商务合同的翻译教程
常见国际商务合同的翻译技巧handout
常见国际商务合同的翻译技巧handout一、合同翻译的准则1. 准确严谨Licensee will furnish to Party A copies of insurance policies and/or the endorsements.2. 规范通顺Expressiveness and Smoothness兹经买卖双方同意按下列规定的条款出售和购买此货。
二、句子翻译技巧1.主语的转换1）主语转换为谓语Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order, otherwise the Buyer must at its opinion cancel the order without cost to him, and charge the Seller for any loss incurred as the res ult of the latter’s failure to make such a delivery.Payment shall be made by net cash against sight draft with Bill of Lading attached showing the shipment of the goods. Such payment shall be made through the Bank of China, Dalian Branch. The Bill of Lading shall not be delivered to the Buyer until such draft is paid.Partial shipments shall be allowed upon presentation of the clean set of shipping document.2）主语转化为宾语Should all or part of the Contract and its appendices be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.If any terms and conditions of this Contract are breached and the breach is not corrected by the breaching party within 30 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then thenonbreaching party shall have the option to terminate this Contract by giving a written notice thereof to the breaching party.3）主语转为定语Each party is liable for the Joint Venture Company only up to the limit of the capital subscribed by it.2. 宾语的转换1）宾语转为主语The Seller shall deliver the Equipment and Materials in accordance with the Contract from the 19 (nineteenth) month to the 27 (twenty-seventy) month from the date of signing the Contract in 4 (four) lots.Party A shall send twice its technical personnel to Party B’s factory for training, and the total number of the participants shall not exceed 200 (excluding the interpreter).2）宾语转换为谓语The Licensor will, at its own cost, take such actions to eliminate infringement of the Licensed Patents as may be reasonably necessary and proper in its own opinion.The Seller shall make delivery of the goods strictly within the period stipulated herein. In the event of delay in delivery, the Buyer may cancel the Contract and claim damages for breach of the Contract.3. 表语的转换1）Agent oriented toward a single geographic market searching for products to import and market in the home Country is an import agent.The date of registration of the Joint Venture Company shall be the date of the establishment of the board of directors of the Joint V enture Company.2）表语转为谓语In the course of arbitration, the Contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the Contract which is under arbitration.Whereas Party B is in the real estate business, and the two Parties are in consideration of the mutual convenances and agrees to enter into this Contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows:4. 定语的转换1）定语转为谓语The sample of the machine submitted by the Seller is featured by novel shape, easy operation, high calorific efficiency and low fuel consumption.We look forward to an ever increasing volume of business with your glass factories.We claim from shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of w heat shipped per s.s. “Princess Victoria”.2）定语转为状语Any disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly consultations between both Parties. In case no settlement can be reached through consultations, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.The Joint Venture’s products to be sold in China may be handled by the Chinese Materials and Commercial Departments by means of agency or exclusive sales, or direct sale by the Joint Venture Company.5. 状语的转换1）状语转化为主语The conditions for establishment of the Joint Venture Company and the total amount of investment and registeredcapital are stipulated in this Contract.For the purpose of this Contract, the Party B desires to introduce the Patent and engage in production cooperation in accordance with the technical know-how specified in the Patent.The products fair will be held at the Standard Electrical Co., Madrid, Spain with the Buyer’s representatives.2）状语转化为汉语的定语In this Contract, the Packing Clause stipulates for one gross to the polythene bag, covered with paper box, 50 paper boxes to an inner carton, 2 inner cartons to a wooden case.三、被动语态的翻译1.被动语态的转换翻译1）动作的发出者转化为汉语主语This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.If any terms and conditions to this Contract are breached and the breach is not corrected by any party within 15 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then the non-breaching party shall have the option to terminate this Contract by giving a written notice thereof to the breaching party.All the payments shall be made in the U.S. Currency by the Buyer to the Seller by telegraphic transfer to the Seller’s designated account with the Bank of China, Beijing, China.2) 英语句中的某一状语转换为主语The cost of the nonreturnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified.The production design, technology of manufacturing, means of testing materials prescription, standard of quality and trainingof personnel shall stipulated in Chapter 4 in this contract.The establishment, remuneration and the expenses of the staff of the preparation and construction office, when agreed by both parties, shall be covered in the project budget.3）把英语句子中的主语转化为宾语In case the quality, quantity or weight of the goods is found not in conformity to those stipulated in this Contract after reinspection by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall return the goods to, or lodge claim against the Seller for compensation of losses upon the strength of Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with the exception of those claims for which the insurers or the carriers are liable.Upon the expiration of the duration or termination before the date of expiration of the Joint Venture, liquidation shall be carried out according to relevant law. The liquidated assets shall be distributed in accordance with the proportion of investment contributed by Party A and Party B.2. 被动语态的顺序1)按原句语序译成汉语主动语态The Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the goods owing to generally recognized Force Majeure causes.The Seller shall be entitled to terminate this Contract in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply with any terms or conditions stated in this Article.2）按原句语序译成汉语被动语态The term for the technology transfer agreement is signed by Joint Company and Party B and it shall be approved by theapproval authority.All the equipment and materials supplied by the Seller shall be inspected by the Buyer and the quality certificates and inspection and test records shall be issued by the manufacturer.3）it is +p.p.It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by themanufacturer shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit.It is essentially stressed that the Buyers are requested to sign and return the duplicate of this Contract within 3 days from the date of receipt. In the event of failure to do this , the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the Contract.It is strictly understood that the number of employees to be trained by the Contractor at any one time shall no more than (…)四、从句的翻译1. 状语从句的翻译1）条件状语从句的翻译If 若，如果If the Force Majeure event lasts over 40 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract or the undelivered part of the Contract.If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions to this Agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided however, that any change to this Agreement shall be subject to the approval by the Chinese Government.Claims, if any, shall be submitted by Telex within fourteen days after the arrival of the goods at destination.Contingent shares, if any, to be issued hereunder shall bedetermined on the basis of the after-tax consolidated earning of Seller.Said amount shall be reduced by the sum of the difference, if any, between the inventory value of small equipment and the closing inventory value thereof.In case 如，若In case the Buyer fail to carry out any of the terms or conditions to this Contract with the Seller, the Seller shall have the right to terminate all or any part of this Contract with the Buyer or postpone shipment or stop any goods in transit and the Buyer shall in every such case be liable to the Seller for all losses, damages and expenses thereby incurred.In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.In case of quality discrepancy, claims shall be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.In the event that 若，如果，假如In the event that deficiencies in the Equipment become evident, such deficiencies shall be corrected by ABC during the two days per week during which the Purchaser will not be testing.In the event that the Documents supplied by Party B are not in conformity with the stipulations in Sections 8.2, Party B shall, within the shortest possible time but not later than 30 days after the receipt of the Party A’s written notice, dispatch free of charge to Party A the missing or the correct and legible Documents.In the event of graft or serious dereliction of duty on the part of the general manager and/or deputy general managers, the Board of Directors shall have the power to dismiss them at will.should+subj.+verb.Should any of the stipulations to the Contract be altered, amended, supplemented or deleted, the same shall be negotiated between and agreed upon by both parties and written documents shall be signed by the representatives of both parties.Should the effect of Force Majeure continue more than one hundred and twenty (120) consecutive days, both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible.Unless=if not, except if or except whenUnless expressly agreed to, the port of shipment is at the Seller’s option.Unless otherwise stated thereafter, the accounting principles employed shall be the same as those applied in the proceeding years.Neither Party shall have the right to represent the other party unless otherwise arranged. Provided that…No salary shall be paid and charged against the operating expenses, provided that the commission or brokerage of the Second Party shall be paid and charged as a part of the operating expenses.Provided that Party B desires to continue leasing the flat, Party B shall notify Party A in writing tow months in advance of expiry of the leased and a new contact shall be signed.All disputes in connection with or in the execution of this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. Where no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.When one party to the Joint Venture Company assigns all orpart of his investment, the other party has preemptive right.2）. 时间状语从句的翻译。
商务合同英语翻译方法
商务合同英语翻译方法商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。
一.公文副詞但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。
实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。
常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。
例如：从此以后、今后：hereafter；此后、以后：thereafter；在其上：thereon hereupon；在其下：thereunder；对于这个：hereto；对于那个：whereto；在上文：hereinabovehereinbefore；在下文：hereinafterhereinbelow；在上文中、在上一部分中：thereinbefore；在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter．现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。
例1：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。
This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。
The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。
因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。
商务英语合同翻译(英译汉)技巧和注意事项公开课一等奖市赛课获奖课件可编辑全文
根据下列所订条款
unless otherwise stipulated in…
除非在……另有要求
情态动词 Modal Verbs
❖ Shall：表达强制约束，译为“应”、“应该”、“必须”； ❖ Will：语气较弱，译为“将”、“原”、“要”； ❖ Should：表达假设，语气较强，译为“若、假如、万
Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction (管辖权) on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause (仲裁条款)
一、商务英语旳特点、商务 翻译旳原则和要求 二、专业词义、增益、简洁、 词类转换、引申
至此；对于这个 在下面(标题或短语下)
随此（信函） 在此之前 此文之前
Archaic adverbs
Chinese
thereinafter thereinbefore thereinunder thereof theretobefore therewith thereto whereby
wherein
in the disputed contractor in default of agreement reached after
such dispute occurs.
❖ 双方首先应经过友好协商，处理因协议而发生旳或与协议有 关旳争议。假如协商未果，协议中又无仲裁条款约定或争议 发生后未就仲裁达成一致旳，可将争议提交有管辖权旳人民 法院处理。
Engineering Projects ⑥ 涉外劳务协议 Contract for foreign labor services ⑦ 其他：租赁协议、保险协议等
商务英语合同的翻译技巧
商务英语合同的翻译技巧通读合同全文并研究其结构，做到全面理解合同、掌握内涵并从宏观上了解待译合同原文的总体精神和篇章结构。
在通读合同全文的基础上仔细研读该合同的各个条款。
合同各章节条款具有相对的独立性，可逐字、逐句、逐段、逐节、逐章地仔细研讨，分析各个条款的语法结构，找出其中的理解与翻译难点，在翻译时，一定要首先理顺句子之间的逻辑结构，注意行文的条理性及严谨性。
着手翻译：依据语法分析译文的结构，查阅并译出其中的翻译难点。
组织译文并准确表达：把结构已经确定下来、翻译难点已经解决的译文加以整理，并依据目的语的表述习惯安排该条款译文的排列顺序。
在准确表达的前提下，力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同的规范和要求。
注意事项译英时，必须要使用一些有关的专业术语、商贸与法律术语、古英语词汇等，多用文体正式庄严的词汇，尽量多使用常见的合同套语和上文罗列的合同的、英语句型，这样才干使译文达到用语规范，表述严谨、准确、简洁的庄严体效果。
要做到译文严谨、规范、专业，译员还应当遵循"客随主便'的愿则，翻译时尽可能保留原谅的结构表述，保留原谅的整体格式。
2合同怎么翻译最成功我们在与翻译公司人员〔沟通〕的时候,往往会忽略很多本来应该注意的问题,如图片中的翻译流程中,其实我们要注意的环节很多。
特别是彼此应尽的责任和义务,尤其是针对一些重要保密文件翻译中的问题,为此捷优翻译为你准备了一些你在翻译中要注意的事项。
希望对你与翻译公司沟通中有所帮助。
一般翻译公司不会都会尽职尽责为客户服务的,但防范于未然也是不错的选择。
翻译责任要明确翻译公司应在您要求的时间内完成翻译,并将尽可能坚持原稿的格式、用语、语法和语法等,但关于原稿中出现的显然的或常识性的格式、用语、逻辑和语法方面的错误,则将依据实际状况尽可能给予修正。
您在接到稿件后,交付剩余的翻译费用并完成余下的合作事宜;对译稿有异议,请在收到译文后尽快以书面形式提出,否则翻译公司可能视为自动放弃修改。
商务英语合同翻译技巧总结
商务英语合同翻译技巧总结1. 双方基本信息：- Contract title: 商务英语合同翻译技巧总结- Parties involved: [Name of Party A] and [Name of Party B]- Address: [Party A’s Address], [Party B’s Address]- Contact person: [Name of Party A’s Contact Person], [Name of Party B’s Contact Person]- Telephone: [Party A’s Telephone Number], [Party B’s Telephone Number]- Email: [Party A’s Email Address], [Party B’s Email Address]2. 身份、权利、义务、履行方式、期限、违约责任：Party A:- Identity: [Party A’s Legal Name]- Rights: [Party A’s Rights under the Contract]- Obligat ions: [Party A’s Obligations under the Contract]- Performance: [Party A’s Performance Obligations under the Contract]- Timeframe: [Party A’s Timeframe for Performance]- Breach: [Party A’s Penalties for Breach]Party B:- Identity: [Party B’s Legal Name]- R ights: [Party B’s Rights under the Contract]- Obligations: [Party B’s Obligations under the Contract]- Performance: [Party B’s Performance Obligations underthe Contract]- Timeframe: [Party B’s Timeframe for Performance]- Breach: [Party B’s Penalties for B reach]3. 遵守中国相关法律法规：Both parties shall comply with the applicable laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.4. 明确各方权利义务：- Party A has the right to [insert rights], and is responsible for [insert obligations].- Party B has the right to [insert rights], and is responsible for [insert obligations].5. 明确法律效力和可执行性：- This contract is legally binding and enforceable in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.- Any disputes arising from this contract will be settled through [insert dispute resolution method].6. 其他：- This contract shall be in writing and signed by both parties.- Any amendments to this contract shall be made in writing and signed by both parties.- This contract is effective as of [insert effective date] and shall remain in effect until [insert end date or termination clause].以上是商务英语合同翻译技巧总结的一些基本内容，具体内容应根据实际情况而定并符合法律要求。
商务合同翻译精讲
in boxes of a dozen each, 100 boxes to a wooden case
4
3)Time of shipment: in OCT.12th w/t at Hongkong before the end of OCT. 4)Port of loading, port of destination: 5)Terms of Payment: by sight L/C , the L/C must reach the sellers before May 1st. by D/P , by D/A 6)Insurance: to be covered by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against all risks as per CIC dated January 1, 1981.
18
• More formal words in the contract :
– in accordance with – otherwise – provided that – be deemed to – In accordance with the date of shipment
19
• Indemnity n.
17
• Compare the following two kinds of words and expressions
– – – – – – Terminate, stop commence, begin be deemed to, be regarded as in lieu of, in place of prior to, before whatsoever, whatever
商务合同翻译技巧
•
hereby(特此，兹)，hereinafter(在下文中)，thereto(另外，
随附)，thereof(其中，它的)，whereas(鉴于)，
whereby(凭借)，whereupon(因此，于是)。
III.多用"shall"代替"will"或"should" • shall表示法律上需要强制执行的义务，有“应 该”、“必须”的意思。“will”在合同中虽也用 作表示承担义务，但语气比“shall”弱。在合同 中“should”通常只用来表示语气较强的假设 “万一”，这是英语合同用词与基础英语用词的 不同之处。 • 例如:1.This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.“本合同签字生效。” •
常用条件句
• 合同为表达可能发生的各种情况、设想，以及相 关的处理方法，条款中条件句较多，尤其是在有 关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁 等几部分中。这种结构虽然拖沓冗长，但表意精 确，避免了产生歧义的情形。常见表达有： • in the event that, in case表达“如果、假若” ，should 表达希望某事不太可能发生等。例如 ：（1）In case the Import License is required, the buyer should settle the problem before placing the order.“若需要进 口许可证，买方应在订货前办妥。”
• 英语商务合同中常用的术语有：Force Majeure( 不可抗力)，defect（瑕疵）， jurisdiction（管 辖），draft at sight（即期汇票），letter of credit(信用证)，bill of lading（提单）， documents against acceptance(承兑交单)， bill of exchange(汇票)，firm offer（实盘）， technology transfer（技术转让）等等，这些专 业术语语义精炼，表义准确，正式、规范、严谨 ，符合合同正规、严肃的文体特征。
商务合同翻译技巧讲座
结语
1. 国际 商务 合同 的 特点
使用古英语 Hereafter: in this document and after this point Hereby: in this way or by this letter 此后 Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此 Therefrom: from that 从那以后
国际商务知识： 2.1 国际商务知识：
2. 合同 翻译 应具 备的 知识
经济学
管理学 国际商务知识
国际商法
商务惯例 Follow the usual procedure: e.g. immediate shipment
2.2 深厚的语言技能： 深厚的语言技能：
2. 合同 翻译 应具 备的 知识
合同是两个或两个以上的当事人之 间为实现一定的目的， 间为实现一定的目的，通过谈判明 确彼此权利和义务而产生的协议。 确彼此权利和义务而产生的协议。 谈判的过程是各方妥协的过程， 谈判的过程是各方妥协的过程，通 过谈判， 过谈判，各方都或多或少会放弃部 分利益以求得商务合作的进展。因 分利益以求得商务合作的进展。 此合同翻译之前通常有一个艰苦的 谈判过程。 谈判过程。谈判时对语言技能要求 较高。 较高。
国际商务合同翻译技巧
刘
2010年12月 2010年12月2日
俊
国际商务合同的特点 合同翻译应具备的知识
讲座 大纲
商务合同翻译实战技巧
1.1词汇特点 1. 国际 商务 合同 的 特点
惯用术语和缩写： 惯用术语和缩写： Letter of Credit Insurance Policy C.A.D. C.B.D. D.D. T.T.
1. 国际 商务 合同 的 特点
商务英语中合同的翻译技巧
商务英语中合同的翻译技巧商务英语中合同的翻译技巧一、双方的基本信息1.合同名称：XXX合同2.甲方（英文：Party A）：（公司名字/个人名字）（地址：XXX）3.乙方（英文：Party B）：（公司名字/个人名字）（地址：XXX）4.签订日期（英文：Date of Execution）：（月/日/年）二、各方身份、权利、义务、履行方式、期限、违约责任1.甲方的身份、权利、义务、履行方式、期限、违约责任（1）身份：甲方为出售方；（2）权利：甲方需要出售货物/提供服务；（3）义务：甲方需要按照合同约定的规定，按时、按量、按质地提供货物或服务；（4）履行方式：甲方需要按照约定的交货日期、交货地点、交货方式等送达货物或提供服务；（5）期限：甲方需要按照约定的期限履行义务；（6）违约责任：如甲方未能按照合同约定履行义务，甲方需要承担违约责任，包括但不限于赔偿乙方因此造成的一切损失。
2.乙方的身份、权利、义务、履行方式、期限、违约责任（1）身份：乙方为购买方；（2）权利：乙方需要获得所购货物或服务；（3）义务：乙方需要按时、按量、按质地支付货款；（4）履行方式：乙方需要按照合同约定的收货日期、收货地点、收货方式等接收货物或服务；（5）期限：乙方需要按照约定的期限履行义务；（6）违约责任：如乙方未能按照合同约定履行义务，乙方需要承担违约责任，包括但不限于赔偿甲方因此造成的一切损失。
三、需遵守中国的相关法律法规1.本合同受中国法律的管辖；2.合同受中国法律法规的制约，合同的解释和执行均应符合中国法律；3.若合同的任何规定与中国法律法规相抵触，则以后者为准。
四、明确各方的权力和义务1.甲方的权利（1）甲方有权要求乙方按照合同约定支付货款；（2）甲方有权要求乙方按照合同约定接收货物或服务；（3）甲方有权要求乙方按照合同约定承担违约责任。
2.甲方的义务（1）甲方需要按照合同约定提供货物或服务；（2）甲方需要按照合同约定履行义务；（3）甲方需要按照合同约定承担违约责任；（4）甲方需要保证所提供的货物或服务符合合同约定的质量标准。
unit12.-商务合同《世纪商务英语翻译教程》
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SECTION 2
I. 阅读下列合同，找出其标题、前文、正文和结尾条款，并翻译成汉语。 Sec 1 （1)
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CONTRACT CONTRACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER： Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER： Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated below.
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涉外商务合同通常分为以下几类：涉外 货物买卖合同、涉外运输合同、涉外保险合 同、中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营 企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同、 来料加工合同、来件装配合同、补偿贸易合 同、涉外租赁合同、涉外技术转让合同、涉 外科研合同、工程承包合同、涉外劳务合同、涉外信贷合同等。
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3．正文（Body）
一般包括定义条款、基本条款和一般条款：
lesson-9-商务合同翻译-译例PPT优秀课件
该货物交给乙方。 Party A shall deliver the goods to Party B
before July 28, 2012. 甲方应于2009年7月28日前将该货物交给
乙方。
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Total value: US$5200000.00 (Say: US Dollars Five Million Two Hundred Thousand only)
3.5 如果依据合同许可方应支付预提税、违约金和/或 赔偿金，被许可方有权从应支付给许可方的款项中扣 除。
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责任方应尽快将发生不可抗力事故的情况以电传或电子邮件的方 式通知对方，并于14天内以航空挂号信将有关当局出具的证明文 件提交另一方确认。
The responsibility party shall inform the other party by telex or email of Force Majeure as soon as possible and submit to the other party for confirmation in 14 days the documentary proof provided by the relevant authority by registered airmail.
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3.1 In consideration of full and proper performance of its contractual obligations by licensor, Licensee agrees to pay Licensor the total contract price amounting to ____ (say____only) in ____(currency) by telegraphic transfer (T/T) through Licensee’s Bank to Licensor’s Bank. The breakdown price is as follows
商务合同英译过程
商务合同英译过程合同的英译一般要经过以下几个阶段：1. 熟悉全文，掌握大意译者在拿到一份合同时，必须先通读全文，了解原文的结构以及每个词语在上下文中的含义，着重领会合同语言的确切性，必要时还需要杳阅有关资料。
熟悉全文、掌握大意有两大益处。
一方面有利于选择词义，比如：合同文件中经常出现的“具有同等效力”译成“to have the same effect”就欠妥，“ effect”是指“效果，效应”，而合同文件中的“具有同等效力”，是指具有同等的法律效力，应译成“to be equally authentic”。
再如：“合同双方中的任何一方”应译成“either of the parties to the contract'，这里的介词“to”不能用“of”代替，因为“to”是指“作为一方参加合同”。
另一方面有利于行文造句，不同种类的文章，其文体不同，译文的表达方式，行文造句也就随之不同，如果译者在翻译之前没有领会原文的内容，那么其译文就不会是“行话”。
例1 “本合同于2005年5月13日在上海签订，一式两份，每份用英文和中文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。
”原译：“This contract was signed in Shanghai on May13 ,2005 , each copy was written in English and Chinese with two copies in each, the two texts have the same effect. ”这句话是在“合同的生效、终止”一章中出现的，由于译者对这一条款的行文不了解，加之对主要意思也不大懂，所以把这一结构严谨的条文翻译成了“大白话”。
此句应译为：“ Signed in Shanghai this 13th day of May, 2005 in duplicate in English and Chinese langnages，both texts being equally authentic. ”本句使用了两个分词短语，句中的“于2005年5月13日在上海签订”，译成“signed in Shanghai this 13th day of May, 2005”，含有签字的那一天并不一定是生效的日期，因为合同签字后，有的还应向本国政府当局申请批准，以批准日期为本合同生效日期。
国际商务合同翻译教程-国际商务合同基础知识-Learning-Basics-1
国际商务合同翻译教程Learning Basics 1国际商务合同基础知识Unit One :Basic Knowledge of International Business ContractsContracts referred to in this 1aw are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations.合同和契约都是指自愿订立共同遵守的条件，合作共事。
《中华人民共和国合同法》第2条规定“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”。
根据这个定义，我们可以了解一般合同的法律特征。
(1)合同是一种法律行为这是指当事人之间为实现一定的目的，而产生的一定的权利义务关系，而且这种权利义务关系受国家强制力的保护，任何一方不履行合同或不完全履行合同，都要承担法律责任。
(2)合同是合法的法律行为双方当事人按照法律规范的要求达成的协议，产生双方所预期的法律后果，它是一种合法行为，因而为国家所承认和保护。
(3)合同是双方或多方当事人之间的协议这并不是讲当事人之间的任何协议都是合同，它只是当事人之间关于设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
(4)合同是当事人在平等、自愿的基础上所进行的民事法律行为这是合同法律关系同建立在领导与被领导、命令与服从基础上的行政关系的根本区别。
合同有广义和狭义之分广义的合同包括合同、协议，以及订立正式合同、协议之前当事人之间已经达成的有约束力或无约束力的法律文件，包括但不限于谅解备忘录或合作备忘录、框架协议、意向性协议或合作意向书、意向书、初步协议、君子协议、订单和章程等。
商务合同的翻译教程
第一节 商务合同的基础知识
二、分类与结构(2)
按照格式的繁简程度的不同，国际商务合同可以 采取正式合同（Contract）、协议书（Agreement）、 确认书（Confirmation）、备忘录（Memorandum）、 定单（Order）等书面形式。在合同签订和履行过程中， 当事人之间往来的信函、电子邮件、电报等也是合同的 组成部分，同样具有一定的法律效力。但是，为了顺利、 准确无误地完成合同的履行，保护当事人各方的合法权 益，所有商业往来应以合同、协议书和确认书的订立为 前提和基础。
contract； J．Languages to be used in the contract and their effectiveness。
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第二节 合同英语的词汇特点 及翻译要点
商务合同属于庄重文体，用词极其考究，具有
特定性和严肃的风格。总体上看，合同的词汇特点
体现在以下两大方面：
一、用词专业，具有法律意味（professional or legal）
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第一节 商务合同的基础知识
三、商务合同的主要内容
合同的内容由当事人约定；结合1999年中国《合同法》第12条的规定，合同 的主要内容一般包含以下条款：
A．Titles or names of the parties and the domiciles thereof； B．Date and place of signature of the contract）； C．Type of the contract and the kind, scope of the subject matter of the
商务合同的翻译(PPT45页)
Buyers：
正文(Habendum) 部分, 也称Operative part/clauses或Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。
Unit Price “结尾条款”(concluding clauses) "Whereas"的本义是"When in fact"、"considering that"、或"that being the case"的意思，所以"Whereas Clauses"就表示当事人乃是在 基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景、原由等）的共同认识，订立此合同。
一般而言，Contract，乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约 束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所为一组具有法律约束 力之允诺。（A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.(G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd ed. 1992)
这一表述在L.B. Curzon编撰的Dictionary of Law中概括 为“A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations.”
Chris Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中定义的更为具体明了: “A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum.”即合同就是对合同方具有法律上约束力，可由 法院或其他同等管辖地强制执行的协议。
国际商务合同翻译教程(第三版)Unit Two 国际商务合同的语言特征
The work shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of the Contract.
工程须按照合同条款规定进行。 in accordance with 在合同等法律文件中常用，比 according to 要正式。
conform to~ in conformity with/to comply with~ in compliance with
在进行汉译英合同翻译时，如遇到具有同义词特 征的关键词现象，要了解同义词在表现出共性的同时， 还会体现着出它们的个性。因此，就要求译者深入细 致地精研其本质的区别，选出最恰当的单词。
*改进和开发的技术，其所有权属于改进和开发一方。
“属于”是该句的关键词，可选择的同义词有 own, possess, 和belong.
b. Old words or clichés（陈词滥调） used使用古旧词汇 c. Latin words used 使用拉丁语 d. Unfamiliar French words used 使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词 e. Terms of art used 使用专业术语 f. Legal Argot(行话） used 使用法律行话 g. Big words used 使用程度较高的词汇 h. The most accurate words present the legal concept 用最精确的词语
The Principal shall be obliged to pay the commissions to the Sales Agent.
委托人应对经销代理商负有支付手续费的义务。
oblige（迫使、责成）是个典型的法律用词，替代 have the responsibility to do sth. 或be compelled to do sth.
商务合同翻译精讲ppt课件
e.g. to arrange an ~ against loss 办理损失赔偿
to demand an ~ for the delayed payment 因延期付款要求赔偿
完整版课件
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Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of a war as a condition of peace is an ~.
Contracts for International Sale of Goods Contracts for International Technology
Transfer Contracts for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures Contracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint
Contracts for Foreign Labor Services Contracts for International Leasing Affairs Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and
Loans Contracts for International Build-Operate-
by D/P , by D/A
6)Insurance: to be covered by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against all risks as per CIC dated January 1, 1981.
完整版课件
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• 7)Inspection : • 8)Quantity/Quality Discrepancy: • 9)Force majeure : • 10)Arbitration: