达尔文主义

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three key concepts of Darwinism
• 1. variation （all forms of life） • 2. heredity （similar organic to next generation）生物遗传性 • Struggle for existence • (survival of the fittest适者生存)
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Ｎot everyone likes Darwin
Darwin
达尔文
• Man, the wonder and glory of the universe. • 人，宇宙的奇迹和光荣。 • We must, however, acknowledge, as it seems to me, that men with all his noble qualities, …still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin. • 可是在我看来，我们必须懂得：具有崇 高品质的人… …在体格上仍然带有出身低贱 的不可磨灭的印记 • Survival of the Fittest. • 适者生存
• Charles Robert Darwin (1809 –1882) British scientist（naturalist）, who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of natural selection. • His work was of major influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general.
林奈氏分类系统：即双名法： 以拉丁文命名生物， 属科+种课 • 如：银杏树学名为GINKGO BILOBA L.，GIKGO是属名，是名词； biloba是种名，是形容词；第三个字母，则是定名者姓氏的缩写， L为林奈（linne）的缩写
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Evolution Ideas before Darwin
Chapter 12 Darwinism
达尔文主义
lecturer: Li Ting 2012.4
Ｓketch of the Chapter • I Darwinism(达尔文主义)
• • • • • 1. General Introduction 2. Ideas of Evolution before Darwin 3. Life of Charles Darwin 4. Darwin’s Works and Theories 5. Effects of Darwinism
2. Ideas of Evolution before Darwin
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• • • • * Carl Linnaeus 林奈 （1707-1778）
• * Sweden naturalist， founders of modern biology classification.瑞典博物学家, 现代生物学分类奠基人 •
• Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury什鲁斯伯里城, England. He was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln.
• fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. • His maternal grandfather was the successful china and pottery entrepreneur ; • his paternal grandfather was the well-known 18thcentury physician and savant Erasmus Darwin.
II. Darwinism (达尔文主义)
• 1. General Introduction
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a. discovered the law governing the evolution of man himself
(the theory of evolution 进化论） • b. For many centuries before him, people in the west had led to believe each verse of the • Bible as literally true that all living things were created by God, but Darwin declared that every living thing on earth evolved from one or a few common ancestors, which greatly shook the world.
• 达尔文主义第一次把生物学放在完全科学的基础上， 它的产生不仅是生物学的伟大革命，也是人类思想史 上的伟大革命，具有巨大的哲学意义。它用自然选择 的进化学说合理地说明生物的多样性和适应性，从而 有力地打击了唯心主义的特创论和目的论利用生物的 多样性和适应性长期宣扬的上帝有目的地创造生物的 观点，这是唯物主义世界观的伟大胜利。 • 马克思、恩格斯高度评价达尔文的进化论，并把它引 为自己学说的自然史基础。唯心主义者则试图利用达 尔文主义宣扬他们的哲学思想和社会政治观点，产生 了社会达尔文主义、庸俗进化论等流派。围绕达尔文 主义所展开的哲学斗争，一直延续至今。
5. Effects of Darwinism
• helped end the practice of relying on the Bible
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contributed to religious belief and to a growing secular attitude.
• 英国生物学家C.R.达尔文创立的以自然选择为中心的生物进化理 论，即通常所指的进化论。达尔文运用大量地质学、古生物学、 比较解剖学、胚胎学等方面的材料，特别是他在环球航行期间以 及研究家养动植物时所获得的第一手材料，令人信服地证明了现 存多种多样的生物是由原始的共同祖先逐渐演化而来的，揭示了 自然选择是生物进化的主要动因，从而使进化论真正成为科学。 自然选择的主要内容包括变异和遗传、生存竞争和选择等。变异 是选择的原材料，在生存竞争中，有利的变异将较多地保存下来， 有害的变异则被淘汰。有利变异在种内经过长期积累，导致性状 分歧，最后形成新种。生物就是这样通过自然选择缓慢进化的。 英国生物学家A.R.华莱士与达尔文同时提出了类似思想，并于 1889年第一次把达尔文的学说称为“达尔文主义”。达尔文主 义的著名代表人物还有T.H.赫胥黎和E.H.海克尔。
* Georges Louis Buffon蒲丰 （1707-1788）
• * French Scientist/biologist/methematician. • 法国数学、生物、宇宙学家, 大大影响达尔文和拉马克 •
2. Ideas of Evolution before Darwin
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• • • • * Lamarck拉马克 * French naturalist 法国博物学家 invented the word”biology” * the first man whose conclusion on the subject of evolution excited much attention 最早提 出生物进化论，继承林奈分类法 • 两个著名的原则，就是“用进废退”和“获得性遗传”。
4. Darwin’s works theory
• On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 《物种起源》
• The essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution 达尔文论述生物 进化的重要著作，出版于1859年。该书大概是19世纪最具争议 的著作，其中的观点大多数 为当今的科学界普遍接受。 在该书 中，达尔文首次提出了进化论的观点。
the theory of evolution
进化论
• Contains four major arguments: 1. New species appear 2. Those new species have evolved from old species. 3. The evolution of species is the result of natural selection. 4. And the natural selection depends on variation and the maintenance of variation in spite of the tendency of natural selection to eliminate unfit variants.
2. Ideas of Evolution before Darwin
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Carl Linnaeus 林奈 （1707-1778）
*依雄蕊和雌蕊的类型、大小、数量及相互排列等特征，将植物分
为24纲、116目、1000多个属和10 000多个种。纲、目、属、种的 分类概念是林奈的首创。
• In 1831, Darwn set out on H.M.S. Beagle as a self-financed gentleman companion to the 26-year-old captain, Robert Fitzroy. The Beagle was on a British science expedition around the world • lasted almost five years , Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections • Darwin's job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth's surface.
Journey of the Beagle
II. Darwinism (达尔文主义)
Charles Darwin (1809---1882) Born on February 12, 1809 at Shrewsbury, England Edingburgh University to study medicine, but dropped out. Cambridge For ministry. 1839, he began writing a draft of his book on the origin of species《物种起 源》.
3.Life of Charles Darwin
• • • • Born in England in 1809 Education Scientific expedition Alfred Russel Wallace 亚尔佛德· 罗素· 华莱士英 国博物学家以和达尔文共 同(1858)发表「物竞天择」 理论驰名。