西方文化概论答案

一、Word explanation1、AnthropomorphismA、Anthropomorphism was the basic characteristic of Greek polytheism, it reflected the simple feature of natural religion and made Greek Gods possess absolute magic power.B、Homomorphism meant that both man and god assume the same body, the homogeneity meant Greek Gods possessing the human nature.2、The alliance of the first TriumvirateA、It meant the political alliance formed by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus and Licinius Crassus in the later Republican Rome.B、Its appearance symbolized that the Republican Rome had already moved toward the decline, the knight social stratum publicly started contending with Senatus and gradually controlled the Republican Roman destiny.3、The Avignon captivityA、In AD 1305-1377, French king moved the God Vatican from Rome to France enclave Avignon ,and it began its 70 years Vatican imprisoned in AvignonB、The Avignon captivity was an absolute disgrace in the conflict between Church of Rome and Secular monarchy，itmarked that the absolute authority which the Middle Ages church was overridden to customs royalty falter, and the nation state started growing.4、sola fida or faith aloneA、The main theology thought of Martin Luther’s reformation ,the basic content was: Only belief was the only basis of faithB、The significance of “ Justification by faith" lied in: it fighted against good work and righteousness preached by medieval Roman Catholic, and opposed the false assertion by Sale of indulgences activities二、Discussion questions1、A、the basic characteristics of Greek culture was harmonious beauty, as the cradle of western culture, it would make all contradictions things together, the spirit and the flesh, the ideal and the reality which had not developed to the paradox degree, therefore the Greek culture had the aesthetic beauty of primitive or childishB、Roman culture had much imitated the Greek culture, but Roman culture had its unique cultural spirit, it unilaterally put harmonious beauty of Greek culture to the materialism, utilitarian extreme, although the Romans established a powerfulcountry and Relatively sound legal system, but in terms of mental Spirit was extremely poorC、Christian culture grew up from Roman culture in a negative way, its cultural spirit and Roman culture formed a bright contrast, namely spirit socialist and shore socialist were against Roman culture. But in the medieval Christian culture, the ideals of this kind of extreme spirit socialist can’t truly implement to the church, its result of the practice of Christianity and the reality became the ideal of binary division and widespread hypocrisy, finally triggered a religious reform movementD、Roman culture and Christian culture of Greek culture can be regarded as the two opposite and unilateral development, in modern times, western culture was going to the Synthesis Problem, namely it was trying to unify three cultures dialectically in a new starting point2、A、The Renaissance happened in southern Europe Latin world in the14th-16th century, especially in an Italian regions ideological emancipation movement, it took revives Renaissance classical culture as the banner, and advocated restoration of natural human dignity and the rights of sensuous pleasures, its basic characteristic was to replace divine thing by human thing, to use the worldly life to replace the kingdom ofChristian ideal. In Renaissance movement a batch of special "scholar" and artists who studied the humanities had produced, these people were called humanists, and they took literary arts work as performance method , which fully eulogized the world life and the beauty of human nature and revealed the corruption hypocrisy of Roman Catholic church and clergy. The most important humanists were: Francesco Petrarca, GiovanniBoccàccio, Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo Buonarroti ectB、Religious reform was a culture reform movementoccurred in northern Europe namely the Germanic world in the 16th century, whose reasons were very complex, it also had moral indignation of the reverent plain Germany Christian to the Roman Catholic corrupt false action, also had the long-standing politics and the economic frictions between the northern Germanic nationality and the southern Latin nationality. The main purpose of religious reform was to pure faith and rebuild moral, but it also led to the rise of national economic and the development of secular. Religious reform movement produced three big mainstream denominations: Lutheran church, Anglicanism and Calvinists ectC、Renaissance movement promoted humanity of dignity, it wastrying to enrich Christian faith by using perceptual ingredients, but the result of this movement mainly limited by literary art field, its influence level was confined to perceptual respect; Religious reform movement had more profound historical effect, which led to the division of the dominance pattern of Roman Catholic Church, it objectively promoted the rise of national economic and the development of secular, also effectively combined religious and secular life, and laid the necessary cultural basis for the development of capitalism。