动词,名词,代词,形容词,副词,冠词
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
常用词:动词,名词,代词,形容词,副词,冠词等
最重要和最复杂的当属动词的用法了,一,动词是构成谓语的主力,而谓语是句子的灵魂二,所有时态语态单复数都要通过动词的变形来体现。(v-ed泛指动词过去式和过去分词)
一般现在时 v (动词原形,第三人称单数要加S)
现在进行时 am/ is/ are + v-ing
一般过去时 v-ed (动词过去式)
一般完成时 has/ have + v-ed (动词过去分词)
一般将来时 will/ be going to + v (动词原形)
过去完成时 had + v+ed (动词过去分词)
过去进行时 was/ were + v-ing
最简单的句子:
Go! 虽然是个祈使句,但也属于陈述句,所以陈述句中唯一不可少的词是谓语动词。What? / W hy? / How? / Who? / Where? / W hen? 特殊疑问句中,特殊疑问词非常关键。
Yes/ no/ ok/ really? / Sure / absolutely/ good
动词:
包括谓语动词和非谓语动词,顾名思义,谓语动词就是做谓语的动词
一个陈述句中,谓语动词非常非常非常重要,而且大部分句子都是陈述句。
通常可以做谓语的只有两类词,一个是谓语动词,一个是系动词,所以二者之间常引起混淆
系动词就是am/is/are/was/were/have been/has been等be动词的变形
由于一个句子中通常只有一个谓语,所以谓语动词和系动词不能共存,一旦同时出现,要么赶走系动词,要么原本的谓语动词立即变性为非谓语动词。
比如:
A dog is bark. (wrong) is和bark都是完美的谓语词选,一山不容二虎,所以改革势在必行,
A dog is barking. (谓语动词bark变性为非谓语动词barking)
A dog barks. (赶走了is) 同时也要注意第三人称单数时动词后要加S
一般现在时是最简单的时态,还好对付,如果遇到下列时态呢?
过去时,My father was bought a tree for Christmas.
这时,被动语态会被无辜牵连进来,因为被动语态的构成为be+v-ed
过去时中动词全部是v-ed形式出现,不规则动词除外,很容易让人联想到被动语态。显然这句话并没有被动语态的意思。
My father bought a tree for Christmas.
My father was buying a tree.
也许你会发现,谓语动词变性时经常变为V-ing,构成进行时,这在大多数情况下行得通,但万一遇到不能用进行时的谓语动词就惨了,只能忍痛割爱,放弃be动词了。比如:I am liking this movie. (Wrong) 连Word都知道这句话不对
Like是典型的不能用于进行时的谓语动词,只能说I like this movie.
同样的例子还有have, belong to, love等,这些词本身就表示正在进行的一种状态
完成时, He is has worked for the whole day. (Wrong)
这句话就是明显的混乱了,不知道到底是什么时态
He has worked for the whole day.
He has been working for the whole day. 现场完成进行时,表示目前还在进行
How long have you been working in Neusoft? 也就是说目前你还在neusoft.
这里顺便提下疑问句的构成,疑问句分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句,特殊疑问句就是由特殊疑问词引导的疑问句,一般疑问句就是以助动词开头的疑问句
比如:How old are you? (are)
W hat do you do in your spare time? (第一个do)
Do you go there often? (do)
Is that a box? (is)
不管是特殊疑问句还是一般疑问句,都需要助动词或系动词来辅助构成,都需要将助动词或系动词放在主语前面,上面括号中就是构成问句的助动词或系动词。
注意:do 既可以作为实义动词,表示做什么,也可以作为助动词,不表示任何意思,如果一个陈述句中没有系动词,可以拉来DO构成疑问句
比如:My son finished his homework on time.
Did you son finish his homework on time?
因为是过去时,所以用do的过去式did
此外,疑问句中的助动词一个就够了,助手太多很喧宾夺主
比如:You can drive there alone.
Can you drive there alone?
原句中有个情态动词can可以直接用来做助动词,就不需要找do帮忙了,所以基本原则是尽量利用已有资源,有能做助动词的就自己解决,实在没有再找do
更多例子:
1. The sun is red in the morning.
Is the sun red in the morning?
Why is the sun red in the morning?
2. The cloud went dark when it rained.
Did the cloud go dark when it rained?
What did the cloud’s color go when it rained?
3. He can eat twenty hotdogs at one time.
Can he eat twenty hotdogs at one time?
How many hotdogs can he eat at one time?
4. She has been to many countries.
Has she been to many countries?
What countries has she been to?
这时又可以发现系动词和谓语动词的不同,要构成疑问句时,谓语动词比较大牌,不需要自己出马,派出助手(助动词)就OK了,而系动词必须要亲自出面才能摆平。不过系动词可以始终保持句中形式不变,而谓语动词如在句中有变形,如第三人称后的S,过去时中的过去式,就要把用来变形的马甲借给助手,由助手变形,谓语动词就要乖乖恢复动词原形了。
还有一类词虽然不是动词,却沾了动词的光,取名叫情态动词,如can, will, may, must, shall, could, would, might, should, ought to等,用来表达动词的语气和感情,所以叫情态动词。
这类词后必须跟动词或系动词,而且必须是原形。
比如:Children should go to school.
You must be kidding.
Birds can not fly without wings.
That will be good news.
当遇到时态和语态的变化时,情态动词只对时态变化有反应。
比如:Can you climb a tree?
Could you climb a tree when you were a kid?
I should not break his heart.
His heart should not be broken by me.
情态动词有两个主要用法,一个用来下命令,一个用来表示猜测,但有语气强弱之分。
May, can, must 这三个最常用,语气递增,must语气最强
Might, could等过去式形式比原形语气要弱一个等级,非常不肯定的猜测
由于must语气非常强,所以在表示命令时需要谨慎使用,特别是否定形式mustn’t,不然会显得粗鲁不礼貌
比如:You may ask her. 你也许问她吧。
You may not ask her. 你也许不问她。
You can ask her. 你可以问她。
You can not ask her. 你不能问她。