. Several members of the European UniChina, Japan and other nations are also engaged in the same endeavor.The smart grid has the potential for revolutionizing the way we produce and consume electric but because it contains so many new elements; its core value proposition remains untested.The unanswered questions include:What new services will the smart grid provide customers?Do customers want these new services?Will they respond by changing their energy use patterns?The answers to these questions will help policymakers in federal and state government determine whether the benefits of the smart grid will cover its costs.It is widely understood that the new services enabled by the smart grid will include different rate designs that encourage curtailment of peak loads and make more efficient use of energy. Examples include dynamic pricing and inclining block rates.2These innovative rate designs will be enhanced by various automating technologies such as Energy Orbs, programmable communicating thermostats (PCTs), whole building energy management systems (Auto DR), and in-home displays (IHDs).The smart grid will of course go beyond smart meters and rate design and enable renewable energy resources to be connected to the grid. This will allow optimal use of intermittent resources, such as wind, which often reach their peak generating capacity during off-peak hours. New off-peak loads, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which reduce overall energy consumption and improve the carbon footprint, will be energized by the smart grid.To address the likely impact of the smart grid on customers, utilities, and society as a whole, it may be necessary to conduct a pilot. When should a pilot be conducted and how should it be conducted? To be useful, a pilot must yield credible results. This requires that the pilot satisfy various validity criteria. These issues form the focus of this paper. We provide examples from several recent pilots that involved dynamic pricing, a key element of the smart gird. The concluding section discusses how a hypothetical company, SMART POWER, should go about designing its own pilot. Should a Pilot be Conducted?3Policymakers should consider implementing a pilot if there is much uncertainty in the cost-benefit analysis of proceeding with full-scale deployment. A powerful method for resolving uncertainty is to assess the value of information that would be generated from a pilot. This point is best illustrated with a case study.California suffered the worst energy crisis in its history in 2001. Most analysts attributed the crisis in part to the lack of demand response in the market design. When prices rose in wholesale markets, there was no incentive for retail customers to lower demand. In the summer of 2002, the California Public Utilities Commission initiated proceedings on demand response, advanced metering, and dynamic pricing. Early in the proceedings, it became clear that the decision to deploy advanced metering was fraught with risk. The deployment would be costly and the benefits uncertain, as they depended on the customers’ price elasticity of demand.龚畅Electricity from the Oceans: Will It Really HappenAnytime Soon?By Doug PeeplesSGN News EditorGovernments and private industry have been casting a wide net to find alternative sources of sustainable power to meet accelerating demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And electric power from ocean waves, tides and currents has been getting a lot more attention —and money — than ever before.But what are the chances that marine and hydrokinetic technologies (let's just call it ocean power to keep it short and sweet) are really going to take their place alongside more mature and relatively well-funded renewable energy sources such as wind and solar to feed the need for more greener power?We can't answer that question to a certainty, but we can round up a lot of the big issues: What's good about it, what's bad and what needs to happen to make ocean power a reality?The Good∙Oceans cover about 70% of the planet, and waves and tides offer a more predictable, reliable source of energy than wind and solar. And energy storage isn't an issue. The oceans are always on.∙ A British company built a large-scale tidal turbine in 2008 that's since been getting good reviews, and several countries have jumped onto the ocean power bandwagon.Globally, according to Pike Research, there are more than 300 ocean power projects"in the works." A New Jersey company has big plans for a pilot buoy project off theOregon coast and much bigger plans for a commercial-scale wave project there.∙ A January report from Pike said ocean power could generate 200 GW of electricity by 2025. A new analysis from Frost & Sullivan pegs global resources at more like2,000 to 4,000 TWh annually. The Frost & Sullivan analysis also anticipates thecommercialization of ocean power within the next 5-10 years as technology improves and production costs drop.∙In the U.S., attitudes of the federal government and private industry are taking a positive tack, too. The DOE and the Interior Department in June signed amemorandum of understanding to collaborate on commercial-scale development of offshore renewable energy projects, including wave power. The DOE has pouredmillions of dollars into hydrokinetic R&D and has put the technological and strategic muscle of its national laboratories behind it.The Bad∙Ocean power is still in the proof-of-concept phase, and initial deployments require unimaginably massive investments. Will investors bet on technologies with nosignificant track record and sky high upfront costs?∙While wave power is more reliable than wind and solar, the actual power in waves fluctuates a lot, as does the state of the oceans in general. Durability is a big issue.Pelamis Wave Power, which operated a highly regarded commercial-scale wave farm in Portugal, shut down its operations last year because of persistent technicalproblems and dwindling financing.∙How will regulations to protect aquatic ecosystems and fisheries evolve? The permitting and siting process for land-based renewable energy projects is complicated enough. The marine environment is more complex, so it seems reasonable thatpermitting and siting for ocean projects will be even more complicated.∙Standardizing technologies, connecting wave power to the electric grid and transmission also present obstacles.That Said, What's It All Mean?Who wouldn’t want to see a new, reliable, secure and green energy source? But even the most optimistic reports and analyses come with heavy disclaimers, most of them pointing at exceptionally high upfront costs and technological nightmares similar to those facing the new deepwater wind farm sector. While the future of ocean power looks a little brighter, it still looks like a long slog to the light at the end of the tunnel.What do YOU think? Will be generating significant amounts of electricity from ocean waves anytime soon ... if ever?甘凯元Radioactive Water Leaking From Crippled Japan Plantby The Associated PressWorkers spray resin on the ground near the reactor buildings to prevent the spread of radioactive substances at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant.April 2, 2011Highly radioactive water was leaking into the sea Saturday from a crack discovered at a nuclear power plant destabilized by last month's earthquake and tsunami, a new setback as frustrated survivors of the disasters complained that Japan's government was paying too much attention to the nuclear crisis.The contaminated water will quickly dissipate into the sea and is not expected to cause any health hazard. Nevertheless, the disturbing discovery points at the unexpected problems that can crop up and continue to hamper technicians trying to control the crisis.Word of the leak came as Prime Minister Naoto Kan toured the town of Rikuzentakata, his first trip to survey damage in one of the dozens of villages, towns and cities slammed by the March 11 tsunami that followed a magnitude 9.0 earthquake."The government has been too focused on the Fukushima power plant rather than the tsunami victims. Both deserve attention," said 35-year-old Megumi Shimanuki, who was visiting her family at a community center converted into a shelter in hard-hit Natori, about 100 miles from Rikuzentakata.The double disaster is believed to have left nearly 25,000 dead — 11,800 confirmed. More than 165,000 are still living in shelters, and tens of thousands more still do not have electricity or running water.Although the government had rushed to provide relief, its attention has been divided by the efforts to stabilize the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant, which suffered heavy damage and has dragged the country to its worst nuclear crisis since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.The plant's reactors overheated to dangerous levels after electrical pumps — deprived of electricity — failed to circulate water to keep the reactors cool. A series of almost daily problems have led to substantial amount of radiation leaking in the atmosphere, ground and sea.On Saturday, workers discovered an 8-inch long crack in a maintenance pit that was leaking highly radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean, said Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency spokesman Hidehiko Nishiyama.He said the water contaminated with levels of radioactive iodine far above the legal limit found inside the pit could be one of the sources of recent spikes in radioactivity in sea water."There could be other similar cracks in the area, and we must find them as quickly as possible," he told reporters.Soon after the discovery, the plant's operator, Tokyo Electric Power Co., started filling the pit with cement to seal the crack and prevent more contaminated water from seeping into the ocean.Nuclear safety officials said the crack was likely caused by the quake and may be the source of radioactive iodine that started showing up in the ocean more than a week ago.People living within 12 miles of the plant have been evacuated and the radioactive water will quickly dissipate in the sea, but it was unclear if the leak posed any new danger to workers. People have been uneasy about seafood from the area despite official reassurances that the risk of contamination is low.The cracked pit houses cables for one of the six nuclear reactors, and the concentration of radioactive iodine was the same as in a puddle of contaminated water found outside the reactor earlier in the week. Because of that, officials believe the contaminated water is coming from the same place, though they are not sure where.A nuclear plant worker who fell into the ocean Friday while trying to board a barge carrying water to help cool the plant did not show any immediate signs of being exposed to unsafe levels of radiation, nuclear safety officials said Saturday, but they were waiting for test results to be sure.Radiation worries have compounded the misery for people trying to recover from the tsunami. Kan's visit Saturday to Rikuzentakata did little to alleviate their worries."The government fully supports you until the end," Kan told 250 people at an elementary school serving as an evacuation center. He earlier met with the mayor, whose 38-year-old wife was swept away.He bowed his head for a moment of silence in front of the town hall, one of the few buildings still standing, though its windows are blown out and metal and debris sit tangled out front.Kan also stopped at the sports complex being used as a base camp for nuclear plant workers, who have been hailed as heroes for laboring in dangerous conditions. He had visited the nuclear crisis zone once before, soon after the quake.Workers have been reluctant to talk to the media about what they are experiencing, but one who spent several days at the plant described difficult conditions in an anonymous interview published Saturday in the national Mainichi newspaper.When he was called in mid-March to help restore power at the plant, he said he did not tell his family because he did not want them to worry. But he did tell a friend to notify his parents if he did not return in two weeks."I feel very strongly that there is nobody but us to do this job, and we cannot go home until we finish the work," he said.Early on, the company ran out of full radiation suits, forcing workers to create improvised versions of items such as nylon booties they were supposed to pull over their shoes."But we only put something like plastic garbage bags you can buy at a convenience store and sealed them with masking tape," he said.He said the tsunami littered the area around the plant with dead fish and sharks, and the quake opened holes in the ground that tripped up some workers who could not see through large gas masks. They had to yell at one another to be heard through the masks."It's hard to move while wearing a gas mask," he said. "While working, the gas mask came off several times. Maybe I must have inhaled much radiation."Radiation is also a concern for people living around the plant. In the city of Koriyama, Tadashi and Ritsuko Yanai and their 1-month-old baby have spent the past three weeks in a sports arena converted into a shelter. Baby Kaon, born a week before the quake, has grown accustomed to life there, including frequent radiation screenings, but his parents have not. Their home is fine, but they had to leave because it is six miles from the nuclear plant.Asked if he had anything he would like to say to the prime minister, Tadashi, a32-year-old father, paused to think and then replied: "We want to go home. That's all, we just want to go home."In Natori, where about 1,700 people are living in shelters, others had stronger words for Kan. Toru Sato, 57, lost both his wife and his house in the tsunami and said he was bothered that Kan's visit to the quake zone was so brief about a half day."He's just showing up for an appearance," Sato said. "He should spend time to talk to various people, and listen to what they need."黄松强AEP, ITC Transmission to perform technical study on expanding 765-kV transmission into MichiganCOLUMBUS, Ohio, Nov. 6, 2006 – American Electric Power (NYSE: AEP) has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with ITC Transmission, a subsidiary of ITC Holdings Corp. (ITC), to perform a technical study to evaluate the feasibilityof extending AEP’s 765-kilovolt (kV) transmission infrastructure through Michigan to enhance reliability and support a competitive market of generation supply.The study will explore the merit and benefits of building a 765-kV transmission network in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula that would link to AEP’s 765-kV transmission system in the Midwest. The study will be shared with the Midwest ISO (MISO) and the Michigan Public Servic e Commission’s (MPSC) 21st Century Energy Planning team.The study is projected to be complete in late 2006, in time for it to be shared with the MPSC 21st Century Planning team before they complete their deliberations. The MOU signed with ITC Transmission does not include provisions to build or operate transmission. Any future activities regarding Michigan transmission will be determined after the completion of the study.―Through this agreement, we will work with ITC Transmission to determine the benefits of enhancing the Michigan transmission grid by introducing 765-kV lines, the most robust transmission in the U.S., and linking it to AEP’s 2,100-mile 765-kV transmission network in the Midwest. After the completion of the study, we will provide our analysis to the Michigan Public Service Commission, Midwest ISO and other parties to help them determine the best way to serve Michigan’s future electric reliability needs and support a successful competitive marketplace,‖ said Michael G. Morris, AEP’s chairm an, president and chief executive officer.―ITC Transmission continues in its mission to invest in the transmission infrastructure as a means to improve electric reliability for its customers and lower the overall cost of delivered energy,‖ said Joseph L. Welch, president and chief executive officer of ITC Transmission. ―The transmission grid in Michigan has suffered after a 30-year trend of underinvestment, and we must begin actively looking to implement a long-term solution that will address Michigan’s current electric reliability needs now and for years to come.‖―ITC Transmission, a subsidiary of ITC Holdings Corp. (NYSE: ITC), is the first independently-owned and operated electricity transmission company in the United States. ITC Holdings Corp. is in the business of investing in electricity transmission infrastructure improvements as a means to improve electric reliability, reduce congestion and lower the overall cost of delivered energy. Through its operating subsidiaries, ITC Transmission and METC, it is the only publicly traded company engaged exclusively in the transmission of electricity in the United States. ITC is also the largest independent electric transmission company and the tenth largest electric transmission company in the country based on transmission load served. ITC Transmission and METC operate contiguous, fully regulated, high-voltage systems in Michigan´s Lower Peninsula, an area with a population of approximately 9.8 million people, that transmit electricity to local electricity distribution facilities fromgenerating stations throughout Michigan and surrounding areas. For more information on ITC Holdings Corp., please visit . For more information on ITC Transmission or METC, please visit or , respectively.American Electric Power is one of the largest electric utilities in the United States, delivering electricity to more than 5 million customers in 11 states. AEP ranks among the nation’s largest generators of electricity, owning nearly 36,000 megawatts of generating capacity in the U.S. AEP also owns the nation’s largest electricity transmission system, a nearly 39,000-mile network that includes more 765 kilovolt extra-high voltage transmission lines than all other U.S. transmission systems combined. AEP’s utility units operate as AEP Ohio, AEP Texas, Appalachian Power (in Virginia and West Virginia), AEP Appalachian Power (in Tennessee), Indiana Michigan Power, Kentucky Power, Public Service Company of Oklahoma, and Southwestern Electric Power Company (in Arkansas, Louisiana and east Texas). American Electric Power, based in Columbus, Ohio, is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2006.杨萌Siemens Residential Surge Protection —Implementing the Right Line of Defense on the Home FrontUnexpected voltage spikes, surges and other electrical disturbances can ruin or severely damage computers, VCRs, televisions, fax machines, scanners and copiers, disrupt satellite signals, degrade the performance of audio/video components, and wreak havoc with telecommunications systems.Because no single device can protect an entire home or office against all electrical surges, the best way to prevent damage is by implementing a systematic, tiered surge protection plan that monitors every possible incoming signal path and protects against internally generated power fluctuations, providing protection at the service entrance and at the point of use.Protection at the point of entryThe first line of defense is protection at the point of entry where electricity,surges and voltage spikes from lightning hits can enter the electrical system. This requires an electrician-installed secondary surge arrestor or transient voltage surge suppressor installed at the service entrance to limit surge voltage by diverting and conducting large surge currents safely to ground. If an AC surge arrestor does its job right, it shields motor-driven appliances like refrigerators, dishwashers, electric washers, and dryers from damage. Additional specialized service entrance protectors can be added to protect cable TV and telephone lines, and minimize damage to TVs and modems. Homeowners also can arrange for installation of branch circuit feeder devices or trips in circuit breaker panels to prevent surges from damaging equipment on specific circuit branches.Protection at the point of useThe second line of defense is the point of use. Here, homeowners can reinforce point-of-entry protection by installing plug-in surge protectors (strips) into grounded wall receptacles where sensitive electronic equipment is located. These plug-in protectors, which generally have much lower limiting voltages than entry protectors, defend against externally and internally generated surges that travel through power, phone, data, and coaxial lines. Plug-in power strips should minimally include AC power protection and appropriate signal line protection and should protect against both catastrophic and small surges. These devices should be installed wherever expensive or sensitive electronic equipment like computers, VCRs, fax machines, PCs with modems, satellite systems, stereo systems, copiers and scanners are located. All types of equipment with signal lines, such as phones, cable TV, and satellites should be equipped with multi-port protectors, which protect signal and AC lines.If you have any questions or are interested in purchasing our surge protection products, please contact us via e-mail or call 1-800-964-4114.胡嘉滨Energy Storage: Can It Replace Transmission?Grid-scale storage offers potential benefits to transmission and distribution systems of utilities in regulated and market environments. These benefits derive from cost reductions due to the time and location shifting of energy for congestion relief, reliability via enhanced stability and outage response, and incremental voltage support—once the storage device and its power electronics are in place. .Between the transmission and distribution systems, at the subtransmission or distribution substation, storage can defer capital expenditures for power transformer upgrades to meet peak load conditions. In remote areas served by radial subtransmission, storage can also be a vehicle for reliability improvement as a way to ride through un-cleared faults on the transmission line(s) that serve the substation.The potential T&D CapEx deferral angle is an interesting area to explore. One example for a substation application is to support power transformer contingency operations during peak load periods that have grown in excess of the N-1 contingency capacity of the station.This potential application, however, suffers from the same barriers today as the transmission congestion relief application:•The planning and operational methodologies are not established•The regulatory process for approval is nonexistent•It, again, crosses the boundary between transmission and distribution regulated functionality and merchant functionality, because it potentially shifts off-peak energy to on-peak delivery.In addition, as this typical substation application is likely to be in the range of 1-10 MW, it may not require centralized storage systems, but rather distributed or utility-scale devices. As previously noted, these could be portable or semi-portable in nature.One More Hurdle … For Now, At LeastAn additional hurdle that needs to be mentioned is costs. One reason multiple roles are applied to a storage device is for a means to create additional revenue that can defer initial cost for the technologies. However, this hurdle needs to be evaluated in the context of an emerging technology and not ―set‖ at current levels.Advanced energy storage technologies are still in a rapid state of evolution and development. Hence, when comparing options, solutions for areas such as CapEx deferral need to be weighed not only against today’s current options, but also with expected prices of future technologies. The intent isn’t to mask cost as a hurdle; rather, there are a number of diffe rent technologies nearing demonstration stages that have potential to alter the current cost of devices. This perceived ―cost‖ hurdle may become a moot point in the near future.Storage is not yet in widespread use to the point that it could serve as a consistent application to defer new transmission. As challenges of siting new transmission continue though, additional modeling of energy storage going forward can help to understand its benefits for a given capacity challenge better.梁诗密A secure energy future requires that we use energy more efficiently and responsibly and improve the performance of the energy delivery system. We launched gridSMART® in 2007 to give customers greater control over their energy usage, increase the efficiency of the electric grid, improve service to our customers and lead us to a new era of energy delivery.From a technology standpoint, gridSMART® incorporates a two-way communications system between AEP and our customers that facilitates the more efficient use of electricity. For example, gridSMART® may allow us to send price signals to customers so they can decide when to run home appliances. It can also allow us to adjust customer thermostats automatically, with their pre-approval, when demand is high and we need to lessen the stress on the electric grid.AEP Ohio is pursuing a comprehensive gridSMART® project involving 110,000 smart meters and distributed grid management technologies on 70 circuits. The $150 million project was funded with a $75 million grant from the DOE, in-kind contributions from vendors and regulatory recovery support from Ohio regulators. The project features smart meters,time-of-use tariffs, home energy use display devices, smart grid-enabled appliances, plug-in electric vehicles, distributed automation equipment, community energy storage devices and a cyber security center.Our most extensive smart meter deployment project is in Texas, where we are installing close to 1 million smart meters. In addition, Indiana Michigan Power Co. (I&M) and Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO) are deploying smart grid technology pilots in their states.Our initial goal was to install 5 million smart meters by 2015 throughout the AEP system. Through our early deployments we hope to determine if the expense of the meters is offset by the benefits. We will continue to pursue the deployment of these smart grid technologies where regulators are supportive and there is a proven business case. We believe modernizing the grid is critical to reducing demand and energy consumption, contributing to energy reliability and security, and preparing for the future needs of customers.Get a state-by-state breakdown of gridSMART initiativesWe believe gridSMART® will transform our relationship with our customers and through our current projects we are learning more about how that will occur. For example, we have learned that:The technology that allows us to manage the grid from our back office systems, such as remote operation of the meter and distribution automation equipment, works asexpected. The technology that goes beyond the meter, into the customers’ home, is still evolving.A significant number of customers who participated in the time-of-day rate plan didshift their demand to different times. In a larger scale deployment, this program could provide relief to the distribution systems during peak times.Better system management, fewer crew trips, reduced fuel consumption, better energy theft detection and streamlined billing can create cost savings.When customers agree to the program, we can directly control electric use through wireless technology (e.g. a two-way communicating thermostat) which allows us to raise the temperature in homes to ease stress on the grid and help customers save energy during the cooling season.More education of consumers will be needed in future projects.For more data, please see indicators EU1 through EU12 of AEP's Global Reporting Initiative Electric Utility Sector Supplement.吕思颖Are geothermal power plants safe?For all our hand-wringing over the oil supply, it might shock you to realize that the solution to our dependence on fossil fuels lies right under our feet. In Western states like California, Nevada, Idaho, Alaska and Hawaii, underground pockets of geothermal energy — hot rock, superheated water and steam — can be tapped to generate electricity. According to backers of geothermal technology like Google, this carbon-neutral, inexhaustible energy source could meet 15 percent of America's electricity needs by 2030.Harnessing SteamIn the simplest geothermal power plant, called a dry steam plant, a well is drilled into the rock to tap a steam reservoir. The steam escapes the well under great pressure, which is used to turn a turbine and generate electricity.Since steam deposits aren't as common as hot water and hot rock reserves, the most promising geothermal technology is called a binary-cycle power plant. In this system, hot water from a deep well circulates through a heat exchanger. There, the。

(9019)《专业英语》大作业A

10.Which one is used to store numeric data during processing?____
A.Microprocessor chipB.RegistersC.ClockD.Data bus
11._____is a means of connecting a number of computing elements together.
5.Anti-Virus protects your computer from viruses by ____ your computer's memory and disk devices.
A. deleting B. changing C. scanning D. replacing
6.What's the abbreviation of Read Only Memory?
A.If I doB.If I were doC.Were I to doD.Were I do
2.You were ____ to us by our associates.
rmed
3.A computer program is a detailed set of____used to tell a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task.
C．very few familiesD．not any families
30．What has caused such a peculiar family system to die away ?_______
A．The fact that the mother has not got any brother .

专业英语课程大作业要求

专业英语课程大作业要求
要求：大作业必须包括以下（一）、（二）两部分内容，每个部分中可以选择一个题目撰写。

选题范围：
（一）、以下任选一个撰写（评分条件：具体、全面、准确、结合实际）：
1、英文个人简历（表格形式，篇数不少于2页）
内容包括：个人自然情况、学的专业、爱好等特点。

投递对象：外企公司
要求：内容全面，针对性强。

2、英文求职信，根据应聘单位特点写出自己为什么应聘此
工作的原因。

（1000个单词以上）
（二）、以下任选一个完成：
1、请在下面三个方向中选择其一撰写小论文。

要求根据选题方向自立题目，文章重点突出，语句正确、连贯。

字数在2000个单词以上。

(1) internet Search Engines (work methods、categories、
example：goole/baidu/…..)
(2) advertisement on the web(why、how)
(3) virtual community(interview、categories、example:
blog/BBS)。

专业英语期末大作业格式

专业英语
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（1）题材与信息相关即可，不局限于通信。

（2）外文翻译字数应达到1500字以上（翻译成中文后的汉字字数）。

（3）正文行间距1.3，首行缩进，字体小四宋体，正文对齐方式两端对齐。

（格式排版占30%分数）
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1级黑体3号；2级黑体小三号；3级宋体小四。

然后第二页自动生成目录。

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[单击此处添加外文原稿题目] [单击此处添加外文原稿正文]。

专业英语大作业2016

将下列几段翻译成中文或英语1.空间相机控制器是相机电子学系统中的重要组成部分，而相机控制器与卫星平台之间的通讯接口，作为空间相机实现各种功能的纽带起着举足轻重的作用。

随着我国航空航天技术的飞速发展，遥感卫星上空间相机所执行的任务变得更加多样化，因此相机控制器的功能也更加复杂，对通讯系统的传输速率要求更高，采用以往的低速率通讯系统的设计很难满足新的需求。

（10分）2. Light is an excellent means to externally control the properties of materials and small molecules for many applications. Light's ability to initiate chemistries largely independent of a material's local environment makes it particularly useful as a bio-orthogonal and on-demand trigger in living systems. Materials responsive to UV light are widely reported in the literature; however, UV light has substantial limitations for in vitro and in vivo applications. Many biological molecules absorb these energetic wavelengths directly, not only preventing substantial tissue penetration but also causing detrimental photochemical reactions. The more innocuous nature of long-wavelength light (>400nm) and its ability at longer wavelengths (600-950nm) to effectively penetrate tissues is ideal for biological applications. Multi-photon processes (e.g. two-photon excitation and upconversion) using longer wavelength light, often in the near-infrared (NIR) range, have been proposed as a means of avoiding the negative characteristics of UV light. However, high-power focused laser light and long irradiation times are often required to initiate photorelease using these inefficient non-linear optical methods, limiting their in vivo use in mammalian tissues where NIR light is readily scattered. The development of materials that efficiently convert a single photon of long-wavelength light to chemical change is a viable solution to achieve in vivo photorelease. However, to date only a few such materials have been reported. Here we review current technologies for photo-regulated release using photoactive organic materials that directly absorb visible and NIR light. （10分）3. The relentless advance of drug-resistance among pathogenic microbes, mandates a search for alternative approaches that will not cause resistance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) involves the combination of nontoxic dyes with harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microbial cells. PDI can be broad-spectrum in nature and can also destroy microbial cells in biofilms. Many different kinds of nanoparticles have been studied to potentiate antimicrobial PDI by improving photosensitizer solubility, photochemistry, photophysics and targeting. This review will cover photocatalytic disinfection with titania nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene), liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Natural polymers (chitosan and cellulose), gold and silver plasmonic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, magnetic and upconverting nanoparticles have all been used for PDI.（10分）4. Coherent controlization, i.e., coherent conditioning of arbitrary single- or multi-qubit operations on the state of one or more control qubits, is an importantingredient for the flexible implementation of many algorithms in quantum computation. This is of particular significance when certain subroutines are changing over time or when they are frequently modified, such as in decision-making algorithms for learning agents. We propose a scheme to realize coherent controlization for any number of superconducting qubits coupled to a microwave resonator. For two and three qubits, we present an explicit construction that is of high relevance for quantum learning agents. We demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal, taking into account loss, dephasing, and the cavity self-Kerr effect.（10分）5. The ability to coherently control and manipulate individual quantum systems lies at the heart of modern quantum technologies and applications in quantum information. Any quantum computation can be realized as a sequence of elementary quantum gates, which are highly-controlled quantum interactions of few qubits at a time, and quantum measurements. Prominent applications include, e.g., quantum algorithms for efficient factoring and quantum simulation. More recently, applications of quantum algorithms to certain problems in machine learning, including data classification and search engine ranking, have been proposed. Other recent proposals, which are of particular interest for the current paper, are the quantum-enhanced deliberation of learning agents in the context of quantum artificial intelligence and the notion of autonomous and adaptive devices for quantum information processing. In parallel to these theoretical developments, the design of experimental implementations of quantum computational architectures in systems such as, e.g., trapped ions and optical setups has been greatly advanced.（10分）。

专业英语大作业(张伟)

专业英语结课报告姓名：张伟班级：09电信统本01班学号：0911********日期：2012/12/5Summary of the physical electrical knowledge1 circuit1) the formation of the current: the directional movement of the charge formation current. (Directional movement will be the formation of any charge current).2) the current direction: negative flows from the positive power supply.3) Power: provide continuous current (or voltage) of the device.4) power supply is to the other forms of energy into electrical energy. Such as dry cell chemical energy into electrical energy. Generators from mechanical energy into electrical energy.5) continuous current conditions: power supply and the circuit is closed.6) conductor: easy conductive objects called conductors. Such as: metal, the body, the earth, aqueous salt solutions.7) Insulator: the conductive objects called insulators. Such as: glass, ceramics, plastics, oil, such as pure water.8) The circuit is composed of: from the power supply, wires, switches, and electrical appliances.9) Road three states: (1) path: ON circuit called pathway; (2) open: the disconnect circuit called open; (3) short-circuit: direct access to wire circuit called a short circuit on the power poles.10) schematic: schematic symbol indicates that the circuit connection diagram called.11) Series: linking the elements one by one in order, called the series. The (anywhere Disconnect current will disappear).12) in parallel: the components are connected in parallel, and called in parallel. (Each branch is independently of each other).(2) current1) international units: ampere (A); commonly used: milliamperes (mA), the microampere (A), 1 Amps = 103 mA = 106 microamperes.2) measuring the current meter is: ammeter, its use rule is: ① ammeter connected in series in the circuit; (2) current from the terminal into the "+" from "-" terminal; ③measured current should not exceed ammeter range; ④absolutely not allowed without the use of electrical appliances and the ammeter connected to the power poles.3) commonly used laboratory ammeter two ranges: ①0 to 0 6 Ann, said that the current value of each small cell is 0.02 Ann; the safety of ② 0 ~~, said that the current value of each small cell 0.1 Ah .3 V oltage1) the voltage (U): voltage is formed in the circuit current, the power supply is to provide voltage apparatus.2) international units: volts (V); commonly used: kilovolt (KV), millivolts (mV). 1 kV = 103 V = 106 mV.3) measure the voltage meter: voltmeter, usage rules: ①voltmeter in parallel circuit;(2) current from the "+" terminal into, from the "-" terminal; ③measured voltage not exceeding voltmeter range;4) Laboratory voltmeter two ranges: ① 0 to 3 volts, the voltage value represented by each small cell is 0.1 volts; ②0 ~ 15 volts, the voltage value is 0.5 volts per cell represented.5) to memorize the voltage value: ① dry cell voltage of 1.5 volts; ② 1-cell lead-acid battery voltage is 2 volts; ③ The family lighting voltage of 220 volts; ④ safe voltage: no more than 36 volts; ⑤ industrial voltage 380 volts4 Resistor1) a resistor (R): indicates the role of the conductor on the current obstruction. (Conductor hinder the greater current, then the greater the resistance, and the current through conductor is smaller).2) i nternational units: ohms (Ω); commonly used: megohms (MΩ), kilohms (KΩ);1 megohm = 103 kilohms;3) 1 Kohm = 103333 Europe.4) determine the the resistor size factor: the material, length, cross sectional area and the temperature (R U and I with its contents).5) slide rheostat: Principle: changing the length of the resistance wire in the circuit to change the resistance. Effects: by changing the resistance of the access circuit to change the current and voltage in the circuit. Nameplate: a sliding rheostat marked with the "50Ω2A" said the meaning is: maximum resistance of 50Ω, allows the maximum current is 2A. Proper use of: a series in the circuit; b wiring "one last look"; c before energizing the resistance to the greatest place.5 Ohm's law1) Ohm's law: current in a conductor is proportional to the voltage at both ends, with the conductor, with the resistance of the conductor is inversely proportional.2) the formula: where units: the I → Ann (A); U → volts (V); the R → Europe (Ω).3) understanding of the formula:① in the formula I, U and R must be in the same stretch of the circuit;② I, U and R are known in two arbitrary amount can seek another quantity;③ calculation units must unify.4) the application of Ohm's law:① the same resistor is constant, regardless of the current and voltage, and itscurrent is increased with the voltage increases. (R = U / I)(2) When the voltage is constant, the greater the resistance, the currentthrough the smaller. (I = U / R)③When the current is constant, the greater the resistance, the greater thevoltage across the resistor. (U = IR)5) resistor series has the following characteristics: (referring to R1, R2 in series, more strings, the greater the resistance)① current: I = I1 = I2 (the entire current in the series circuit are equal)② voltage: U = U1 + U2 (total voltage is equal everywhere, and voltage)③resistance: R = R1 + R2 (total resistance is equal to the sum of theresistance) if n equivalent resistance in series with R total = nR④stars Pressure: =; calculated U1, U2, and available:; ⑤proportionalrelationship: Current: I1: I2 = 1:1 (Q is heat)6) resistor in parallel has the following characteristics: (the R1, R2 in parallel, and the more resistance the smaller)The①current: I = I1 + I2 (trunk current equal to the current of each branch ofand)② voltage: U = U1 = U2 (the trunk voltage equal to the branch voltage)③ Resistance: (the reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the reciprocalof the resistance and) n equivalent resistance in parallel, the R total = R④ proportional relationship: voltage: U1: U2 = 1:1, (Q is the heat). Electricpower and electric power) electric power (W): electrical energy into other forms of how much energy is electric power.2) the power of the International System of Units: Joules. Commonly used:(kWh), 1 = 1 kWh = 3.6106 joules.3) measuring the electric power tool: energy Table4) electric power formula: W = Pt = UIt (units where W → coke (J); U → volts(V); I → An (A); t → s) .5) the use of W = UIt calculation Note: ① The in W. U. I and t in the same periodof the circuit; ②The calculation units must unify; ③known to any of the three can be obtained in the fourth amount. There are formulas: = I2Rt6) electric power (P): indicates the speed of the current acting. International Unit:Watt (W); commonly used: kilowatts7) formula: units where P → watts (w); W → coke; t → seconds; U → volt (V), I→ An (A)8) using computational when units must unify ① W with coke, t seconds, then Punit watts; ② if W kWh, t hours, then P is kilowatts.9) Calculate the electric power can also be with the right formula: P = I2R, and P= U2 / R10), the rated voltage (U0): with electrical normal voltage. Otherwise: the ratedcurrent of11) rated power (P0): electrical power at the rated voltage.12) the actual voltage (U): the actual increase in the voltage of both ends of theelectrical appliances. Otherwise: the actual power (P) of the actual current13): with electrical power in the actual voltage. When U> U0, P> P0; light is verybright and easy to burn out. When U <U0, P <P0; lights very dark when U = U0, P = P0; normal light.14) with a resistor connected to the different voltages used, then; such as: Whenthe actual voltage is a half of the rated voltage, then the actual power is the rated power of 1/4. Example "220V100W" if it is connected to the 110-volt circuit, the actual power is 25 watts. )15) Thermal power: the conductor thermal power with current proportional to thesquare with the resistance of the conductor is directly proportional.16) P heat formula: P = I2Rt units (where P → watts (W); I → An (A); R →Europe (Ω); t → sec17) When the work done by the current through a conductor (electric function) allused to generate heat (electric): thermal power = electrical power, electricity power formula to calculate the thermal power. (Such as electric heaters, resistance is so.)7 To life electricity1) Family fuse box circuit consists of a total switch: energy meter into the family line (line and neutral) → → → → ap pliances.2) all household appliances and sockets are connected in parallel. With its switch in series with the electrical connected FireWire.3) Fuse: resistivity, low melting point lead-antimony alloy. Its role is when the circuit has a large current, it warms up to reach the melting point and fuse, the auto-cutting circuit, to play a role in the insurance.4) cause circuit current is too large for two reasons: First, the short circuit occurs; total electrical power is too large.5) the principle of the safe use of electricity is:(1) not in contact with the low-voltage electrified body;(2) is not close to high-voltage electrified body.8. Electric and magnetic1) Magnetic: objects attract iron, nickel, cobalt and the nature of the substance.2) magnets: having the magnetic object is magnet. It directional: Guide North.3) pole: the strongest part of the magnet magnetic called pole.4) Any magnet has two poles, one is the north pole (N pole); Antarctic between magnetic poles (S pole)5) The role of mutually exclusive: magnetic poles of the same name, different names pole attract each other.6) magnetization: they had no magnetic object on magnetic.7) magnet surrounding the existence of the magnetic field, the interaction between the magnetic poles through a magnetic field occurs. Basic properties:8) a magnetic field into which the magnet generates a magnetic force.9) in the direction of the magnetic field: small needle stationary Arctic the direction indicated by the point of the magnetic field direction.10) magnetic induction line: describe the strength of the magnetic field, the direction of the imaginary curve. Does not exist and does not intersect the north to the south into.11) the same as the direction of a point in the direction of the magnetic field in the magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic induction lines, the rest of the small needle Arctic refers.12) 10. Geomagnetic North Pole in a location near the South Pole; geomagnetic Antarctic geographically near the North Pole. But it does not coincide, their obliquity called magnetic declination, the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo earliest account of this phenomenon.13) Oster experiments show: the presence of a magnetic field around the electrified wires.14) amps is: with the right hand grip of the solenoid, so that the four fingers bent solenoid current direction, the thumb within the meaning of the end of the line is asolenoid Arctic (N pole).15) Solenoid nature: through the greater the current, the magnetic, the stronger the more; ②coil turns, the stronger the magnetic; ③insert a soft core, magnetic greatly enhanced; ④ energized the solenoid polarity of the current available direction to change.16) the electromagnet: internal core solenoid constitutes electromagnet.17) the characteristics of the electromagnet by the current presence or absence off:① The magnetic control; ②magnetic strength may be adjusted to change the current size and the number of turns of the coil; ③The pole may be the direction of current change.18) electromagnetic relay: essentially an electromagnet to control the switch. It is the role of remote operation, the use of low-voltage, low current to control high voltage, high current. Y ou can also achieve automatic control.19) Tel basic principle: vibration → → changes in the strength of the current vibration.20) Electromagnetic induction: part of the closed circuit conductor in a magnetic field generated current conductor cutting magnetic induction line movement, a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction, called the current induced current. Application: Generator21) induced current conditions: ① circuit must be closed; ② just part of the circuit conductor in a magnetic field; sports (3) This part of the conductor cutting magnetic field lines.22) in the direction of the induced current: with the the conductor direction of movement and direction of the magnetic field lines.23) the principle of the generator: the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Structure: a stator and a rotor. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.24) the magnetic field on the current role: energized conductor in a magnetic field to the role by the magnetic. By electrical energy into mechanical energy. Application: motor.25) is energized conductor in a magnetic field in the direction of the force: with the current direction and the direction of the magnetic field lines.26) motor principle: energized coil in a magnetic field, the force rotation principle made.27) commutator: swap between AC and DC.28) AC: cyclical changes in the current direction of the current.29) DC: current direction without changing the current.Introduction and types of resistorsA resistor TypeThere are many types of resistors, usually divided into three major categories: fixed resistors, variable resistor, special resistor. Electronic products, up to a fixed-resistor applications. Fixed resistors with its manufacturing materials can be divided into a lot of class, but common, common RT carbon film resistors, the RJ typemetal film resistors, wirewound resistors RX type, recent widely used chip resistor. The model naming very regular, R represents a resistor, T-like carbon film, J-metal, the X-wirewound, is the first letter of Pinyin. Made the old-fashioned electronic products often can see the appearance of the resistance of the coated green paint is that RT. The resistance of the red color, RJ type. Generally old-fashioned electronic products, mostly green resistance. Why? This relates to the problem of the cost of the product, because the metal film resistor, although high precision, good temperature characteristics, but manufacturing costs are also high, and the carbon film resistors, especially inexpensive, and able to meet the requirements of the civilian products.Resistor of course, power points. Common 1/8 watt color ring carbon film resistor, it is used in electronic products and electronic production. Of course, in some miniature products will be used in the 1/16 watt resistor, its small size. Furthermore, is micro chip resistor, it is a family of chip components, more common in products imported micro electronics enthusiasts can buy (do wireless eavesdropping?) Second, the variable resistorThe variable resistor also referred to as a potentiometer, the electronic equipment on the volume potentiometer is a variable resistor. But is generally believed that the potentiometer can be adjusted manually, are generally small and the variable resistor, is mounted on the circuit board does not frequent adjustment. Variab le resistor has three pins, wherein the resistance value between the two pins are fixed, and the resistance value is known as the variable resistor. The third pin with any of the resistance value between the two pins can be changed with the rotation of the axis arm. Thus, it is possible to adjust the voltage or current in the circuit, to achieve the effect of regulation.Third, special resistancePhotosensitive resistance element is a resistance value with changes in the external light intensity (brightness) changes, the light, the stronger the resistance is smaller, the light is weaker the greater the resistance. Its shape and the circuit symbol shown in Figure 2. If the photoresistors two pins connected to the multimeter table pen multimeter R × 1k block resistance measurement in a different light photoresistor: photoresistor from a dark drawer over the sun or lights on the multimeter readings will change. In complete darkness at the photosensitive resistor up to more than a few megohms (multimeter indicate that the resistance is infinite, and that the pointer does not move), and in the strong light, the resistance can be reduced to the thousands of European and even kilohms.Advantage of this feature, you can create a variety of small and light contro l circuit to. In fact, most of the street lights light control switch automatic control, one of the important components is the photoresistor (or photosensitive three tubes, similar to a feature with amplification of semiconductor components). Photoresistor is made after the film is deposited on the ceramic substrate with a layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS), and in fact is also a semiconductor element. The new village voice corridor lights will not light up during the day, but also because photoresistor work. We can use it toproduce electronic crowing and the chickens, crows early in the morning dawn.The thermistor is a special semiconductor device, its resistance value changes with the changes in the level of its surface temperature. It was originally used in order to make the normal working of the electronic device under different ambient temperatures, called temperature compensation. A new type of computer motherboards have CPU temperature, over-temperature alarm function is to take advantage of the thermistor.The identification method of Color ring resistanceBlack, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, gold, silver,0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5%, 10%countdownSecond Ring Road, the number of zeros. The last one, that error. This law Skills to Memorize the formulas: brown one red and two orange, three, four yellow and five green six blue, seven purple and eight gray nine White, black is zero gold five silver ten meter error, for example, red, yellow, brown, Kim said 240 Europe. Color ring the resistance points tetracyclic and pentacyclic, usually with the Fourth Ring Road. Penultimate ring Gold (representatives ×0.1) and silver (representing x 0.01), the last loop error can be colorless (20%). Pentacyclic resistance p recision resistors former tricyclic value, the final part or error color ring, usually gold, silver and brown three colors, gold of error is 5%, the error of 10% silver, brown error 1%, colorless error of 20%, and occasionally there is error, represented in green and the green error of 0.5%. Precision resistors are usually used for military, aerospace, and other aspects. Color ring is actually a standard set early in order to help people to distinguish between different resistance, in fact, the popularity multimeter today, this logo has been very little significance to its existence. And color ring resistance is relatively large, and is not suitable for modern highly integrated performance requirements. Now the application is still very broad, such as household appliances, electronic instruments, electronic equipment can often be seen.(1) four-color ring resistance four-color ring resistance refers to the ring with four color indicates the resistance of the resistor, from left to right, as shown. Color ring resistance identificationA color ring indicates the maximum digit of the resistance; said second color ring the second digit of the resistance; said the third color ring resistance multiplied number; said fourth color ring resistance allows the deviation (accuracy). For example, the first ring of a resistor as a red (representative of 2), the second ring is purple (represents 7), the third ring is brown (representing 10 times), the fourth ring Gold (representatives of ± 5%), then the resistance The resist ance should be 270Ω, the resistance error range of ±5%. (2) colored ring resistance colored ring resistor means using colored color ring represents the resistance of the resistor, from left to right, as shown in Fig. The first color ring resistance largest digit; said second color ring the second digit of the resistance; said third channel color ring resistance third digit; fourth color ring resistance times multiplier; fifth channel color ring error range. A colored ringresistors, for example, the first ring of red (representative of 2), a second ring of red (representative of 2), the third ring is black (represents 0), and black (fourth ring represents a 1-fold), fifth ring for Brown (on behalf of ± 1%), its resistance is 220Ω × 1 = 220Ω, the error range of ± 1%. (3) six-color ring resistance six-color ring resistance is a six-color ring represents the resistance of the resistance, as shown in the figure the the colored ring before the six-color ring resistance colored ring resistance indicates that the method is the same, the sixth color ring indicates the resistance temperature coefficient.Professional English learning experience Professional English learning experience the Professional English learning experience professional English learning experience of English as an important subject, is due to the rapid development of science and technology, the special status of the increasingly close globalization, socialization, and international language worth double, became the threshold of essential in the 21st century one of the three passes. The new generation of whether they have this pass will directly affect the motherland tomorrow's brilliant. From this sense, by learning English to students actively learning initiative to collect their subjectivity quality to adapt to the development of modern society, it is particularly necessary. Especially contemporary graduate, master English, especially in their own professional foreign language, either for themselves to complete their studies, or looking for a job in the future have a very important role. Professional learning of English through this semester, I have learned a lot of things more important to know the importance of learning English for.First of all, although we've already learned a long time English, but school is also not enough. Because we basically learn English are based on a common expression, some words for their own areas of expertise, do not know how to express. So, learning professional English is necessary. Especially with the continuous development of the geography and the wide application of new technology, geography students learn geography professional English is essential, but also learn from foreign advanced knowledge, the basis of domestic and international academic exchanges. English as one of the most widely used language in the world, many professional fields of literature and data are written in English. If we want to understand the latest research results of our areas of expertise, and we must learn professional English, so you can read their own professional English literature, so that their own research keep pace.Second, as China continues to open up abroad, we have the opportunity to communicate with foreign experts and scholars will continue to increase, which we need to master the English - this world passes.If we can not be a good grasp of the English expression of their own field of study and exchanges with foreign experts will encounter this problem, affecting the normal exchange. Fluent, specialized vocabulary to grasp the exact English, will leave a deep impression, and enhance exchanges and truly achieve the purpose of the exchange. One can imagine that the gap between the two.Finally, professional English is an important adjunct courses in colleges graduatelevel professional, is the extension of basic English, its purpose is to broaden students' professional vocabulary and the amount of reading, especially to strengthen the English expression for future academic papers reading, writing, and exchanges and lay a solid foundation. The geographic Professional is an ancient discipline, the professional English vocabulary and expressions in order to track the dynamic of the discipline and to catch up with international standards, must be a skilled master; after the geographic Professional graduates face a large extent is teaching and research, must be aware of the latest developments in the field of domestic and international geographic management, often literature, writing research papers, attend an academic conference; addition, the employment of graduates to implement two-way choice, to choose their own jobs, talent market is more and more need for complex talent . Therefore, geographic professional English courses opened is particularly important.。

(完整版)机械专业英语作业

8.Stages of Design设计阶段The design process, as described in the previous section, is a thought module that can be applied over and over again in engineering practice. In the industrial environment, design is frequently accomplished through a progressive series of four operational stages. These stages carry the design through from inception to completion. Each of these stages involves a complete design cycle. The four stages are presented in Fig.1. Each of these stages is connected in series with the next so that the communications output of the first stage will provide a statement of need for the second stage and so on. The diagram also provides for the possibility of returning to a previous stage if the outcome of a particular stage suggests that this is prudent. A close inspection of Fig.1 shows that the stages are: “feasibility stage,” “preliminary stage,” “detail stage” and “revision stage.” The characteristics of each of these stages will now be discussed.设计过程中，在上一节所描述的，是一种思想，可以应用，并且再次在工程实践中的模块。

专业英语(自学)期末大作业 - 副本

南京邮电大学通达学院 2011/2012学年第一学期《专业英语（自学）》期末大作业专业班级学号姓名Writing（100分）You will find several topics in the following lists. Please choose one of them and write a short paper to explain your own opinion.Requirements:(1) Name the paper by yourself;(2) Your own opinion should be clearly put forward.(3)Try to find some articles via the internet or journals as references.(4) More than 1200 words.Topics:0．“People often complain that products are not made to last. They feel that making products that wear out fairly quickly wastes both natural and human resources. What they fail to see, however, is that such manufacturing practices keep costs down for the co nsumer and stimulate demand.”Which do you find more compelling: the complaint about products that do not last or the response to it? Explain your position using relevant reasons and/or examples drawn from your own experience, observations, or reading.1．“Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe. If a product injures someone, for whatever reason, the manufacturer should be held legally and financially accountable for the injury.” Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.2．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason fortheir greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, our employees’ motivation and productivity would increase substantially and our overall pr ofits would increase as well.” What do you think about this point? Explain why?3．“All companies should invest heavily in advertising because high-quality advertising can sell almost any product or service.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.4．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’permission.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?5．Analysis of Issue Questions: “Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?6．“Instead of relying on the advice of outside experts, organizations should place greater val ue on the advice that can come only from their own highly experienced employees.” Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.7．“When judging the qualifications of potential employees, business employers should rely solely on objective information, such as a candidate’s résumé and education. Personal interviews are much too subjective and are therefore not a valid basis on which to judge a person’s qualifications for a job.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.8．“Most people today place t oo much emphasis on satisfying their immediate desires. The overall quality of life would be greatly improved if we all focused instead on meeting our long-term needs.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.9．Analysis of Issue Questions: “If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.” Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?Teamwork Is Most ImportantToday's society, with the knowledge economy era, all kinds of knowledge and technology continued to emerge, competition is increasingly intense. More diverse needs of the community, so that people face in work and study in the circumstances and environment is extremely complex. In many cases, individual ability alone is very difficult to completely deal with complex issues and take effective and efficient operations. All of these require people to form groups and ask each other to rely on further between members, interrelated and work together to establish cooperative teams to solve complex problems, and coordinate the necessary actions. The development team's response capabilities and sustained innovation rely on the power of teamwork to create a miracle..Ordering by the first wolf and other wolves in its place. The facilities of its staff, howling sound of the ups and downs and interactive, with the tacit understanding, are orderly and not chaotic Wolfs' head snarl. The main who courageously forward and feint, and then were evasive action, those who snapped back and howl with its strong . Lone wolf is not strong, but the collective strength of the wolf to appear before the target, but the performance of a powerful attack. The success of wolf hunting process in a number of factors, the strict order of collective organization and efficient teamwork is one of the most obvious and important factor. This shows the importance of teamwork.Team not only emphasizes the individual's work, more emphasis on the team's overall performance. Team is not only relies on the collective discussion and decision-making but also strengthen information sharing and standards. which emphasizes the contributions by members to gain real collective results, the team is greater than the parts sum. The core team is a common devotion. This requires a common dedication to convince members to whom the target. Only a practical and a challenging target in order to stimulate the team's motivation and dedication, boundless energy into the work. So the team is to achieve the objectives set by the apparent voluntary cooperation and concerted efforts of the spirit. It can mobilize all the resources of team members and intelligence, and will automatically get rid of all the discord and injustice, and it will give those sincere and selfless dedication by an appropriate return. If the team is out voluntarily, it will produce a powerful and enduring force.Teamwork describes both qualitative and functional characteristics when two or more people begin to act like a team. The qualitative meaning of the team is apparent in such everyday expressions as :'we worked closely together', 'we always helped each other', 'we were all focused on a common goal', 'it was a team effort, everyone contributed', and the like. The qualitative meaning of teamwork is that it describes two or more people who are closely knit around a common purpose, whowork easily together, who exhibit a good bit of trust toward each other who respect each other and who have positive work relationships. The functional meaning of teamwork is that it describes that condition in which no one person can produce a specified result or perform a specified task. Teamwork here means only that two or more people worked together and produced something that could not be achieved by one person alone. It does not describe how well they worked together, but only that they co-operated sufficiently to perform their work.Through teamwork, you can create a working atmosphere, so that each team has a sense of belonging, help to improve team members' enthusiasm and efficiency. The so-called men and women are not tired with work, the first Leaving aside the men and women, even men and male cooperation, not because a man in combat and have a sense of loneliness. As the team has a goal of consistency, resulting in an overall sense of belonging. It is this sense of belonging so that each member feels for the team effort but also for their own goals, as well as other members together for this goal to stimulate a stronger incentive to work, so the target initiative will contribute with their own wells, which makes the efficiency higher than when the individual alone.Through teamwork, team members will help to stimulate the motivation to help improve the team's overall capacity. Most people's heart has hope others respect their desire to have unyielding psychological and have the desire to keep improving. These psychological factors are unconsciously motivated to enhance the members, so that members are not conscious of the demands on themselves to progress and strive to be the best team to win the respect of other employees. When there is no best time to do the above that psychological factors can promote competition between members and strive with the best team members in line in order to achieve the incentive function. In this constantly motivate them to help improve the team's overall capacity. Team members are internal competition. There is a certain degree of excitation , and this comes from the psychological desire among team members, but this desire to control, among team members to avoid personal heroism affect the team's overall combat capability.The model does not view team development and performance as finally dependent on such variable as the nature of the task and quality of the environment. The model communicates the view that team development and performance are largely a function of a work unit's decision to be a team regardless of such variables as task and environment. The model couples development with performance. The issues for team environment are the same. Team development and team performance occur together. The more highly developed the team becomes, the better the team performance.Team will help generate new ideas. That everyone has their own strengths and weaknesses. Each person has their own unique ideas. Team members help togenerate different kinds of diverse ideas and thus help in brainstorming and decision-making when you can produce a better solution.Teamwork can be constrained by the team members to regulate and control behavior. When a person is not the same with others, this formed within the team concept that power will impose a visible and invisible pressures , would have led him to produce a depression in the psychological sense of urgency . Under this pressure, along with members of the public unknowingly in the sense judgments and actions on the show and the team's most consistent in order to bind to regulate and control the behavior of individual purpose. Regulate and control the behavior of individual actions contribute to the standardization organizations.It can help to improve team efficiency.Teamwork can help to improve decision-making efficiency. Team and general groups, the relatively small number of teams, which will help reduce the information transfer process in the absence of conducive to communication between team members, help to improve the team members involved in the decision-making initiative. The concept of leadership also relatively strong in the teams. Team members is relatively flat, which is conducive to the formation of democratic decision-making.Everyone has their own into the collective in order to give full play to the role of individuals. In short, the team spirit of any organization is indispensable in terms of the essence. Otherwise, just like a mess; A chopstick is easy to break, the ten chopsticks is difficult to break . This is the power of teamwork importance of visual expression, and this is my understanding of teamwork. Team spirit is important rules.。

【免费下载】专业英语大作业通达学院

南京邮电大学通达学院 2012/2013学年第 1 学期《专业英语（自学）》大作业专业班级学号姓名一：英译汉《TCPIP Illustrated Volume 2 The Implementation-1995-1.chm》第9章IP选项处理（page198-207）9.4 i p _ d o o p t i o n s函数在图8 - 1 3中，我们看到i p i n t r在检测分组的目的地址之前调用i p _ d o o p t i o n s。

i p _ d o o p t i o n s被传给一个指针m，该指针指向某个分组，i p _ d o o p t i o n s处理分组中它所知道的选项。

如果i p _ d o o p t i o n s转发该分组，如在处理L S R R和S S R R选项时，或由于某个差错而丢掉该分组时，它返回1。

如果它不转发分组，i p _ d o o p t i o n s返回0，由i p i n t r继续处理该分组。

i p _ d o o p t i o n s是一个长函数，所以我们分步地显示。

第一部分初始化一个 f o r循环，处理首部中的各选项。

当处理每个选项时， c p指向选项的第一个字节。

图9 - 7显示，当可用时，如何从 c p的常量位移访问t y p e、l e n g t h和o f f s e t字段。

R F C把位移(o f f s e t)字段描述作指针(p o i n t e r)，指针比位移的描述性略强一些。

o f f s e t的值是某个字节在该选项内的序号(从t y p e开始，序号为1 )，不是从t y p e开始的、且以零开始的计数。

位移的最小值是4 (I P O P T _ M I N O F F) ,它指向的是多字节选项中数据字段的第一个字节。

图9 - 8显示了i p _ d o o p t i o n s函数的整体结构。

机械专业英语-大作业

南昌工学院课程论文报告课程名称：专业英语论文题目：如何延长轴承寿命姓名：雷锋二级学院：专业：年级：2009学号：指导教师：刘志红职称：工程师2012年2 月9 日EXTENDING BEARING LIFEAbstract：Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearings failures lifeBearings fail for a number of reasons，but the most common are misapplication，contamination，improper lubricant，shipping or handling damage，and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrong．However，while a postmortem yields good information，it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first place．To do this，it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing.Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.1 Why bearings failAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment．Fortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable，and a simple visual examination can easily identify the cause．Conducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing．Then，understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loading－such as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel)．It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across theraces．Raceway dents also produce noise，vibration，and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning．This problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color，usually to blue-black or straw colored．Friction also causes stress in the retainer，which can break and hasten bearing failure．Premature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload．When these conditions are unavoidable，bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked out．Another solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material．When standard bearing materials，such as 440C or SAE 52100，do not guarantee sufficient life，specialty materials can be recommended. In addition，when the problem is traced back to excessive loading，a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be used．Creep is less common than premature fatigue．In bearings．it is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft．Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other components in addition to the bearing．0ther more likely creep indicators are scratches，scuff marks，or discoloration to shaft and bore．To prevent creep damage，the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checked．Misalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related．If races are misaligned or cocked．The balls track in a noncircumferencial path．The problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing，or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting site．Misalignment of more than 1/4·can cause an early failure．Contaminated lubricant is often more difficult to detect than misalignment or creep．Contamination shows as premature wear．Solid contaminants become an abrasive in the lubricant．In addition。

计算机专业英语大作业

网址一：/hub/save-computer-from-Hackers网址二：/hub/What-is-Phishing姓名：**学号：************分校：通州（一）原文1.What is Computer Hacking?Computer hacking is a malicious act, so it is important for your computer and data to protect from Hacking. Computer Hacking refers to the process of making malicious modifications to a software or hardware to accomplish an aim outside the original creator's objective. Hackers are usually expert programmers who usually see hacking as a real life application of their skills.Hacking has become a nuisance in recent times and the protection from hacking has become more complex. Infact, the hackers have become so good that even the software giants are feeling a headache. Nintendo recently reported a loss of $975 million due to privacy and Microsoft has lost an estimated $900 million in five years.Well, the Giants are not the only targets of these hackers, even common individuals are not safe. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities. They can get to your secrets and destroy your credit. The dangers are possibly endless.How to protect from HackingPrevention is Better Than Cure. The problem of computer hacking has become really serious. But there are some basic methods which are usually the best to guarantee a Hacker-free system. Here, I am going to introduce some basic tips to save your computer and data from hackers.Using Antivirus SoftwareAntivirus software are one of the basic tools for your data and computer to protect from hacking. Antivirus software act as a protecting net that catches any potential threat before it reaches your system. They can prevent unauthorized access to your computer, protects your system from viruses and cloaks your data ports from intruders searching for any opening. The dangers range from little thefts to sponsored terrorism. These include stealing personal information and spying your activities.Nowadays anti virus software are completely automated. Go for the best when choosing anti virus software and make sure that you scan your system for viruses atleast once a week. Norton antivirus from Symantecis one of the leading products in the industry. Avastis another great antivirus tool to protect from hacking.Using FirewallWhat is a Firewall?A firewall is a set of programs located at the network gateway server which protects a private network from unauthorized access from other networks. The term firewall is originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire.A firewall protects your computer from offensive websites and potential hackers. It keeps your data and information safe from unwanted intruders. Firewalls are designed to prevent unauthorized access to your network, much like a locked door.Thus firewall is a vital tool for your strategy against hackers so don't forget to set up one for your system. Microsoft has a built-in firewall software but you can also try the Symantec firewall.Using Anti Spyware SoftwareWhat is a Spyware?A spyware is a self installing software which secretly gathers information about a person's computing activities such as surfing habits and viewed sites. Spywares are truly a hacker's tool, not only collecting personal information but also interfering with user control by installing additional software and redirecting web browsers.Anti spyware software are designed to save your computer from hackers. They not only protect your computer by detection and removal of spywares but also preventing automatic installation of these malicious programs. Spysweeperis a great anti spyware software to guarantee a spyware free computer.Email SecurityEmail is one of the leading hacker's tools. Hackers use emails to transmit malicious software to your computer. Emails are usually very cheap which gives the hackers loads of opportunities. One of the basic tips to prevent hacking is to be extra careful with emails. The most important tip is that you should never hand out your real email address to a stranger. Never open an email arriving from an unknown source and never try to open an attachment with an email if you don't know the sender. Aviraantivirus is a useful tool to filter your emails for potential threats as well as provide premium protection for your computer.Software updatesHackers are always searching for security gaps in your system. Anti virus and anti spyware software usually lose their effectiveness with time as new and more advanced malicious programs are created by hackers.Its important to go for the latest security software in the market to guaranteemaximum security from threats. Make sure you frequently check out for software updates or set your software to update automatically.Internet SecurityBeing extra careful while surfing is the best way to protect your computer from hackers. Simple precautions can mean the difference between a secure and vulnerable system. A great way to save yourself from hackers is to avoid visiting hacker controlled sites usually committed to porn, free downloads and online gaming. Also be extra careful while downloading something from an unknown source. Never ignore a security warning about a site. Its better to be safe than sorry.Educate YourselfWhen working for an offensive against hackers, the most important step is to educate yourself. Hacking is a dynamic topic with developments arising every moment. Hackers are intelligent and innovative and you should be prepared for it.Computers are vulnerable. No matter what you do, its impossible to be 100% save. Important data like personal detail and credit card information should never be saved directly on a computer. A password protector is a great way to protect this data.Another great way to secure your computer is to use a password on your computer. Well, it can't really save you if your computer gets stolen (in case of a laptop) but can save you from unauthorized people who can reach to your computer.Windows updateMicrosoft Windows is the best OS which comes with almost all the tools to protect you and your computer from hacking. To make the most of this, it is important to keep your windows updated. An easy way to do this is by checking for updates at Microsoft Windows Update. You can also set your windows security software to check for updates automatically so you don't miss anything. ...2. What is a Phishing Attack?Identity theft has become the new white collar crime and it has grown tremendously. Criminals that steal identities use them in a number of ways. One of the most common tricks is to use a stolen identity to open a line of credit. The line of credit is then depleted by the thief and the actual person receives the bill. Identities are also stolen for malicious intent, such as stealing a military officer’s email credentials in hopes of carrying out fictitious orders to troops.Phishing is a relatively new term to describe ploys used by criminals trying to steal identities. Phishing scams are on the rise:"During 2004, close to 2 million U. S. citizens had their checking accounts raided by cyber-criminals. With the average reported loss per incident estimated at $1200, total losses were close to $2 billion. The incidence of phishing e-mails―e-mails thatattempt to steal a consumer’s user name and password by imitating e-mail from a legitimate financial institution –has risen 4,000 percent over the past six months."•What is Phishing VideoThe term “phishing” is based on the term “fishing”. With fishing you bait a hook and try to catch fish. If you do not receive a bite, you often change the type of bait until you start catching fish. With phishing, the bait is typically an email that appears legitimate. The email typically asks for a bank customer to validate their information, however, the email redirects the customer to a fictitious bank site made to look like the legitimate bank site (James, 2005). The criminals hope the customer will not notice the redirected bank site is fictitious and that they will validate their account information. There are numerous phishing emails used as bait and criminals hope the more bait they use, the greater chances someone will fall for the scam.The key to preventing identity theft is awareness. Financial institutions typically do not ask for account information validation. Any emails that ask for account validation or social security numbers, should be validated. The link contained within the email can be checked for legitimacy. These links often go to bogus sites that can easily be determined by the website link. For example, if you bank at and you receive an email that has a link and takes you to .customer.cz, this should raise suspicion. Phishing scams not only use email, but the telephone is also used. A typical scam involves a telephone call with someone impersonating your credit card company and asking you to validate your social security number, date of birth, etc. Credit card companies already have this information and do not need you to validate it. A simple line of defense is to ask the caller for the credit card company’s number and call them back。

机械专业英语大作业

THE RESEACHS OFAMT SHIFTING SCHEDULESAutomatic transmission is a product of the rapid development of electronic technology, it greatly improves the convenience of car use, reduces the labor intensity of the driver, and further meet there quirement of the automobile use people. With the manual transmission (MT) and hydraulic automatic transmission (AT) compared, automated mechanical transmission (AMT) structure not only has the MT compact, low cost, high driving efficiency characteristics, but also can provide shift like AT comfort. In view of the above advantages, in today's on vehicle fuel economy and emission requirements more and more high international situation, AMT has become the hotspot of the world auto parts suppliers and vehicle manufacturers to develop, and launched their products in various models. Shift schedule is the key technology of AMT, this paper studies various shifting rule formulation method and the influence on the performance of vehicle. Firstly, according to the classification of automatic transmission, the transmission of the various advantages and disadvantages and development prospects were compared, and briefly discusses the AMT development process, characteristics, system principle. The key technology of AMT is introduced, to show the shift law research significance of popular AMT. Based on the theoretical solution and the classification method based on intelligent inference, respectively discusses the principle and performance of various shifting law; further introduces the realization principle of shifting law, analyzes implement shift law should have in AMT hardware and software conditions. According to dynamic analysis of the establishment of automobile, automobile driving equation, and according to the method of formulating vehicle driving equation of dynamic shift schedule, including graphic method andanalytic method, and the actual formulation of the dynamic stall between three parameters the optimal power shift schedule surface; the influence factors of automobile fuel economy for a brief analysis; established the automobile fuel consumption equation formulation method based on fuel economy shift schedule, including graphical method, analytical method and the improved formulation method; considering the influence of vehicle quality on the shift rule formulation, this paper proposes a modified scheme to solve the impact of automobile quality change. The simulation model of automobile transmission system required to establish the use of simulation software Matlab/Simulink, and briefly introduces the working principle and the internal principle of each module; finally system using the simulation model, the simulation will not shift improvement and the improvement of the three parameters of the optimal power shift schedule applied to the vehicle, to compare its effect on vehicle dynamic performance; will not revised and modified (according to the weight of automobile quality choice corresponding shift schedule) shift simulation of three parameter optimal fuel economy shift rule applied to the vehicle, to compare the effect on vehicle fuel economy, achieving the aim of the study。

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数控技术应用专业英语2011-2012年度第二学期补考姓名：______________________学号：______________________专业：______________________班级：______________________成绩：______________________一、Translate the following sentences into Chinese. （20×2.5=50分）·1.The CNC concept was proposed in the late 1940s.数控的概念，提出了在20世纪40年代末。

C lathes are primarily used to rotate body workpieces with turning.数控车床主要用于旋转与旋转体工件。

3.The program cannot be stored in some media.该方案不能被储存在一些媒体上。

4.The world’s major industrialized countries don’t pay attention to the research and development of NC machining technology.世界主要工业化国家不重视数控加工技术的研究和发展。

5.Vertical CNC lathes are used to turn large diameter disc -type workpieces.立式数控车床是用来打开大直径圆盘型工件。

6.In the fifity years from the time the first NC machine tools came out to now, itexperienced six generation NC systems.从第一数控机床出来到现在的时间fifity年，它经历了六代数控系统。

7.Headstock is the main component of CNC lathes.主轴是数控车床的主要组成部分。

8.In terms of cost, the NC machine tool is always more expensive than thegeneral purpose machine tool.数控机床是在成本方面，总是比通用机床更昂贵。

9.One of CNC lathe's main features is high production efficiency.数控车床的主要特点之一是生产效率高。

10.NC machine tools generally consist of input device, servo system, measuring feedback device and the main body of the machine tool.数控机床一般由输入装置，伺服系统，测量反馈装置和机床主体组成。

11.The modern NC system is capable of exchanging information by usingcommunication.现代数控系统是通过通信交换信息的能力。

C machines have to be programmed，set up，operated and maintained by highly skilled personnel.数控机床进行编程，设立，运作和维持高技能人才。

13.Eearly machine tools were designed so that the operator was standging in front of the machine while operating the controls.eearly机床设计，使操作者在机器前standging经营的控制。

14.Most workpieces can be completed with one setup on a single machining center often.一个经常在一个单一的加工中心设置就可以完成大多数工件。

15. Machining centers are classified as vertical，horizontal and universal machining center.被列为纵向，横向和万能加工中心加工中心。

16.The main components of CNC machining center are bed，saddle，column，table and servo system etc.数控加工中心的主要组成部分是床，马鞍，列，表和伺服系统等。

17.The tool changer can store tools and change it automatically.换刀可以存储工具，它会自动改变。

C machine tools can solve the machining problems of complex parts.数控机床可以解决复杂零件的加工问题。

19.Machining centers have automatic tool changing capabilities and tool magazine.加工中心自动换刀功能和工具杂志。

20.The machining process is performed automatically so that the operator only needs so set tools, load/unload workpieces and change tools at the beginning of machining.加工过程中会自动执行，使操作者只需要这样设置的工具，加载/卸载在开始加工工件和变化的工具。

二、Translate the reading material into Chinese. （20+10+20=50分）1．A vertical machining center has the spindle oriented in the vertical position. An automatic tool changer is mounted to the machine（usually on the left side）to allow tools to be loaded into the spindle without operator intervention. Basic vertical machining centers will allow three directions of motion. Some vertical machining centers also have a rotary table or indexer mounted on the table to allow a workpiece to be rotated during machining.A horizontal machining center has the spindle oriented in the horizontal position. An automatic tool changer is equipped to allow tools to be automatically placed in the spindle. The table of most horizontal machining centers can rotate by either an indexer or a rotary axis. If the machine has a rotary axis，the rotation is called theB axis. A horizontal machining center is no more difficult to program than a verticalmachining center.一个立式加工中心主轴导向的垂直位置。

自动换刀安装到机器（通常在左边），以允许将装入主轴，无需操作员干预的工具。

基本的立式加工中心将允许三个方向的运动。

一些立式加工中心，也有一个旋转的表或索引器安装在桌子上，使工件在加工过程中旋转。

有一个卧式加工中心主轴导向的水平位置。

一个配备自动换刀，让工具被自动置于主轴。

最卧式加工中心的表可以由索引器或旋转轴旋转。

如果本机有一个旋转轴，旋转，被称为B轴。

卧式加工中心是没有难度比立式加工中心方案。

2．The use of CNC machines will still increase in the future. Not only in industrial production but also in small workshops，conventional machines will be replaced by CNC machines. The application of CNC technics also contain the classic machinessuch as lathes，milling machines or to the metalworking area. One could say，nearly every day a new application of CNC technics is realized. Practically all occupations such as technical designer，technical manager or salesman，skilled worked，methods engineer and controller etc.数控机床的使用在未来仍将增加。

不仅在工业生产中，而且在小作坊，将取代传统机床数控机床。

数控工艺的应用，也包含经典的机器，如车床，铣床，或以金属加工区。

可以说，几乎每一天，新的应用，实现了数控工艺。

几乎所有的职业，如技术设计师，技术经理或业务员，工作技能，方法，工程师和控制器等3．All maintenance shops and work areas should be marked with the correct colors to identify hazards，exits，safe walkways and first -aid station. It is acceptable to use material other than paint，such as decals and tapes，in the appropriate，similar colors. Listed below are the main colors authorized for using in maintenance shops.·Red color markings should be used to identify the following equipment or locations:·Fire alarm boxes.·Fire blanket boxes.·Fire pumps.·Emergency stop buttons for electrical machinery.·Emergency stop bars on hazardous machines.·Caution signs.Green color markings normally on a white color background should be used for the following equipment or locations: First -aid equipment and first -aid dispensaries.Safety starting buttons on machinery.Orange markings are used to designate dangerous components of machines or energized equipment，including electrical conduits，which may cut，crush，shock or injure.所有的维修店和工作区应标明正确的颜色，以确定危害，出口，安全的人行道和急救站。