居里夫人英语简介
英语作文居里夫人 Madam Curie
居里夫人 Madam CurieMadam Curie was born in Poland in 1867 and she is a French physicist. When studying in Paris, she lived a poor life but worked very hard. She married with Pierre Curie in 1859 when they discovered polonium and radium. Thanks to this great discovery, she and her husband won the Nobel Prize. In 1911, Madam Curie won the Nobel Prize again after the death of her husband, making her become the only woman who had won two Nobel Prizes in the word. As a pioneer of successful woman, Madam Curie’s example had a remarkable influence on the whole world. Although she was famous, she cared little about money and fame and still went on with her scientific research.居里夫人于1867年出生于波兰，是一位法国物理学家。
在巴黎学习时，她过着贫困的生活，但工作却很努力。
1859年，她与皮埃尔•居里结婚，当时他们发现了元素钋和镭。
由于这个伟大的发现，她和她的丈夫获得了诺贝尔奖。
1911年，居里夫人在丈夫去世后再次获得诺贝尔奖，使她成为世界上唯一一位两次获得诺贝尔奖的女性。
居里夫人简介(英语课件)
• Her attitude to honor
One of her friends come to visit her and see her little daughter playing her gold medal, so she said surprisely: madam curie, received a medal of British royal society is the highest honor, how can you have fun for kid? The madam curie smiled to say:"I want to make the kid known the honor like a toy, we can play, and can not deem it too important, otherwise we can do nothing .
•Her mother was a pianist, singer, and teacher
•Her father was a professor of math and physics
•Her mother died of tuberculosis when Marya was 11
• Her strength and confidence
• Discovered that if you
have a certain amount of uranium, then you get a certain amount of ray intensity, no matter what you did to the material.
❖ Work with Polonium
❖As the first woman to win two Nobel prizes.
英语作文 居里夫人
英语作文居里夫人Madame Curie was a remarkable woman. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity and the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Her contributions to science have had alasting impact on the world.Born in Poland in 1867, Marie Curie moved to Paris to pursue her studies. Despite facing discrimination as a woman in the male-dominated field of science, she persevered and eventually became a professor at the University of Paris.Curie's groundbreaking research on radioactivity led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium. Her work laid the foundation for many future developments in the field of nuclear physics and medicine.In addition to her scientific achievements, Curie was also a devoted mother and wife. She often balanced her research with caring for her family, demonstrating thatwomen can excel in both their professional and personal lives.Tragically, Curie's exposure to radiation during her research ultimately led to her premature death in 1934. However, her legacy lives on, inspiring countless women to pursue careers in science and making the world a better place through her groundbreaking discoveries.In conclusion, Madame Curie's impact on the world cannot be overstated. Her pioneering work in the field of radioactivity has left an indelible mark on the scientific community, and her legacy continues to inspire future generations of scientists.。
英语作文居里夫人
英语作文居里夫人Madame Curie。
Marie Curie, also known as Madame Curie, was a Polish-born French physicist and chemist who made pioneering contributions to the field of radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Her discoveries and research have had a lasting impact on the field of science and medicine.Born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, Marie Curie was the youngest of five children. Her father was a teacher of mathematics and physics, and her mother was a musician. Marie was a bright student and excelled in her studies, but her family faced financial difficulties after her father lost his job. Despite this, Marie was determined to continue her education and went on to study physics and mathematics at the University of Paris.In 1895, Marie married Pierre Curie, a fellow scientist, and the two began working together on their research. They discovered two new elements, polonium and radium, andcoined the term "radioactivity" to describe the phenomenon they observed. Marie also developed a technique forisolating radium in its pure form, which was used in cancer treatment.In 1903, Marie and Pierre were awarded the Nobel Prizein Physics for their work on radioactivity. Marie was the first woman to receive this prestigious award. In 1911, she received her second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry,for her discovery of radium and polonium.Despite her many achievements, Marie faceddiscrimination and sexism in the scientific community. She was often excluded from important scientific meetings and was not allowed to join the French Academy of Sciencesuntil 1962, 17 years after her death.Marie Curie's legacy lives on today in the field ofscience and medicine. Her discoveries and research have led to advances in cancer treatment and have paved the way for future generations of scientists, particularly women, to pursue careers in science.In conclusion, Marie Curie was a remarkable scientist who overcame many obstacles to make groundbreaking contributions to the field of radioactivity. Her perseverance, dedication, and passion for science continue to inspire and motivate scientists around the world.。
居里夫人的英文简介
居里夫人的英文简介居里夫人的英文简介玛丽·居里,世称“居里夫人”，法国著名波兰裔科学家、物理学家、化学家。
下面是店铺为你整理的居里夫人的英文简介，希望对你有用! 玛丽·居里简介.Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934) was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. The world called "Marie Curie", full name: Maria Scovodovska Curie. French famous Polish scientist, physicist, chemist.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the study of radioactivity. In 1911, the discovery of the element polonium and radium again won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thus becoming the world's first two Bell of the people. Curie's achievements include the creation of a radioactive theory, the invention of the separation of radioisotope technology, found two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people use radioisotopes for the first time in the treatment of cancer. Due to prolonged exposure to radioactive material, Mrs. Curie died on 7 July 1934 due to malignant leukemia.玛丽·居里人物生平School stageNovember 7, 1867, was born in the Polish kingdom of Warsaw City, a middle school teacher's family.In September 1891, went to Paris to study, in November into the University of Sultan (ie, the University of Paris) Department of Physics.In 1894, by the Polish scholar, Professor of Physics at the University of Fortune, Switzerland, Joseph Kovarsky introduced,with Biel Curie met in order to take advantage of Curie's leading equipment for better laboratories.In 1895 April, Mary Scrodovsky's paper "Radiation of uranium and thorium compounds" was read by Lippmann at the Academy of Sciences.July 26, 1895, Mary and Beier Curie in the suburbs of Paris shuttle town married. Marie Curie is a female middle school teacher.Research stageIn August 1896, Mary passed the university graduates as a teacher's title exam. (1827-1897), Mary worked for the post, working in the physical laboratory, working with Bier (room director).In 1898 July, Curie couple to the Academy of Sciences "on the bitumen uranium ore in a radioactive new material"Explain the discovery of new radioactive elements 84, four hundred times stronger than uranium, similar to bismuth, and Mrs. Curie suggested poles (polonium) to construct the name of the new element in her motherland's name. Since the Curie couple work closely together to study the establishment of the earliest methods of radiochemical work.In 1898 December, Curie couple and colleague Beimont to the Academy of Sciences, "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a highly radioactive new material," that also found the new element 88, radio than uranium million times, named as Radium. Mary Curie reports of the discovery of new elements polonium, published in the Polish version of Warsaw's "Swift Art" magazine.In March 1900, Mary taught the physics at the Saifuer Women's Higher Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary 's paper "On the atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds". Curiecouples at the Paris International Physics Society read the paper "on the new radioactive material and its emission."In October 1900, two German scholars, Valcoff and Gizelle, declared that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. After the couples confirmed that the laser will burn the skin.In 1902, after three and nine months of refining, the Curie couple separated a few grams of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, measuring the radium content of 225, and the resulting exact number of 226.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.In 1908, for the "Biel Curie writings" sequel, recall the author's performance. The book by the French Institute of Physics commissioned by the editor of Lang, published in Paris. Promoted to professor.In 1911, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded for the separation of pure metal radium. In the same year, participated in the first Solvay meeting held in Brussels.In 1915, from the University of Solborn University physics laboratory moved to the radium Institute of Radiology Laboratory. Travel around the country at home and abroad, to guide eighteen field medical service team.In 1916, in the radium Institute for the health staff to open radiology crash course, teach doctors to find the body of foreign body (such as: shrapnel) location of the new law, by the Allied military praise.In 1921, according to wartime notes finishing, written as "radiology and war", published in Paris.On March 8, 1921, he met with Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to visit, invitedCurie to Peking University lectures. Answer: "This can not go, when the summer vacation in the future seek." Never finished.In May 1921, the mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States, to accept the United States Mary Curie Fund Raising Committee "Mary Curie Committee" presented a radium. The ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept the new thorium five grams; she was the first to use their own piezoelectric quartz to the United States philosophical society. The paper "on isotope and isotope" was published in Paris.In February 1922, he was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.In May 1922, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations established by the First World War, Sir David Draham, participated in the International Commission for Cultural Co-operation, which was established last year, at the invitation of the decision of the International Council. The first member was elected as vice chairman. To this end, often to Geneva to attend the meeting.In 1930, the French government applied for special research subsidies, received 500,000 francs.In 1934, the book "radioactive" (two volumes) written in 1935 published. Yorio Curie, under the guidance of Mrs. Curie, found artificial radioactive.June 1934, live in the province of Sava province Sangseluo Mo sanatorium. July 4, with anemia (caused by radium) died in nursing homes. Dr. Tommy wrote this report: "The disease he has received is a rapid development, accompanied by fever with secondary anemia. Bone marrow without hematopoieticresponse, may be due to long-term accumulation of radiation damage caused." "I lost everything." Cai Yuanpei was also very sad, and on July 8, 1934, he sent a letter of condolence in French to pay tribute: "The president of the University of Paris, the president of the University of Paris, I am grateful for the death of the members of the French Academy of Sciences, and I would like to pay tribute to my family. "Cai Yuanpei." July 6, buried in the Paris town town where the tomb. Her brother (Joseph Scrodovsky) (Blooney Schrava de luska) sprinkled the gravel from Poland to the tomb.玛丽·居里科研成就Research areas1, found radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).2, presented the idea that the ray (now known to be composed of electrons) is negatively charged particles.Scientific resultsIn the experimental study, Mrs. Curie designed a measuring instrument that not only measured the presence or absence of a substance, but also measured the strength of the ray. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium was proportional to the amount of uranium in the substance, regardless of the state of uranium and the external conditions.Marie Curie has conducted a thorough examination of the known chemical elements and all the compounds, and has obtained the important discovery that an element called thorium can also automatically emit an invisible ray, indicating that the element can emit a ray Not just the characteristics of uranium, but some elements of the common characteristics. She called this phenomenon radioactive, the elements of this nature is called radioactive elements. They release the ray called "radiation".At the end of 1902, Mrs. Curie extracted a tenth of a very pure gram of radium chloride and accurately measured its atomic weight. The existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a very rare natural radioactive material, its body is shiny, like a fine salt-like white crystal, radium with a slight blue fluorescence, and this is the beautiful light blue fluorescence, into A woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is not the same as the line of any known element. Although radium is not the first human discovery of radioactive elements, but it is the most radioactive elements. Using its powerful radioactivity, it is possible to further identify many new properties of radiation. So that many elements get further practical application. Medical research found that the radiation for a variety of different cells and tissues, the role is very different, those breeding fast cells, once the radium irradiation was soon destroyed. This discovery makes radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancer is caused by the rapid propagation of cells, the laser for its destruction than the surrounding health tissue damage much more. This new treatment soon developed in the world. In the French Republic, radium therapy is known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of scientific theory and the application of practical, have a very important significance.。
写居里夫人的英语作文
Marie Curie,born Maria Sklodowska on November7,1867,in Warsaw,Poland, was a pioneering physicist and chemist renowned for her research on radioactivity.Her groundbreaking work not only expanded scientific understanding but also earned her two Nobel Prizes,making her the first person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.Curies early life was marked by hardship and determination.Despite financial struggles and the limitations placed on women in education at the time,she pursued her passion for knowledge.After moving to Paris to study at the Sorbonne,she excelled in her studies, earning degrees in both physics and mathematics.In1895,Marie married Pierre Curie,a fellow scientist,and together they embarked on a journey of discovery that would change the course of science.Their collaborative research led to the isolation of two new elements,polonium and radium,from the mineral pitchblende.The term radioactivity was coined by Marie to describe the phenomenon exhibited by these elements.The Curies work was not without its challenges.The process of extracting radium was laborious and dangerous,as they had to handle large quantities of the radioactive material without the safety measures we have today.Despite these risks,their dedication to science led to significant advancements in the field.Marie Curies contributions to science were formally recognized in1903when she,along with her husband Pierre and Antoine Henri Becquerel,was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radioactivity.This achievement was a testament to her scientific prowess and the impact of her research.Tragically,Pierre Curie died in1906,but Marie continued her work,taking over his professorship at the Sorbonne and becoming the first female professor there.She further cemented her legacy in1911when she was awarded a second Nobel Prize,this time in Chemistry,for her services in the advancement of the theory and application of radioactivity.Marie Curies legacy extends beyond her scientific achievements.She was a role model for women in science,breaking barriers and challenging societal norms.Her life story is one of perseverance,intelligence,and an unwavering commitment to the pursuit of knowledge.Curies work laid the foundation for future research in nuclear physics and medicine, particularly in the development of cancer treatments.Her discoveries continue to have aprofound impact on the scientific community and the world at large.In conclusion,Marie Curies life was a testament to the power of curiosity,determination, and the pursuit of truth.Her contributions to science have left an indelible mark,and her story serves as an inspiration to generations of scientists and dreamers alike.。
描写居里夫人的英语作文_小升初高分英语作文5篇
描写居里夫人的英语作文_小升初高分英语作文5篇关于”描写居里夫人“的英语作文模板5篇，作文题目：Describe Madame Curie。
以下是关于描写居里夫人的小升初英语模板，每篇作文均为高分模板带翻译。
高分英语作文1：Describe Madame CurieThe Nobel Prize in chemistry has spent several years studying the process of radium. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie does not have the social influence of ordinary scientists Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her role model has inspired many people to shoot the film after Madame Curie. In addition, the meaning of Madame Curie and housemaid online is also discussed.中文翻译：居里夫人是世界著名的科学家，研究放射性现象，发现镭和钋（pō）两种天然存在的放射性元素，生命两次（第一次获得诺贝尔奖，第二次获得诺贝尔物理学奖，诺贝尔化学奖用数年时间研究镭的过程，作为杰出的科学家，夫人居里夫人并没有一般科学家的社会影响力，尤其是因为她是成功女性的先驱，她的榜样启发了很多人曾经拍摄过的电影《居里夫人之后》，此外，网上居里夫人和宅女的含义。
万能作文模板2：Marie Curie was born in Warsaw from November to July. Her full name is Maria skodovska Curie. French and polish famousscientist, physicist and chemist Curie and beckler won the Nobel Prize in physics together.中文翻译：玛丽·居里，xx月至xx月出生于华沙，全名玛丽亚·斯科多夫斯卡·居里，法国波兰著名科学家、物理学家、化学家居里与贝克勒共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖，因发现钌元素而再次获得诺贝尔化学奖镭，使他们成为世界上前两位诺贝尔奖得主居里夫人的成就包括开创了放射性理论，发明了分离放射性同位素的技术，并在她的指导下发现了钌和镭两种新的元素，放射性同位素首次被用于治疗癌症居里夫人因长期接触放射性物质于xx月死于恶性白血病。
居里夫人自我介绍英文简短版
居里夫人自我介绍英文简短版Marie Curie: A Brief Introduction。
Marie Curie, born Maria Skłodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, was a pioneering physicist and chemist who made groundbreaking contributions to science, particularly in the field of radioactivity. Her achievements not only revolutionized our understanding of the natural world but also paved the way for significant advancements in medical treatments and technologies.From a young age, Curie demonstrated an insatiable curiosity and a remarkable aptitude for learning. Despite facing numerous obstacles, including restrictions on higher education for women in Poland, she pursued her passion for science with unwavering determination. In 1891, she left her homeland to further her studies in Paris, where she enrolled at the Sorbonne University.It was in Paris that Curie's extraordinary career truly began to flourish. Under the guidance of esteemed scientists, she delved into the emerging field of radioactivity, a term she coined herself. In 1898, along with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she discovered two new elements: polonium and radium. This groundbreaking research not only earned her a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 but also solidified her place in history as the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.Undeterred by adversity, Curie continued her pioneering work, becoming the first woman to lecture at the Sorbonne and the first female professor at the University of Paris. Despite facing prejudice and discrimination as a woman in a male-dominated field, she remained steadfast in her commitment to scientific inquiry.In addition to her groundbreaking research, Curie's legacy is also defined by her tireless advocacy for the use of radiation in medicine. During World War I, she championed the use of mobile X-ray units to diagnose injuries on the battlefield, earning her the nickname "Madame Curie, the Radiologist."Tragically, Curie's relentless exposure to radioactive materials ultimately led to her premature death on July 4, 1934. However, her legacy lives on, as her contributions to science continue to inspire future generations of researchers and innovators.In conclusion, Marie Curie's life and work serve as a testament to the power of perseverance, passion, and intellect. Her groundbreaking discoveries not only transformed our understanding of the natural world but also revolutionized the fields of physics, chemistry, and medicine. As we celebrate her legacy, let us remember her as not only a brilliant scientist but also a trailblazer for women in STEM.。
居里夫人英语作文40词
居里夫人英语作文40词English: Madame Curie, born Marie Sklodowska Curie, was a Polish-born French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. Her groundbreaking work laid the foundation for advancements in the fields of chemistry, physics, and medicine. Not only did she make significant contributions to science, but she also shattered gender barriers and became an inspiration for future generations of women in STEM fields. Madame Curie's legacy continues to live on as she remains one of the most influential scientists in history.中文翻译: 居里夫人，出生于波兰的法国物理学家和化学家Marie Sklodowska Curie，在放射性方面进行了开拓性的研究。
她是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女性，也是唯一一位获得两个不同科学领域诺贝尔奖的人。
她的突破性工作为化学、物理和医学领域的进步奠定了基础。
介绍居里夫人的英语短文
介绍居里夫人的英语短文居里夫人是近现代科学史上最伟大的女性。
她关于放射性元素，特别是镭的发现与研究使其两次获诺贝尔科学奖，这在科学史上男性科学家中也极为罕见，女性科学家中，迄今为止，她是唯一。
小编精心收集了介绍居里夫人的英语短文，供大家欣赏学习!介绍居里夫人的英语短文篇1Madame CurieMadame Curie is a French professor of physics. She was born in Poland in 1867. When she was young, she became in terested in physics. At that time women were not admitted to universities in Poland, so she was determined to go to Paris University and study there. When she was studying in Paris. she lived a very poor life. However, she worked very hard and succeeded in taking a first class degree in physics two years after arriving in Paris. In 1895, she married Pierre Curie, a very bright scientist, and then they worked together on the research into radioactive matter. They discovered two kinds of radioactive matters—Polunium and Radium. In 1904 she and her husband received the Nobel Prize for Physics. In 1906 Pierre died. Marie was deeply shocked by Pierre's death but determined to go on working. She received a second Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. So he became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.居里夫人居里夫人是法国物理学教授.她于1867年出生在波兰.小的时候她对物理非常感兴趣.因为当时在波兰妇女不能上大学,她决定去巴黎大学学习.在巴黎上学期间,她生活很苦,但学习非常努力,到巴黎两年后,她顺利地取得一级物理学位,1895年她与一位聪明的科学家皮埃尔.居里结了婚,然后共同对放射性物质进行研究.她们发现了钋和镭两种放射性物质.1904年她和丈夫获得了诺贝尔物理学奖.1906年居里先生逝世,这使玛丽极为震惊,但她决心继续工作.1911年她再度获得诺贝尔化学奖.于是成为世界上第一位两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家.采纳啊,打字很难打的. 介绍居里夫人的英语短文篇2there are quite a lot in mmind that i respect. among them, the person i admire most ia female scientist- marg. curie.madame curie, a world famouscientist, waawarded the nobel prize twice, twice found radioactive elements, and radium ione of them, then, madam curie'discovershocked the world. but it will radium purification method known for her, not for personal gain. if you think madame curie palatial home that would be wrong, madame curie home onltwo chairs, one iher, another one iher husband. madame curie also notoriouslfrugal, a sweater to wear for 20 years; wine wabrought a stack back to the hotel, because these cardformula of easto remember... madame curie devoted all life dedication to science, to the human. madame curie once said a shocking sentence: "human needdreamer, need to be bent on the career of selflespeople". in europe a philosopher said: "now if you have european memberof the marie curie little character, europe'future ibright." yeah! which countrif the qualitof the people have thikind of selflesand alwaygive top prioritto the interestof the human, that the countrwill be prosperouand strong. madame curie'noble qualitto mgreat respect, but also deeplsorrow for her to leave. madame curie life science, but onlat the end of the tortured bleukemia...madame curie inot onlthe person i respect ii adore, though you have gone, but your character iimprinted in mheart, i want to learn from you, to make great effortin drea在我的脑海里有许许多多令我尊敬的人。
居里夫人基本信息英语作文
居里夫人基本信息英语作文Marie Curie, born Maria Salomea Skłodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, was a renowned physicist and chemist. She is best known for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win the prize in two different scientific fields.Curie received her education in both Poland and France, earning her PhD in physics from the University of Paris in 1903. She married Pierre Curie, a fellow scientist, in 1895, and together they conducted extensive research on radioactivity. Their work led to the isolation of polonium and radium, and they shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel for their discoveries.After Pierre's tragic death in 1906, Marie continued her research and became the first female professor at the University of Paris. She won a second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, in 1911 for her work on radium and its compounds. Throughout her career, Curie made significant contributions to the understanding of radioactivity and its applications in medicine, including the development of X-ray technology.Marie Curie passed away on July 4, 1934, due to aplastic anemia, likely caused by her prolonged exposure to radiation during her research. Her legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, and her dedication to her work remains an outstanding example of the power of perseverance and the pursuit of knowledge.中文翻译:居里夫人,1867年11月7日出生于波兰华沙,原名玛丽亚·萨洛梅亚·斯克沃道夫斯卡,是一位著名的物理学家和化学家。
英文版居里夫人介绍.
• In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for physics.
• In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on working.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• She received the second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
• She was the first female lecturer, professor and head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1906).
Achievement
• The first woman who win the Nobel Prize • The first one who win the Prize twice
Evaluation
• "Of all the famous people inside, Marie Curie was the only person who has not been well-known spoiled! -------Albert Einstein • Her example inspired a lot of people
• She was the first to use the term radioactivity for this phenomenon. • She was the first woman in Europe to receive her doctorate of science.
居里夫人基本信息英语作文
居里夫人基本信息英语作文Marie Curie, born Maria Salomea Skłodowska in 1867, was a Polish-born physicist and chemist who revolutionized the field of radioactivity.玛丽·居里，原名玛丽亚·萨尔姆·斯克沃多夫斯卡，1867年出生，是一位出生于波兰的物理学家和化学家，她彻底改变了放射性领域。
Known for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity, Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.居里夫人因其在放射性方面的开创性研究而闻名，成为第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，也是第一位在两个不同科学领域获得两项诺贝尔奖的人。
Her discoveries in radioactivity had far-reaching impacts on medicine, physics, and chemistry, leading to advancements in cancer treatment and nuclear power.她在放射性领域的发现对医学、物理学和化学产生了深远的影响，推动了癌症治疗和核能的发展。
Curie's dedication to science and her perseverance in the face of adversity inspired generations of scientists and researchers.居里夫人对科学的献身精神以及她在逆境中的坚韧不拔激励了数代科学家和研究人员。
居里夫人简介英文版
Marie CurieFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMarie Skłodowska Curie, c. 1920Marie Skłodowska-Curie (/ˈkjʊri,kjʊˈri/;[2]French: [kyʁi]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska (pronounced [ˈmarʲja ˈsalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the RussianEmpire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequentscientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband PierreCurie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[3]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium.Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatmentof neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[4][5] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.[6] She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a]Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, dueto aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation – including carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research and her service during World War I inmobile X-ray units created by her.[7]Contents[hide]∙ 1 Biographyo 1.1 Early yearso 1.2 New life in Pariso 1.3 New elementso 1.4 Nobel Prizeso 1.5 World War Io 1.6 Postwar yearso 1.7 Death∙ 2 Legacy∙ 3 Awards, honours, and tributes∙ 4 See also∙ 5 Notes∙ 6 References∙7 Further readingo7.1 Nonfictiono7.2 Fiction∙8 External linksBiographyMaria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachersBronisława,née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12]Her father, Władysław Skłodowski, taught mat hematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9]The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9]She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific workMaria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relativ es of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15]Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sitcontemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continuedto educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's OldTown.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]New life in ParisIn late 1891 she left Poland for France.[18] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before rentinga garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.[19][20] She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.[20]Marie studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.[8] Meanwhile she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[8][20][b]Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the The Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale[1]).[20] That same year Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.[21] Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry,the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville deParis (ESPCI).[8] They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor JózefKowalski-Wierusz, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Kowalski-Wierusz thought Pierre had access to.[8][20] Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.[20]Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.[8][20] Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.[8] Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if meant being reduced to teaching French.[8] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.[20] She was still laboring under the illusion that shewould be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman.[10] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.[20] At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his researchon magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.[20] A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre's biggest discovery."[10] On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux (Seine);[22] neither wanted a religious service.[8][20] Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.[20] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer.[10] In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.[10]New elementsPierre and Marie Curie in the laboratoryIn 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.[23] In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.[23] He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.[8] Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.[8][23]She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge.[23] Using Pierre's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[23] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.[23] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself.[23]This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.[23][24]In 1897 her daughter Irène was born.[18] To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure.[18] The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry.[18] The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.[25] They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. TheSchool did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.[18][25][26]Curie's systematic studies included two uraniumminerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).[25] Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.[25][27] She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that theelement thorium was also radioactive.[23]Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.[18][25]The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[28]She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[29] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier,Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[30]At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." Shelater would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[30] On 14 April 1898 the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.[30]In July 1898 Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires.[8] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the Latin word for "ray".[18][25][31] In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".[8]To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.[25] Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.[25] Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.[32]The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910 Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal.[25][33] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.[25]Between 1898 and 1902 the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium,diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.[34]In 1900 Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.[35][36] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.[18]Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris.[18][37] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to.[38] Meanwhile a new industry began developing, based on radium.[35]The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.[25][35]Nobel Prizes1903 Nobel Prize portraitIn December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."[18] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[39] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[18]Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.[38][39] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.[39] The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.[39] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.[18][35][36] Upon Pierre's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.[39]In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève.[39] She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[6]On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture.[18][40] Curie was devastated by her husband's death.[41] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie.[41] She accepted it hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre.[41][42] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.[18]Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now CurieInstitute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the PasteurInstitute and the University of Paris.[42] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.[18][43] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.[43]In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre:the curie.[42] Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one[18] or two votes.[44] Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.[45] A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led tothe Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.[18][44] During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist.[44] Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.[18]In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre's[46]—a married man who was estranged from his wife.[44] This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.[47] When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of a friend.[44]1911 Nobel Prize diplomaInternational recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[10] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."[48] She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each.A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her nativecountry.[10] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.[43] A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment.[48] For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.[48] She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.[48]In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.[43][48] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.[43] The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.[43][48][49]World War ICurie in a mobile X-ray vehicleDuring World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons.[49]After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developedmobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies").[49]She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914.[49] Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.[43][49] Later, she began training other women as aides.[50]In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue.[50] She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.[50]It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.[14][43] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.[43] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.[49]Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them.[50] She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money.[50] She was also an active member in committeesof Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause.[51] After the war, she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War (1919).[50]Postwar yearsIn 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur(1822–95).[43] In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, createda Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.[43][52] In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States.[53][54] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.[54][55] In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine.[43] She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.[56]Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[57]Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others beingthe Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.[57][58]In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations.[59] In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie.[60] In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw.[43] Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium;。
我崇敬的人英语作文居里夫人
我崇敬的人英语作文居里夫人Marie Curie is the person I admire the most. She was a pioneering physicist and chemist who conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her work not only earned her two Nobel Prizes, but also paved the way for advancements in the fields of science and medicine.Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1867. Despite facing numerous obstacles as a woman in a male-dominated field, she pursued her passion for science and eventually moved to Paris to further her studies. It was there that she met her husband, Pierre Curie, and together they conducted extensive research on radioactivity. Their collaborative efforts led to the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium, and laid the foundation for future developments in nuclear physics.One of the reasons I admire Marie Curie is her unwavering dedication to her work. Despite the challenges she faced, she remained committed to her research and made significant contributions to the scientific community. Her perseverance and determination serve as a source of inspiration for me, especially during times of adversity.Another aspect of Marie Curie's life that I find admirable is her selflessness. She not only devoted herself to advancing scientific knowledge, but also workedtirelessly to provide medical care to soldiers during World War I. Her efforts led to the development of mobile radiography units, which were used to diagnose and treat injuries on the battlefield. This demonstrates her compassion and willingness to use her expertise for the greater good of society.Furthermore, Marie Curie's legacy extends beyond her scientific achievements. She was a trailblazer for women in STEM fields and continues to serve as a role model for aspiring scientists around the world. Her groundbreaking work has had a lasting impact on the fields of physics, chemistry, and medicine, and her influence can still befelt today.In conclusion, Marie Curie is a remarkable individual whose contributions to science and society are truly inspiring. Her groundbreaking research, unwavering dedication, and selfless attitude have left an indelible mark on the world. She is a shining example of what can beachieved through hard work, perseverance, and a passion for knowledge.居里夫人是我最崇敬的人。
居里夫人的英文简介居里夫人介绍英文
居里夫人的英文简介:居里夫人介绍英文.Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934) was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. The world called "Marie Curie", full name: Maria Scovodovska Curie. French famous Polish scientist, physicist, chemist.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics forthe study of radioactivity. In 1911, the discovery of the element polonium and radium again won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thus becoming the world's first two Bell of the people. Curie's achievements include the creation of a radioactive theory, the invention of the separation of radioisotope technology, found two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people use radioisotopes for the first time in the treatment of cancer. Due to prolonged exposure to radioactive material, Mrs. Curie died on 7 July 1934 due to malignant leukemia.School stageNovember 7, 1867, was born in the Polish kingdom of Warsaw City, a middle school teacher's family.In September 1891, went to Paris to study, in November into the University of Sultan (ie, the University of Paris) Department of Physics.In 1894, by the Polish scholar, Professor of Physics at the University of Fortune, Switzerland, Joseph Kovarsky introduced, with Biel Curie met in order to take advantage of Curie's leading equipment for better laboratories.In 1895 April, Mary Scrodovsky's paper "Radiation of uranium and thorium compounds" was read by Lippmann at the Academy of Sciences.July 26, 1895, Mary and Beier Curie in the suburbs of Paris shuttle town married. Marie Curie is a female middle school teacher.Research stageIn August 1896, Mary passed the university graduates as a teacher's title exam. (1827-1897), Mary worked for the post, working in the physical laboratory, working with Bier (room director).In 1898 July, Curie couple to the Academy of Sciences "on the bitumen uranium ore in a radioactive new material"Explain the discovery of new radioactive elements 84, four hundred times stronger than uranium, similar to bismuth, and Mrs. Curie suggested poles (polonium) to construct the name of the new element in her motherland's name. Since the Curie couple work closely together to study the establishment of the earliest methods of radiochemical work.In 1898 December, Curie couple and colleague Beimont to the Academy of Sciences, "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a highly radioactive new material," that also found the new element 88, radio than uranium million times, named as Radium. Mary Curie reports of the discovery of new elements polonium, published in the Polish version of Warsaw's "Swift Art" magazine.In March 1900, Mary taught the physics at the Saifuer Women's Higher Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary 's paper "On the atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds". Curie couples at the Paris International Physics Society read the paper "on the new radioactive material and its emission."In October 1900, two German scholars, Valcoff and Gizelle, declared that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. After the couples confirmed that the laser will burn the skin.In 1902, after three and nine months of refining, the Curie couple separated a few grams of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, measuring the radium content of 225, and the resulting exact number of 226.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.In 1908, for the "Biel Curie writings" sequel, recall the author's performance. The book by the French Institute of Physics commissioned by the editor of Lang, published in Paris. Promoted to professor.In 1911, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded for the separation of pure metal radium. In the same year, participated in the first Solvay meeting held in Brussels.In 1915, from the University of Solborn University physics laboratory moved to the radium Institute of Radiology Laboratory. Travel around the country at home and abroad, to guide eighteen field medical service team.In 1916, in the radium Institute for the health staff to open radiology crash course, teach doctors to find the body of foreign body (such as: shrapnel) location of the new law, by the Allied military praise.In 1921, according to wartime notes finishing, written as "radiology and war", published in Paris.On March 8, 1921, he met with Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to visit, invited Curie to Peking University lectures. Answer: "This can not go, when the summer vacation in the future seek." Never finished.In May 1921, the mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States, to accept the United States Mary Curie Fund Raising Committee "Mary Curie Committee" presented a radium. The ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept the new thorium five grams; she was the first to use their own piezoelectric quartz to the United States philosophical society. The paper "on isotope and isotope" was published in Paris.In February 1922, he was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.In May 1922, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations established by the First World War, Sir David Draham, participated in the International Commission for Cultural Co-operation, which was established last year, at the invitation of the decision of the International Council. The first member was elected as vice chairman. To this end, often to Geneva to attend the meeting.In 1930, the French government applied for special research subsidies, received 500,000 francs.In 1934, the book "radioactive" (two volumes) written in 1935 published. Yorio Curie, under the guidance of Mrs. Curie, found artificial radioactive.June 1934, live in the province of Sava province Sangseluo Mo sanatorium. July 4, with anemia (caused by radium) died in nursing homes. Dr. Tommy wrote this report: "The disease he has received is a rapid development, accompanied by fever with secondary anemia. Bone marrow without hematopoietic response, may be due to long-term accumulation of radiation damage caused." "I lost everything." Cai Yuanpei was also very sad, and on July 8, 1934, he sent a letter of condolence in French to pay tribute: "The president of theUniversity of Paris, the president of the University of Paris, I am grateful for the death of the members of the French Academy of Sciences, and I would like to pay tribute to my family. "Cai Yuanpei." July 6, buried in the Paristown town where the tomb. Her brother (Joseph Scrodovsky) (Blooney Schrava de luska) sprinkled the gravel from Poland to the tomb.Research areas1, found radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).2, presented the idea that the ray (now known to be composed of electrons) is negatively charged particles.Scientific resultsIn the experimental study, Mrs. Curie designed a measuring instrument that not only measured the presence or absence of a substance, but also measuredthe strength of the ray. After repeated experiments, she found that theintensity of uranium was proportional to the amount of uranium in the substance, regardless of the state of uranium and the external conditions.Marie Curie has conducted a thorough examination of the known chemical elements and all the compounds, and has obtained the important discovery that an element called thorium can also automatically emit an invisible ray, indicating that the element can emit a ray Not just the characteristics of uranium, but some elements of the common characteristics. She called this phenomenon radioactive, the elements of this nature is called radioactive elements. They release the ray called "radiation".At the end of 1902, Mrs. Curie extracted a tenth of a very pure gram of radium chloride and accurately measured its atomic weight. The existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a very rare natural radioactive material, its body is shiny, like a fine salt-like white crystal, radium with a slight blue fluorescence, and this is the beautiful light blue fluorescence, into A woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is notthe same as the line of any known element. Although radium is not the first human discovery of radioactive elements, but it is the most radioactive elements. Using its powerful radioactivity, it is possible to further identify many new properties of radiation. So that many elements get further practical application. Medical research found that the radiation for a variety ofdifferent cells and tissues, the role is very different, those breeding fast cells, once the radium irradiation was soon destroyed. This discovery makes radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancer is caused by the rapid propagation of cells, the laser for its destruction than the surroundinghealth tissue damage much more. This new treatment soon developed in the world.In the French Republic, radium therapy is known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of scientific theory and the application of practical, have a very important significance.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
居里夫人简介英文版
Marie CurieFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMarie Skłodowska-Curie (/ˈkjʊri,kjʊˈri/;[2]French: [kyʁi]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering researchon radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor atthe University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska (pronounced [ˈmarʲja ˌsalɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her oldersister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[3]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatmentof neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[4][5] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. [6] She named the first chemical element that she discovered –polonium, which she isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a] Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation – including carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research and her service during World War I in mobile X-ray units created by her.[7]BiographyMaria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and WładysławSkłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left)Maria, Bronisława, Helena, 1890On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12] Her father,Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of twoWarsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9] The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9]She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had diedof typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific workMaria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governessin Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15] Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as anold man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry andAgriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]New life in ParisIn late 1891 she left Poland for France.[18] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.[19][20] She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.[20] Marie studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.[8] Meanwhile she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[8][20][b]Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the TheSociety for the Encouragement of National Industry (Sociétéd'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale[1]).[20] That sameyear Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.[21] Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI).[8] They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Kowalski-Wierusz, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Kowalski-Wierusz thought Pierre had access to.[8] [20] Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.[20]Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.[8][20] Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.[8] Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if meant being reduced to teaching French.[8] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.[20] She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman.[10] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.[20] At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.[20] A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre's biggest discovery."[10] On 26 July 1895 they were marriedin Sceaux (Seine);[22] neither wanted a religious service.[8][20] Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.[20] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. [10] In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.[10]New elementsPierre and Marie Curie in the laboratoryIn 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.[23] In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.[23] He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.[8] Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.[8] [23]She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. [23] Using Pierre's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[23] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.[23] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. [23]This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.[23][24]In 1897 her daughter Irène was born.[18] To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure.[18] The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry.[18] The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.[25] They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did notsponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.[18][25][26]Curie's systematic studies included two uraniumminerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).[25] Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.[25][27] She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive.[23]Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.[18][25]The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[28]She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie desSciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have goneto Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[29] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier,Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[30]At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[30] On 14 April 1898 the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.[30]In July 1898 Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires.[8] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the Latin word for "ray".[18] [25][31] In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".[8]To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.[25] Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.[25] Radium, however, was more elusive; it isclosely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.[32]The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910 Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal.[25][33] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.[25]Between 1898 and 1902 the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.[34]In 1900 Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.[35][36] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.[18]Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris.[18][37] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to.[38] Meanwhile a new industry began developing, based on radium.[35]The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.[25][35]Nobel Prizes1903 Nobel Prize portraitIn December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."[18] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[39] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[18]Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.[38][39] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.[39] The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.[39] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.[18][35][36] Upon Pierre's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.[39]In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève. [39] She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters hernative language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[6]On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture.[18] [40] Curie was devastated by her husband's death.[41] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie.[41] She accepted it hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre.[41][42] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.[18]Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris.[42] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.[18][43] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.[43]In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie.[42] Nevertheless, in 1911the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one[18] or two votes.[44] Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wirelesstelegraph.[45] A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.[18][44] During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist.[44] Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.[18]In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre's[46]—a married man who was estranged from his wife.[44] This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.[47] When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of a friend.[44]1911 Nobel Prize diplomaInternational recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[10] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkableelement."[48] She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.[10] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.[43] A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment.[48] For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.[48] She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.[48]In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.[43][48] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.[43] The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.[43][48][49]World War ICurie in a mobile X-ray vehicleDuring World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons.[49]After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developedmobile radiography units, which came to be popularly knownas petites Curies ("Little Curies").[49]She became the director ofthe Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first militaryradiology centre, operational by late 1914.[49] Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.[43] [49] Later, she began training other women as aides.[50]In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identifiedas radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue.[50] She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.[50]It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.[14][43] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.[43] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.[49]Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French NationalBank refused to accept them.[50] She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money.[50] She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause.[51] After the war, she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War (1919).[50]Postwar yearsIn 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur(1822–95).[43] In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.[43][52] In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the1 gram of radium collected in the United States.[53][54] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.[54][55] In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine.[43] She also travelled to other countries, appearing publiclyand giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.[56] Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[57]Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.[57][58]In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newlycreated International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation ofthe League of Nations.[59] In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie.[60] In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw.[43] Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director.[43][54] These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work.[54] In 1930, she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death.[61]WarsawCurie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934.[10][62] A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died atthe SancellemozSanatorium in Passy, in Haute-Savoie, from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure。
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Marie Curie, quiet, dignified and unassuming, was held in high esteem and admiration by scientists throughout the world.
Marie Curie is no icon but a flesh-and-blood woman. She is an ordinary woman with human qualities and human weakness. However, she showed her great efforts, strong will and perseverance when she confronted with difficulties .Once she realized that a way is right, she will never compromise and will persist on the path.
The physical and societal aspects of the work of the Curies contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries. The result of the Curies' work was epochmaking. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. Madame Curie advocated radiology to rescue the wounded and use. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers that were placed in her way because she was a woman, in both her native and her adoptive country.
Marie Curie
Marie Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.