外文翻译作业

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毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。

道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。

本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。

研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。

一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。

随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。

交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。

此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。

继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。

然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。

道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。

矿大研究生英语翻译理论与实践课外作业(1)

Sentence translation1.Whether the unit will operate efficiently remains to be seen.这个部件能否高效的运行还有待观察。

2.That a more carefully prepared experiment would be possible to confirm your theory.事先较仔细准备好的实验可能证实你的那方面的理论。

3.It is obvious that these techniques will be of greater value in cryogenic switching circuits.显然，这些技术将在低温转换电路中发挥更大的作用。

4.It is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energeticmember of European Community.英国应当保持作为欧洲共同市场的积极且充满活力的成员，这是符合同胞的利益的。

5.It matters much to efficiency where the machine is set up.这台机器安装在哪里对效率的的提高很重要。

6.It was once thought that the main difference between animals and plants was that the formercould move about while the latter could not.有人曾经认为动物与植物的主要不同在于动物能动而植物不能动。

7.It is no longer a necessary consequence that an object thrown into the air must fall back to earth.把一个物体扔向空中终究要落回地面已经不再是必然的结果。

英汉互译作业：《简爱》

《简爱》多个中文翻译版本
1980年，《简· 爱》，祝庆英译，上海译文出版社 1982年，《简· 爱》，李霁野译，陕西人民出版社 1990年，《简· 爱》，吴钧燮译 1991年，《简· 爱》，凌雯译，浙江文艺出版社 1994年，《简· 爱》，黄源深译，译林出版社 1997年，《简· 爱》，胡建华译，漓江出版社 1999年，《简· 爱》，石岩山译，上海译文出版社 2001年，《简· 爱》，高飞译，文化艺术出版社 2001年，《简· 爱》，吴江皓、曾凡海译，北京燕山出版社 2002年，《简· 爱》，范希江译，文化艺术出版社 2003年，《简· 爱》，史津海、刘微亮、王雯雯译，浙江文艺出版社 2003年，《简· 爱》，郭深译，安徽文艺出版社 2004年，《简· 爱》，刘洁译，天津古籍出版社 2005年，《简· 爱》，北塔译，中国少年儿童出版社 2005年，《简· 爱》，徐平译，青岛出版社 2005年，《简· 爱》，宋兆霖译，中国书籍出版社 2006年，《简· 爱》，迮洁译，长江文艺出版社
《简爱》
李霁野译本 vs 祝庆英译本
小组成员（2011级英语师范5班）
宋沁颖20110511974 余睿20110511975 张瑶20110511973

原著简介

《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）是十九世纪英国著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作，人们普遍认为《简·爱》是夏洛蒂·勃朗特“诗意的生平写照”，是一部具有自传色彩的作品。讲述一位从小变成孤儿的英国女子在各种磨难中不断追求自由与尊严，坚持自我，最终获得幸福的故事。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。

南邮外文翻译一范例

南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：经济与管理学院专业：学生姓名：班级学号：外文出处：Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件：1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。

根据民意调查和组织调查显示，多年以来，虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下，雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。

经过更密切的检查，这似是而非的调查导致的结论是：无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量，得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。

根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明，为了克服这个缺陷，在测量工作满意度的时候，雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。

工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。

许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣，他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系，提高工作满意度。

从20世纪30年代开始，这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。

然而，我们可以断言，大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。

历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究，这或许可以支持或者攻击现状，这种趋势还将继续下去。

尴尬的是，在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中，用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度，而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺，雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率（特别是部分周缺勤），罢工（因其他原因除了工资）而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。

雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意，但是如果公众关注继续增长，为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解，这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。

前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下，使用更精密的统计测试，在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。

英汉翻译课外实践材料 (带译文)

请大家准备一个练习本,在课外自己进行翻译练习. 一共有26条练习内容,大家至少应完成13条练习.虽然课堂上不会对这些材料进行讲解,但期末考试会有50分出自这些练习材料哦!英汉翻译：1. Translation Practice: 从理解的角度改进下列英语句子的汉语译文：(1) I will teach him to deceive others. 我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢欺骗他人。

(2) This thesis leaves much to be desired. 这篇论文有很多地方可以改进。

(3) A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided. 洪水退去后，稍有恢复平静的迹象。

(4) We cannot ignore our neighbors; only at our peril can we ignore their distress.我们不能不顾及我们的邻邦：不顾及它们的安危，我们就只能陷入自身难保的境地。

(5) “It’s a gloomy thing, however, to talk about one’s own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction before I go.”不过，在天亮前谈个人的往事，真扫兴。

在我离开以前，谈点别的吧。

(6) The German invaders slaughtered the innocent civilians of the city to a man. Such atrocities were blamed throughout the world.德国侵略者屠杀了该城的无辜平民,无一幸免.这样的残暴行为遭到了全世界人民的谴责。

2. Translation Practice: 从表达的角度改进下面句子的汉语译文：(1) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. :门口放着一堆雨伞,少说有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一.(2) The study had three windows, set with little, old-fashioned panes of glass, each with a crack across it.书房里有三扇窗,每扇镶嵌的都是旧式的小块玻璃,玻璃上都已有裂痕。

翻译作业——精选推荐

翻译作业Drills 1A. Improve or correct the following poor translationsA). Errors due to inaccurate comprehension1). This will go a long way to overcoming the difficulty.在克服困难上要⾛很远的路。

2). Go it while you are young.去吧，当你年轻的时候。

3). The failure was the making of him.这次失败是他造成的。

4). I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour.我希望和平在地⼗⼀点钟可以得救。

5). She really knows a thing or two.她的确略知⼀⼆。

6). She is too ready to speak.她准备的太充分了以⾄于讲不出来。

7). News came through on the wireless of a rich oil filed district. 从该地区某⼀丰富油⽥的⽆线电传来了消息。

B). Poor translations due to inadequate representation1). This is a 100-hour reliable engine.这是⼀台100⼩时可靠的发动机。

2). Somewhat our path took us towards the park.不知怎么搞的，我们的路把我们带到公园了。

3). The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.这⼩伙⼦的⽼实、脾⽓⼜好的脸蛋为他开辟了⼀条路。

4). Great was the excitement as procession after procession poured itseager masses into the town.当⼀队⼜⼀队把热⼼的群众倾到镇上时，激动是很激烈的。

3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文

3D打印外文文献翻译最新译文3D XXX years。

especially in the field of industrial product design。

The manufacturing of digital product models through 3D printing has e a trend and a hot topic。

With the gradual maturity of -level 3D printing devices。

the rise of the global 3D printing market has been promoted。

According to a research report by Global Industry Analysis Inc。

the global 3D printing market XXX n by 2018.2 The ns of 3D printingThe ns of 3D XXX。

In the medical field。

3D printing has been used to create prosthetics。

implants。

XXX industry。

3D printing has been used to create XXX industry。

3D printing has been used to create unique and XXX possibilities of 3D printing seem endless。

and it is expected to XXX industries.3 The future of 3D printingThe future of 3D printing is promising。

with the potential to transform the way we XXX 3D XXX advance。

外文翻译范例

外文翻译范例在全球化日益加深的今天，外文翻译的重要性愈发凸显。

无论是学术研究、商务交流，还是文化传播，准确而流畅的外文翻译都起着至关重要的桥梁作用。

下面为大家呈现几个不同领域的外文翻译范例，以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握外文翻译的技巧与要点。

一、科技文献翻译原文：The development of artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary changes in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation译文：人工智能的发展给医疗保健、金融和交通运输等各个领域带来了革命性的变化。

在这个范例中，翻译准确地传达了原文的意思。

“artificial intelligence”被准确地翻译为“人工智能”，“revolutionary changes”翻译为“革命性的变化”，“various fields”翻译为“各个领域”，用词准确、贴切，符合科技文献严谨、客观的语言风格。

二、商务合同翻译原文：This Agreement shall commence on the effective date and shall continue in force for a period of five years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein译文：本协议自生效日起生效，并将持续有效五年，除非根据本协议的规定提前终止。

商务合同的翻译需要格外注重准确性和专业性。

上述译文中，“commence”翻译为“生效”，“in force”翻译为“有效”，“terminated”翻译为“终止”，清晰准确地表达了合同条款的含义，避免了可能的歧义。

三、文学作品翻译原文：The sun was setting, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, as if nature were a master artist at work译文：太阳正在西沉，把天空涂成了橙色和粉色，仿佛大自然是一位正在创作的艺术大师。

硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业

硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业第一篇：硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业1.Put the following passage into Chinese.Distance learning isa formal educational process that breaks the traditional mode of classroom teaching.There are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning.Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place or pace of learning.Here an instructor teaches, and somewhere else a student learns, regardless of barriers of time or place.Distance learning reaches out to non-traditional students who must fit their studies around workplace, family responsibilities, and geographical barriers, etc.远程学习是打破传统课堂教育模式的正式教学过程。

传统教学和远程教学有两点核心不同点。

远程教学增加了灵活性和可用度，不需要再考虑学习的时间和地点。

在这里一个教师教学，在其他某个地方，一个学生学习，不需再考虑时间地点的障碍。

远程教育帮助了那些非传统学生，对这些学生而言，他们必须使他们的学习接近工作地点，要兼顾到家庭责任，和地理上的障碍等。

2.Put the following sentences into English.1）体育运动可以防止发胖，增强体质，是我们保持身体健康.Sports activity can prevent getting fat, strengthen our body, and keep us be healthy.2）尽管计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。

外文翻译英文

2. WHAT CONSTITUTES FAIR DEALINGWEINBERGER v. UOP, INC.457 A.2d 701 (Del.Supr.19a3).MOORE, JUSTICE.This post-trial appeal was reheard en banc from a decision of the Court of Chancery. It was brought by the class action plaintiff below, a former shareholder of UOP, Inc., who challenged the elimination of UOP's minority shareholders by a cash-out merger between UOP and its majority owner, The Signal Companies, Inc. Originally, the defendants in this action were Signal, UOP, certain officers and directors of those companies, and UOP's investment banker, Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Inc. The present Chancellor held that the terms of the merger were fair to the plaintiff and the other minority shareholders of UOP. Accordingly, he entered judgment in favor of the defendants.Numerous points were raised by the parties, but we address only the following questions presented by the trial court's opinion:1) The plaintiffs duty to plead sufficient facts demonstrating the unfairness of the challenged merger;2) The burden of proof upon the parties where the merger has been approved by the purportedly informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders;3) The fairness of the merger in terms of adequacy of the defendants' disclosures to the minority shareholders;4) The fairness of the merger in terms of adequacy of the price paid for the minority shares and the remedy appropriate to that issue; and5) The continued force and effect of Singer v. Magnavox Co., Del.Supr., 380 A.2d 969, 980 (1977), and its progeny.In ruling for the defendants, the Chancellor re-stated his earlier conclusion that the plaintiff in a suit challenging a cash-out merger must allege specific acts of fraud, misrepresentation or other items of misconduct to demonstrate the unfairness of the merger terms to the minority. We approve this rule and affirm it.The Chancellor also held that even though the ultimate burden of proof is on the majority shareholder to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the transaction is fair, it is first the burden of the plaintiff attacking the merger to demonstrate some basis for invoking the fairness obligation. We agree with that principle. However, where corporate action has been approved by an informed vote of a majority of the minority shareholders, we conclude that the burden entirely shifts ^ to the plaintiff to show that the transaction was unfair to the minority^- But in all this, the burden clearly remains on those relying on the vote to show that they completely disclosed all material facts relevant to the transaction.Here, the record does not support a conclusion that the minority stockholder vote was an informed one. Material information, necessary to acquaint those shareholders with the bargaining positions of Signal and UOP, was withheld under circumstances amounting to a breach of fiduciary duty. We therefore conclude that this merger does not meet the test of fairness, at least as we address that concept, and no burden thus shifted to the plaintiff by reason of the minority shareholder vote. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent herewith.In considering the nature of the remedy available under our law to minority shareholders in a cash-out merger, we believe that it is, and hereafter should be, an appraisal under 8 Del.C. § 262 as hereinafter construed. We therefore overrule Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., Del. Supr., 429 A.2d 497 (1981) {Lynch II) to the extent that it purports to limit a stockholder's monetary relief to a specific damage formula. But to give full effect to section 262 within the framework of the General Corporation Law we adopt a more liberal, less rigid and stylized, approach to the valuation process than has heretofore been permitted by our courts. While the present state of these proceedings does not admit the plaintiff to the appraisal remedy per se, the practical effect of the remedy we do grant him will be co-extensive with the liberalized valuation and appraisal methods we herein approve for cases coming after this decision.Our treatment of these matters has necessarily led us to a reconsideration of the business purpose rule announced in the trilogy of Singer A v. Magnavox Co., supra; Tanzer v. International General Industries, JT > Inc., DeL.Supr., 379 A.2d 1121 (1977); and Roland International Corp. v. Najjar, Del.Supr., 407 A.2d 1032 (1979). For the reasons hereafter set forth we consider that the business purpose requirement of these cases v J is no longer the law of Delaware.The facts found by the trial court, pertinent to the issues before us, are supported by the record, and we draw from them as set out in the Chancellor's opinion.Signal is a diversified, technically based company operating through various subsidiaries. Its stock is publicly traded on the New York, Philadelphia and Pacific Stock Exchanges. UOP, formerly known as Universal Oil Products Company, was a diversified industrial company engaged in various lines of business, including petroleum and petro-chemical services and related products, construction, fabricated metal products, transportation equipment products, chemicals and plastics, and other products and services including land development, lumber products and waste disposal. Its stock was publicly held and listed on the New York Stock Exchange.In 1974 Signal sold one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries for $420,000,000 in cash. See Gimbel v. Signal Companies, Inc., Del.Ch., 316 A.2d 599, aff’d, Del.Supr., 316 A.2d 619 (1974). While looking to invest this cash surplus, Signal became interested in UOP as a possible acquisition. Friendly negotiations ensued, and Signal proposed to acquire a controlling interest in UOP at a price of $19 per share. UOP's representatives sought $25 per share. In the arm's length bargaining that followed, an understanding was reached whereby Signal agreed to purchase from UOP 1,500,000 shares of UOP's authorized but unissued stock at $21 per share.This purchase was contingent upon Signal^ making a successful cash tender offer for 4,300,000 publicly held shares of UOP, also at a price of $21 per share. This combined method of acquisition permitted Signal to acquire 5,800,000 shares of stock, representing 50.5% of UOP's outstanding shares. The UOP board of directors advised the company's shareholders that it had no objection to Signal's tender offer at that price. Immediately before the announcement of the tender offer, UOP's common stock had been trading on the New York Stock Exchange at a fraction under $14 per share.The negotiations between Signal and UOP occurred during April 1975, and the resulting tender offer was greatly oversubscribed. However, Signal limited its total purchase of the tendered shares so that, when coupled with the stock bought from UOP, it had achieved its goalof becoming a 50.5% shareholderAlthough UOP’ board consisted of thirteen directors, Signal nominated and elected only six. Of these, five were either directors or employees of Signal. The sixth, a partner in the banking firm of Lazard Freres & Co., had been one of Signal's representatives in the negotiations and bargaining with UOP concerning the tender offer and purchase price of the UOP shares.However, the president and chief executive officer of UOP retired during 1975, and Signal caused him to be replaced by James V. Crawford, a long-time employee and senior executive vice president of one of Signal's wholly-owned subsidiaries. Crawford succeeded his predecessor on UOP's board of directors and also was made a director of Signal.By the end of 1977 Signal basically was unsuccessful in finding other suitable investment candidates for its excess cash, and by February 1978 considered that it had no other realistic acquisitions available to it on a friendly basis. Once again its attention turned to UOP.The trial court found that at the instigation of certain Signal management personnel, including William W. Walkup, its board chairman, and Forrest N. Shumway, its president, a feasibility study was made concerning the possible acquisition of the balance of UOP's outstanding shares. This study was performed by two Signal officers, Charles S. Arledge, vice president (director of planning), and Andrew J. Chitiea, senior vice president (chief financial officer). Messrs. Walkup, Shumway, Arledge and Chitiea were all directors of UOP in addition to their membership on the Signal board.Arledge and Chitiea concluded that it would be a good investment for Signal to acquire the remaining 49.5% of UOP shares at any price up to $24 each. Their report was discussed between Walkup and Shumway who, along with Arledge, Chitiea and Brewster L. Arms, internal counsel for Signal, constituted Signal's senior management. In particular, they talked about the proper price to be paid if the acquisition was pursued, purportedly keeping in mind that as UOP's majority shareholder, Signal owed a fiduciary responsibility to both its own stockholders as well as to UOP's minority. It was ultimately agreed that a meeting of Signal's Executive Committee would be called to propose that Signal acquire the remaining outstanding stock of UOP through a cash-out merger in the range of $20 to $21 per share.The Executive Committee meeting was set for February 28, 1978. As a courtesy, UOP's president, Crawford, was invited to attend, although he was not a member of Signal's executive committee. On his arrival, and prior to the meeting, Crawford was asked to meet privately with Walkup and Shumway. He was then told of Signal's plan to acquire full ownership of UOP and was asked for his reaction to the proposed price range of $20 to $21 per share. Crawford said he thought such a price would be "generous", and that it was certainly one which should be submitted to UOP's minority shareholders for their ultimate consideration. He stated, however, that Signal's 100% ownership could cause internal problems at UOP. He believed that employees would have to be given some assurance of their future place in a fully- owned Signal subsidiary. Otherwise, he feared the departure of essential personnel. Also, many of UOP's key employees had stock option incentive programs which would be wiped out by a merger. Crawford therefore urged that some adjustment would have to be made, such as providing a comparable incentive in Signal's shares, if after the merger he was to maintain his quality of personnel and efficiency at UOP.Thus, Crawford voiced no objection to the $20 to $21 price range, nor did he suggest that Signal should consider paying more than $21 per share for the minority interests. Later, at the Executive Committee meeting the same factors were discussed, with Crawford repeating the position he earlier took with Walkup and Shumway. Also considered was the 1975 tender offer andthe fact that it had been greatly oversubscribed at $21 per share. For many reasons, Signal's manage¬ment concluded that the acquisition of UOP's minority shares provided the solution to a number of its business problems.Thus, it was the consensus that a price of $20 to $21 per share would be fair to both Signal and the minority shareholders of UOP. Signal's executive committee authorized its management "to negotiate" with UOP "for a cash acquisition of the minority ownership in UOP, Inc., with the intention of presenting a proposal to [Signal's] board of directors * * * on March 6, 1978". Immediately after this February 28, 1978 meeting, Signal issued a press release stating: The Signal Companies, Inc. and UOP, Inc. are conducting negotiations for the acquisition for cash by Signal of the 49.5 per cent of UOP which it does not presently own, announced Forrest N. Shumway, president and chief executive officer of Signal, and James V. Crawford, UOP president. Price and other terms of the proposed transaction have not y et been finalized and would be subject to approval of the boards of directors of Signal and UOP, scheduled to meet early next week, the stockholders of UOP and certain federal agencies.The announcement also referred to the fact that the closing price of UOP's common stock on that day was $14.50 per share.Two days later, on March 2, 1978, Signal issued a second press release stating that its management would recommend a price in the range of $20 to $21 per share for UOP's 49.5% minority interest. This announcement referred to Signal's earlier statement that "negotiations" were being conducted for the acquisition of the minority shares.Between Tuesday, February 28, 1978 and Monday, March 6,1978, a total of four business days, Crawford spoke by telephone with all of UOP's non-Signal, i.e., outside, directors. Also during that period, Crawford retained Lehman Brothers to render a fairness opinion as to the price offered the minority for its stock. He gave two reasons for this choice. First, the time schedule between the announcement and the board meetings was short (by then only three business days) and since Lehman Brothers had been acting as UOP's investment banker for many years, Crawford felt that it would be in the best position to respond on such brief notice. Second, James W. Glanville, a long-time director of UOP and a partner in Lehman Brothers, had acted as a financial advisor to UOP for many years. Crawford believed that Glanville's familiarity with UOP, as a member of its board, would also be of assistance in enabling Lehman Brothers to render a fairness opinion within the existing time constraints.Crawford telephoned Glanville, who gave his assurance that Lehman Brothers had no conflicts that would prevent it from accepting the task. Glanville's immediate personal reaction was that a price of $20 to $21 would certainly be fair, since it represented almost a 50% premium over UOP's market price. Glanville sought a $250,000 fee for Lehman Brothers' services, but Crawford thought this too much. After further discussions Glanville finally agreed that Lehman Brothers would render its fairness opinion for $150,000.During this period Crawford also had several telephone contacts with Signal officials. In only one of them, however, was the price of the shares discussed. In a conversation with Walkup, Crawford advised that as a result of his communications with UOP's non-Signal directors, it was his feeling that the price would have to be the top of the proposed range, or $21 per share, if the approval of UOP's outside directors was to be obtained. But again, he did not seek any price higher than $21.Glanville assembled a three-man Lehman Brothers team to do the work on the fairness opinion. These persons examined relevant documents and information concerning UOP, including its annual reports and its Securities and Exchange Commission filings from 1973 through 1976, as well as its audited financial statements for 1977, its interim reports to shareholders, and its recent and historical market prices and trading volumes. In addition, on Friday, March 3, 1978, two members of the Lehman Brothers team flew to UOP's headquarters in Des Plaines, Illinois, to perform a "due diligence" visit, during the course of which they interviewed Crawford as well as UOP's general counsel, its chief financial officer, and other key executives and personnel.As a result, the Lehman Brothers team concluded that "the price of either $20 or $21 would be a fair price for the remaining shares of UOP". They telephoned this impression to Glanville, who was spending the weekend in Vermont.On Monday morning, March 6, 1978, Glanville and the senior member of the Lehman Brothers team flew to Des Plaines to attend the scheduled UOP directors meeting. Glanville looked over the assembled information during the flight. The two had with them the draft of a "fairness opinion letter" in which the price had been left blank. Either during or immediately prior to the directors' meeting, the two-page "fairness opinion letter" was typed in final form and the price of $21 per share was inserted.On March 6, 1978, both the Signal and UOP boards were convened to consider the proposed merger. Telephone communications were maintained between the two meetings. Walkup, Signal's board chairman, and also a UOP director, attended UOP's meeting with Crawford in order to present Signal's position and answer any questions that UOP's non-Signal directors might have. Arledge and Chitiea, along with Signal's other designees on UOP's board, participated by conference telephone. All of UOP's outside directors attended the meeting either in person or by conference telephone.First, Signal's board unanimously adopted a resolution authorizing Signal to propose to UOP a cash merger of $21 per share as outlined in a certain merger agreement, and other supporting documents. This proposal required that the merger be approved by a majority of UOP's outstanding minority shares voting at the stockholders meeting at which the merger would be considered, and that the minority shares voting in favor of the merger, when coupled with Signal's 50.5% interest would have to comprise at least two-thirds of all UOP shares. Otherwise the proposed merger would be deemed disapproved.UOP's board then considered the proposal. Copies of the agreement were delivered to the directors in attendance, and other copies had been forwarded earlier to the directors participating by telephone. They also had before them UOP financial data for 1974-1977, UOP's most recent financial statements, market price information, and budget projections for 1978. In addition they had Lehman Brothers' hurriedly prepared fairness opinion letter finding the price of $21 to be fair. Glanville, the Lehman Brothers partner, and UOP director, commented on the information that had gone into preparation of the letter.Signal also suggests that the Arledge-Chitiea feasibility study, indicating that a price of up to $24 per share would be a "good investment" for Signal, was discussed at the UOP directors' meeting. The Chancellor made no such finding, and our independent review of the record, detailed infra, satisfies us by a preponderance of the evidence that there was no discussion of this document at UOP's board meeting. Furthermore, it is clear beyond peradventure that nothing in that report was ever disclosed to UOP's minority shareholders prior to their approval of themerger.After consideration of Signal's proposal, Walkup and Crawford left the meeting to permit a free and uninhibited exchange between UOP's non-Signal directors. Upon their return a resolution to accept Signal's offer was then proposed and adopted. While Signal's men on UOP's board participated in various aspects of the meeting, they abstained from voting. However, the minutes show that each of them "if voting would have voted yes".On March 7, 1978, UOP sent a letter to its shareholders advising them of the action taken by UOP's board with respect to Signal's offer. This document pointed out, among other things, that on February 28, 1978 "both companies had announced negotiations were being conducted".Despite the swift board action of the two companies, the merger was not submitted to UOP's shareholders until their annual meeting on May 26, 1978. In the notice of that meeting and proxy statement sent to shareholders in May, UOP's management and board urged that the merger be approved. The proxy statement also advised:The price was determined after discussions between James V. Crawford, a director of Signal and Chief Executive Officer of UOP, and officers of Signal which took place during meetings on February 28, 1978, and in the course of several subsequent telephone conversations. (Emphasis added.)In the original draft of the proxy statement the word "negotiations" had been used rather than "discussions". However, when the Securities and Exchange Commission sought details of the "negotiations" as part of its review of these materials, the term was deleted and the word "discussions" was substituted. The proxy statement indicated that the vote of UOP's board in approving the merger had been unanimous. It also advised the shareholders that Lehman Brothers had given its opinion that the merger price of $21 per share was fair to UOP's minority. However, it did not disclose the hurried method by which this conclusion was reached.As of the record date of UOP's annual meeting, there were 11,488,302 shares of UOP common stock outstanding, 5,688,302 of which were owned by the minority. At the meeting only 56%, or 3,208,652, of the minority shares were voted. Of these, 2,953,812, or 51.9% of the total minority, voted for the merger, and 254,840 voted against it. When Signal's stock was added to the minority shares voting in favor, a total of 76.2% of UOP's outstanding shares approved the merger while only 2.2% opposed it.By its terms the merger became effective on May 26, 1978, and each share of UOP's stock held by the minority was automatically converted into a right to receive $21 cash.II.A.A primary issue mandating reversal is the preparation by two UOP directors, Arledge and Chitiea, of their feasibility study for the exclusive use and benefit of Signal. This document was of obvious significance to both Signal and UOP. Using UOP data, it described the advantages to Signal of ousting the minority at a price range of $21-$24 per share. Mr. Arledge, one of the authors, outlined the benefits to Signal:Purpose Of The Merger1) Provides an outstanding investment opportunity for Signal—(Better than any recent acquisition we have seen.)2) Increases Signal's earnings.3) Facilitates the flow of resources between Signal and its subsidiaries(Big factor—works both ways.)4) Provides cost savings potential for Signal and UOP.5) Improves the percentage of Signal's 'operating earnings' as opposed to 'holding company earnings'.6) Simplifies the understanding of Signal.7) Facilitates technological exchange among Signal's subsidiaries.8) Eliminates potential conflicts of interest.Having written those words, solely for the use of Signal it is clear from the record that neither Arledge nor Chitiea shared this report with their fellow directors of UOP. We are satisfied that no one else did either. This conduct hardly meets the fiduciary standards applicable to such a transaction * * *The Arledge-Chitiea report speaks for itself in supporting the Chancellor's finding that a price of up to $24 was a "good investment" for Signal. It shows that a return on the investment at $21 would be 15.7% versus 15.5% at $24 per share. This was a difference of only two-tenths of one percent, while it meant over $17,000,000 to the minority. Under such circumstances, paying UOP's minority shareholders $24 would have had relatively little long-term effect on Signal, and the Chancellor's findings concerning the benefit to Signal, even at a price of $24, were obviously correct. Levitt v. Bouvier, Del.Supr., 287 A.2d 671, 673 (1972).Certainly, this was a matter of material significance to UOP and its shareholders. Since the study was prepared by two UOP directors, using UOP information for the exclusive benefit of Signal, and nothing whatever was done to disclose it to the outside UOP directors or the minority shareholders, a question of breach of fiduciary duty arises. This problem occurs because there were common Signal-UOP directors participating, at least to some extent, in the UOP board's decision making processes without full disclosure of the conflicts they faced.7B.In assessing this situation, the Court of Chancery was required to:examine what information defendants had and to measure it against what they gave to the minority stockholders, in a context in which 'complete candor' is required. In other words, the limited function of the Court was to determine whether defendants had disclosed all information in their possession germane to the transaction in issue. And by 'germane' we mean, for present purposes, information such as a reasonable shareholder would consider important. in Priding whether. to sell or retain stock.* * ** * * Completeness, not adequacy, is both the norm and the mandate under present circumstances. Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., Del.Supr., 383 A.2d 278, 281 (1977) (Lynch /). This is merely stating in another way the long-existing principle of Delaware law that these Signal designated directors on UOP's board still owed UOP and its shareholders an uncompromising duty of loyalty. The classic language of Guth v. Loft, Inc., Del.Supr., 5 A.2d 503, 510 (1939), requires no embellishment:A public policy, existing through the years, and derived from a profound knowledge of human characteristics and motives, has established a rule that demands of a corporate officer or director, peremptorily and inexorably, the most scrupulous observance of his duty, not only affirmatively to protect the interests of the corporation committed to his charge, but also to refrainfrom doing anything that would work injury to the corporation, or to deprive it of. profit or advantage which his skill and ability might properly bring to it, or to enable it to make in the reasonable and lawful exercise of its powers. The rule that requires an undivided and unselfish loyalty to the corporation demands that there shall be no conflict between duty and self-interest. Given the absence of any attempt to structure this transaction on an arm's length basis, Signal cannot escape the effects of the conflicts it faced, particularly when its designees on UOP's board did not totally abstain from participation in the matter. There is no "safe harbor" for such divided loyalties in Delaware. When directors of a Delaware ^ corporation are on both sides of a transaction, they are required to demonstrate their utmost good faith and the most scrupulous inherent P fairness of the bargain. Gottlieb v. Heyden Chemical Corp., Del.Supr., 91 A.2d 57, 57-58 (1952). The requirement of fairness is unflinching in v rP y demand that where one stands on both sides of a transaction, he has the burden of establishing its entire fairness, sufficient to pass the test of careful scrutiny by the courts. Sterling v. Mayflower Hotel Corp., N, Del.Supr., 93 A.2d 107, 110 (1952); Bastian v. Bourns, Inc., Del.Ch., 256 A.2d 680, 681 (1969), aff’d, Del.Supr., 278 A.2d 467 (1970); David J. Greene & Co. v. Dunhill International Inc., Del.Ch., 249 A.2d 427, 431 (1968).There is no dilution of this obligation where one holds dual or multiple directorships, as in a parent-subsidiary context. Levien v. Sinclair Oil Corp., Del.Ch., 261 A.2d 911, 915 (1969). Thus, individuals who act in a dual capacity as directors of two corporations, one of whom is parent and the other subsidiary, owe the same duty of good management to both corporations, and in the absence of an independent negotiating structure (see note 7, supra), or the directors' total abstention from any participation in the matter, this duty is to be exercised in light of what is best for both companies. Warshaw v. Calhoun, Del. Supr., 221 A.2d 487, 492 (1966). The record demonstrates that Signal has not met this obligation.。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

土木工程外文翻译(中英互译版)

使用加固纤维聚合物增强混凝土梁的延性Nabil F. Grace, George Abel-Sayed, Wael F. Ragheb摘要：一种为加强结构延性的新型单轴柔软加强质地的聚合物(FRP)已在被研究，开发和生产(在结构测试的中心在劳伦斯技术大学)。

这种织物是两种碳纤维和一种玻璃纤维的混合物，而且经过设计它们在受拉屈服时应变值较低，从而表达出伪延性的性能。

通过对八根混凝土梁在弯曲荷载作用下的加固和检测对研制中的织物的效果和延性进行了研究。

用现在常用的单向碳纤维薄片、织物和板进行加固的相似梁也进行了检测，以便同用研制中的织物加固梁进行性能上的比拟。

这种织物经过设计具有和加固梁中的钢筋同时屈服的潜力，从而和未加固梁一样，它也能得到屈服台阶。

相对于那些用现在常用的碳纤维加固体系进行加固的梁，这种研制中的织物加固的梁承受更高的屈服荷载，并且有更高的延性指标。

这种研制中的织物对加固机制表达出更大的奉献。

关键词：混凝土，延性，纤维加固，变形介绍外贴粘合纤维增强聚合物〔FRP〕片和条带近来已经被确定是一种对钢筋混凝土结构进行修复和加固的有效手段。

关于应用外贴粘合FRP板、薄片和织物对混凝土梁进行变形加固的钢筋混凝土梁的性能，一些试验研究调查已经进行过报告。

Saadatmanesh和Ehsani〔1991〕检测了应用玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)板进行变形加固的钢筋混凝土梁的性能。

Ritchie等人〔1991〕检测了应用GFRP，碳纤维增强聚合物〔CFRP〕和G/CFRP板进行变形加固的钢筋混凝土梁的性能。

Grace等人〔1999〕和Triantafillou〔1992〕研究了应用CFRP薄片进行变形加固的钢筋混凝土梁的性能。

Norris，Saadatmanesh和Ehsani〔1997〕研究了应用单向CFRP薄片和CFRP织物进行加固的混凝土梁的性能。

在所有的这些研究中，加固的梁比未加固的梁承受更高的极限荷载。

英语科技文献翻译50题

英语科技文献翻译50题1. The discovery of a new species of bacteria has significant implications for biotechnology. 下列翻译正确的是：A. 一种新的细菌物种的发现对生物技术有重要影响。

B. 一种新细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的意思。

C. 一个新物种的细菌的发现对生物技术有重大暗示。

D. 新的一种细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的含义。

答案：A。

解析：“implication”常见释义为“影响；暗示；牵连”，在此句中取“影响”之意。

“significant”表示“重要的；显著的”。

整句翻译要注意语序和词汇的准确选择。

2. Genetic engineering has the potential to revolutionize medicine. 以下翻译恰当的是：A. 基因工程有潜力去革命化医学。

B. 基因工程具有彻底改变医学的潜力。

C. 基因工程有革命医学的可能性。

D. 基因工程有使医学革命化的可能。

答案：B。

解析：“potential”意为“潜力；可能性”，“revolutionize”表示“彻底改变；使发生革命性变革”。

翻译时要体现出准确的逻辑和含义。

3. The research on stem cells offers promising prospects for treating various diseases. 正确的翻译是：A. 关于干细胞的研究为治疗各种各样的疾病提供有希望的前景。

B. 干细胞的研究提供了治疗各种疾病的有希望的前景。

C. 对干细胞的研究为治疗各种疾病提供了有希望的前景。

D. 关于干细胞的研究给治疗不同的疾病提供了有前景的希望。

答案：C。

解析：“prospect”意为“前景；可能性”，“various”表示“各种各样的；不同的”。

注意“on”表示“关于”，翻译要符合中文表达习惯。

高中英语科技论文翻译练习题40题

高中英语科技论文翻译练习题40题1.The term “nanotechnology” refers to the manipulation of matter on an extremely small scale.A.纳米技术B.核能技术C.网络技术D.新能源技术答案：A。

“nanotechnology”就是“纳米技术”；B 选项“核能技术”是“nuclear technology”；C 选项“网络技术”是“network technology”；D 选项“新能源技术”是“new energy technology”。

2.“Genetic engineering” is a field that involves altering the genetic makeup of organisms.A.基因工程B.地理工程C.机械工程D.软件工程答案：A。

“Genetic engineering”是“基因工程”；B 选项“地理工程”是“geographical engineering”；C 选项“机械工程”是“mechanical engineering”；D 选项“软件工程”是“software engineering”。

3.“Artificial intelligence” has the potential to revolutionize many industries.A.人工智能B.人工制造C.艺术灵感D.艺术智能答案：A。

“Artificial intelligence”是“人工智能”；B 选项“人工制造”是“artificial manufacturing”；C 选项“艺术灵感”是“artistic inspiration”；D 选项“艺术智能”不存在这个表达。

4.“Renewable energy sources” include solar power, wind power, and hydro power.A.可再生能源B.新能源C.不可再生能源D.传统能源答案：A。

外文文献翻译范例

正如建筑师和工程师Bruce Graham，Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.（SOM）的芝加哥办公室设计，结构为（225 x为一整体225英尺）一个“绑定圆管状造型”的九个方面的75英尺广场系统，嵌装在一个深色玻璃幕墙。五十层以上，有的就离开广场的塔上升到创建更小的地板加强板和独特的剪影。
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一

英语抄写作业翻译英文

英语抄写作业翻译英文Certainly! Here's an example of an English copywriting homework assignment translated into English:English Copywriting Homework AssignmentObjective: To practice and improve your English writingskills by translating given sentences from English to English, focusing on enhancing the clarity, tone, and impact of the message.Instructions:1. Read the Original Sentences: Carefully read through the provided sentences and understand their meaning.2. Identify Key Points: Note the main ideas and essential information that must be conveyed in the translated sentences.3. Rewrite for Clarity: Rephrase the sentences to make them clearer and more direct, without changing the original meaning.4. Enhance the Tone: Adjust the tone of the sentences tomatch the intended audience and purpose. This could be more formal, informal, persuasive, or friendly.5. Check for Impact: Ensure that the rewritten sentences havea strong impact and are engaging to the reader.6. Proofread: After rewriting, proofread your work for any grammatical errors or typos.Sample Sentences for Translation:- Original: "We provide a wide range of services to meet all your needs."- Rewritten: "Our comprehensive suite of services caters to every requirement you may have."- Original: "Join us today and experience the difference for yourself."- Rewritten: "Discover the exceptional experience by becoming a part of our community today."Submission:- Complete the translation of at least five original sentences.- Submit your work via email to your instructor by the due date.Grading Criteria:- Clarity of the rewritten sentences: 30%- Tone appropriateness: 30%- Impact and engagement: 30%- Grammar and spelling: 10%Due Date: [Insert Date]Remember to focus on the quality of your translations and ensure that they are not only accurate but also engaging and appropriate for the intended audience.。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

翻译作业

翻译作业Unit91: A book may be compared to your neighbor;if it be good,it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early.一本书好比是你的邻居；如果是好的，保持的时间越长越好；如果是坏的，处理的越早越好。

2: Wouldn't you come and stay with us for dinner?你不来和我们一起共进晚餐吗？3: He is more than a match for me.他比我强。

4: There are two aspects to everything;to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other.凡事都有两点，说只有一点叫知其一不知其二。

5：In technology，I think first we have to follow others in most cases，and it is better for us to do so，since that is what we are lacking at present and know little about.在技术方面，我看大部分首先要照办，因为那些我们现在还没有，还不懂，学了比较有利。

6:The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.他始终没有遗弃成为老板的助理的这个想法。

7；Death is no respecter of wealth.死亡是部分贫富贵贱的。

8：It is beyond doubt that china has made brilliant achievement in aviation and space industry in the last forty years.毋庸置疑，中国的航空航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。

矿大研究生英语翻译理论与实践课外作业(4)

Assignment 4I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention tothe translation of the blackened parts.1.The economic environment is characterized by buyers, sellers and competitors.译文：经济环境的特点是买，卖和竞争。

ser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fieldsof science and its adaptability to practical uses.译文：近年来，由于激光的在许多科学领域和实际应用的适用性，使其成为最轰动的发展之一。

3.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.译文：火箭已经应用于对宇宙的探索。

4.If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’sorganizational or managerial structure.译文：如果公司的主要问题还存在，目标还没有完成，那么公司的组织与管理结构就需要做调整。

5.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.译文：他们对从实验中所获得的数据非常满意。

6.We are especially grateful to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation atsuch short notice.译文：我们非常感谢你们能在如此短的时间里为我们安排与机械交易代表团的成员见面。

毕业论文外文翻译样例

1.Briefly on contractsThe law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise （often called implied in law or quasi contract）in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it。

The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity，formalities, offer and acceptance，consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance，frustration and impossibility, discharge，rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries，and remedies。

It has, to a very considerable extent，preserved its unitary quality ，resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties。

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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译浅谈软土质条件下管桩施工的技术措施Ralph B.Peck摘要：高强度预应力混凝土管桩（PHC）以其桩身混凝土强度高，适应性广，耐冲击性能好，穿透力强，具有承载力高，抗弯抗裂性能好，施工快捷、方便，质量稳定可靠，耐久性好等优点，而被广泛应用于高层建筑基础。

本文探讨了管桩施工中的技术措施。

关键词：管桩施工技术操作桩基处理引言：目前，高强度预应力混凝土管桩已被推广应用于房屋建筑和桥梁、码头等工程中。

高强度预应力混凝土管桩（PHC）以其桩身混凝土强度高，适应性广，耐冲击性能好，穿透力强，具有承载力高，抗弯抗裂性能好，施工快捷、方便，质量稳定可靠，耐久性好等优点，而被广泛应用于高层建筑基础。

管桩属挤土桩，施工速度快，软土地区大量施打后，土体超孔隙水压力较大，开挖时如未进行有效控制，将会引起偏桩、断桩等的质量事故发生。

因此，必须针对软土地质特点，在管桩施工、土方开挖方面采取有效技术措施，保证桩基质量和挖土进度。

一、工艺原理软土具有天然含水量高、天然孔隙比大、压缩性高、抗剪强度低、固结系数小、固结时间长、灵敏度高、扰动性大、透水性差、土层层状分布复杂、各层之间物理力学性质相差较大，竖向、水平方向的挤压均容易产生变形。

同时，由于其含水量大，透水性差，受到挤压容易产生较大的超孔隙水压力，并且难以在短时间内消散。

其固结系数小、固结时间长的特点又使其土体受到扰动后难以迅速恢复。

高强度预应力混凝土管桩为挤土桩型，施工速度比较快，由此造成施工区域内的挤土效应。

管桩自身抗压强度较高，但抗弯强度较低，不同土层间水平力的作用容易引起桩身断裂。

因此，软土地区管桩的施工对土方开挖有着极大的影响。

挖土的部署以及采取的技术措施，都应围绕“避免土体应力过快释放，避免土体施工荷载过大，合理控制土体位移与应力释放”这样的原则进行。

二、操作要点1．挖土部署1.1软土地区预应力管桩基础置换率一般在4％左右，土方开挖前应切实了解以下情况，据此编制挖土施工方案，明确挖土部署和技术措施：a场地地质情况，b周毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译边邻近建（构）筑物及需保护管线情况，c围护设计，d桩长、桩间距、置换率等桩基设计情况，e打桩顺序、压桩记录等桩基施工情况。

1.2土方开挖宜分皮进行，每皮厚度应控制在2m左右（土钉墙围护结构基坑根据土钉墙分层厚度控制），上皮挖除后再开挖下皮。

坑内分级挖土留设台阶时，台阶宽度与台阶下挖土深度之比应在5以上。

坑内土方坡道设置应避开塘泥等软弱区块，坡道两侧土体放坡系数在1:1.5以内应考虑喷射砼护坡，土质特别差的应加设Φ6.5@200×200钢筋网片。

应尽量避免工程桩位于土方坡道两侧斜坡上，如桩基较密无法避免应考虑灌芯或喷锚加固，或改用钢结构栈桥作为土方坡道。

1.3禁止边压桩边开挖，开挖与桩基全部完成间隔时间应在15天以上（钻打法10天以上）。

1.4承台、地梁位置如土质仍较差，宜采用人工挖土，避免挖机荷载及震动对土体的影响。

1.5截桩安排应提前考虑。

开挖前，应对露出表面的桩先行截除；开挖过程中，应根据挖土流程分段截除。

1.6挖机、车辆选择应尽量避免采用大型设备。

应尽量选择小挖机，如PC100以下。

坑内运土车辆避免使用10t大车。

2．挖土技术措施2.1挖土应逐层均匀进行，桩两侧土体高差不得大于1m。

2.2禁止挖机碰撞桩身。

机械开挖至桩顶30cm时桩两侧1m内土体采用人工开挖。

2.3挖机、土方车辆行走路线及两侧工程桩应视具体情况采取喷锚、铺路基箱、填塘渣、换土等加固措施。

2.4坡区及坡顶内外侧3米范围内，管桩内放入6米长6Φ14钢筋笼，箍筋为Φ6@300，钢筋笼顶标高位于桩顶以下1米处，在钢筋笼范围内灌入C20微膨胀混凝土。

2.5在场地软硬土层交界处标高上下2m范围内，也可采取管桩内加筋灌砼的措施。

2.6为减少静力压桩的挤土效应对土方开挖的影响，可选用以下措施：a设置袋装砂井或塑料排水板，以消除部分超孔隙水压力，减少挤土现象。

袋装砂井直径一般为70～80mm，间距l～1.5m，深度10～12m。

塑料排水板的深度、间距与袋装砂井相同。

b应力释放孔，直径400，均匀布置，深度10m左右或为桩长的0.8倍。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译3．桩基问题的处理3.1开挖后如面临桩偏位、倾斜问题，可根据动测情况判定桩身质量，分别加以处理。

如果桩身无断裂，可采用千斤顶推（拉）并灌芯的方法进行处理。

千斤顶推（拉）力不得大于单桩水平承载力。

如果桩身有裂缝，可采用接桩、补锚桩的方法进行处理。

如果桩身裂缝较深，且桩倾斜较大，沉井接桩也无法实施。

同时，锚桩长度25m承载力不够。

此时，可考虑底板相应位置留孔，待底板完成后，打设钻孔桩。

3.2管桩打入时的挤土作用会使附近已打好的桩及原有建筑物或周围其他设施产生破坏。

挤土程度的大小除了与桩的截面积及某处与桩间的距离有关外，还与桩长、桩型、打桩速率及打桩顺序有较大关系。

3.3考虑到管桩施工产生的挤土效应对土方开挖情况的影响较大，为做好预控，提出几点对管桩施工技术措施建议：3.3.1桩机自重与场地软弱土层承载力以ZYJ－500液压静力压桩机为例，桩机自重506T，平面尺寸12m×8.4m，平均压力约5T/m2。

如表层或接近表层的土质物理力学性能较差，桩机行走和施打时容易沉陷，不仅不利于施工，而且，表层的深陷导致深层土体的位移、周边土体的隆起，容易引起管桩偏移、倾斜，甚至桩身断裂。

因此，在桩机选型和确定打桩路线时，应考虑到表层土地基承载力和软弱下卧层地基沉降问题。

采用表层铺设塘渣、枕木、路基箱等方式加固地基，分散桩机荷载。

3.3.2减小挤土效应技术措施a据工程经验，白天打桩引起的土体位移增加值会在夜晚停歇时有约25％的回落，如夜晚继续打桩，挤土效应引起的土体水平、竖向位移会一直增加不回落。

因此，应避免24小时不停歇的打桩安排。

b桩基置换率大于4％时可采用预钻孔沉桩，孔径约比桩径小50～100mm，深度视桩距和土的密实度、渗透性而定，深度宜为桩长的1/3～1/2（不超过12m），施工时应随钻随打。

c工程周边、分期施工的区块周边可考虑应力释放孔、隔震沟、砂井等措施。

3.3.3沉桩线路的选定沉桩线路应尽量采取“走长线蛇形线路”，在邻近建筑物或需保护管线区域应考虑“由近及远”的施工方向。

由此，可以给超孔隙水压力消散提供尽量长的时间，避免其累积叠加，减小挤土影响。

3.3.4压桩速度控制沉桩速度一般控制在lm/min左右为宜，使各层土体能正确反映其抗剪能力。

当地基表层中存在大块石头等障碍物时，要避免压偏。

3.4施工现场应备有应急措施的砂袋、钢管、钢筋、水泥、注浆机、发电机等施工毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译工具。

地面出现裂缝采取灌浆修补，防止地表水渗入，并及时组织项目部和有关专家查明裂缝产生原因。

当出现边坡水平位移超过警戒值，应立即停止相应范围内的土方开挖，必要时采取回填或设置临时支撑松木桩钢板桩加固，以控制变形发展。

综上所述，软弱土地质条件下，土方开挖过程中施工部署和技术措施的合理安排，以及管桩施工减小挤土效应的有效控制，可以有效地避免土体位移引起的管桩偏移、断桩、周边道路、建筑物沉降等问题，社会效益显著。

同时，减少桩基问题的处理也减少了费用的支出。

参考文献[1]德波尔,“岩土力学理论-建筑”英国太沙基工业出版社，pp175-186[2]约翰威利父子公司，“基础工程建设指南”美国工程建设出版社，1989年[3]马丹属，阿罗拉,“项目管理：一步超越”英国土木建筑出版社，1996年10月，pp67 - 68[4]史蒂夫伯德特“新兴角色管理inCilvil工程”美国国际建筑出版社，1996年7月，pp69 - 73文章出处：《中国学术研究2011年第五期》中国学术研究协会，中国教育学会课程研究会。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译Soft soil conditions of the technical measures pipe constructionRalph B.PeckAbstract:The high-strength prestressed concrete pile (PHC) with its high strength concrete pile, wide adaptability and good impact resistance, penetration, with high capacity, flexural cracking performance, construction of fast, convenient stable and reliable quality, durability, etc., and is widely used in high-rise building foundation. This paper discusses the technical measures in the pipe construction.Key words: pile construction; technical operations; pile treatmentIntroduction：Currently, high-strength prestressed concrete pipe has been applied to housing construction and bridges, piers and other projects. High-strength prestressed concrete pipe (PHC) with its high strength concrete pile, wide adaptability, good impact resistance, penetration, with high capacity, flexural cracking good performance, construction speed, convenience, quality reliability, durability and good, and is widely used in high-rise building foundation. Pipe is soil compaction piles, construction speed, a large number of injections in soft soil area, the soil pore water pressure, excavation without effective control, will cause partial piles, such as the quality of the broken pile accident . Therefore, we must for the quality characteristics of soft soil in the pipe construction, earth excavation techniques and adopt effective measures to guarantee the progress of pile foundation and excavation.Process PrincipleHigh water content soft soil has a natural, natural void ratio, high compressibility, low shear strength, coefficient of consolidation, consolidation for a long time, high sensitivity, disturbance of the large, poor permeability, complex distribution of soil layer, the physical and mechanical properties between the layers of difference between the larger, vertical, horizontal squeeze all prone to deformation.Also, because of its large water content, poor permeability, squeezed easily have a greater excess pore water pressure, and difficult to disperse in a short time. The coefficient of consolidation, consolidation characteristics of a long time and disturbed the soil after it difficult to quickly recover.毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译High-strength prestressed concrete pipe pile to soil compaction, construction, faster, and the resulting soil compaction within the construction area effect. Pile itself high compressive strength, flexural strength but low levels of power between the different role of soil prone to pile fracture. Therefore, the construction of soft soil on the earth excavation pipe has a great impact. Excavation of the deployment and technical measures, should be around "to avoid excessive soil stress release, to avoid excessive construction load of soil, reasonable control of soil displacement and stress release," such principles.Operating Points1.excavators deployed1.1The basis of soft soil prestressed concrete pipe replacement rate is generally around 4%, before excavation practical understanding of the following circumstances under which the preparation of excavation construction plan, deploy, and technical measures clearly digging: a site geological conditions, b around adjacent building (structure) and the need to protect the pipeline case, c enclosure design, d pile length, pile spacing, pile foundation design exchange rate situation, e piling order, piling records and other foundation construction situation.1.2Excavation should be carried out sub-skin, skin thickness should be controlled in each of about 2m (soil nailing pit envelope layer under the soil nail wall thickness control), after the excavation of excavation under the skin epithelium. Pit excavation leaving in graded steps, step width and the depth of excavation over the next steps should be 5 or more. Earth pit should be set to avoid the pond scum ramp so weak block, put the soil on both sides of the ramp slope coefficient of less than 1:1.5 should be considered in the sprayed concrete slope protection, soil particularly bad should be added Φ6.5 @ 200 × 200 steel mesh. Should be avoided in the earth piles on both sides of the ramp slope, such as dense pile can not be avoided should be considered or gunite reinforced grouted, or switch to steel bridge as the earthwork ramp.1.3Edge against edge piling excavation, excavation and pile interval should be completed in 15 days or more (more than 10 days drilling play).毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译1.4Caps, ground beam position if the soil is still poor, the appropriate use of artificial excavation, avoid digging machine loading and vibration effects on the soil.1.5Cut pile arrangement should think ahead. Excavation before exposing the surface of the pile should be cut first; excavation process, the process should be based on sub-excavation cut off.1.6Digging machines, vehicles should be chosen to avoid using large equipment. Should try to choose a small digging machines, such as PC100 below. Vehicles to avoid the use of earth pit 10t cart.2. Technical measures digging2.1Excavation should be carried out layer by layer evenly, on both sides of the soil pile height shall not exceed 1m.2.2Collision against digging machine shaft. Mechanical excavation to the top of the pile 1m 30cm on both sides of the pile with the soil excavated.2.3Digging machines, moving vehicles, routes and both sides of the pile, as the case should be taken to spray anchor, paving the way for the base box, pond residue, such as for soil reinforcement.2.4Top of the hill slope areas and within 3 meters inside and outside, into the 6-meter long pipe 6Φ14 within the reinforcement cage, stirrup to Φ6 @ 300, top elevation of the reinforcement cage is located at 1 m below top of the pile, the reinforcement cage within the irrigation C20 micro-expansion into the concrete.2.5Soft and hard layer at the junction of the venue up and down elevation range of 2m, but also take concrete irrigation pipe within the reinforcement measures.2.6To reduce static piling of the squeezing effect on the impact of excavation, the choice of the following measures: a set of sand bags or plastic drain well to remove part of the excess pore water pressure, reduce soil compaction phenomenon. Sand Wick diameter is generally 70 ~ 80mm, spacing l ~ 1.5m, the depth of 10 ~ 12m. Plastic drain depth, spacing and the same Sand Wick. b stress release holes, diameter of 400, uniformly arranged around the depth of 10m or 0.8 times the pile length.3.Handling of pile毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译3.1Pile after excavation, such as face deviation, skew problems, according to pile dynamic testing conditions to determine the quality of, respectively, to be addressed. If the pile without breaking, jack can be used to push (pull) and the core of the method of irrigation treatment. Jack push (pull) force shall not be greater than the horizontal bearing capacity of single pile. If there are cracks in the pile, can be connected piles, anchor piles make way for processing. If deep cracks in the pile, and pile inclination larger caisson pile can not be implemented then. Meanwhile, the length of 25m anchor pile bearing capacity is not enough. At this point, consider the corresponding bottom hole location to stay until the floor is completed, set to play bored piles.3.2Pile into the soil compaction when the role will have to play well near the original building or the surrounding piles and other facilities have destroyed. In addition to the size of soil compaction and the degree of cross-sectional area and somewhere in the pile and the distance between piles, but also with the pile length, pile, piling rate and more related to the piling sequence.3.3Taking into account the pipe construction squeezing effect generated by the situation on the impact of large earth excavation, in order to make pre-control, to make a few suggestions on technical measures pipe construction:3.3.1Pile weight bearing capacity of soft soil with the site to ZYJ-500 as an example of hydraulic static pile driver, pile driver weight 506T, plane size 12m × 8.4m, the average pressure of about 5T/m2. Surface or near the surface, such as physical and mechanical properties of soil is poor, when the pile driver is easy walking and injections of settlement, is not conducive to construction, and that led to the deep surface of the deep soil displacement, uplift of the surrounding soil, easily lead pipe pile offset, tilt, or pile fracture. Therefore, in the pile driver, route selection and determine the piling should take into account the land surface of the base load capacity and weak underlying layer of foundation settlement problems. Pond by laying the surface residue, ties, roadbed foundation reinforcement boxes, etc., scattered pile driver load.3.3.2Effect of technical measures to reduce soil compaction, according to engineering experience a day and piling soil displacement caused by the added value will stop at毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译night when about 25% of the decline, such as the night continued piling, compacting effect of soil caused by the level of vertical will always increase in displacement does not come down. Therefore, we should avoid the 24-hour non-stop piling arrangements. b pile replacement rate of more than 4% can be pre-bored piling, pile diameter smaller than the pore size of about 50 ~ 100mm, depth of soil as the pile spacing and density, permeability, depending on the depth of the pile length of 1 should be / 3 to 1 / 2 (less than 12m), construction should be drilling with the fight. c projects around, stage construction of the blocks around the hole could be considered stress release, isolation trenches, sand wells and other measures.3.3.3Pile pile selected line route should be taken to "take the long snake-like lines" in the adjacent building or area should consider the need to protect the pipeline, "from near and far," the construction of direction. As a result, can dissipate excess pore water pressure to provide as long as possible, to avoid the accumulation of superimposed, reducing the squeezing effect.3.3.4Pile piling speed control speed control in general lm / min is appropriate, to properly reflect the physical layers of soil shear strength. Exist in the local base surface obstructions such as large stones, it is necessary to avoid the pressure side.3.4The construction site should be equipped with emergency measures of sand bags, steel, steel, cement, grouting machines, generators and other construction tools. Grouting to repair cracks in the ground to prevent surface water infiltration, and promptly organize the project department and experts to identify cause of the cracks. When the horizontal displacement of the slope above the warning value, should immediately stop the appropriate range of earth excavation, backfill, or, when necessary, temporary steel sheet piles of pine pile support to control the deformation development.In summary, weak geological condition, the process of construction of earth excavation and technical measures to deploy a reasonable arrangement, and the pipe construction reduces the effective control of squeezing effect, can effectively avoid the pile soil displacement caused by partial shift, broken pile, the surrounding roads, building settlement and other issues, social benefits. At the same time, reduce the pile's毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译handling also reduces expenses.References[1]De Boer,The Orijins of the Theory of Consolidation:the Terzaghi-Fillunger dispute,Geotechnique 46,No2,pp175-186[2]John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Encyclopedia of architecuure,Design,Engineering&Construction,1989[3]Madan L.Arora,“Project Management:One Step Beyond”,Civil Engineering,October 1996,pp67-68[4]Steve Burdett,“Emerging Role of Management inCilvil Engineering”,International Construction,July,1996,pp69-73Article Source：《China Academic Studies Fifth in 2011》。