附录二 外文文献翻译
审计学毕业论文外文文献及翻译--国际审计准则第910号：财务报表审阅
LNTU---Acc附录A国际审计准则第910号：财务报表审阅（一）引言1.本准则旨在为审计人员接受委托从事财务报表审阅的职业责任，以及出具审阅报告的格式和内容建立标准，提供指导。
2.本准则是针对财务报表审阅制定的。
然而，它也适用于审阅财务信息或其他信息的业务。
本准则要连同国际审计准则120号“国际审计准则框架”一并阅读。
其他国际审计准则的有关内容对审计人员运用这一谁则可以有所帮助。
审阅业务的目的3.财务报表审阅的目的是为了使审计人员能够表明，根据实施的程序(这些程序并不提供象在审计业务中所要求获取的所有证据)，是否存在审计人员注意到的，使得审计人员认为财务报表在所有重大方面没有按照指明的财务报告框架编制的情况(消极保证)。
审阅业务的一般原则4.审计人员应当遵循国际会计师联合会颁布的“职业会计师道德守则”。
统驭审计人员职业责任的道德原则是:(I)独立;(2)公正;(3)客观;(4)职业胜任能力及应有关注;(5)保密;(6)职业行为;(7)技术准则。
5.审计人员应当按照本准则执行审阅工作。
6.审计人员应当以职业怀疑的态度计划和执行审阅工作，以识别可能存在的导致财务报表重大错报的情况。
7.为了在审阅报告中发表消极保证的意见，审计人员应当主要通过查询和分析程序获取充分、适当的证据，形成结论。
审阅范围8．“审阅范围”是指为了实现审阅目的，在各种情况下认为必要的审阅程序。
执行财务报表审阅所要求的程序，由审计人员根据国际审计准则、有关专业团体、法律和法规的要求，以及审阅业务约定条件及报告要求确定。
适当的保证9.审阅业务提供了一个适当程度的保证，即审阅的信息不存在重大的错报，这是用消极保证的方式发表意见。
业务约定条款10.审计人员和客户应当就业务约定条款达成一致意见。
达成一致的条款应当记录在业务委托书或其他适当的类似合同中。
11.业务委托书有助于制定审阅工作计划。
审计人员致送记录委托关键条款的业务委托书，对客户和审计人员均有益处。
汽车租赁外文翻译文献
汽车租赁外文翻译文献附录B2外文文献Automobile Servicing EquipmentrMTranX2000 is an effective and flexible tool for servicingautomatictransmissions. The unit is portable and car be used both in the vehicle and on the bench. The TranX has been designed with a microprocessor, which gives it the capability to hold information to drive and analyze all transmission types. As new transmissions come onto die market the tranX design allows simple periodic upgrades with asingle plug in device. This device is accessible al the back of the TranX2000?controller and can be replaced quickly. Please take a moment to register your TranX2000 so the producer can notify you as updates become available.The TranX2000 has two main components, thy controller and the interface box. All the electronic switches, solenoid drivers and measurements, electronics are located in the interface box. This was done so all the electronic components of the TranX would be closer to the electronic solenoids they are controlling. You can plug your power cord into either the controller or the interface box to provide power to the TranX. Whenever possible, the producer recommends using theinterface box, along with the battery adapter cahle in your kit, topower up the TranX. Be sure to run the black clip to battery ground and the red clip to battery 12 volts.Each TranX2000? dedicated harness set consists of two cables. One connects to the vehicle transmission and the other to the vehicles ECU harness. Both these adapters attach to the interface box. You only need to use the transmission side adapter if you are working on the bench. To prevent user error, all FXU (harness) side cables have male pins, all transmission sides cables have female pins.Dedicated harness sets are listed on the transmission test sheets, along with connector drawings and wire charts. Original equipment connectors are used whenever possible and new harness sets are constantly being offered. If you need a connector set that the producer does not offer at this time, they will be glad to wireany connectors you have to use with your TranX2000 for a small fee. Please call them to get more information.Your kit also contains a small bag with 1 red test point lead, 1 black test point lead and a 10 amp fuse. To make sure your TranX2000? will last a long time, use thetest point leads whenever you use a multimeter (or other shop equipment) with your TranX. They are designed to easily fitted into the test point sockets on your TranX. The 10 amp fuse is provided in die event the one in your power cord blows. Simply unscrew the end of the lighter plug and replace the fuse. Always replace the fuse with a 3 AGIO Fast Blow 10 Ampere fuse.TranX2000 ' Control PanelThe TranX2000 Control Panel contains 5 sections. See Fig, 4-1. These sections are explained on the following.Every transmission has a 3 digit code, which is clearly marked on the upper right hand corner of tile test sheets. An index of all the test codes can be offered. Press the code into the keypad (the number will be dismayed) and push the ENTER/C1.EAR button, if you make a mistake entering the code, continue entering the code until the correct nurnbeb is displayed, then push enter. The TranX2000" is now programmed to correctly drive die solenoids for the transmission you are testing.Section 2: SELECT TEST1MThe TranX2000 can perform 3 teste at this time (Special Test is reserved for future transmissions) . Press the SEI.KCT TEST hutton to choose the test you want to perform. The Operations section of this manual further details how to run the tests.SOLENOID TEST allows you to isolate each solenoid and quickly check for opens and shorts. Alway? run uiis test with the engine off. Ynu can run this test on the bench or in the vehicle.SHIFT TEST provides die ability to drive the vehicle bypassing the vehicles computer (ECU) . All shifting information was programmed when you entered the transmission code. By separating the transmission from the ECU, you will quickly determined whether the problem is in the transmission or in the ECU. You can also run this test on the bench.[hiring the MONITOR COMPUTER test, the TranX passively monitors signals send by the ECU to the transmission. These signals are decoded and the gear in the vehiele is displayed, along with any special funetions(lock—up, coast clutch, etc, ).Section 3: SENSOR MODULE ASensor testing is simple with the TranX2000TM. Sensor channels 1 through 4 are used to monitor pressure switches like those on die 4I/J0E. The LEI) indication has 3 states: Red indicates positive voltage , Green indicates ground, and Off indicates no voltage.Sensor channels 5-8 are used for TOT sensors, or other sensors you wish to check. Plug your ohm niKtpr into the sockets, using the test leads included with your kit, to measure readings from the sensors. Use the sensor clip set to attach to sensors not connected through the case connector.The Bosch Mot Series MotortestersThis unit introduces the Bosch MOT 240, 250 and 251 Motortesterswith digital ignition stacked and multi-oscilloscope. Fig.4-2 is apicture of Bosch MOT 250.MOT 240 — with liquid-crystal display,portable and independent of mains ( poweredby vehicle battery) . The ideal engine testerfeaturing a digital memory oscilloscope formobile service.MOT 240 - with mains adapter, equipment trolley, DIN A4 printer and exhaustgas analyzer - the Motortester is also designed for the exhaust gas analysis ( AU) station.MOT 250 - the convenient, mobile Motortester with cable boom,lockable tool cabinet and spacious cabinets.MOT 251 — The compact Motortester complete with space-saving equipment trolley and swiveling monitor.MOT 240, MOT 250, MOT251, clearly informed about brands, types andsys-tems.All MOTs are compatible with exhaust gas analysis due to RS 232 interface.The Motortesters 240, 250 and 251 with digital oscilloscope plus measuring unitwithconnecting cables and sensors. The oscilloscope has a picture memory with a capacity to recall 32 display pictures. The Motortesters are therefore the universal measuring devices for all necessary measurements during tests of engine and electronic system. This enables selective trouble - shooting, e.g. on various ignition and fuel management systems.These Motortesters can be upgraded and networked with other Bosch testers ( PDR record printer, ETT 008.21/*"8.42 exhaust gas tester,input keyboard for exhaust gas analysis) .Via 3 serial (RS 232) interfaces. Using an additional interface switch, it is also possible to connect the RTT 100/110 exhaust gas smoke meter.When combined with an appropriate exhaust gas analyzer or smoke meter, these MOTs can also be used for the exhaust gas analysis onspark-ignition and dieselengines.All measurement functions are grouped in special test programs appropriately for use in practice:• Eng ine lest• Ignition• Multi-test• Stacked oscilloscope• Exhaust gas (including exhaust gas analysis)• Multi-oscilloscope• Injection testThe measured values and the oscilloscope pattern are shown on the digital screen. As many as 3 measured values are shown with a small oscilloscope pattern or the large representation of the oscillogram is shown with the engine speed.All measured values and the oscilloscope pattern can he printed out. in clear, customer-friendly form in DIN A4 size with the PDR 200 record printer.The sensors and connecting cables are clearly arranged in the frame of the measuring unit in brackets and plug-in sockets.Power is from the mains and is automatically adapted to all voltages from 100 to 240 V at 50/60 Hz. 'The MOT 240 can also be powered from thevehicle battery. The engine tests are operated with 7 hardkeys (keyswith a fixed, function) and 6 softkeys (keys with a variable function) .The hardkeys have the following functions: permanent short-circuiting (suppression of ignition), storage and read-out of measured values, operation of the report printer, information key arid RETURN key for branching back from the current program, and changeover between operation for oscilloscope and measuring functions. Depending on the program selected, each of die 6 function keys has a different function which is indicated by symbols on the screen.An information key "i" can be used by the operator to access information and instructions for the respective measurement or operation, e.g. regarding the connection to the vehicle or the scope of the measuring functions.All operating and system software is stored on the program module which is accessible from the outside . This means high flexibility in case changes are required to test new vehicle and ignition systems. Testing• Engines with up to 12 cylinders with automatic recognition of cylinder number and ignition system.• Ignition systems ranging from the contact-controlled ignition with one or twodistributors to fully electronic ignition system with single-spark ignition coil (EFS) or dual-spark ignition coil control.• Simultaneous display of up to 3 measured values together with a small oscillogram.• Large representation of oscillogram together with engine speed. Measuring functions• Engine speed via TDC sensors, No. 1 cylinder or signal from terminal 1.• Ignition point with TDC sensor (with automatic recognition) or stroboscope.• Dwell angle in % or degrees of distributor shaft and closing time in ms.• Injection ti me or other times, measured at the valve or suitable measuringpoints.• Automatic; cylinder comparison, absolute or relative drop in engine speed.• Dynamic compression measurement baser) on starter current.• Voltages related to ground or floating, v oltage of lambda sensor and atterminal 1 , dynamic or static.• Current of up to 1000 A or 20 A with current-measuring pickup, up to 500mA with current-measuring shunt (bodi - special accessories) .• Resistances from milliohni to megaohm level.• T emperature by means of oil temperature sensor,• Primary and secondary ignition, shown as parade, raster or individual displays, in ignition systems with or without distributors.• Signals from vehicle- electrical and electronic systems as curves of voltage and current. This turns your MOTs into full-feature laboratory oscilloscopes.• Memory mode with picture memory (32 displays) for examining irregularities in detad (sporadic defects).The following are some tests actually displayed on a 12" screen (MOT 240: 10" screen) and represent just a small selection of the extensive capabilities of the MOTs; lest programs supported by oscilloscope display of measured values. Engine test• Measurement of battery voltage or the supply voltage of the ignition coil• Measurement of electric current, e.g. starter power, or temperature• Engine speed• Ripple content of alternator on oscilloscope or oscilloscope: primary side Ignition-primary side• Measurement of contact voltage or at terminal 1 (-) of ignition coil• Measurement of dwell angle in degrees of distributor shaft (_ DS)or in %• Closing time in ms• Engine speed• Oscilloscope; primary sideMeasurements arc performed per ignition circuit in ignition systems with two distributors or direct firing. Measurement of ignition point • Absolute ignition advance• Relative/delta ignition advance• Engine speed• Oscilloscope; secondary side Cylinder comparison• Measurement of temperature and engine speed• Start button• Oscilloscope: secondary sid e measurement;• Speed in RPM and % with and without delta HC• Dynamic: compression measurement on basis of starter currentMeasurements are performed per ignition circuit in ignition systems with twodistributors or direct firing.Multitest• Volta ge-related measurement (relative to engine earth) • Measurement of electric current• Potential-free voltage measuring cable and measurement of current • Measurement of electrical resistance• Measurement of temperature• Zero calibration• Measuremen t of voltage or current using oscilloscope Injectiontest• Measurement of temperature• Lambda sensor voltage• Duration of injection• Pulse duty factor• Measurement of voltage using oscilloscope Exhaust gas test/process ofexhaust gas analysis• Display of exhaust gas constituents in accordance with analyzer used • Measurement of oil temperature and engine speed Adjustment of engine-specific data• Type of engine/number of cylinders• Various ignition systems• Various TDC sensor systems with position of marks• Automatic recognition of engine type• Memory fields for standard engine types Basic adjustments• Input of workshop address• Changeover of units of measurement• Selection printer driver for report driver and language• Input o f report head for workshop address• Input of exhaust gas analysis testing agency• Selection of printout (test record or screen contents)• Input of workshop address for PDR 200 report printer Information • Information for each measurementDigital ignition oscilloscope with parade, stacked and individual display and multi-oscilloscope, each with picture memory (32 display)and curve measurement for precise signal analysis.Ignition oscilloscopePrimary and secondary ignition voltage, shown as parade, stacked or individual displays in ignition systems with or without distributors.Multi-oscilloscopeRecording of signals from electric and electronic vehicle systems tobe displayed as curves of voltage or current,Injection signal measured with red multi-clipPrimary current of a TZ-I ignition system measured with a clamp-on pickupAlternator ripple measured via the positive (red) battery terminal(B+ )Memory mode and measurement of signal curvesThe memory mode, the measurement of signal curves and the adjustment menus are available in both ignition oscilloscope and multi-oscilloscope.Memory mode with forward and return picture memory (32 displays) for examining scope displays in detail, e.g. for evaluating defects.Measurement of signal curves during memory mode. Here, e.g. measurement of combustion duration and combustion voltage in the secondary oseillogram.Adjustment menusChange of X-and Y-deviation and displacement of the zero line for more accurate study of signals.Shift of start of display to align the signal curve, e.g. in the center of the screen.Selection of various trigger facilities to determine when the measurement is to begin ( signal size, rising or falling slope, etc. ).附录A2译文汽车服务的设备rMTranX2000 是为为自动传输服务的一个有效和灵活的工具。
非牛顿流体电学：综述外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译
附录A 外文翻译译文：非牛顿流体电学：综述3.在非牛顿流体电泳在第二节讨论了关于电渗流带电表面，如果我们通过想象改变参考系统，带电表面的流体应该是静止的，然后将带电面以速度大小相等但与以前面讨论的亥姆霍兹Smoluchowski的速度方向相反移动。
这种情况下有效地代表了电泳具有很薄的EDL的粒子在一个无限大的非运动牛顿流体范围[17,18,26,34] 。
显然，先前讨论电渗的亥姆霍兹Smoluchowski速度当然也可适用于分析在无限大非牛顿流体域具有薄EDL颗粒的电泳速度，仅仅与它的符号相反，并改变了充电通道壁与带电粒子的潜力。
事实上，支付给非牛顿液体粒子电泳最早的关注可以追溯到30年前Somlyody [ 68 ]提起的一项有关采用非牛顿液体以提供优越的阈值特性的电泳显示器的专利。
在1985年， Vidybida和Serikov [ 69 ]提出关于球形颗粒的非牛顿电泳研究第一个理论解决方案。
他们展示了一个粒子在非牛顿净电泳运动流体可通过以交替的电场来诱导一个有趣的且违反直觉的效果。
最近才被Hsu课题组填补这方面20年的研究空白。
在2003年，Lee[70]等人通过一个球形腔的低zeta电位假设封闭andweak施加电场分析了电泳刚性球形颗粒在非牛顿的Carreau流体的运动。
他们特别重视电泳球形粒子位于中心的空腔特征。
之后，该分析被扩展来研究电泳位于内侧的球面的任意位置的球形颗粒的腔体[71] 。
除了单个粒子电泳外， Hsu[72]等人假设粒子分散潜力在卡罗流体zeta进行了集中的电泳调查分析，并分析了由Lee[73]完成的其它任意潜力。
为了研究在边界上非牛顿流体电泳的影响，Lee[74]等人分析了电泳球状粒子在卡罗体液从带电荷到不带电荷的平面表面，发现平面表面的存在增强了剪切变稀效果，对电泳迁移率产生影响。
类似的分析后来由Hsu等 [75]进行了扩展。
为了更紧密地模拟真实的应用环境，Hsu等人[76]分析了球形粒子的电泳由一个圆柱形的微细界卡罗流体低zeta电位到弱外加电场的条件。
Spring相关的外文文献和翻译(毕设论文必备)
附录1 外文原文Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe Spring Framework: a popular open source application framework that addresses many of the issues outlined in this book. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of Spring and dis-cuss the central “bean factory”lightweight Inversion-of-Control (IoC) container in detail.Spring makes it particularly easy to implement lightweight, yet extensible, J2EE archi-tectures. It provides an out-of-the-box implementation of the fundamental architectural building blocks we recommend. Spring provides a consistent way of structuring your applications, and provides numerous middle tier features that can make J2EE development significantly easier and more flexible than in traditional approaches.The basic motivations for Spring are:To address areas not well served by other frameworks. There are numerous good solutions to specific areas of J2EE infrastructure: web frameworks, persistence solutions, remoting tools, and so on. However, integrating these tools into a comprehensive architecture can involve significant effort, and can become a burden. Spring aims to provide an end-to-end solution, integrating spe-cialized frameworks into a coherent overall infrastructure. Spring also addresses some areas that other frameworks don’t. For example, few frameworks address generic transaction management, data access object implementation, and gluing all those things together into an application, while still allowing for best-of-breed choice in each area. Hence we term Spring an application framework, rather than a web framework, IoC or AOP framework, or even middle tier framework.To allow for easy adoption. A framework should be cleanly layered, allowing the use of indi-vidual features without imposing a whole world view on the application. Many Spring features, such as the JDBC abstraction layer or Hibernate integration, can be used in a library style or as part of the Spring end-to-end solution.To deliver ease of use. As we’ve noted, J2EE out of the box is relatively hard to use to solve many common problems. A good infrastructure framework should make simple tasks simple to achieve, without forcing tradeoffs for future complex requirements (like distributed transactions) on the application developer. It should allow developers to leverage J2EE services such as JTA where appropriate, but to avoid dependence on them in cases when they are unnecessarily complex.To make it easier to apply best practices. Spring aims to reduce the cost of adhering to best practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than classes, almost to zero. However, it leaves the choice of architectural style to the developer.Non-invasiveness. Application objects should have minimal dependence on the framework. If leveraging a specific Spring feature, an object should depend only on that particular feature, whether by implementing a callback interface or using the framework as a class library. IoC and AOP are the key enabling technologies for avoiding framework dependence.Consistent configuration. A good infrastructure framework should keep application configuration flexible and consistent, avoiding the need for custom singletons and factories. A single style should be applicable to all configuration needs, from the middle tier to web controllers.Ease of testing. Testing either whole applications or individual application classes in unit tests should be as easy as possible. Replacing resources or application objects with mock objects should be straightforward.To allow for extensibility. Because Spring is itself based on interfaces, rather than classes, it is easy to extend or customize it. Many Spring components use strategy interfaces, allowing easy customization.A Layered Application FrameworkChapter 6 introduced the Spring Framework as a lightweight container, competing with IoC containers such as PicoContainer. While the Spring lightweight container for JavaBeans is a core concept, this is just the foundation for a solution forall middleware layers.Basic Building Blockspring is a full-featured application framework that can be leveraged at many levels. It consists of multi-ple sub-frameworks that are fairly independent but still integrate closely into a one-stop shop, if desired. The key areas are:Bean factory. The Spring lightweight IoC container, capable of configuring and wiring up Java-Beans and most plain Java objects, removing the need for custom singletons and ad hoc configura-tion. Various out-of-the-box implementations include an XML-based bean factory. The lightweight IoC container and its Dependency Injection capabilities will be the main focus of this chapter.Application context. A Spring application context extends the bean factory concept by adding support for message sources and resource loading, and providing hooks into existing environ-ments. Various out-of-the-box implementations include standalone application contexts and an XML-based web application context.AOP framework. The Spring AOP framework provides AOP support for method interception on any class managed by a Spring lightweight container. It supports easy proxying of beans in a bean factory, seamlessly weaving in interceptors and other advice at runtime. Chapter 8 dis-cusses the Spring AOP framework in detail. The main use of the Spring AOP framework is to provide declarative enterprise services for POJOs.Auto-proxying. Spring provides a higher level of abstraction over the AOP framework and low-level services, which offers similar ease-of-use to .NET within a J2EE context. In particular, the provision of declarative enterprise services can be driven by source-level metadata.Transaction management. Spring provides a generic transaction management infrastructure, with pluggable transaction strategies (such as JTA and JDBC) and various means for demarcat-ing transactions in applications. Chapter 9 discusses its rationale and the power and flexibility that it offers.DAO abstraction. Spring defines a set of generic data access exceptions that canbe used for cre-ating generic DAO interfaces that throw meaningful exceptions independent of the underlying persistence mechanism. Chapter 10 illustrates the Spring support for DAOs in more detail, examining JDBC, JDO, and Hibernate as implementation strategies.JDBC support. Spring offers two levels of JDBC abstraction that significantly ease the effort of writing JDBC-based DAOs: the org.springframework.jdbc.core package (a template/callback approach) and the org.springframework.jdbc.object package (modeling RDBMS operations as reusable objects). Using the Spring JDBC packages can deliver much greater pro-ductivity and eliminate the potential for common errors such as leaked connections, compared with direct use of JDBC. The Spring JDBC abstraction integrates with the transaction and DAO abstractions.Integration with O/R mapping tools. Spring provides support classes for O/R Mapping tools like Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS Database Layer to simplify resource setup, acquisition, and release, and to integrate with the overall transaction and DAO abstractions. These integration packages allow applications to dispense with custom ThreadLocal sessions and native transac-tion handling, regardless of the underlyingO/R mapping approach they work with.Web MVC framework. Spring provides a clean implementation of web MVC, consistent with the JavaBean configuration approach. The Spring web framework enables web controllers to be configured within an IoC container, eliminating the need to write any custom code to access business layer services. It provides a generic DispatcherServlet and out-of-the-box controller classes for command and form handling. Request-to-controller mapping, view resolution, locale resolution and other important services are all pluggable, making the framework highly extensi-ble. The web framework is designed to work not only with JSP, but with any view technology, such as Velocity—without the need for additional bridges. Chapter 13 discusses web tier design and the Spring web MVC framework in detail.Remoting support. Spring provides a thin abstraction layer for accessing remoteservices without hard-coded lookups, and for exposing Spring-managed application beans as remote services. Out-of-the-box support is included for RMI, Caucho’s Hessian and Burlap web service protocols, and WSDL Web Services via JAX-RPC. Chapter 11 discusses lightweight remoting.While Spring addresses areas as diverse as transaction management and web MVC, it uses a consistent approach everywhere. Once you have learned the basic configuration style, you will be able to apply it in many areas. Resources, middle tier objects, and web components are all set up using the same bean configuration mechanism. You can combine your entire configuration in one single bean definition file or split it by application modules or layers; the choice is up to you as the application developer. There is no need for diverse configuration files in a variety of formats, spread out across the application.Spring on J2EEAlthough many parts of Spring can be used in any kind of Java environment, it is primarily a J2EE application framework. For example, there are convenience classes for linking JNDI resources into a bean factory, such as JDBC DataSources and EJBs, and integration with JTA for distributed transaction management. In most cases, application objects do not need to work with J2EE APIs directly, improving reusability and meaning that there is no need to write verbose, hard-to-test, JNDI lookups.Thus Spring allows application code to seamlessly integrate into a J2EE environment without being unnecessarily tied to it. You can build upon J2EE services where it makes sense for your application, and choose lighter-weight solutions if there are no complex requirements. For example, you need to use JTA as transaction strategy only if you face distributed transaction requirements. For a single database, there are alternative strategies that do not depend on a J2EE container. Switching between those transac-tion strategies is merely a matter of configuration; Spring’s consistent abstraction avoids any need to change application code.Spring offers support for accessing EJBs. This is an important feature (andrelevant even in a book on “J2EE without EJB”) because the use of dynamic proxies as codeless client-side business delegates means that Spring can make using a local stateless session EJB an implementation-level, rather than a fundamen-tal architectural, choice. Thus if you want to use EJB, you can within a consistent architecture; however, you do not need to make EJB the cornerstone of your architecture. This Spring feature can make devel-oping EJB applications significantly faster, because there is no need to write custom code in service loca-tors or business delegates. Testing EJB client code is also much easier, because it only depends on the EJB’s Business Methods interface (which is not EJB-specific), not on JNDI or the EJB API.Spring also provides support for implementing EJBs, in the form of convenience superclasses for EJB implementation classes, which load a Spring lightweight container based on an environment variable specified in the ejb-jar.xml deployment descriptor. This is a powerful and convenient way of imple-menting SLSBs or MDBs that are facades for fine-grained POJOs: a best practice if you do choose to implement an EJB application. Using this Spring feature does not conflict with EJB in any way—it merely simplifies following good practice.Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe main aim of Spring is to make J2EE easier to use and promote good programming practice. It does not reinvent the wheel; thus you’ll find no logging packages in Spring, no connection pools, no distributed transaction coordinator. All these features are provided by other open source projects—such as Jakarta Commons Logging (which Spring uses for all its log output), Jakarta Commons DBCP (which can be used as local DataSource), and ObjectWeb JOTM (which can be used as transaction manager)—or by your J2EE application server. For the same reason, Spring doesn’t provide an O/R mapping layer: There are good solutions for this problem area, such as Hibernate and JDO.Spring does aim to make existing technologies easier to use. For example, although Spring is not in the business of low-level transaction coordination, it does provide an abstraction layer over JTA or any other transaction strategy. Spring is alsopopular as middle tier infrastructure for Hibernate, because it provides solutions to many common issues like SessionFactory setup, ThreadLocal sessions, and exception handling. With the Spring HibernateTemplate class, implementation methods of Hibernate DAOs can be reduced to one-liners while properly participating in transactions.The Spring Framework does not aim to replace J2EE middle tier services as a whole. It is an application framework that makes accessing low-level J2EE container ser-vices easier. Furthermore, it offers lightweight alternatives for certain J2EE services in some scenarios, such as a JDBC-based transaction strategy instead of JTA when just working with a single database. Essentially, Spring enables you to write appli-cations that scale down as well as up.Spring for Web ApplicationsA typical usage of Spring in a J2EE environment is to serve as backbone for the logical middle tier of a J2EE web application. Spring provides a web application context concept, a powerful lightweight IoC container that seamlessly adapts to a web environment: It can be accessed from any kind of web tier, whether Struts, WebWork, Tapestry, JSF, Spring web MVC, or a custom solution.The following code shows a typical example of such a web application context. In a typical Spring web app, an applicationContext.xml file will reside in theWEB-INF directory, containing bean defini-tions according to the “spring-beans”DTD. In such a bean definition XML file, business objects and resources are defined, for example, a “myDataSource”bean, a “myInventoryManager”bean, and a “myProductManager”bean. Spring takes care of their configuration, their wiring up, and their lifecycle.<beans><bean id=”myDataSource”class=”org.springframework.jdbc. datasource.DriverManagerDataSource”><property name=”driverClassName”> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value></property> <property name=”url”><value>jdbc:mysql:myds</value></property></bean><bean id=”myInventoryManager”class=”ebusiness.DefaultInventoryManager”> <property name=”dataSource”><ref bean=”myDataSource”/> </property></bean><bean id=”myProductManager”class=”ebusiness.DefaultProductManager”><property name=”inventoryManager”><ref bean=”myInventoryManager”/> </property><property name=”retrieveCurrentStock”> <value>true</value></property></bean></beans>By default, all such beans have “singleton”scope: one instance per context. The “myInventoryManager”bean will automatically be wired up with the defined DataSource, while “myProductManager”will in turn receive a reference to the “myInventoryManager”bean. Those objects (traditionally called “beans”in Spring terminology) need to expose only the corresponding bean properties or constructor arguments (as you’ll see later in this chapter); they do not have to perform any custom lookups.A root web application context will be loaded by a ContextLoaderListener that is defined in web.xml as follows:<web-app><listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class></listener>...</web-app>After initialization of the web app, the root web application context will beavailable as a ServletContext attribute to the whole web application, in the usual manner. It can be retrieved from there easily via fetching the corresponding attribute, or via a convenience method in org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils. This means that the application context will be available in any web resource with access to the ServletContext, like a Servlet, Filter, JSP, or Struts Action, as follows:WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);The Spring web MVC framework allows web controllers to be defined as JavaBeans in child application contexts, one per dispatcher servlet. Such controllers can express dependencies on beans in the root application context via simple bean references. Therefore, typical Spring web MVC applications never need to perform a manual lookup of an application context or bean factory, or do any other form of lookup.Neither do other client objects that are managed by an application context themselves: They can receive collaborating objects as bean references.The Core Bean FactoryIn the previous section, we have seen a typical usage of the Spring IoC container in a web environment: The provided convenience classes allow for seamless integration without having to worry about low-level container details. Nevertheless, it does help to look at the inner workings to understand how Spring manages the container. Therefore, we will now look at the Spring bean container in more detail, starting at the lowest building block: the bean factory. Later, we’ll continue with resource setup and details on the application context concept.One of the main incentives for a lightweight container is to dispense with the multitude of custom facto-ries and singletons often found in J2EE applications. The Spring bean factory provides one consistent way to set up any number of application objects, whether coarse-grained components or fine-grained busi-ness objects. Applying reflection and Dependency Injection, the bean factory can host components that do not need to be aware of Spring at all. Hence we call Spring a non-invasiveapplication framework.Fundamental InterfacesThe fundamental lightweight container interface isorg.springframework.beans.factory.Bean Factory. This is a simple interface, which is easy to implement directly in the unlikely case that none of the implementations provided with Spring suffices. The BeanFactory interface offers two getBean() methods for looking up bean instances by String name, with the option to check for a required type (and throw an exception if there is a type mismatch).public interface BeanFactory {Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;Object getBean(String name, Class requiredType) throws BeansException;boolean containsBean(String name);boolean isSingleton(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;String[] getAliases(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;}The isSingleton() method allows calling code to check whether the specified name represents a sin-gleton or prototype bean definition. In the case of a singleton bean, all calls to the getBean() method will return the same object instance. In the case of a prototype bean, each call to getBean() returns an inde-pendent object instance, configured identically.The getAliases() method will return alias names defined for the given bean name, if any. This mecha-nism is used to provide more descriptive alternative names for beans than are permitted in certain bean factory storage representations, such as XML id attributes.The methods in most BeanFactory implementations are aware of a hierarchy that the implementation may be part of. If a bean is not found in the current factory, the parent factory will be asked, up until the root factory. From the point of view of a caller, all factories in such a hierarchy will appear to be merged into one. Bean definitions in ancestor contexts are visible to descendant contexts, but not the reverse.All exceptions thrown by the BeanFactory interface and sub-interfaces extend org.springframework. beans.BeansException, and are unchecked. This reflects the fact that low-level configuration prob-lems are not usually recoverable: Hence, application developers can choose to write code to recover from such failures if they wish to, but should not be forced to write code in the majority of cases where config-uration failure is fatal.Most implementations of the BeanFactory interface do not merely provide a registry of objects by name; they provide rich support for configuring those objects using IoC. For example, they manage dependen-cies between managed objects, as well as simple properties. In the next section, we’ll look at how such configuration can be expressed in a simple and intuitive XML structure.The sub-interface org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory supports listing beans in a factory. It provides methods to retrieve the number of beans defined, the names of all beans, and the names of beans that are instances of a given type:public interface ListableBeanFactory extends BeanFactory {int getBeanDefinitionCount();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(Class type);boolean containsBeanDefinition(String name);Map getBeansOfType(Class type, boolean includePrototypes,boolean includeFactoryBeans) throws BeansException}The ability to obtain such information about the objects managed by a ListableBeanFactory can be used to implement objects that work with a set of other objects known only at runtime.In contrast to the BeanFactory interface, the methods in ListableBeanFactory apply to the current factory instance and do not take account of a hierarchy that the factory may be part of. The org.spring framework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils class provides analogous methods that traverse an entire factory hierarchy.There are various ways to leverage a Spring bean factory, ranging from simple bean configuration to J2EE resource integration and AOP proxy generation. The bean factory is the central, consistent way of setting up any kind of application objects in Spring, whether DAOs, business objects, or web controllers. Note that application objects seldom need to work with the BeanFactory interface directly, but are usu-ally configured and wired by a factory without the need for any Spring-specific code.For standalone usage, the Spring distribution provides a tiny spring-core.jar file that can be embed-ded in any kind of application. Its only third-party dependency beyond J2SE 1.3 (plus JAXP for XML parsing) is the Jakarta Commons Logging API.The bean factory is the core of Spring and the foundation for many other services that the framework offers. Nevertheless, the bean factory can easily be usedstan-dalone if no other Spring services are required.附录2 中文译文Spring框架介绍Spring框架：这是一个流行的开源应用框架，它可以解决很多问题。
论文及外文翻译格式(标准)
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China （Times New Roman体，加粗，小二，居中，实词首字母大写，空5行）院系经济与管理学院（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）专业公共事业管理（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）班级 6408101 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）学号 200604081010 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）姓名李杰（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）指导教师张芸（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）（空7行）沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）（空1行）我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。
一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象，综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论；统计学、概率学的方法和工具，主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨，并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议，指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。
附录A 外文及翻译
附录A 外文文献及翻译How Remote Controls Workby Julia Layton from: /remote-control.htmIntroduction to How Remote Controls WorkThe world's first remote controls were radio-frequency devices that directed German naval vessels to crash into Allied boats during WWI. In WWII, remote controls detonated bombs for the first time. The end of the great wars left scientists with a brilliant technology and nowhere to apply it. Sixty years later, some of us spend an hour looking for the remote before we remember there are buttons on the TV.In this article, we'll examine the infrared technology used in most home theaters, look at the difference between IR and RF remotes, find out the difference between a "universal" and a "learning" remote and check out some of the other high-tech features you can find on remotes today, like PC connectivity, RF extenders and macro commands.Infrared Remote Controls: The ProcessPushing a button on a remote control sets in motion a series of events that causes the controlled device to carry out a command. The process works something like this:1. You push the "volume up" button on your remote control, causing it to touch the contact beneath it and complete the "volume up" circuit on the circuit board. The integrated circuit detects this.2.The integrated circuit sends the binary "volume up" command to the LED at the front of the remote.3.The LED sends out a series of light pulses that corresponds to the binary "volume up" command.One example of remote-control codes is the Sony Control-S protocol, which is used for Sony TVs and includes the following 7-bit binary commands:The remote signal includes more than the command for "volume up," though. It carries several chunks of information to the receiving device, including:•a "start" command•the command code for "volume up"•the device address (so the TV knows the data is intended for it) 、•a "stop" command (triggered when you release the "volume up" button)So when you press the "volume up" button on a Sony TV remote, it sends out a series of pulses that looks something like this:Sony TV remotes use a space-coding method in which the length of the spaces between pulses of light represent a one or a zero.When the infrared receiver on the TV picks up the signal from the remote and verifies from the addresscode that it's supposed to carry out this command, it converts the light pulses back into the electrical signal for 001 0010. It then passes this signal to the microprocessor, which goes about increasing the volume. The "stop" command tells the microprocessor it can stop increasing the volume.Infrared remote controls work well enough to have stuck around for 25 years, but they do have some limitations related to the nature of infrared light. First, infrared remotes have a range of only about 30 feet (10 meters), and they require line-of-sight. This means the infrared signal won't transmit through walls or around corners -- you need a straight line to the device you're trying to control. Also, infrared light is so ubiquitous that interference can be a problem with IR remotes. Just a few everyday infrared-light sources include sunlight, fluorescent bulbs and the human body. To avoid interference caused by other sources of infrared light, the infrared receiver on a TV only responds to a particular wavelength of infrared light, usually 980 nanometers. There are filters on the receiver that block out light at other wavelengths. Still, sunlight can confuse the receiver because it contains infrared light at the 980-nm wavelength. To address this issue, the light from an IR remote control is typically modulated to a frequency not present in sunlight, and the receiver only responds to 980-nm light modulated to that frequency. The system doesn't work perfectly, but it does cut down a great deal on interference.While infrared remotes are the dominant technology in home-theater applications, there are other niche-specific remotes that work on radio waves instead of light waves. If you have a garage-door opener, for instance, you have an RF remote.Remote-control FeaturesToday's home-theater remotes do a lot more than turn a component on and off and control the volume. Here are just a handful of the features you can find on some of the higher-tech remote controls out there.Universal capabilitiesDifferent electronics brands use different command codes. Some IR remotes are preprogrammed with more than one manufacturer's command codes so they can operate multiple devices (sometimes up to 15) of different brands. If your home-theater setup incorporates components from, say, three different manufacturers, you can either use three different remotes to operate your system or use one universal remote. To add functions to a universal remote, you need to know the command codes for the component you want to control. You can look these up online or find them in the manual that came with your remote.LearningA learning remote can receive and store codes transmitted by another remote control; it can then transmit those codes to control the device that understands them. For instance, let's say you have a receiver with its own preprogrammed remote, and you buy a new TV that comes with a universal learning remote. The learning remote can pick up the signals your receiver remote sends out and remember them so it can control your receiver, too. You don't need to input the command codes yourself -- a learning remote picks up and stores the signals another remote sends out. All learning remotes are considered universal remotes because they can control more than one device.Macro commandsA macro is a series of commands that you program to occur sequentially at the push of a single button. These macros can be anything you want, such as an "activity command." You can set up a macro that lets you push one button to activate, in order, everything that needs to happen for you to watch a movie or listen to a CD. (Some remotes come with "activity commands" preprogrammed, and others let you download macros from the Internet.)PC connectivityThere are remotes that connect to your PC via the USB port so you can install programming software and download command codes and personalized graphic icons (for remotes with LCD screens).LCD screenA remote-control LCD screen may simply display data, or it may be a touchscreen that receives user input.User interfacesMost remotes still utilize the simple button-pushing method, but some have more high-tech manners of inputing commands. You'll find remotes that you operate via an LCD touchscreen, a joystick (for directional commands) and even voice commands.RF extendersSome IR remotes can send out both IR and RF signals. The RF signals aren't meant to control RF devices (in fact, they can't control them). They're meant to extend the operating range of the IR remote control from about 30 feet to about 100 feet (give or take) and allow the signal to penetrate walls and glass cabinet enclosures. The remote automatically transmits both IR and RF signals for every command. When you hook up an RF-to-IR converter (sometimes included with IR/RF remotes, sometimes sold as add-ons) on the receiving end, it receives and converts the signal back into the infrared pulses the device can understand. Now you've got an IR remote that can increase the volume on your home-theater stereo from your bedroom upstairs.Remote controls are steadily increasing the number of devices and functions they can manage. Some universal remotes intended for home-theater components can learn commands for wirelessly controlled lights, so they will not only start a movie at the push of a button, but they'll also dim the lights for you. Full home-automation systems let you use one remote control to manage lighting, alarm systems and entertainment components by way of a receiver wired directly into your home's electrical wiring. Chances are it won't be long before you have a single remote control to manage every electronic device in your life.无线遥控器怎样工作Julia Layton著红外遥控工作原理世界上第一个无线遥控器是在一战中以发射无线电波来指引德国海军摧毁盟军的船只。
附录二：谭载喜主要著述一览_翻译与翻译研究概论：认知视角课题
中国出版传媒股份有限公司中国对外翻译出版有限公司中译翻译文库 ·翻译思想与理论研究丛书中译翻译教材 ·翻译专业研究生系列教材翻译与翻译研究概论——认知 ·视角 ·课题Translation and Translation Studies:Perceptions, Perspectives and Methodology㲘䊹㻓著图书在版编目(CIP)数据翻译与翻译研究概论：认知·视角·课题 /谭载喜著． —北京：中国对外翻译出版有限公司，2012.11（中译翻译文库•翻译思想与理论研究丛书）（中译翻译教材·翻译专业研究生系列教材）ISBN 978-7-5001-3382-7Ⅰ.①翻… Ⅱ.①谭… Ⅲ.翻译理论-研究生-教材②翻译-研究-研究生-教材 Ⅳ.①H059中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2012)第225964号出版发行 / 中国对外翻译出版有限公司地 址 / 北京市西城区车公庄大街甲4号物华大厦6层电 话 / (010) 68357328 68359287 68359376 68359303 68359719邮 编 / 100044传 真 / (010) 68357870电子邮箱 / book@网 址 / http: // 出版策划／张高里策划编辑／林国夫责任编辑／袁仁辉特约编审／谢天振 胡安江排 版 / 竹页图文印 刷 / 北京天来印务有限公司经 销 / 新华书店规 格／700×960毫米1/16印 张／23.5版 次／2012年11月第一版印 次／2012年11月第一次ISBN 978-7-5001-3382-7定价：48.00元版权所有侵权必究中国对外翻译出版有限公司目 录出版说明xiii 代序——为纪念奈达而作xiv第一章对翻译与翻译学的认知3第一节翻译认知的三个层面3第二节翻译与翻译学的区分6第三节新时期翻译学的发展标志9第二章对翻译本质绝对属性与相对属性的认知12第一节翻译转换的绝对与相对12第二节翻译对等的绝对与相对15第三节翻译属性的第三形态特质19第三章对翻译策略、方法与单位的认知21第一节翻译策略与翻译方法21第二节翻译方法与技巧的多元性22第三节立足翻译单位的翻译方法认知24第四章对翻译（科）学引发争议的认知26第一节关于翻译学争议的缘起26第二节对译学否定论之否定27第三节翻译学之“名”、“实”辨证35第五章对译学发展的再认知40第一节翻译与译学发展方向再思40第二节翻译学作为独立学科的必备条件41第一篇 本质认知第三节 翻译研究的未来与任务43第六章 翻译的原型理论视角49第一节 原型理论与翻译范畴属性 49第二节 翻译原型51第三节 几个基本翻译问题的阐释54第七章 翻译的模糊语言学视角57第一节 模糊语言与文学 57第二节 模糊语言与翻译 59第三节 几个焦点话题60第八章 翻译的语篇语言学视角64第一节 翻译的基本单位：是语篇还是句子？65第二节 不同目标读者：必须还是毋须作出不同目标语篇？ 72第三节 翻译的基础：以文为本还是以人为本？77第九章 翻译比喻研究的视角（上）81第一节 翻译比喻的内涵、外延与分类 82第二节 翻译比喻的常见语境与文化蕴涵 89第三节 翻译比喻衍生的译学思索93第十章 翻译比喻研究的视角（下）96第一节 翻译比喻与译者比喻 96第二节 体认译者身份 101第三节 解码译者比喻104第十一章 翻译素质与能力研究109第一节 “翻译培训”与“翻译教育” 110第二节 翻译教学的综合素质培育理念 113第三节 素质培育与翻译能力114第十二章 翻译原则与方法研究：以英文译学词典的中译为例119第一节 译学词典翻译与引进的意义119第二篇 理论视角第三篇 研究范围与翻译教学、课题举隅㚠 㔝第二节译学词典翻译原则与方法的确定 120第三节译学词典翻译的“十字方针”121第十三章翻译教学中的文化研究127第一节本土化语境下英语与翻译教学中的中国元素 127第二节英语与翻译教学中的知识功用 134第三节背景知识与共有知识的互动特性 139第十四章香港翻译教育与教学研究142第一节香港高校翻译学位课程概述 142第二节教育理念与模式：以香港浸会大学为例 147第十五章翻译研究方法与课题举隅156第一节基本研究方法 156第二节如何开发新课题 162附录一：谭载喜近年发表于国际权威学术期刊的译学英语论文精选 2081.1 Metaphors on Translation 2081.2 Towards a Whole-Person Translator Education Approach in TranslationTeaching on University Degree Programmes 2261.3 The “Chineseness” vs. “Non-Chineseness” of ChineseTranslation Theory: An Ethnoconvergent Perspective 2511.4 The Translator’s Identity as Perceived through Metaphors 276附录二：谭载喜主要著述一览 295附录三：谭载喜简介及主要学术活动 302参考文献一（正文部分） 309参考文献二（附录部分） 321出版说明本书是拙著《翻译学》于2000年由湖北教育出版社出版以来，笔者在新时期对翻译与翻译研究问题进一步思索和探讨的成果。
附录-文献翻译-中学
附录：文献翻译construct the shape designThe building is to condense the technical intelligence crystallize of the civilization history and sciences of mankind. It is also a complicated comprehensive body。
A development of city building industry symbolizes its comprehensive real strength and social spirit features at the same time.A, the function integrity and create the sex space.The whole space of the so-called building, from order, line, the unit space that face a certain to combine to sign is the main factor composing. As a result can say that the unit space conduct and actions constructs whole the composing of the space to is to go to pass important.Building, a unit space opposite to say that is a static space, however constitutes for the space of the dynamic state then while do whole space composing. The architect in common uses curved face and inclined planes to constitute the space, its purpose are for expressing the space result of the dynamic state.Building not only can heading up the development, and can to on all sides fluxion.Construct the space contain outside, inside the space is separately, making the building design must will inside, the outside space is organic to melt to remit together, then can make thus whole construct a kind of free to the person, comfortable felling, make view just like drink one cup superb, fragrance of wine, solid true at enjoy beautifully.Two, the flat surface conceive outlineThe architectural flat surface shape has the exact square, rectangle, triangle, a type...etc. basically, or is to be turn into by above-mentioned few formers and combine the body. The flat surface shape mainly is decided by the architect total to conceive outline, the function request and area, the building technique condition and addressees of the object designs are in a specific way the environment. Press several shape,quantity and each ones of flat surface several correlation between sketch of to combine, set, constitute in the flat surface up can is divided into the single body type, a body type and flatten the noodles type, community and freestyles again.The character building1.Outstanding, emphasize the of the building toward the skill that the lines is a contemporary architect to often adopt, it can make building produce a kind of float the but ascend of felling, a kind of keep expressing the chest of state of mind, usually make the person associate the thriving organic friendly interest.The simple is not difficult toward the building that the lines arrange, but, combine with environment is construct the external appearance processing up often meets of key problem. This depends on the architect according to the building a concrete position, construct the background etc. carries on the comprehensive consideration, is also the architect oneself dimensions feeling an individual now.2.The more body of the design shape of the outstanding and neat shape transacts now, the guest house building, in miscellaneous buildings ofprosperous, the usage flat surface whole signs the noodles for the lord, pursuing again some lenses, the hasp varieties in the foundation of the neat shape, making building outshine others, giving the person a kind of clear and bright and simple shape, expressing a kind of big degree, classic artistic conception. On the contrary some lords that transact to construct the adoption complications and change much sign to face would bring the people a kind of tedious, feel vexed of the felling and the visual effect.3.The pillar form building used for high and extremely high layer design more, is usually the pillar form of that the epidermis unifies the whole and delightfully fresh and towering even crest. The pillar form building contain many kinds, the exterior that have in the pillar form makes a modern style processing of the game line, becoming the softflavor, having then to increase the very shallow form of in the complicated entity outward appearance.The minute part processingThe building while consider the whole premise, the minute part design also is very important, so exactly these minute parts just make building had abundant sense of vision the feeling. Elaborate this standpoint from several aspects now.1.Architectural entrance for construct like the person's a similar importance. Construct the entrance is an extremely important part of total image, is people to construct the output first impression, the people usually will keep in mind that entrance and construct total comparison whether reasonable, moderate. Therefore, the architect considers constructing the entrance with meticulous care to mold to construct the image count for much.2.The veranda rises the important function in construct composition and the building shapes; it has the function of usage, having the adornment function at the same time. Therefore, the veranda design handle properly, will make building add flowers to brocade, in the external appearance shape the function that rise to put life into. Live the veranda in the building to usually lay particular emphasis on the usage function, like in the aspect processing, such as flat surface size and position...etc. with the relation of construct the corpus, since provide the complete usage condition for the one whom live, and then satisfy the mental request and the environment needs of lives. The veranda design within public building then pays attention to be a kind of means that constructs the shape processing, putting great emphasis on to decorate the function and beautify the building, it is mainly with the request of the building external appearance but vivid arrange, to the request of the shape and beauty more important.3.The coping of the building is an importance that constructs the shape to constitute the part. The coping design is we often tough problemof feeling, the coping design not be handled properly, the regret that will appear to fail by a small margin.The architect usually thinks the contemplation for" hat" but bitterness of the building, all liking to put on a" hat" for the building, actually I think and would not° according to the architectural position, space environment, the building shape characteristic consider the coping" hat" design, the building that have is simple and direct and sign to face neatly to usually have no" hat" up the coping the result would be better.Take a comprehensive view of the architectural history can understand the big current of the change of construct the shape, passing the understanding from arrived the change of the modern in the past, can calculate some methods of appear a shapes and will construct the development direction of the shape in the future, so, be a building design personnel, remind the oneself continuously in design practice, keep a brains for open, as long as the brave innovation, stir up the inspiration, create the accomplishment of the oneself is normal exertive, the architects can did not rest the endless and changeable building shape.建筑造型设计建筑是凝结着人类文明历史与科学技术的智慧结晶。
英语论文参考文献标准格式
英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式 在各领域中，说到论⽂，⼤家肯定都不陌⽣吧，通过论⽂写作可以培养我们独⽴思考和创新的能⼒。
那么⼀般论⽂是怎么写的呢？以下是⼩编帮⼤家整理的英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式，仅供参考，⼤家⼀起来看看吧。
⽤Times New Roman.每⼀条⽬顶格，如某⼀条⽬超过⼀⾏，从第⼆⾏起“悬挂缩进”2字符。
参考⽂献中所有标点与符号均在英⽂状态下输⼊，标点符号后空⼀格。
参考⽂献条⽬排列顺序：英⽂⽂献、中⽂⽂献、⽹络⽂献。
分别按作者姓⽒字母顺序排列。
⽂献前不⽤序号。
1）英⽂参考⽂献： （1）专著与编著 排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如： Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993. 专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者⽤斜体。
例如： Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971. A、两个⾄三个作者 第⼀作者的`姓在前，名在后，中间⽤逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间⽆逗号；每个作者之间⽤逗号隔开，最后⼀个作者的姓名前⽤“and”，后⽤句号。
例如： B、三个以上作者 第⼀作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如： University of Hawaii Press, 1997. C、同⼀作者同⼀年出版的不同⽂献，参照下例： Widdowson, Henry G1998a. Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b. （2）论⽂集 参照下例： Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323. （3）百科全书等参考⽂献 参照下例： Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001. （4）学术期刊论⽂ 参照下例： Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. （5）⽹络⽂献 参照下例： “Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”. （6）专著： 参照下例： ⽪亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984. （7）期刊⽂章： 参照下例： 杨忠,张韶杰.认知语⾳学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3. （8）学位论⽂ 参照下例： 梁佳.⼤学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南⼤学,2002. （9）论⽂集 参照下例： 许⼩纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语⾔与⽂学研究[C].哈尔滨:⿊龙江⼈民出版社,1999:5-7. （10）附录 2）中⽂参考⽂献下载全⽂外⽂期刊⽹私⽴医院外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献期刊⽹。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
法学毕业论文格式(模版)
空一行目录（四号，黑体，居中,目录二字用空格符隔开)引言（宋体小四号加黑)一、华东交通大学毕业论文写作的意义(一级目录宋体小四号加黑） (1)（一）华东交通大学毕业论文写作 (2)（二级目录宋体小四号，带括号的数字后面不能出现标点符号，不能出现“（一)、”的现象）1.毕业论文写作 (2)2.华东交通大学的毕业论文 (4)（如果有三级标题，就出现前面的“1。
”以及“2."，1和2的后面是实心圆点，没有就不写；如果有四级标题就用（1）以及(2)等，不能出现(1)、（2)、的现象）（二）华东交通大学毕业论文写作的重要意义 (6)空一行华东交通大学毕业论文写作模版（三号黑体居中)(上面空两行)摘要：(小4号黑体）摘要一般不分段,不用图标,而以精练的文字对论文的内容、观点、方法、成果和结论进行高度概括，具有独立性和自含性，自成一篇短文、富有报道色彩.摘要中不要出现评论性的内容和叙述性的内容，不能出现“关于什么什么问题，我国有什么什么观点”，也不要在摘要中对论文的重要意义加以描述，不宜出现“有学者认为"、“本文认为"等字样，直接亮明作者观点（小四号宋体）。
中文摘要以400字以内，置于前页；外文摘要与中文摘要对应，紧接其后。
（空两行)关键词:（小四号黑体）华东交通大学人文学院；毕业论文；范本(五号楷体）（关键词，是反映内容主题的词或词组，一般3—5个，具体的几个关键词应当结合文章内容确定，一般是作者观点中最重要的词。
中文关键词放在中文摘要的下面，外文关键词放在外文摘要的下面.关键词之间用分号分开.）空一行外文题目（三号Arial字体并居中）（空两行）Abstract：(字体小四号加黑）本部分为英文摘要，为中文摘要的译文。
内容为小四号Arial字体。
（空两行）Key Words：School of Humanities and Social Sciences，East China Jiaotong University/ dissertation/model（字体为Arial，字号为小四号，Key Words应当加黑，不能写成KeyWords 或者Key Word，具体的关键词用/隔开,关键词为中文关键词的英文对应词）正文包括绪论、本论、结论三个紧密相连的部分，此外，还有一个结束语.（正文用小四号宋体）1.绪论（即概述或引言或前言等）绪论是毕业论文的开头，应阐述课题的来源、要求、意义，完成任务的条件，将采取的对策、手段、步骤和应该达到的目标。
毕业论文撰写规范-标记要点
黑龙江科技学院本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范为保证本科生毕业（设计）论文（以下简称毕业论文）质量，促进学术交流，特制定《黑龙江科技学院本科生毕业（设计）论文撰写规范》。
一、毕业论文的印装毕业论文的构成：封面、封首、审阅记录单、指导教师评阅意见书、任务书、中文摘要、外文摘要、目录、正文、致谢、参考文献、附录。
毕业论文必须由学生本人用我院统一的毕业论文用纸书写。
手写每页20行，每行20字，要用黑或蓝黑墨水工整书写。
若用计算机打印，必须由学生本人在计算机上输入、编排、打印，正文用小四号宋体字。
打印时，每页33行，每行33字，页码用小五号字，在版心下边线之下居中放置。
摘要、目录等文前部分的页码用罗马数字单独编排，正文以后的页码用阿拉伯数字编排。
二、毕业论文结构及要求（一）封面封面由学院统一印制，按要求用仿宋字填写，如打印论文封面用小二号黑体字。
（二）封首封首包括论文题目、学生所在专业、导师签字、学生本人签字。
题目应简短、明确、有概括性，使读者通过标题，能大致了解文章的内容、专业的特点和学科的范畴。
论文题目不超过25字，不得使用标点符号，可分两行书写，不设副标题。
封首题目用小二号黑体字，其它内容用小三号黑体字。
（三）任务书任务书由导师填写，装订于指定位置，经教研室主任签字后生效，如打印，用小四号宋体字。
（四）摘要与关键词1．摘要摘要应扼要叙述本论文的主要内容特点，文字要精炼，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，一般须重点说明设计或研究工作的目的，设计或实验方法、结果和最终结论。
中文摘要一般为300字左右，外文摘要应与中文摘要内容相同。
摘要页勿需写出论文题目。
中、外文摘要应各占一页，编排上中文在前，外文在后。
摘要题头用小二号黑体字居中排写，然后隔行书写摘要的文字部分，文字部分用小四号宋体字。
2．关键词关键词是供检索使用的，是从论文中选出的用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语，不得自选关键词，关键词一般为3~5个。
关键词和摘要的文字部分要隔行书写。
外文文献—从经典ASP到ASP.NET
附录Ⅰ英文文献翻译Moving from Classic ASP to ABSTRACT is Microsoft new offering for Web application development, innovation within have resulted in significant industry popularity for this product. Consequently there is an increased need for education. The Web Application Development is a third year undergraduate course. To meet the demands of both industry and students, we have changed the focus of this course from Classic ASP to . This paper reports this move. The significant features of and the motivations for this move are discussed. The process, the problems encountered, and some helpful online learning resources are described.Key words: Web Application Development, Classic ASP, , Move, 1. INTRODUCTION is not just a new version of ASP. It provides innovation for moving Windows applications to Web applications. Web services and the .NET framework have made the vision of the Web as the next generation computing platform a reality. With server controls, Web forms and “code-behind”, we can develop a Web application by using a complete object-oriented programming (OOP) model. This increases the popularity of in industry. The industry project is the final course of the Bachelor of Computing Systems (BCS) degree at UNITEC, in which students undertake a real-world project. We have observed a rapid growth of related industry projects in our school.The Web Application Development (WAD) paper is a third year undergraduate course. It was originally offered using ASP 2.0 and ColdFusion. To meet the demands from both industry and students, we have changed the course content to cover , Visual () and ColdFusion. This change commenced with the first semester of 2003.This paper will examine the features of and explain why these are unique. The motivations for moving to are discussed by analyzing the current situation of related to industry projects in our school, analyzing the results of short surveys on students, andanalyzing whether is a better tool for teaching. Problems encountered during the move are also discussed and some of the learning resources are presented. It is anticipated that these will be helpful for teachers who intend to introduce .2. WHA T MAKES SPECIAL?There are many articles on the Internet discussing the advantages of over Classic Active Server Pages (ASP), such as that introduces an integrated development environment (IDE), a single development library for all types of applications, compiled as well as strongly typed code, and a true OO approach to Web application development (Goodyear, 2002, Bloom, 2002).Traditionally, we have three versions of ASP (ASP 1.0, ASP 2.0 and ASP 3.0), which are called Classic ASP. Although each version provides certain new features to overcome the shortcomings of its predecessors, these versions of ASP follow the same working model and share many limitations. Their successor supports complete new working model while preserving the traditional working model and provides innovative techniques to overcome the limitations of Classic ASP.2.1. Architecture enhances and extends the Windows DNA(Windows Distributed interNet Application). The windows DNA specification is a methodology for building n-tier applications using Microsoft (DCOM/COM) technologies. Breaking applications into functional pieces and deploying these across a network is a strategy to make better use of organizational resources. This needs a well-planned architecture. In the past, usually it was the windows DNA. DCOM communication normally has problems with firewalls and proxy servers. This means Windows DNA usually only works well within an intranet, not on the Internet. DCOM/ COM also need registry entries. makes the process of creating and integrating Web Services easier, which can beused in a similar manner to the Windows DNA. Here DCOM/COM is no longer involved. HTTP (as channels), SOAP (as formatters) and XML are used for communication and data-transfer between distributed components. This overcomes the problem of communicating across the Internet and across corporate firewalls without resorting to proprietary solutions that require additional communications ports to be opened to external access. In addition, URI (uniform resource identifier) and UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration) are used for remote components references instead of registry entries.2.2. Development integrates seamlessly with IDE. includes built-in support for creating and modifying content. This unifies the ASP/VB programming models for the developers. Instead of opening multiple IDEs (as with Classic ASP platform), developers can open a single IDE and do all their work from a clean, consistent interface. is equipped with powerful debugging environment. This means that the powerful debugger for Windows applications is now available to debug Web applications as well. enables programmers to take advantage of the OOP model, for example, code sharing. Under OOP model, one of the most common ways to achieve code sharing is inheritance, which is not available in Classic ASP. Since complete OO features are supported in , developers can transfer their OO design smoothly into code, enabling a software company to keep their Windows application development styles, with which they are familiar, in Web application development; and also they can convert their Windows applications into Web applications without major modifications.’s improved state maintenance features enable us to provide users with Web applications that are richer and faster than Classis ASP (Olges,2002). supports advanced session state management. There are two major problems with session management in Classic ASP: session objects are stored in the Web server memory and session IDs are stored on the client computers as cookies. These prevent session management from being efficiently implemented. solves the se problems in two ways: it provides a “cookieless” option for session objects so that a session ID can be passed via URL; it provides three different session modes (in process, state server, and SQL Server), so that a session object can either be stored on the Web server, a remote server or adatabase.3. THE MOTIV A TIONS FOR MOVING3.1. The industry motivationI’ve checked almost all the industry projects in our school for three semesters on whether they are W AD related, if yes, then what tools they have used. Table 1 shows a brief summary of the results.for these three semesters, the total ASP/ projects are increasing, but slowly. However the Classic ASP projects are dropping quickly and the projects are increasing rapidly (in the speed of more than 12% per semester). This gives us an idea that is preferred over Classic ASP in industry especially given that is only officially first released in 2002. Our student’s feedbacks from their industry communication confirm this view. A huge number of articles on the Internet also support this view. This encourages us to drop Classic ASP and move to in our W AD course. Higher education has over years recognized that it is a service industry and has to revaluate their approach in the industry by placing greater emphasis on meeting the expectations and needs of their stakeholders (Nair, 2002).3.2. The student motivationThe students demand . When students enroll in our W AD course, most of them are aiming to become a professional software developer. As a matter of fact, some of them already are software developers, or they were software developers and are seeking to return to the workplace. Techniques highly demanded in workplace are of great interest to them.A short survey has been given to past students and current students respectively. For the past students, among the 11 responses, 100% students still want to learn ; and if they are given choice, 82% students prefer to learn rather than Classic ASP, 18% students like to learn both. These answers are also supported by comments, such as “I would prefer to know the technology that the industry requires me to work with”, “I would like to work in future as a W AD professional and I think would be useful in t his field.” For the current students, among the 16 responses, 75% students prefer to learn rather than Classic ASP. However, 25% students answered no idea. This could be due to that they lack of knowledge of Classic ASP. This survey is done after 6 weeks of teaching.3.3. The pedagogical motivationPedagogically speaking, a good tool for industry is not necessarily a good tool for teaching. Is a better tool for teaching than Classic ASP? provides much richer language features than Classic ASP. We often have options to perform certain tasks. A key benefit of is that there exists a more gradual transition in programming models from simple to powerful, or from easy to difficult. Although supports OOP model, you don’t hav e to program by using that model. A Web form without “code-behind” will work perfectly. An web page in complete Classic ASP model will still work. Although is integrated with , we are not limited to use . A notepad and a FTP client with a pre-created Web application directory also allow us to develop a reasonably large application. With , we can either develop a large distributed application with numbers of Web services and consumers, or develop a single simple Web application. Therefore, provides sufficient room for us to organize course materials at a suitable level for the students. The challenge for a lecturer is how to settle in at the right balance of power vs. simplicity, or at the right balance of difficulty vs. ease. offers a more conventional approach to programming than does Classic ASP. It possesses all the features of a modern programming language. The Classic ASP programming style favors developers coming from HTML coding background, whereas is more suited to professional software developers. Given our entire W AD students have taken C/Delphi programming courses, and our aim is to output software professionals, is a better teaching tool for us. enhances the programming concepts the students learned from the previous courses and provides a good bridge to Advanced Distributed Computing and Advanced Object- Oriented Programming.4. THE PROCESSOur first step was to learn . After reading books and online tutorials, the next step is practical. We set an implementation server on the laptop in a stand-alone environment. The .NET Framework requires IIS 5 and the above; Windows 2000 or Windows XP professional will work with .NET. However, Windows XP home edition or Win dows 98 won’t work. On the client side, we can either use or WebMatrix. Among these, only costs money. The .NETFramework is included inside the package. We also can download the .NET Framework from the Internet. After the .NET Framework is installed, the QuickStart Tutorial is set up. It is also found on the Internet. This tutorial is a good starting point for experienced developers. It is claimed that the readers “should be fluent in HTML and general Web development terminolog y. …… should be familiar with the concepts behind interactive Web pages, including forms, scripts, and data access.” More complicated examples can be found from Microsoft .NET Framework SDK Documentation or Microsoft V isual Studio .NET Documentation.The second step was to test the teaching environment. A teaching server was set up for the Intranet on campus. It is configured for the client computers in the teaching lab. is installed on the client computers. provides two ways to access the Web server: FrontPage server extensions and File share. The FrontPage server extension is used on our teaching server. Programming testing has been done on all the major aspects of W AD. Except a few special ones, most of the problems occurred during the testing were minor problems which, after the communication with our Web technician, were resolved.Teaching materials have been updated. The major changes have been made on the data interaction, form and controls, application/session management, and error handling. Given that has made XML very practical and the using of Web service much easier. A lecture on XML and Web service has been added. As a result, ColdFusion lectures are reduced. The assessment has been adjusted accordingly.5. THE PROBLEMSWe have to admit that with is a much more complicated client server environment than the Classic ASP environment. This complexity comes from the configuration system and the integration between the client computers and the Web server.On server, each level of the application directory can have a configuration file. All these configuration files are optional except Machine.config. A developer has full control over those optional configuration files. Developers become more involved w ith the server settings via these files. One problem that happened to several students and myself on our home servers is the permission problem. We found our applications didn’t have permission to write todatabase/XML files. Microsoft (2003) provides three solutions to this problem. The simplest one is to change the Machine.config file and set the username attribute to SYSTEM in the <processModel> section.We observed that behave differently in a stand-alone environment, a single user clien t server environment, and a multiple user client server environment. A few problems don’t occur in the first two environments occur frequently in the last environment. The major one is when we try to create a new project or open an existing project, we often get an error message, “The user name or password you entered is incorrect, or you do not have authorization to permit this operation”, even if our user name and password are perfectly correct. This problem seems to be caused by FrontPage server extensions. Regularly cleaning VSWebCache partially solved the problem. This approach is confirmed by Kiely (2003).Another problem is a debug problem. When we try to use Debug|Start or Debug|Start Without Debugging in the multiple user client server environment within , we often get error messages. “…… Unable to start debugging on the web server. ……”. However, we don’t have the same problem for Debug|Start Without Debugging in the single user client server environment. We don’t have any problem in a standal one environment. After adding users to the debugging group on the server, the problem still exists. The reason of this problem is not clear to the author.6. CONCLUSIONMoving from Classic ASP to has proven to be a challenging and exciting process. The author has learned a lot in this process. From the responses to our six-week survey, 100% students feel our W AD course challenging. However, most of them still prefer to learn rather than Classic ASP. We feel confident about the move. The issue is how to organize the course and help the students meet the challenge. is certainly an outstanding tool for both teaching and development. As a new development platform, we do need some time to absorb all the new features.从经典ASP到摘要是微软公司基于网络应用程序新开发出的产品，这个产品的普及在的创新当中具有重大意义，因此在方面的教育有了很大的需求。
制药工程专业英语unit 1、2、3、4、5、16、17、18、19、20中文翻译(庄永思,吴达俊版)
1、生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：Ⅰ.完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ.天然产物，和Ⅲ.产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
表1给出了获取药剂的不同方法的概述。
（表1对药物的可能性准备）方法举例1、全合成，超过75％的药剂（合成纤维）2、分离（天然产物）天然来源：2.1植物-生物碱;酶;心甙，多糖，维生素E;类固醇的前体（薯蓣皂素，sitosterin），柠檬醛（中间产品维生素A，E和K）2.2动物器官一酶;肽激素;胆酸从胆;胰岛素）从胰脏;血清和疫苗2.3从角蛋白和明胶L -氨基酸;三一胆固醇从羊毛油脂的其他来源水解3.一抗生素发酵; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖，对类固醇有针对性的修改,例如11 -羟基化;也胰岛素，干扰素，抗体，肽激素，酶，疫苗4。
部分合成修改（半合成剂）天然产品: 一生物碱化合物;半合成/ 3-内酰胺类抗生素;类固醇;人胰岛素其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天，我。
大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。
这样的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。
在过去的几年里发酵-岛大肠杆菌微生物过程变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因选择的结果导致了突变体的微生物创造高性能，发酵，已成为首选方法各种各样的物质。
这两个Eukaryonts（酵母菌和霉菌）和Prokaryonts（单细胞细菌，放线菌和）用于微生物。
下列产品类型可以得到：1.细胞的物质（单细胞蛋白），2.酶，3.主要降解产物（主要代谢物），4.二级降解产物（次生代谢物）。
不顾来自某些微生物，大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides，2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。
工业工程英文文献及外文翻译
附录附录1：英文文献Line Balancing in the Real WorldAbstract:Line Balancing (LB) is a classic, well-researched Operations Research (OR) optimization problem of significant industrial importance. It is one of those problems where domain expertise does not help very much: whatever the number of years spent solving it, one is each time facing an intractable problem with an astronomic number of possible solutions and no real guidance on how to solve it in the best way, unless one postulates that the old way is the best way .Here we explain an apparent paradox: although many algorithms have been proposed in the past, and despite the problem’s practical importance, just one commercially available LB software currently appears to be available for application in industries such as automotive. We speculate that this may be due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by OR, and the actual problem faced by the industry.Keyword:Line Balancing, Assembly lines, OptimizationLine Balancing in the Real WorldEmanuel FalkenauerOptimal DesignAv. Jeanne 19A boîte2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium+32 (0)2 646 10 741 IntroductionAssembly Line Balancing, or simply Line Balancing (LB), is the problem of assigning operations to workstations along an assembly line, in such a way that the assignment be optimal in some sense. Ever since Henry Ford’s introduction of assembly lines, LB has been an optimization problem of significant industrial importance: the efficiency difference between an optimal and a sub-optimal assignment can yield economies (or waste) reaching millions of dollars per year.LB is a classic Operations Research (OR) optimization problem, having been tackled by OR over several decades. Many algorithms have been proposed for the problem. Yet despite the practical importance of the problem, and the OR efforts that have been made to tackle it, little commercially available software is available to help industry in optimizing their lines. In fact, according to a recent survey by Becker and Scholl (2023), there appear to be currently just two commercially available packages featuring both a state of the art optimization algorithm and auser-friendly interface for data management. Furthermore, one of those packages appears to handle only the “clean” formulation of the problem (Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem, or SALBP), which leaves only one package available for industries such as automotive. This situation appears to be paradoxical, or at least unexpected: given the huge economies LB can generate, one would expect several software packages vying to grab a part of those economies.It appears that the gap between the available OR results and their dissemination in Today’s industry, is probably due to a misalignment between the academic LB problem addressed by most of the OR approaches, and the actual problem being faced by the industry. LB is a difficult optimization problem even its simplest forms are NP-hard – see Garry and Johnson, 1979), so the approach taken by OR has typically been to simplify it, in order to bring it to a level of complexity amenable to OR tools. While this is a perfectly valid approach in general, in the particular case of LB it led some definitions of the problem hat ignore many aspects of the real-world problem.Unfortunately, many of the aspects that have been left out in the OR approach are in fact crucial to industries such as automotive, in the sense that any solution ignoring (violating) those aspects becomes unusable in the industry.In the sequel, we first briefly recall classic OR definitions of LB, and then review how the actual line balancing problem faced by the industry differs from them, and why a solution to the classic OR problem maybe unusable in some industries.2 OR Definitions of LBThe classic OR definition of the line balancing problem, dubbed SALBP (Simple Assembly Line Balancing Problem) by Becker and Scholl (2023), goes as follows. Given a set of tasks of various durations, a set of precedence constraints among the tasks, and a set of workstations, assign each task to exactly one workstation in such a way that no precedence constraint is violated and the assignment is optimal. The optimality criterion gives rise to two variants of the problem: either a cycle time is given that cannot be exceeded by the sum of durations of all tasks assigned to any workstation and the number of workstations is to be minimized, or the number of workstations is fixed and the line cycle time, equal to the largest sum of durations of task assigned to a workstation, is to be minimized.Although the SALBP only takes into account two constraints (the precedence constraints plus the cycle time, or the precedence constraints plus the number of workstations), it is by far the variant of line balancing that has been the most researched. We have contributed to that effort in Falkenauer and Delchambre (1992), where we proposed a Grouping Genetic Algorithm approach that achieved some of the best performance in the field. The Grouping Genetic Algorithm technique itself was presented in detail in Falkenauer (1998).However well researched, the SALBP is hardly applicable in industry, as we will see shortly. The fact has not escaped the attention of the OR researches, and Becker and Scholl (2023) define many extensions to SALBP, yielding a commondenomination GALBP (Generalized Assembly Line Balancing Problem). Each of the extensions reported in their authoritative survey aims to handle an additional difficulty present in real-world line balancing. We have tackled one of those aspects in Falkenauer (1997), also by applying the Grouping Genetic Algorithm.The major problem with most of the approaches reported by Becker and Scholl (2023) is that they generalize the simple SALBP in just one or two directions. The real world line balancing, as faced in particular by the automotive industry, requires tackling many of those generalizations simultaneously.3 What Differs in the Real World?Although even the simple SALBP is NP-hard, it is far from capturing the true complexity of the problem in its real-world incarnations. On the other hand, small instances of the problem, even though they are difficult to solve to optimality, are a tricky target for line balancing software, because small instances of the problem can be solved closet optimality by hand. That is however not the case in the automotive and related industries (Bus, truck, aircraft, heavy machinery, etc.), since those industries routinely feature Assembly lines with dozens or hundreds of workstations, and hundreds or thousands of Operations. Those industries are therefore the prime targets for line balancing software.Unfortunately, those same industries also need to take into account many of the GALBP extensions at the same time, which may explain why, despite the impressive OR Work done on line balancing; only one commercially available software seemstube currently available for those industries.We identify below some of the additional difficulties (with respect to SALBP) that must be tackled in a line balancing tool, in order to be applicable in those industries.3.1 Do Not Balance but Re-balanceMany of the OR approaches implicitly assume that the problem to be solved involves a new, yet-to-be-built assembly line, possibly housed in a new, yet-to-be-built factory. To our opinion, this is the gravest oversimplification of the classic OR approach, for in practice, this is hardly ever the case. The vast majority of real-world line balancing tasks involve existing lines, housed in existing factories – infect, the target line typically needs tube rebalanced rather than balanced, the need arising from changes in the product or the mix of models being assembled in the line, the assembly technology, the available workforce, or the production targets. This has some far-reaching implications, outlined below.3.2 Workstations Have IdentitiesAs pointed out above, the vast majority of real-world line balancing tasks involves existing lines housed in existing factories. In practice, this seemingly “uninteresting” observation has one far-reaching consequence, namely that each workstation in the line does have its own identity. This identity is not due to any “incapacity of abstraction” on part of the process engineers, but rather to the fact that the workstations are indeed not identical: each has its own space constraints (e.g. a workstation below a low ceiling cannot elevate the car above the operators’ heads),its own heavy equipment that cannot be moved spare huge costs, its own capacity of certain supplies (e.g. compressed air), its own restrictions on the operations that can be carried out there (e.g. do not place welding operations just beside the painting shop), etc.3.3 Cannot Eliminate WorkstationsSince workstations do have their identity (as observed above), it becomes obvious that a real-world LB tool cannot aim at eliminating workstations. Indeed, unless the eliminated workstations were all in the front of the line or its tail, their elimination would create gaping holes in the line, by virtue of the other workstations’ retaining of their identities, including their geographical positions in the workshop. Also, it softens the case that many workstations that could possibly be eliminated by the algorithm are in fact necessary because of zoning constraints.4 ConclusionsThe conclusions inspection 3 stems from our extensive contacts with automotive and related industries, and reflects their true needs. Other “exotic” constraints may apply in any given real-world assembly line, but line balancing tool for those industries must be able to handle at least those aspects of the problem. This is very far from the “clean” academic SALBP, as well as most GALBP extensions reported by Becker and Scholl (2023). In fact, such a tool must simultaneously solve several-hard problems:• Find a feasible defined replacement for all undefined (‘ANY’) ergonomicconstraints on workstations, i.e. One compatible with the ergonomic constraints and precedence constraints defined on operations, as well as zoning constraints and possible drifting operations• Solve the within-workstation scheduling problem on all workstations, for all products being assembled on the line• Assign the operations to workstations to achieve the best average balance, while keeping the peak times at a manageable level. Clearly, the real-world line balancing problem described above is extremely difficult to solve. This is compounded byte size of the problem encountered in the target industries, which routinely feature assembly lines with dozens or hundreds of workstations with multiple operators, and hundreds or thousands of operations.We’ve identified a number of aspects of the line balancing problem that are vital in industries such as automotive, yet that have been either neglected in the OR work on the problem, or handled separately from each other. According to our experience, a line balancing to applicable in those industries must be able to handle all of them simultaneously. That gives rise to an extremely complex optimization problem.The complexity of the problem, and the need to solve it quickly, may explain why there appears to be just one commercially available software for solving it, namely outline by Optimal Design. More information on Outline, including its rich graphic user interface, is available at .References1 Becker C. and Scholl, A. (2023) `A survey on problems and methods in generalized assemblyline balancing', European Journal of Operations Research, in press. Available online at :10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.023. Journal article.2 Falkenauer, E. and Delchambre, A. (1992) `Genetic Algorithm for Bin Packing and Line Balancing', Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, May10-15, 1992, Nice, France. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA. Pp. 1186-1192. Conference proceedings.3 Falkenauer, E. (1997) `A Grouping Genetic Algorithm for Line Balancing with Resource Dependent Task Times', Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP’97), University of Otego, Dunedin, New Zealand, November 24-28, 1997. Pp. 464-468. Conference proceedings.4 Falkenauer, E. (1998) Genetic Algorithms and Grouping Problems, John Wiley& Sons, Chi Chester, UK. Book.5 Gary. R. and Johnson D. S. (1979) Computers and Intractability - A Guide to the Theory of NP-completeness, Co., San Francisco, USA. Book.附录2：中文文献生产线平衡在现实世界摘要：生产线平衡（LB）是一种经典旳，精心研究旳明显工业重要性旳运筹学（OR）优化问题。
财务管理外文文献及翻译2
财务管理外文文献及翻译2附录A:外文文献(译文)跨国公司财务有重大国外经营业务的公司经常被称作跨国公司或多国企业。
跨国公司必须考虑许多并不会对纯粹的国内企业产生直接影响的财务因素，其中包括外币汇率、各国不同的利率、国外经营所用的复杂会计方法、外国税率和外国政府的干涉等。
公司财务的基本原理仍然适用于跨国企业。
与国内企业一样，它们进行的投资项目也必须为股东提供比成本更多的收益，也必须进行财务安排，用尽可能低的成本进行融资。
净现值法则同时适用于国内经营和国外经营，但是，国外经营应用净现值法则时通常更加复杂。
也许跨国财务中最复杂的是外汇问题。
当跨国公司进行资本预算决策或融资决策时，外汇市场能为其提供信息和机会。
外汇、利率和通货膨胀三者的相互关系构成了汇率基本理论。
即:购买力平价理论、利率平价理论和预测理论。
跨国公司融资决策通常要在以下三种基本方法中加以选择，我们将讨论每种方法的优缺点。
(1) 把现金由国内输出用于国外经营业务;(2) 向投资所在国借贷;(3) 向第三国借贷。
1专业术语学习财务的学生通常会听到一个单词总在耳边嗡嗡作响:全球化( g l o b a l i z a t i on )。
学习资金市场的全球化必须首先掌握一些新的术语，以下便是在跨国财务中，还有本章中最常用到的一些术语:(1) 美国存托证(American Depository Receipt,ADR)。
它是在美国发行的一种代表外国股权的证券，它使得外国股票可在美国上市交易。
外国公司运用以美元发行的ADR，来扩大潜在美国投资者群体。
ADR以两种形式代表大约690家外国公司:一是在某个交易所挂牌交易的 ADR，称为公司保荐形式;另一种是非保荐形式，这些ADR通常由投资银行持有并为其做市。
这两种形式的ADR均可由个人投资和买卖，但报纸每天只报告保荐形式的存托证的交易情况。
(2) 交叉汇率(cross rate)。
它是指两种外国货币(通常都不是美元)之间的汇率。
企业员工激励研究开题报告【范本模板】
2016年11月18日前：毕业生在辅导员处签订外出实习安全协议书；
2017年2月25、26日：学生提交论文初稿给导师.
2017年2月27日———3月12日：指导教师指导学生对论文初稿进行修改.
2017年3月13日—-—3月17日：学生提交论文二稿给导师；
［13]杨剑侠，廖冰。 基于企业管理新型激励模型的探讨［J]. 重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2002,12：130—133。
[14]曹晓丽. 企业激励性薪酬制度设计［J］. 环渤海经济瞭望，2004,01：29—32.
[15］王曦。 浅析双因素理论在我国连锁餐饮业一线员工激励中的应用——以海底捞火锅店为例[J］. 现代商业,2016,05：41-42.
2017年4月27日—4月30日：论文定稿;
2017年5月1日---5月10日：准备论文答辩相关材料；
2017年5月13日：毕业生论文答辩；
2017年5月20日：毕业生二次答辩。
2017年6月10日：上交全部论文材料至校教务办。
完成课题所需条件及落实措施:
条件：
1。需要足够了解当前我国咖啡食品行业的行情现状、存在的问题和生存空间前景。
③预期的成果是什么：解决当前在员工激励制度上存在的问题。做到，为长久发展打下基础。
预期目标：
①通过员工激励相关原则原理，解决当前存在的问题隐患，提出更为合理的建议和改善方法。从员工个人到企业整体体质都有质的提升.
②从员工激励方面入手，解决现在体系内不完善和缺失。通过不同思路提高在这方面的不足。
课题进度计划：
美国心理学家马斯洛（A．H．Maslow）进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次,从低到高依次为生理需要、安全需要、社交需要、尊重需要、自我实现需要且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。
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附录二：
等待时间
当你提出问题，等待学者反映的时间间隔被称作等待时间。
教师发现，当他们提出问题后，等待学者的反映或激起他们反映的欲望，这只需要一个惊人的超短的时间。
Rowe(1986)作报告指出：教师等待学者反映的时间平均不超过一秒钟。
但是，学生要想在考试成绩中取得更高的成绩，则需要更高水平的思考，教师至少需要等待三秒钟（Tobin, 1987）。
增加等待时间使得学生继续增加思考的信息（Wormeli,2002）。
增加等待时间，同时也增加成绩。
教师问少许的问题，但是更多高水平的问题，使得学生回答的答案更有实际意义，同时也增加他们的自信心（Rowe，1986）。
作业和学习
教师布置的大量作业是一个永恒的辩论话题。
出现一种现象，大家都有周期的关注作业。
父母期望在前15年里有更多的家庭作业，但是在随后的15年里，作业应该少些（Cooper,2001b）。
我们的结论是，学生需要大量的家庭作业，现在家长却怀疑大量作业的价值，以及应试教育意义下的学习。
他们过于担心大量的作业会占用他们课堂外的学习以及活动和价值观，从而使得他们有过大的压力。
家庭作业如果使用合理还是有一定好处的。
当教师花费时间解释作业的意义和安排的目的时，学生就会认真的完成，比平时有更大的成效。
作业的益处同时也取决于年龄段，对高中学生最有益处，其次是初级学生，最后是小学生。
大体上中学或初级学校，他们的作业安排是在放学后大约两个小时完成，学生们比较受益。
然而，高等学校学生则需要更长的时间，他们有一个总体的大纲：
·用10分钟时间总览作业安排，10分钟时间看看是否符合他们的年级水平。
·知道作业的目的，不局限于学术本身。
·把作业当作多种战略中的一种。
多少作业是足够的？教无定法，贵在得法。
应该多在光盘、多媒体上深入的学习。
在教室中观察
当你做好准备，成为一名教师的时候，你就被要求在教室中有一定的洞察力，然而，从教室中获益要求教师多深入课堂，走访学生。
就像一位同志抱怨的那样，学生对于他的课堂安排说了这样一句话：我们看了，但是没看见什么。
这是没有洞察力。
从观察中获益，你需要知道观察什么和怎样获取信息。
你可以用两种工具收集信息：事件样本和时间样本。
一位观察者在挑选的时间间隔里记录事件，并及时抽取样品。
举例来说，一位观察者可能每隔15秒记录在教室发生了什么。
如果你正在使用一个15秒的时间间隔来观察教室，如果教师正在为你正在观察的第一个15秒提供方向，你会记录“1--演讲”。
如果下一个15秒，这种提供方向仍在继续，你会记录“2--演讲”。
如果老师正在第三个15秒间隔问了一个问题，你将记录“3--教师疑问”。
这一方案捕捉到了这节课的进度和流程。
在观察结束时，很可能认识到，提供方向用了多长时间，在活动上，比如说提出问题，处理教室管理和训练的问题，时间花费多久。
许多不同类型的观察工具使用了事件抽取样本、时间抽取样本，或是二者的结合。
一些例子在下面的小部分中将被介绍。
叙述的方法
叙述的方法时常被叫做手迹，意思就是把观察到的事件记录下来。
因为口头语言行为主宰着课堂，这种方法主要关注教师和学者所说的。
这种方法的局限性就是如此多的事件如此快速的发生，每件事情都记录下来是不可能的，只能呈现一部分的画面。
为了避免这种局限性，一些观察者使用一种被称作逐字选择的系统。
在逐字选择中，观察者识别感兴趣的一个特定的事件，并且记录
和此事件有关的一些言论。
事件可能是教师疑问，激发性的陈述，教室－控制性陈述和赞美陈述。
对在一门课期间被发表的赞美陈述感兴趣的观察者会写下教师发表的每一称赞评论。
有时，观察者会做课堂录音，以便他们再检查他们书面评论的准确性。
图6-1提供了一个逐字选择的记录，重心集中在教师如何把赞美给了学生。
频率计数
频率计数记录在一节课期间的事件数目。
举例来说，观察者可能对学生有贡献的课堂讨论的时间数目感兴趣，每次学生做一次贡献，将会被记录在观察表格中。
可能有兴趣的其他事件也许是： 1.老师的赞美陈述.2.高阶层的疑问3.低水平的疑问4.教室分歧 5.对老师正确的（或不正确的）回应。
记录标志常被用来暗示每个发生的时间。
频率计数也可能依照学生的性别被分类。
在图6-2中是一个频率计数系统降低的图示，因为这些系统要求很少写作，而记录能捕捉这些行为。
编码系统
编码系统用密码或符号来表现行为。
一个系统可能是抽样检查坏处或好处，或者可能是一个将数字分配到一系列广泛行为的复杂方案。
通常，一笔被编码的记录在一个被预先设定的时间间隔之后被创下，举例来说，每20秒一次。
当有趣的行为被注意时，新密码能在观察期间被增加。
举例来说，假想观察者只使用两个密码来开始一个非常简单的编码方案：1.一个学习者，他正在从事被分配的任务；2.一个学习者，他没有从事被分配的任务。
在观察期间，注意到一些学习者超出了他们的位子、讲话或做学校作业，而不是被分配的任务观察者决定增加一些特定的密码来指出这些行为，（做这件事的一个方法就是将编码2a指定“离开位子”，编码2b“讲话”，编码2c“其他的学校工作”而且编码2会为学习者的所有附加例子保留没有处理的任务。
）见图6-3为观察系统使用密码的一个例子。