建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译练习

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建筑环境与设备工程专业英语

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语

AHU =air handling unit 空调箱air conditioning load空调负荷air distribution气流组织air handling unit 空气处理单元air shower 风淋室air-side pressure.drop空气侧压降aluminum accessories in clean room 洁净室安装铝材as-completed drawing 修改竣工图layout 设计图brass stop valve 铜闸阀canvas connection terminal 帆布接头centigrade scale 摄氏温度chiller accessories水冷柜机排水及配料chiller assembly水冷柜机安装工费chiller unit 水冷柜机基础clean bench 净化工作台clean class 洁净度clean room 洁净室无尘室correction factor修正系数DCC=dry coil units 干盘管district cooling 区域供冷direct return system异程式系统displacement ventilation置换通风drawn No.图号elevation立面图entering air temp进风温度entering water temp进水温度Fahrenheit scale 华氏温度fan coil unit 风机盘管FFU=fan filter units 风扇过滤网组final 施工图flow velocity 流速fresh air supply 新风供给fresh air unit 新风处理单元ground source heat pump地源热泵gross weight 毛重heating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节HEPA=high efficiency particulate air 高效过滤网high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器horizontal series type水平串联式hot water supply system生活热水系统humidity 湿度hydraulic calculation水力计算isometric drawing轴测图leaving air temp 出风温度leaving water temp出水温度lood vacuum pump中央集尘泵NAU=make up air handling unit schedule 外气空调箱natural smoke exhausting自然排烟net weight 净重noise reduction消声nominal diameter 公称直径oil-burning boiler燃油锅炉one way stop return valve 单向止回阀operation energy consumption运行能耗pass box 传递箱particle sizing and counting method 计径计数法Piping accessories 水系统辅材piping assembly 配管工费plan 平面图RAC=recirculation air cabinet unit schedule 循环组合空调单元ratio controller 比例调节器ratio flow control 流量比例控制ratio gear 变速轮ratio meter 比率计rational 合理性的,合法的;有理解能力的rationale (基本)原理;原理的阐述rationality 有理性,合理性rationalization proposal 合理化建义ratio of compression 压缩比ratio of expansion 膨胀比ratio of run-off 径流系数ratio of slope 坡度ratio of specific heat 比热比raw 生的,原状的,粗的;未加工的raw coal 原煤raw cotton 原棉raw crude producer gas 未净化的发生炉煤气raw data 原始数据raw fuel stock 粗燃料油raw gas 未净化的气体real gas 实际气体realignment 重新排列,改组;重新定线realm 区域,范围,领域real work 实际工作ream 铰孔,扩孔rear 后部,背面,后部的rear arch 后拱rear axle 后轴rear-fired boiler 后燃烧锅炉rear pass 后烟道rearrange 调整;重新安排[布置] rearrangement 调整,整顿;重新排列[布置] reason 理由,原因;推理reasonable 合理的,适当的reassembly 重新装配reaumur 列氏温度计reblading 重装叶片,修复叶片recalibration 重新校准[刻度]recapture 重新利用,恢复recarbonation 再碳化作用recast 另算;重作;重铸receiving basin 蓄水池receiving tank 贮槽recentralizing 恢复到中心位置;重定中心;再集中receptacle 插座[孔];容器reception of heat 吸热recessed radiator 壁龛内散热器,暗装散热器recharge well 回灌井reciprocal 倒数;相互的,相反的,住复的reciprocal action 反复作用reciprocal compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocal feed pump 往复式蒸汽机reciprocal grate 往复炉排reciprocal motion 住复式动作reciprocal proportion 反比例reciprocal steam engine 往复式蒸汽机reciprocate 往复(运动),互换reciprocating 往复的,来回的,互相的,交替的reciprocating ( grate ) bar 往复式炉排片reciprocating compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocating condensing unit 往复式冷冻机reciprocating packaged liquid chiller 往复式整体型冷水机组reciprocating piston pump 往复式活塞泵reciprocating pump 往复泵,活塞泵reciprocating refrigerator 往复式制冷机recirculate 再循环recirculated 再循环的recirculated air 再循环空气[由空调场所抽出,然后通过空调装置,再送回该场所的回流空气]recirculated air by pass 循环空气旁路recircilated air intake 循环空气入口recirculated cooling system 再循环冷却系统recirculating 再循环的,回路的recirculating air duct 再循环风道recirculating fan 再循环风机recirculating line 再循环管路recirculating pump 再循环泵recirculation 再循环recirculation cooling water 再循环冷却水recirculation ratio 再循环比recirculation water 再循环水reclaim 再生,回收;翻造,修复reclaimer 回收装置;再生装置reclamation 回收,再生,再利用reclamation of condensate water蒸汽冷凝水回收recombination 再化[结]合,复合,恢复recommended level of illumination 推荐的照度标准reconnaissance 勘察,调查研究record drawing 详图、大样图、接点图d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES建筑材料词汇及短语【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role职务名称】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. LOAD 荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书 planning proposals设计任务书 design order标准规范standards and codes条件图 information drawing设计基础资料 basic data for design 工艺流程图 process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料 original data设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案 scheme, draft草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究 feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design询价图 enquiry drawing施工图 working drawing,construction drawing竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION气象条件日照 sunshine风玫瑰 wind rose主导风向 prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载 wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning 飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量 annual rainfall湿球温度 wet bulb temperature干球温度 dry bulb temperature冰冻期 frost period冰冻线 frost line冰冻区 frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度 relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房 service room换班室 shift room休息室 rest room (break room)起居室 living room浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室 locker room厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间 cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室 meeting room衣柜间 ward robe暖风间 H.V.A.C room饭店 restaurant餐厅 canteen, dining room厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处 reception area会计室 accountant room秘书室 secretary room电气室 electrical room控制室 control room工长室 foreman office开关柜室 switch gear前室 antecabinet (Ante.)生产区 production area马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房 utility room化验室 laboratory room经理室 manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室 guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊 roof ridge坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油2 layers of felt &3 coats of bitumastic附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐 overhanging eave檐沟 eave gutter平屋面 flat roof坡屋面 pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe)(R.W.P)汇水面积 catchment area泛水 flashing内排水 interior drainage外排水 exterior drainage滴水 drip屋面排水 roof drainage找平层 leveling course卷材屋面 built-up roofing天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板 roofing board天花板 ceiling board防水层 water-proof course检查孔 inspection hole人孔 manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING)墙体(外墙板)砖墙 brick wall砌块墙 block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙 rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙 bearing wall非承重墙 non-bearing wall纵墙 longitudinal wall横墙 transverse wall外墙 external (exterior) wall内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙 filler wall防火墙 fire wall窗间墙 wall between window空心墙 cavity wall压顶 coping圈梁 gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断 glazed wall防潮层 damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony伸缩缝 expansion joint沉降缝 settlement joint抗震缝 seismic joint复合夹心板 sandwich board压型单板 corrugated single steelplate外墙板 cladding panel复合板 composite panel轻质隔断 light-weight partition牛腿 bracket砖烟囱 brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实 rammed earth炉渣夯实 tamped cinder填土 filled earth回填土夯实 tamped backfill垫层 bedding course, blinding面层 covering, finish结合层 bonding (binding) course找平层 leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面 concrete floor水泥地面 cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面 terrazzo flooring马赛克地面 mosaic flooring瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2%坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind)塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁 reinforced brick lintel窗扇 casement sash窗台 window sill窗台板 window board窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条 cover mould窗帘盒 curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链 parliament hinge闭门器 door closer地弹簧 floor closer插销 bolt门锁 door lock拉手 pull链条 chain门钩 door hanger碰球 ball latch窗钩 window catch暗插销 insert bolt电动开关器 electric opener平板玻璃 plate glass夹丝玻璃 wire glass透明玻璃 clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃 bullet-proof glass石英玻璃 quartz glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃 polished glass着色玻璃 pigmented glass玻璃瓦 glass tile玻璃砖 glass block有机玻璃 organic glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯 emergency stair旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯 crane ladder直爬梯 vertical ladder踏步 step扇形踏步 winder (wheel step)踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度 tread width防滑条 non-slip insert (strips)栏杆 railing (balustrade)平台栏杆 platform railing吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole扶手 handrail梯段高度 height of flight防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台 landing (platform)操作平台 operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台 stair landing客梯 passenger lift货梯 goods lift客/货两用梯 goods/passenger lift液压电梯 hydraulic lift自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯 observation elevator电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑 lift pit电梯井道 lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES建筑材料词汇及短语• Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖 red brick粘土砖 clay brick瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖 fire brick空心砖 hollow brick面砖 facing brick地板砖 flooring tile缸砖 clinkery brick马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土 ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦 glazed tile脊瓦 ridge tile石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet• Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉 white marble花岗岩 granite碎石 crushed stone毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂 course sand中砂 medium sand细砂 fine sand• Cement, Morta r and Concrete水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥)Portland cement硅酸盐水泥 silicate cement火山灰水泥 pozzolana cement白水泥 white cement水泥砂浆 cement mortar石灰砂浆 lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆 thermal mortar防水砂浆 water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆 acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆 alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆 bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝 mortar joint素混凝土 plain concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete轻质混凝土 lightweight concrete细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete炉渣混凝土 cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石 granitic plaster斩假石 artificial stone刷浆 lime wash可赛银 casein大白浆 white wash麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned板条抹灰 lath and plaster• Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材 asphalt felt沥青填料 asphalt filler沥青胶泥 asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiber• Timber 木材裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材glue-laminated lumber纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo• Metallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steelbBar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel atrap型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel• Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead• Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resin• Building Hardware 建筑五金钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washer• Paint 油漆底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语• Discipline 专业建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水 water supply and drainage总图 plot plan采暖通风H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应 electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 piping• Conventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building 工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings 附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume货流量 freight traffic volume人流量 pedestrian volume透视图 perspective drawing建筑模型 building model• Architectural Physics 建筑物理照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technician• Drafting 制图总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted图纸目录 list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale...平面示意图 schematic plan of......平剖面图 sectional plan of...留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面 cross (transverse) section立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing...布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋 arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标technical and economical index建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线 dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound 吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation设计标高 designed elevation室外地面标高 ground elevation室内地面标高 floor elevation柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxideextinguisher卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher不知道有没有人用得着这个,还有好多下次再发好讨厌的30秒和四千字作者:sea526 回复日期:2005-12-15 20:43:00俩字:恐怖2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. Load 荷载拔力 pulling force标准值 standard value残余应力 residual stress冲击荷载 impact load, punch load残余变形 residual deflection承压 bearing承载能力 bearing capacity承重 bearing, load bearing承重结构 bearing structure脆性材料 brittle material脆性破坏 brittle failure抵抗力 resisting power, resistance吊车荷载 crane load分布荷载 distributed load风荷载 wind load风速 wind velocity, wind speed风压 wind pressure风振 wind vibration浮力 buoyance, floatage符号 symbol, mark负弯矩negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载 additional load附加应力 additional stress副作用 side effect, by-effect刚度 rigidity刚度比 ratio of rigidity刚度系数 rigidity factor刚接 rigid connection刚性节点 rigid joint恒载 dead load荷载传递 transmission of load固端弯矩 fixed-end moment活荷载 live load积灰荷载 dust load集中荷载 concentrated load加载, 加荷 loading剪力 shear, shearing force剪切破坏 shear failure剪应变 shear strain剪应力 shear stress简支 simple support静定结构statically determinate structure截面模量 modulus of section,section modulus静力 static force静力分析 static analysis局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈 local bulkling绝对值 absolute value均布荷载uniformly distributed load抗拔力 pulling resistance抗剪刚度 shear rigidity抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度 tensile strength抗扭 torsion resistance抗扭刚度 torsional rigidity抗弯 bending resistance抗弯刚度 bending rigidity抗压强度 compressive strength,compression strength可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design拉力 tensile force拉应力tensile stress, tension stress拉应变tensile strain, tension strain临界点 critical point临界荷载 critical load临界应力 critical stress密度 density离心力 centrifugal force摩擦力 friction force摩擦系数 frictional factor挠度 deflection内力 internal force, inner force扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度 fatigue strength偏心荷载eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric distance, eccentricity偏心受拉 eccentric tension偏心受压 eccentric compression屈服强度 yield strength使用荷载 working load水平力 horizontal force水平推力 horizontal thrust弹塑性变形elastoplastic deformation弹性elasticity, resilience, spring塑限 plastic limit弹性变形 elastic deformation塑性变形 plastic deformation弹性模量 modulus of elastic,elastic modulus体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage土压力earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩 bending moment, moment弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve位移 displacement温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action系数 coefficient, factor雪荷载 snow load压应变 compression strain压应力 compression stress应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力prestressing force, prestress振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load支座反力 support reaction自重 own weight作用 action, effect作用点point of application,application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation地基及基础板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile板桩基础 sheet pile foundation饱和粘土 saturation clay冰冻线 frost line, freezing level不均匀沉降unequal settlement, differential settlement残积土 residual soil沉积物 deposit, sediment沉降 settlement沉降差 difference in settlement沉降缝 settlement joint沉井 sinking well, sunk well沉箱 caisson持力层 bearing stratum冲积 alluviation锤夯 hammer tamping档土墙 retaining wall, breast wall底板base slab, base plate, bedplate地板 floor board地基 ground base, ground地基承载力 ground bearing capacity地基处理ground treatment, soil treatment地基稳定 base stabilization地梁 ground beam, ground sill地漏 floor drain地下工程 substructure work,understructure work地下室 basement, cellar地下水 ground water地下水位 groundwater level, water table地下水压力 ground water pressure地质报告 geologic report垫层 bedding, blinding独立基础isolated foundation, individual foundation端承桩 end-bearing pile筏式基础 raft foundation粉砂 silt, rock flour粉质粘土 silty clay粉质土 silty soil扶壁式档土墙 buttressed retaining wall腐蚀 corrosion覆土 earth covering刚性基础 rigid foundation沟盖板 trench cover固结 consolidation灌注桩 cast-in-place pile, cast in site pile护坡 slope protection, revetment护桩 guard pile环墙 ring wall灰土 lime earth回填 backfill, backfilling回填土 backfill, backfill soil混凝土找平层 concrete screed火山灰水泥 trass cement基槽 foundation trench基础 foundation, base基础底板 foundation slab基础埋深embedded depth of foundation基础平面图 foundation plan地基勘探site exploration, site investigation基坑 foundation pit集水坑 collecting sump阶形基础 stepped foundation结合层binding course, bonding course井点 well point井点排水 well point unwatering开挖 excavation, cutting勘测 exploration and survey勘测资料 exploration data沥青 bitumen, asphalt, pitch联合基础 combined foundation卵石 cobble, pebble埋置 embedment毛石基础 rubble foundation锚筋 anchor bar锚桩 anchor pile密实度compactness, density, denseness摩擦桩 friction pile, floating pile粘土 clay粘质粉土 clay silt碾压 roller compaction, rolling排水 drainage, dewatering排水沟 drainage ditch排水孔 weep hole, drain hole排水设备 dewatering equipment普通硅酸盐水泥 ordinary Portland cement群桩 grouped piles容许沉降 permissible settlement容许承载力 allowable bearing软土 soft soil砂垫层 sand bedding course, sand cushion砂土 sandy soil, sands砂质粉土 sandy silt设备基础 equipment foundation水泥搅拌桩 cement injection素土夯实 rammed earth, packed soil碎石桩 stone columns弹性地基 elastic foundation弹性地基梁beam on elastic foundation填方 fill, filling填土earth-fill, earth filling, filling条形基础 strip foundation土方工程 earthwork挖方 excavation work, excavation箱形基础 box foundation压实 compaction, compacting压实系数 compacting factor验槽 check of foundation subsoil预制混凝土桩 precast concrete pile中砂 medium sand重力式档土墙gravity retaining wall桩承台 pile cap钻孔桩 bored pile钻探exploration drilling, drilling,最终沉降 final settlementc.Reinforcement Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构板缝 slab joint板厚 thickness of slab板式楼梯 cranked slab stairs板跨度 span of slab薄壁结构 thin-walled structure薄腹梁 thin wedded girder保护层 protective coating臂式吊车 boom crane, boom hoist边梁 edge beam, boundary beam变截面 variable cross-section变形缝 movement joint变形钢筋 deformed bar初凝 initial setting, pre-setting次梁 secondary beam大型屋面板 precast ribbed roof slab单层厂房 one-storied factory单筋梁beam with single reinforcement单跨 single span单向板 one-way slab垫块 cushion block垫梁 template beam吊车梁 crane beam, crane girder顶棚抹灰 ceiling plastering端跨 end span, tail bay多跨连续梁 multi-span beam翻边 upstand反梁 upstand beam分布钢筋 distribution-bar封闭式箍筋 closed stirrup附加钢筋 additional bar刚架 rigid frame, stiff frame钢筋 reinforcement, steel bar, bar钢筋表 Bar Schedules钢筋笼 steel reinforcement cage钢筋间距spacing of bars, bar spacing钢筋网 bar-mat reinforcement,mesh reinforcement钢筋砖 reinforced brick勾缝 joint pointing构架 frame, gallows构件 member, structural member构造 construction构造钢筋constructional reinforcement构造柱 onstructional column, tie column构筑物 structure箍筋 hoop reinforcement, hooping箍筋间距 stirrup spacing固定端 fixed end, retained end固端梁 fixed-end beam, fixed beam。

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语段落翻译

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语段落翻译

2. Conduction(导热)The best heat-insulating solids own their insulating properties to the air or to other gases contained in cells within the material.(最好的隔热材料在空气和材料细胞中拥有自己的绝热性能。

)These cells cause the heat to flow through the solid material through a long tortuous passage. (这些细胞使热量需要通过一个漫长曲折的通道才能流过这个坚实的固体。

)In addition, the available cross-sectional area of the solid material is much less than the projected area. (另外,见识的固体材料可用的横截面面积比投影面你少得多。

)Experimental evidence shows that many small unicellular pockets of gas are much more effective than a series of connected cells having the same total volume in giving insulating value to a substance. (试验表明,一个物体在给定的总量上具有相同的绝热值上,许多小口袋气体单细胞比的一系列连通细胞更加有效)There may be considerable variation in the thermal conductivity of any given insulating material because the conductivity depends on its density, the size and number of its air cells, and its absorbed moisture.(在任何给定的绝热材料的导热系数方面有很大的差异,这是因为导热系数取决于它的密度,空气细胞的大小和数量,和它吸收的水蒸气。

环境科学与工程专业英语第四版翻译答案

环境科学与工程专业英语第四版翻译答案

环境科学与工程专业英语第四版翻译答案单项选择(每小题2分,共30道题)1. She refused to ___ the door key to the landlady until she got back her deposit. [单选题] *A. hand inB.hand outC.hand downD.hand over(正确答案)2. I've never been to Lhasa, but that's the city___. [单选题] *A.I'd most like to visit(正确答案)B. where I like to visit?C. which I like to visit mostlyD. I'd like much to visit3. He ___ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. [单选题] *A. may have acted(正确答案)B. must have actedC. should actD. would act4. The government____ to approve the use of wide-spead surveillance when the Justice Department took objections. [单选题] *A. is goingB. had beenC. was about(正确答案)D. is coming5. Although ____ Spanish, he attended the course. [单选题] *A. he was knowingB. he is knowingC. having a knowledge of(正确答案)D. knows6. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are so excited today, for they bought____ yesterday. [单选题] *A. many furnituresB. so much furnitureC. many piece of furnitureD. a lot of furniture(正确答案)7. Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotelsof____standards. [单选题] *A. equivalent(正确答案)B. likelyC. alikeD. uniform8. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, ____ very pleasant to sit on in summer. [单选题] *A. which is(正确答案)B. which it isC. it isD. where it is9. If you have really been studying English for so long. It's about time you ___ able to write letters in English. [单选题] *A. should beB. were(正确答案)C. must beD . are10. He's ___ as a “bellyacher”—— he's always complaining about some thing. [单选题] *A. who is knownB. whom is knownC. what is known(正确答案)D. which is known11. way(). [单选题] *A.路,道路;方法,方式;方面(正确答案)B.高速公路C.快速干道,高速公路D.传送,运送;传达,表达12. expressway() [单选题] *A.路,道路;方法,方式;方面B.高速公路C.快速干道,高速公路(正确答案)D.传送,运送;传达,表达13. freeway() [单选题] *A.路,道路;方法,方式;方面B.高速公路(正确答案)C.快速干道,高速公路D.传送,运送;传达,表达14. convey() [单选题] *A.交通工具,车辆;传播媒介,工具,手段B.显然的,明显的C.先前的,以前的D.传送,运送;传达,表达(正确答案)15. vehicle() [单选题] *A.交通工具,车辆;传播媒介,工具,手段(正确答案)B.显然的,明显的C.先前的,以前的D.传送,运送;传达,表达16. obvious() [单选题] *A.经由,经过,通过;凭借,通过…传递…,借助于B.显然的,明显的(正确答案)C.先前的,以前的D.传送,运送;传达,表达17. previous() [单选题] *A.经由,经过,通过;凭借,通过…传递…,借助于B.显然的,明显的C.先前的,以前的(正确答案)D.传送,运送;传达,表达18. via() [单选题] *A.经由,经过,通过;凭借,通过…传递…,借助于(正确答案)B.显然的,明显的C.先前的,以前的D.传送,运送;传达,表达19. want() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在B.想要;需要;缺乏(正确答案)C.假期;度假D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的20. vanish() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在(正确答案)B.想要;需要;缺乏C.假期;度假D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的21. vain() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在B.想要;需要;缺乏C.假期;度假D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的(正确答案)22. vacation() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在B.想要;需要;缺乏C.假期;度假(正确答案)D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的23. vacant() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在B.未被占用的,空着的;空缺的;空虚的(正确答案)C.真空;真空吸尘器;用真空吸尘器清扫D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的24. vacuum() [单选题] *A.突然不见,消失;绝迹,不复存在B.未被占用的,空着的;空缺的;空虚的C.真空;真空吸尘器;用真空吸尘器清扫(正确答案)D.徒劳的,无效的;自负的,自视过高的25. win() [单选题] *A.获胜,赢(正确答案)B.宣判…有罪;囚犯C.说服,劝服;使确信,使信服D.胜利26. convince() [单选题] *A.获胜,赢B.宣判…有罪;囚犯C.说服,劝服;使确信,使信服(正确答案)D.胜利27. victory() [单选题] *A.获胜,赢B.宣判…有罪;囚犯C.说服,劝服;使确信,使信服D.胜利(正确答案)28. convict() [单选题] *A.获胜,赢B.宣判…有罪;囚犯(正确答案)C.说服,劝服;使确信,使信服D.胜利29. conviction() [单选题] *A.确信,坚定的信仰;坚信,信服;定罪,判罪(正确答案)B.宣判…有罪;囚犯C.牺牲品,受害者D.胜利30. victim() [单选题] *A.确信,坚定的信仰;坚信,信服;定罪,判罪B.宣判…有罪;囚犯C.牺牲品,受害者(正确答案)D.胜利阅读理解一:In the classic marriage vow(誓约), couples promise to stay together in sickness and in health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife-not the husband—becomes seriously ill.“Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce,”said researcher Amelia Karraker.Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.The researchers examined how the onset(发生)of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31% of marriages ended in divorce over theperiod studied. The incidence of new chronic(慢性的)illness onset increased over time as well, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems.“We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness,”Karraker said. “They’re more likely to be widowed, and if they’re the ones who become ill, they’re more likely to get divorced.”While the study didn’t assess why divorce in more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. “Gender norms and social expectations about caregiving many make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses,” Karraker said. “And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women.”Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.“Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages,” she said. “But it’s also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs.”31. What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage? [单选题] *A) They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.(正确答案)B) They are as binding as they used to be.C) They are not taken seriously any more.D) They may help couples tide over hard times.32. What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands? [单选题] *A) They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.B) They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.C) They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.D) They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.(正确答案)33. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill? [单选题] *A) They are more likely to be widowed.B) They are more likely to get divorced.(正确答案)C) They are less likely to receive good care.D) They are less likely to bother their spouses.34. Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker? [单选题] *A) They are more accustomed to receiving care.(正确答案)B) They find it more important to make money for the family.C) They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.D) They expect society to do more of the job.35. What does Karraker think is also important? [单选题] *A) Reducing marital stress on wives.B) Stabilizing old couples’s relations.C) Providing extra care for divorced women.(正确答案)D) Making men pay for their wives’ health costs.阅读理解二:If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a sibling’s(兄弟姐妹的)name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved youless?The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition,found that the “wrong” name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same relationship pond: children, siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, “but it doestell us who’s in and who’s out of the group.”The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person’s name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.36. How might people often feel when they were misnamed? [单选题] *A)Unwanted.B)Unhappy.(正确答案)C)Confused.D)Indifferent.37. What did David Rubin’s research find about misnaming? [单选题] *A)It is related to the way our memories work.(正确答案)B)It is a possible indicator of a faulty memory.C)It occurs mostly between kids and their friends.D)It often causes misunderstandings among people.38. What is most likely the cause of misnaming? [单选题] *A) Similar personality traits.B) Similar spellings of names.C) Similar physical appearance.D) Similar pronunciation of names.(正确答案)39. What did the surveys of more than 1,700 subjects find about misnaming? [单选题] *A) It more often than not hurts relationships.B) It hardly occurs across gender boundaries.C) It is most frequently found in extended families.D) It most often occurs within a relationship groups.(正确答案)40. Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers? [单选题] *A) They suffer more frustrations.B) They become worn out more often.C) They communicate more with their children.(正确答案)D) They generally take on more work at home.。

最新环境工程18-28单元专业英语翻译

最新环境工程18-28单元专业英语翻译

重点复习①书本18单元P124,125两页(加粗部分那些段落,考定义,复习资料1-2页);②书本21单元P144~145固废处理方法、垃圾焚化,填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段,复习资料**页;③书本23单元 P156,第三段,噪声控制室负责尖端的技术,复习资料**页。

④书本26单元P169第二部分Operational Procedures,环境影响评价的步骤,考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。

Unit 18Sources and Types of Solid Wastes固体废物的来源和种类Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. 了解固体废物的来源和种类,以及其数量组成和产生率,是设计和管理相关固体废物的基本运作条件。

Sources of solid wastes固体废物的来源Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land use and zoning. 固体废物的来源,一般来说,与土地使用和划分有关。

Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展,以下是已被发现有用的分类方法 (1)residential , 住宅(2)commercial, 商业(3)municipal, 市政(4) industrial, 工业(5)open areas, 开放地区(6)treatment plants, 处理厂and (7)agricultural. 和农业。

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

Lesson 6热舒适主要目的的供暖,通风,空调系统是提供人体热舒适条件。

一个被广泛接受的定义是,“热舒适性,心理状况,与热环境表示满意”(ASHRAE标准55)。

这个定义什么是满意的条件,但它正确强调舒适的判断是一个认知过程中涉及到许多物理,生理,心理的影响输入,和其他方面。

头脑似乎从直接的温度和水分的感觉从皮肤达到热舒适性和不适的结论,深度体温,以及必要的努力来调节体温(Hensel 19731981;哈代等人。

1971;加奇1937老;1995)。

一般来说,舒适性发生时身体温度保持在,皮肤水分低,和调节生理努力最小化的狭窄范围内。

舒适还取决于开始有意识或无意识的意识和热湿感觉引导,以减少不适行为。

一些可能的行为以减少不适是改变服装,改变活性,改变姿势或位置,更换温控器的温度设置,打开了一扇窗户,抱怨,或留下空间。

令人惊讶的是,虽然区域气候条件,生活条件,文化差异很大,在全世界,人们选择舒适的服装在同样条件下,温度,湿度,和空气的运动活性,已被发现是非常相似的。

这一课有用于工程师操作系统对人体热调节和舒适的基本面方面和建筑物的居住者的舒适度和健康设计。

人的温度调节身体的新陈代谢导致身体必须不断消耗热量,才能维持正常的体温调节。

不足的热损失导致的过热,也称为体温过高,过多的热损失导致身体冷却,也称为体温过低。

皮肤温度大于45℃或低于18℃会引起疼痛。

静坐时人的舒适温度为33-34℃,随着运动量增加,体温降低。

相反,内部温度会增加。

静坐时,大脑控制温度约为36.8℃,走路时增加到37.4℃,慢跑时为37. 9℃。

内部温度低于28℃可以导致严重的心律失调和死亡,温度高于46℃会导致不可逆的大脑损伤。

因此,仔细调节体温是舒适和健康的关键。

静坐的成年人产生大约100W的热量。

因为大部分的热量通过皮肤转移到环境,它常常是方便描述代谢活动时每单位面积皮肤所产生的热量。

对于静坐的人,产生的58 W / m2的热量,称为1met。

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about?这本书是关于什么的?The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems;their cause,why they are of concern,and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因,为什么它们受到关注,以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括:●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质,并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water,air and pollution problems目前适用于水,空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology,butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so,or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少,但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿,或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语16

建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语16

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

诺时均方程法
Reynolds number
雷诺数
耗散
viscous stress
stress
剪切力
dissipation 粘性力 shear
Unit Six: Turbulence and Complex Flow
vector field 依靠坐标系的
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 室内空气品质
interdisciplinary 浓度
跨学科的
concentration
Environmental Sustainable Development

境可持续开展
pollutantceptor 内空气污染物
built environment
建筑环境
可持续性
sustainable development 可持续开展
可持续性方法
integrated approach 集成化方法
理论与实践
life cycle analyses
寿命周期分析
热舒适
visual comfort
视觉舒适
声觉舒适
indoor air quality 室内空气品质
fluid dynamics, fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics 流体力学
turbulent flow, turbulence 紊流湍流 laminar flow 层流
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 直接模拟法
Large Eddy Simulation (lES) 大涡模拟

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about?这本书是关于什么的?The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems;their cause,why they are of concern,and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因,为什么它们受到关注,以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括:●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质,并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water,air and pollution problems目前适用于水,空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology,but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so,or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少,但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿,或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

(完整版)建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

(完整版)建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。

周围环境包括一切外部系统,系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。

这些边界可以是动产或固定的,真实的或想象。

The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念,在任何热力学系统操作。

熵措施分子系统紊乱。

更为复杂的系统,其熵值越大,反之,有序或纯配置是低熵之一。

暖通专业名词翻译

暖通专业名词翻译

Professional EnglishHomework 1学院:环境与市政工程学院专业:建筑环境与设备工程专业班级:学号:姓名:EXE1Ⅰ. Translate Terms of Special English into English or Chinese1.LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)液化石油气2.ACGIH(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)美国政府工业卫生学家会议3.EIA(Electronic Industries Association)美国电子工业联合会4.NGO(Non-Governmental Organization)非政府组织;民间组织5.ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineer)美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会6.V A V(Variable Air V olume)变风量7.HVAC&R(Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning)采暖空调8.AHU(Air Handling Unit)空气处理机组9.DDC(Defense Documentation Center ; Direct Digital Control)国防情报资料中心;直接数字控制10.EIA(Electronic Industries Association)美国电子工业联合会11.EER(Energy Efficiency Ratio)能效比12.COP(Coefficient Of Performance)性能系数13.LVG(solar heat gain factors)日照得热量因子14.ODP(Ozone depletion potential)破坏臭氧层潜值15.GWP(Global Warming Potential)全球变暖潜值16.SHGFs(solar heat gain factors)日照得热量因子17.CAD(Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计18.TFM(Transfer Function Method)传递函数法19.VOCs(V olatile organic compounds)挥发性有机化合物20.IAQ(Indoor Air Quality)室内空气品质21.SBS(Sick Building Syndrome)病态建筑综合症22.PM(Particulate Matter)颗粒物质23.ETS(environmental tobacco smoke)工作场所吸烟问题24.PAQ(perceived air quality)感受到的空气品质25.WHO(World Health Organization)世界卫生组织26.EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)环境保护局27.TWA(Trans world Airlines)环球航空公司28.SPF(Seasonal Performance Factor)季节性能系数29.BTU(British Thermal Unit)英国热量单位30.AHU(Air Handling Unit)空气处理机组31.PU(packaged unit)整体式空调机组32.DX coil(direct expansion coil)直接膨胀式盘管33.ISO(International Standardization Organization)国际标准化组织(write out their full name)34.open-type expansion tank开式膨胀水箱35.volumetric efficiency容积效率36.temperature-entropy coordinates温熵图37.thermal resistant热阻38.interdisciplinary science 跨学科科学39. human thermoregulation体温调节40.potential adverse health effect 潜在的健康危害41.upper respiratory tract 上呼吸道42.face velocity迎面风速43.区域供热district heating44.循环泵circulating pump45.超高效过滤器ultrahigh-efficiency filter46.舒适性空调系统comfort air-conditioning system47.工艺性空调系统processing air-conditioning system48.多级蒸气压缩式制冷multistage vapor compression refrigeration49.容积效率volumetric efficiency50.表面张力surface tension51.水力直径hydraulic diameter52.放射性污染物radioactive contaminant53.负荷计算load calculation54.工业洁净室industrial cleanroom55.干/湿球温度dry/wet-bulb temperature56.空气源热泵air-source heat pump57.水环热泵closed-loop heat pump58.四通转向阀four-way reversing value59.热舒适性thermal comfort60. 风机盘管机组fan coil unit61.全空气系统all air system62.定风量空调系统constant air volume system63.变风量末端设备variable air volume terminal unit64.最小新风量minimum fresh air requirement65.热电偶thermocouple66.垂直温度梯度perpendicular temperature gradient67.能量守恒energy balance68.地板采暖floor heating69.易燃粉尘combustible dust70.夜间蓄能系统night energy storage system71.室内装修interior decoration72.可持续发展sustainable development73.性能系数coefficient performance74.绝热膨胀isentropic expansion75.负荷计算load calculation76.水力计算hydraulic calculation77. 瞬时冷负荷cooling load instantaneously78.稀释通风dilution ventilation79. 换气次数the number of air changes80. 置换通风make–up ventilation81. 居住建筑residential buildings 82.辐射供热radiant heatingⅡ. Sentences Translation (pay attention to your translation skills)1.The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailedinvestigation.花费一些时间来做一个详细的调查是很有益的。

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译_张寅平

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译_张寅平

第八课用于加热和冷却许多建筑物的能源通常来自一个在工厂的中心位置。

能量输入可以是任何电力,石油,天然气,煤炭,结合太阳能,地热等。

这种能量通常是转换成热水或冷冻水或蒸汽,在整个采暖和空调设施的分布。

集中这种功能使转化设备保持在一个位置用更加容易可用的方式分配加热和冷却。

另外,中央制冷和供热设备提供更高的多样性,与分散式相比在一般更有效地运行下有更低的维修与劳动力消耗。

但是它需要在中心位置的空间和一个尽可能大的输配系统。

这一课的替代方案,解决了设计时,应考虑集中在机房的冷却和加热源。

P165。

与冰蓄冷,与传统系统相比低温冰水能够提供比现有的空气较冷的空气,传统的系统提供10到13度。

制冷设备大型系统的制冷设备的主要类型使用往复式压缩机,螺旋旋转式压缩机,离心式压缩机和吸收式制冷机。

这些大型的压缩机由电机、燃气和柴油发动机及燃气和蒸汽轮机所驱动。

可购买的压缩机作为制冷机组,包括压缩机,驱动器,冷却器,冷凝器,以及必要的安全和操作控制的一部分。

往复式和旋转式螺旋压缩机机组经常现场组装,包括用于远程安装的风冷或蒸发式冷凝器。

离心式压缩机通常包含在组装式冷水机中吸收式制冷机是水冷式。

他们使用溴化锂/水或水/氨周期,一般都在以下四种配置可供选择:(1)直燃式(2)间接产生的,由低气压流或热水,(3)间接产生的,由高压蒸汽或热水,(4)间接产生的热废气。

小型直燃型冷水机组是单效机,具有12至90千瓦的能力。

大,直燃,双效制冷机,在350至七千千瓦范围也可用。

低压力100kpa或低温热水蒸汽加热的单效吸收式制冷机,容量从180至五六零零千瓦。

双效机使用高压蒸汽可达1000kpa或等效的高温热水。

这种类型吸收式制冷机可从1200到7000千瓦在大型装置中,吸收式制冷机有时与蒸汽涡轮机驱动的离心压缩机相结合。

从涡轮机的蒸汽冷凝输送到吸收机发电机。

当离心装置是有一个燃气涡轮或者一个发动机组成,一个吸收器的动力可能来自于有外壳的发电机提供的蒸汽或高温热水。

(完整版)建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

(完整版)建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译

A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。

周围环境包括一切外部系统,系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。

这些边界可以是动产或固定的,真实的或想象。

The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念,在任何热力学系统操作。

熵措施分子系统紊乱。

更为复杂的系统,其熵值越大,反之,有序或纯配置是低熵之一。

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语对照表

建筑环境与设备工程专业英语对照表

additional factor for wind force||风力附加率additional heat loss||附加耗热量adiabatic humidification||绝热加湿A-weighted sound pressure levelA声级absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute roughness |绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent||吸声材料absorber| |吸收器absorptance for solar radiation||太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment||吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor||气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle||吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine||吸收式制冷机access door||检查门acoustic absorptivity||吸声系数actual density||真密度actuating element||执行机构actuator||执行机构adaptive control system||自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door||外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating||间歇附加率additional factor for wind force||高度附加率additional heat loss||风力附加率adiabatic humidification||附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation||绝热加湿adsorbate||吸附质adsorbent||吸附剂adsorber||吸附装置adsorption equipment||吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor||气体吸附aerodynamic noise||空气动力噪声aerosol||气溶胶air balance||风量平衡air changes||换气次数air channel||风道air cleanliness||空气洁净度air collector||集气罐air conditioning||空气调节air conditioning condition||空调工况air conditioning equipment||空气调节设备air conditioning machine room||空气调节机房air conditioning system||空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load||空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant||空气污染物air-cooled condenser||风冷式冷凝器air cooler||空气冷却器air curtain||空气幕air cushion shock absorber||空气弹簧隔振器air distribution||气流组织air distributor||空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization||喷雾风扇air duct||风管、风道air filter||空气过滤器air handling equipment||空气调节设备air handling unit room||空气调节机房air header||集合管air humidity||空气湿度air inlet||风口air intake||进风口air manifold||集合管air opening||风口air pollutant||空气污染物air pollution||大气污染air preheater||空气预热器air return method||回风方式air return mode||回风方式air return through corridor||走廊回风air space||空气间层air supply method||送风方式air supply mode||送风方式||air supply (suction) opening with slide plate||插板式送(吸)风口||air supply volume per unit area||单位面积送风量||air temperature||空气温度air through tunnel||地道风||air-to-air total heat exchanger||全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio||气布比air velocity at work area||作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place||工作地点空气流速air vent||放气阀air-water systen||空气—水系统airborne particles||大气尘air hater||空气加热器airspace||空气间层alarm signal||报警信号ail-air system||全空气系统all-water system||全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise||环境噪声ammonia||氨amplification factor of centrolled plant||调节对象放大系数amplitude||振幅anergy||@||angle of repose||安息角ange of slide||滑动角angle scale||热湿比angle valve||角阀annual [value]||历年值annual coldest month||历年最冷月annual hottest month||历年最热月anticorrosive||缓蚀剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂apparatus dew point||机器露点apparent density||堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine||氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer||通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer||通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser||淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion||大气扩散atmospheric dust||大气尘atmospheric pollution||大气污染atmospheric pressure||大气压力(atmospheric stability||大气稳定度atmospheric transparency||大气透明度atmospheric turblence||大气湍流automatic control||自动控制automatic roll filter||自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent||自动放气阀available pressure||资用压力average daily sol-air temperature||日平均综合温度axial fan||轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant||共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer||防回流装置back pressure of steam trap||凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise||背景噪声back plate||挡风板bag filler||袋式除尘器baghouse||袋式除尘器barometric pressure||大气压力basic heat loss||基本耗热量hend muffler||消声弯头bimetallic thermometer||双金属温度计black globe temperature||黑球温度blow off pipe||排污管blowdown||排污管boiler||锅炉boiller house||锅炉房boiler plant||锅炉房boiler room||锅炉房booster||加压泵branch||支管branch duct||(通风) 支管branch pipe||支管building envelope||围护结构building flow zones||建筑气流区building heating entry||热力入口bulk density||堆积密度bushing||补心butterfly damper||蝶阀by-pass damper||空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pass pipe||旁通管Ccanopy hood ||伞形罩capillary tube||毛细管capture velocity||控制风速capture velocity||外部吸气罩capturing hood ||卡诺循环Carnot cycle||串级调节系统cascade control system||铸铁散热器cast iron radiator||催化燃烧catalytic oxidation ||催化燃烧ceilling fan||吊扇ceiling panelheating||顶棚辐射采暖center frequency||中心频率central air conditionint system ||集中式空气调节系统central heating||集中采暖central ventilation system||新风系统centralized control||集中控制centrifugal compressor||离心式压缩机entrifugal fan||离心式通风机||check damper||(通风〕止回阀||check valve||止回阀||chilled water||冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps||一、二次泵冷水系统chimney||(排气〕烟囱circuit||环路circulating fan||风扇circulating pipe||循环管circulating pump||循环泵clean room||洁净室cleaning hole||清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant||真空吸尘装置cleanout opening||清扫孔clogging capacity||容尘量close nipple||长丝closed booth||大容积密闭罩closed full flow return||闭式满管回水B-第六章制冷第一节一般术语第6.1.1条制冷refrigeration用人工方法从一物质或空间移出热量,以便为空气调节、冷藏和科学研究等提供冷源的技术。

(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about?这本书是关于什么的?The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems;their cause,why they are of concern,and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因,为什么它们受到关注,以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括:●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质,并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water,air and pollution problems目前适用于水,空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology,butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so,or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少,但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿,或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境工程18-28单元专业英语翻译

环境工程18-28单元专业英语翻译

重点复习①书本18单元P124,125两页(加粗部分那些段落,考定义,复习资料1-2页);②书本21单元P144~145固废处理方法、垃圾焚化,填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段,复习资料**页;③书本23单元 P156,第三段,噪声控制室负责尖端的技术,复习资料**页。

④书本26单元P169第二部分Operational Procedures,环境影响评价的步骤,考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。

Unit 18Sources and Types of Solid Wastes固体废物的来源和种类Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. 了解固体废物的来源和种类,以及其数量组成和产生率,是设计和管理相关固体废物的基本运作条件。

Sources of solid wastes固体废物的来源Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land use and zoning. 固体废物的来源,一般来说,与土地使用和划分有关。

Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展,以下是已被发现有用的分类方法 (1)residential , 住宅(2)commercial, 商业(3)municipal, 市政(4) industrial, 工业(5)open areas, 开放地区(6)treatment plants, 处理厂and (7)agricultural. 和农业。

环境工程专业英语翻译Unit 10-16 (A4)

环境工程专业英语翻译Unit 10-16 (A4)

Unit 10 水污染与治理1854年英国伦敦爆发了大规模的流行性霍乱。

此事明确地证实了污水和疾病之间的关系。

当初以公共健康为目的所采取的污染控制,依然是许多地区的主要目的。

然而,水资源的保持,产鱼区的防护,以及娱乐活动用水的维持在今天也成为关注的焦点。

紧随第二次世界大战之后所产生的城市人口密度突增和工业化进程的加剧,都使得水污染问题越见明显。

致使对于水污染的关注程度在70年代中期达到了顶峰。

水污染是一个不准确的术语,它并未指出污染物的种类和来源。

而我们处理废水问题的方式往往取决于以下几个方面:污染物是否需要氧气,是否助长藻类,是否有传染性,是否有毒,或者仅仅是否好看。

水源的污染可能直接来自生活污水的排放或工厂污水排放(点源),也可能间接地由空气污染、农业排水或城市排水(非点源)所引发。

化学上所谓的纯水仅仅是水分子的集合。

无论在野外的河流或湖泊、云层或雨水中,还是在下雪期间,极地的冰帽地区,这种物质在自然界均不能找到。

然而在实验室中可以制备非常纯净的水,但是存在一定的困难。

因为水极易接受和容纳外来物质。

城市污水,也被称作生活污水,是一种复杂的混合物。

它包含水(通常超过99%)以及悬浮或溶解的有机和无机污染物。

这些污染物的浓度通常很低并且以mg/L来表示,也就是说,每升混合物含有多少毫克污染物。

重量与体积比也常用来表示在水、废水、工业废水和其它稀释溶液中的污染物浓度。

微生物任何地方只要存在适合的食物,充足的湿度和适当的温度,微生物即可大量繁殖。

而生活污水为各种各样的微生物提供了一个理想的环境。

这些微生物主要是细菌,某些病毒和原生动物。

废水中的大多数微生物是无害的,并且可借助生化过程,将有机物转化为稳定的最终产物。

但是当一些人患有可通过有毒废水传播的传染性疾病时,其排泄物所携带的致病病原体,极有可能成为污水的组成部分。

虽然在发达国家,类似于水传播的细菌性疾病,例如霍乱、伤寒和肺结核,病毒性疾病例如传染性的肝炎和原生虫引起的痢疾,已经不再是问题,但是在那些经过适当处理过的污水不能被公共利用的地区仍然存在着很大威胁。

各专业英文翻译

各专业英文翻译

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地热源换热什么是地热交换系统?地热交换系统是以电力为动力,对内部空间作用的制冷系统。

这个系统利用地球内部(或者池塘湖泊)作为热源或者冷源。

这个系统由热泵,循环泵,地热交换器和支管系统组成。

大多数地热交换系统用风道作为分配子系统,在地源侧用聚乙烯管进行热量交换。

什么是热泵?热泵是以电为驱动力,将热量从一个区域传递到另一个区域的机械装置。

典型的空调就是一种热泵,它将内部空间的热量裹挟到室外并释放到空气中。

然而,不像典型的空调机,一个真正的热泵可以向任何一个方向运转,热泵可以将热量从空间带走,也可以将外部的热量送入室内。

什么是地源热泵与空调机通过冷凝器(一个像盒子似的,放在室外,并且运行时会产生噪音的装备)向周围环境传递热量不同,地热交换热泵在制冷模式下将热量传递给土壤,在加热模式下从土壤中取出热量。

地热交换热泵通常被称为地源热泵。

地源热泵系统是如何工作的?地源热泵系统,与普通的热泵系统和空调机类似,利用制冷剂将热量带入或者带出你的房间,地源热泵系统的制冷剂的作用应用到了热量传递的两个基本规则。

热量总是从温度较高的区域传向温度较低的区域。

两个相邻区域的温差越大,二者之间的热量传递效率越高。

冰箱,空调,和热泵都是在封闭的环路中通过压缩机制造出两个温差明显的低温区和高温区。

最简单的例子就是我们熟知的家用冰箱。

在电冰箱中,风扇吹机壳内装满低温制冷剂的盘管(比较典型的是低于零度),热量从内部空气流向冷却器的制冷剂。

之后制冷剂被蹦到暴露在室外的高温区域,由于制冷剂在这个区域比较热,所以在制冷剂流回低温区继续开始下一个循环之前将热量抛给温度较低的室内空气。

地源热泵系统工作原理与之相似,除此之外还汲取屋子内或建筑物内部的热量并运输到建筑物外部空气中。

传统的热泵加上一个转换的功能,冷源和热源就可以进行切换。

随着冷热源的转换,系统可以实现从室外汲取热量并运输到室内的目的。

当室外空气极其寒冷时,传统的(空气源)热泵不得不依靠电阻来加热,效率不得不被降低。

地源热泵力压群雄的工作效率标准的热泵,操作相对简单,面向一个主要的人群。

当热量需求很大时,他的效率是最低的。

当我们需求很高的性能时,空气源热泵不得不努力的工作。

如上所述,一个合格的空气源热泵,冬天时从室外吸收热量,夏天时将热量“扔”到室外。

不行的是,室外空气越冷,从外界吸收热量越困难。

温度越高,越难将热量“扔”到室外。

两种情况下,空气和制冷剂之间的温差都是很小的,这个系统降低了传热效率。

但是,室外越冷,通过窗户,门以及外墙和地板的热量损失的效率就越高,通过热泵维持室内空气舒适所需的热量就越多。

夏天,我们陷入了类似的困境。

室外越热,热量渗透到室内的效率就越高,维持舒适度所需排热量就越多。

地源热泵系统通过使用温度相对恒定的地源解决了这个难题,使其在冬季作为热源,夏季作为散热器,用地球代替了室外空气。

贯穿美国历史,冰冻线以下的地温(地表以下3—5英寸)基本上维持在恒定的温度,通常在北纬45-50度,南纬50-70度。

因此,在冬季,地热交换系统从比室外空气温度相对高的地球吸收热量。

夏天,可以向比室外空气冷得地球排除热量。

由于制冷剂与地源温度的温度差在两个季节都相对较高,所以传热效率更高。

所以,地源热泵系统一年的工作效率比普通的热泵系统高很多。

地源热泵系统的清洁度安装地源热泵系统是对环境负责的表现。

因为地源热泵系统只是在冬天从地下向你的房间传递热量,而不用你燃烧任何的化石燃料以加热室内环境。

与其他供热系统相比,它大幅度的降低了二氧化碳的排放量,并且完全消除了产生二氧化碳等烟气的源,用地源热泵系统替换传统的燃气炉供暖系统,是安全健康的环境友好型设备。

与地球连接起来地源热泵独特的方面,其好处一长串的关键,是接地回路的存在。

接地回路为夏季向地球内部传递热量,冬季从其内部吸收热量提供了途径。

有闭式系统和开式系统两种循环。

首先,让我们看看典型闭式系统中的制冷剂循环。

物理上来看,地下循环包含数米长的塑料管,他们安装在围绕着地球的水平的暗沟或者竖直的井里,地管回路中的水由水泵泵到地热系统的换热器中,在夏天,从制冷剂的热区域吸收热量并通过地管回路运输至地下。

冬天,通过地管回路从地下吸热并运输到制冷机的冷区域。

地下管路的长度由冷热负荷决定,冷热负荷又由你房间的设计施工方法,方位和居住地的气候条件觉得的。

水平或竖直安装的地下管路是否能获得最大的有效容量,是由地表土的类型(岩层,砂土层或者黏土层等),所在区域的深层土的地质条件,以及地热的可利用性。

通常水平安装管线的安装造价比较低,但是需要占用更大的面积。

竖直安装管线需要更少的地表面积,而钻孔的造价更高。

另一个接地的方案,一个开式系统,牵涉到使用井来代替闭合的管线。

在水源丰富的地区,可以将水从井里抽出来,通入地热系统的换热器,然后再抽回到另一个井进行地下水回灌。

由于水仅仅吸收或者放出热量,但是没有改变其他任何东西,这些水离开热泵的时候像进入热泵时一样纯净。

当拥有适当的型号时,这两种方案的任何一个都同样是该效率的。

而且,地下管线一旦安装,你几乎可以忘掉它。

聚乙烯管在地下或者水的作用下不会降解,不会受侵蚀,也不会被折断,所以这个装置有望沿用五十年或者更长时间。

多余的热水作为一个额外的收益,大多数地源热泵系统可以设计成在夏天可以在空调制冷的季节吸收室内的热空气的热量生产多余的热水。

甚至在冬天,地源热泵系统的废热可以被转换到热水中以减小热水加热器的热量消耗。

结论根据环境保护署的说法,地源热泵系统是最高效能的,清洁的,空间成本效益好的可利用的调节系统。

美国环保署确认地源热泵系统优越的效率,发现即使在源燃料基础-会计为所有损失包括发电燃料循环电厂的平均提高——地源热泵机组的效率比空气源热泵机组高40%、比燃气加热炉效率高48%,比燃油炉效率高75%今天最先进的地源热泵系统在制冷循环中胜过最先进的燃气采暖系统,燃气热泵系统43%。

地源热泵系统利用地球的蓄热来加热冷却建筑物,并可以提供热水。

地球是一个巨大的蓄能体,因为它吸收了太阳辐射能的47%——比人类每年对能量的需求高出五百倍——并为清洁可再生能源。

在供暖季节,地源热泵系统取热的效率接近或超过百分之四百,并在制冷季节退还回去。

除运转费用方面的收益外,地源热泵系统可以提供:不用化石燃料燃烧来加热。

一氧化碳和二氧化碳零排放。

增加安全指数。

设计维护运转简单。

夏天可以得到多余的热水在院子里看不到不雅的或者发出噪音的空调机。

地源热泵系统的效能等级美国环境保护署和美国能源部都认为地源热泵技术是可利用过的最高效的环境友好型的加热或者冷却系统。

根据环境保护署的调查,地源热泵系统获的效率比燃气炉高48%,比燃油炉高75%,比空气源热泵高40%。

这些听起来极好,但是在电价比天还高的加利福尼亚,或者让私房屋主的英格兰人考虑替换油炉,如何惠及他们呢?这个分析力求调查到地源热泵系统与其他传统的空调系统的造价开销比较,这里强调为消费者将其作为工具来确定设施预期运行费用,需要替换新设施的时间提供了一个现实的工具。

地源热泵系统vs空调系统几乎所有的传统住宅和需要采光的商业建筑都使用空气调节系统来为内部空间制冷。

这些系统在室外都有一个冷凝器。

一半将制冷器,加热器和空气源热泵安装在一起。

全部使用室外空气来给制冷剂降温,同时将热量扔到周围的空气中。

这个讨论的目的,所有这些设施被称为空气源设备。

比较地源热泵系统和传统的空气源热泵机组是很复杂的,由于室外空气温度的原因,空气源热泵系统的效率急剧下降。

空气源热泵设备生产厂商在高效率模型机上给用户制造高能效比和高季节能效比的印象,但是最近检测的实际数据表明这些高数据与现实的安装环境与条件无关联。

一个典型的例子,厂商标注一个三吨的空气源热泵机组的能效比为12.0.然而,最近的一个着眼于在额定工况下能效比绩效的统计值为10.5(冷凝器的进口温度为95° F,蒸发器的失球温度为67° F)。

这就表示白天的温度大约为95° F,。

当室外温度升高到100° F,空气源设备的能效比下降到9.2,表示能效比下降了12%。

如果室外温度上升到110° F,能效比将下降到7.7,表明能效比下降27%。

这意味着这个机组需要额外的27%的电能来维持原来的制冷量。

另一方面,空气源热泵机组的制冷能力与室外空气温度有很大关系。

当室外的空气温度为95° F时,一个标准的三吨的空调机组可以作为三吨的使用,但是当室外空气升高至110° F,这个机组只能当做2.6吨的使用,下降14%。

冷凝器被污垢或者碎片堵塞,更将会降低效率。

地源热泵系统的能效设计不依赖室外空气温湿度的变化。

因为不管地源热泵选择在任何区域,一年中地球的温度基本上都是恒定不变的。

任何季节,加热和制冷的总效率都是确定。

的,标准的三吨的机组,冷凝器冷却水进口温度为60° F时,能效比大约为18。

和空气源机组比较与室外空气关系的不同:能效的分析比较就像是苹果与苹果的比较。

着还没有包括回热器在内,其重要作用的热水容器。

在夏天,如果这些效能被用于给传统的燃气或者电加热器提供热水的话,效率将变得更高。

在运行中的减温器的作用下,夏天产生的热水在热泵系统中变成多余的了。

地源热泵系统vs燃气炉系统比较地源热泵系统和燃气炉的造价,很多原因都很难进行评估。

首先是气和电价格在不同时间和不同区域的巨大差别。

从美国能源信息管理局收集的数据来看,在2000年,天然气价格从阿拉斯加州的3.57到夏威夷的21.87美元不等。

忽略这两个州,仍然存在从密歇根州的5.17美元到康乃狄克州的11.29美元。

试图定一个相同的电费标准也是同样的困难的。

美国电子工业联合会提供的数据表明,2000年,电费价格从华盛顿的0.05美元到夏威夷的0.16美元不等。

另外,试图比较燃气炉和GHP,需要将季节性的价格波动考虑进去。

通常,天然气价格在冬天比较高,而电价又是在夏天比较高。

根据这写些析,我们可以拿典型的高效率的燃气炉和地源热泵机组进行比较。

燃气炉的效率为80%,COP值为3.5.计算表明,当电价等于天然气价格的0.15倍时将会出现均衡点。

例如,如果燃气每CCF为一美元,达到效益平衡点时,耗电为0.15美元每千瓦。

因此如果电费消耗每千瓦便宜0.75美元,这样得到的能效更经济。

这项分析综合考虑了各州从1999-2000,和2000-2001年冬季的天然气和电价的平均值。

我们还用到了在同一时期所有州居民平均用电量。

自从2000-2001年,天然气价格喜剧性的急剧上涨,我们要总管两种情况。

1999-2000天然气平均价格是0.94/CCF,然而电价是8美分每千瓦。

我们可以清楚的看出他们的交点就是所谓的绿色区域。

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