自考词汇第四章练习题

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00031《心理学》同步练习题(学生版含答案) 第四章记忆与学习

《心理学》（自考）同步练习第四章记忆与学习同步练习一、名词解释1．记忆 P79 2．陈述性记忆P82 3．情景性记忆 P83 4．图式P90 5．组块P866．前摄干扰与倒摄干扰P94 7．记忆术 P96 8．学习P98 9．接受学习P100 10．发现学习P10011．意义学习P100 12．机械学习P100 13．知识学习 P101 14．技能学习P101 15．社会规范学习P101 二、单项选择题1．信息处理的观点认为，记忆是人脑对外界信息的( )P79A．识记和保持 B．接受和储存 C．储存和提取 D．编码、储存和提取2．从向脑内存储信息到再次把它提取出来应用，这个完整的过程总称为( )P79A．识记 B．保持 C．再认 D．记忆3、人们把来自感官的信息变成记忆系统能够接收和使用的形式，这种记忆的第一基本过程被称为( )P80A·编码 B．保持 C．储存 D．提取4、记忆的内容可以用言语表达，即事实类信息，包括字词、定义、人名、时间、事件、概念和观念等知识，这种记忆是( )P82A．陈述性记忆 B．程序性记忆 C．情景记忆 D．语义记忆5、记忆的内容通常包含一系列复杂的动作过程，又可称为技能记忆。

如怎样做事情或如何掌握技能等情况，这种记忆是( )P82A．陈述性记忆 B．程序性记忆 C．情景记忆 D．语义记忆6．托尔文认为个人亲身经历过的，在一定时间和地点发生的事件或情景的记忆可以称为( )P83A．陈述性记忆 B．程序性记忆 C．情景记忆 D．语义记忆7．托尔文认为对字词、概念、规律和公式等各种概括化知识的记忆，它与一般的特定事件没有什么联系的记忆可以称为( )P83A．陈述性记忆 B．程序性记忆 C．情景记忆 D．语义记忆8.告诉你一个电话号码，你可以按照它去拨号，但打过以后，再问你该号码，你又不记得了。

这是( )P85A．瞬时记忆表现 B．感觉记忆表现 C.短时记忆表现 D．长时记忆表现9．感觉记忆是感觉信息到达感官的第一次直接印象，又被称为( )P84A.瞬时记忆 B．情景记忆 C．短时记忆 D．长时记忆10.短时记忆中的信息主要是以怎样的编码形式储存( )P85A．语义编码 B．视觉编码 C．情景编码 D．听觉编码11.短时记忆的容量是有限的，研究结果表明其平均数量是( )P86A．五加减二 B．六加减二 C．七加减二 D．八加减二12．复述是使信息保存的必要条件，有一种复述是指将识记的材料与长时记忆中储存的信息建立起联系。

自考高级英语L4 练习

Lesson Four Die as You ChooseA.Answer the following questions on the text :1. Is euthanasia openly practiced in Holland ?2. Why did the doctors in the U.S.sometimes secretly practice euthanasia without consulting the dying patients ?3. What is the difference between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia ?Do you think they make any difference ?4. What is a “living-will “?5. Did Hippocrates prohibit euthanasia ?Did most ancient Greek doctors and thinkers agree with his ban ?What did the author want to tell the reader by presenting this historical fact ?6. What is the danger involved if euthanasia is legalized ?7. Why did the author say that West Germany will not be able to legalize any form of euthanasia for a long time to come ?8. What is the aut hor‟s view on euthanasia ?Key A1. Yes, it is .2. Because they could rarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients and voluntary euthanasia was taboo , the doctor had to make the decision himself .3. Passive euthanasia means the doctor lets the patient die without giving him any treatment on his own request . Active euthanasia means the doctor kill the patient by giving him an injection or enough painkillers . No, I don‟t think they make any difference.4. “Living will “is a will made by a person whe n he is living that he does not want life prolonged when he is dying .5. Yes , he did .No, they didn‟t .The author wanted to explain that when in ancient Greece doctors and thinkers had the courage to disagree with Hippocrates , we should support euthanasia today .6. It may pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing .7. West Germany will not legalize any form of euthanasia for a long time because of the shadow of the past .8. The author has an appositive attitude towards euthanasia . He supports it .A. Translate the following into Chinese:1. The need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer .2. In Holland mercy-killing is accepted by the medical establishment and openly practiced a few thousand times each year .3. The debate on euthanasia will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia .4. Many people accept that it is sad , undignified and gruesome to prolong the throes of death with all the might of medical technology .5. How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out ?6. Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enough painkillers to kill ?Does the fact that the doctor performed an action, rather than an omission , condemn him ?7. It is probably no coincidence that it was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted pressure to join in the Nazi medical atrocities .8. Countries with an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have less to fear from setting some limited rules for voluntary euthanasia .Key B.1. 现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律.2. 在荷兰,安乐死已经被医疗机构所接受,并于每年公开实施数千次.3. 这场有关安乐死的辩论将持续到秋天,直到加利福尼亚人投票表决了一项提议,使安乐死合法化为止.4. 许多人认为用所能使用的医疗科技来延长死亡前的痛苦是悲哀的/不高尚的/可怕的.5. 这种主动实施与被动使用安乐死的区别还能维持多长时间呢?6. 如果他使用足够数量的止痛片来为其实施安乐死就有错了吗?医生采取行动,就应受到遣责吗?7. 这不是一种巧合,当时荷兰医生就英勇地反抗用人体做医学试验.8. 不间断提倡思想和行动自由的国家对主动实施安乐死进行限制性规定,就没有什么可担心的了.B. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the best word or expression from the box below , changing its form when necessary :Dodge drown intrude legalize oath withhold precedent rumble taboo credible arguable usher1. She skillfully dodged the questions about her private life .2. It was very rude of him to intrude on my privacy .3. The schools decided to withhold payment until they had completed the construction of the building .4. Reform and Open-door policy has ushered in a new ear of economic development .5. They started a campaign to legalize abortion.6. If you let the boy go without punishment , he will use it as a precedent for doing wrong again .7. After the exposure of his lies the Congressman is no longer a credible politician.8. It is arguable that primary school students should pay any tuition .C. Choose the right word or expression in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences :1. The warrior managed to (evade, dodge )the arrow that came flying through the air .2. The speaker‟s last few words were (drowned out, stopped ) by the audience …s thunderous applause .3. Would I be (intruding , invading ) if I joined in your discussion ?4. The ( omission , exclusion ) of a full stop at the end of the sentence is a deliberate act by the writer .5. The newly –recruited soldiers swore an (oath, promise ) of loyalty to their country .6. The suspect was accused of ( preventing ,withholding ) some important evidence from the court .7. Whether or not he is the best person for the promotion is ( debatable , arguable ).8. He has established himself as a (credible , believable ) businessman .E. Explain the underlined words in English :1. The need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer .2. The letter was probably written for polemical impact .3. Thus , because voluntary euthanasia is taboo…4. …with all the might of medical technology…5. …by setting a precedent for killing6. …only squeamishness demands a firm difference between…7. Active euthanasia-killing –remains controversial .8. Yet if a patient‟s philosophical views embrace euthanasia…Key E1. mercifully easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable and painful disease , esp. the doctor let the patients die on their own request .2. resulting in arguments3. something that religion or custom regards as forbidden4. everything could be used or done5. creating an earlier example of killing6. those who are too modest and scrupulous7. polemical ,arguable8. support , be in favour ofF.Translate the following into English :现在迫切需要制定有关安乐死的法律.大多数国家禁止安乐死.在这些国家医生只能偷偷地给病人实施安乐死.但是,也有的国家公开实施安乐死,例如荷兰.越来越多的国家目前正在就安乐死的合法性展开辩论.当一个病人长期遭受疾病的折磨而又无治愈的希望时, 为什么要让他继续痛苦下去呢?为什么不能用安乐死来结束他的痛苦?但是,如果安乐死合法化,也存在一种危险------有人会利用安乐死进行谋杀.总之,安乐死是一个不能回避的问题.Key FThe need for laws on euthanasia can‟t be dodged for much longer . Euthanasia is a taboo in most countries . In these countries doctors can only practise it secretly . But it is openly practiced in some countries , such as Holland . Right now more and more countries are going over the arguments about legalizing euthanasia .When a patient suffers from illness for a long time and there is no hope of curing it , why do we let him polong the throes ?Why can‟t we practise euthanasia to stop the throes ?But if we legalize euthanasia , there will be a danger Someone may use it for killing . All in all , euthanasia is question we can‟t dodge .G .Write a short passage of 150-200 words in English on the topic “How Is Euthanasia Handled in Different Countries ?:” You should cover the following points :1. How euthanasia is practiced in Holland ;2. the situation in America , Britain and many other countries ;3. what the biggest worry is if euthanasia is legalized .Key GHow Is Euthanasia Handled in Different Countries ?In Holland , mercy-killing is accepted by the medical establishment and openly practiced a few thousand times each year . The government has rules for euthanasia and so doctors can police it effectively .But in America , Britain and many other countries , euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment , secretly practiced many times more often , and almost never comes to light . Now it is going over the arguments about euthanasia once again . The doctors in America can rarelydiscuss euthanasia openly with patients ----even when those patients beg them for it ----doctors tend to kill only when the dying are too far gone to consent . The doctors have to make decision themselves . That is one price of keeping euthanasia secnet . Fortunately most American states have “living-will” legislation that proteets doctors from prosecution it they do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life prolonged .Some people suggest legalizing euthanasia . But other people worry that if government permit the doctors to comply with a dying man‟s request in prescribed set of circumstances , it might pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing . But if the government set up some rules , there will be no problems . In Holland , the tenacious respect for individual liberty stop them killing healthy people but lets them help dying people .。

自考《中国现代文学史》章节复习题：第四章

自考《中国现代文学史》章节复习题：第四章第四章1917年—1927年的文学创作分析评价《尝试集》的思想和艺术形式及其地位与不足分析评价周作人小品散文的艺术特色与风格分析评价《倪焕之》的思想和艺术分析叶圣陶现实主义小说的特色和风格简析许地山早期短篇小说的特点简析许地山后期小说《春桃》等作品的现实主义特色简析许地山的散文集《空山灵雨》的思想和艺术简析王统照的长篇小说《山雨》的思想简析王统照小说创作的风格简析冰心的“问题小说”的发展简析诗集《繁星》《春水》的思想和形式简析《寄小读者》的思想和形式分析评价冰心创作中“爱”的哲学的内容简析朱自清以事传情类散文的思想艺术特点简析朱自清借景抒情类散文的思想艺术特点简析朱自清对现代散文的贡献分析朱自清散文的创作特色简析《海滨故人》的思想和风格简析庐隐小说题材和思想特点简析《沉沦》的思想分析评价郁达夫小说的思想分析郁达夫小说的艺术风格分析郁达夫小说在文学史上的地位分析闻一多爱国主义诗篇的内容简述闻一多在新诗发展史上的地位分析评价闻一多诗歌“三美”的新格律诗理论主张及其创作实践分析评价徐志摩的前期诗集的思想简述徐志摩后期诗集的思想分析徐志摩诗的艺术特点简述冯文炳小说的思想特色简述冯文炳小说的艺术特色简述冯至的《作日之歌》的思想艺术特色简述冯至的《十四行集》的思想和艺术特色参考答案第四章1917年—1927年的文学创作分析评价《尝试集》的思想和艺术形式及其地位与不足胡适《尝试集》的大部分作品是与主张科学民主、反帝反封建的新文化运动和文学革命基本一致的。

主要思想内容：反对封建专制，向往民主自由，针砭时政，揭露军阀，如《威权》贯注着对封建礼教和伦理道德的否定、批判，如《孔丘》。

表达了资产阶级个性解放的时代要求，如《上山》，表达对劳动者人道主义的同情、悲悯，如《人力车夫》，流露出作者的爱国主义的感情，如《尝试篇》，对积极进取精神的赞美艺术形式：明白清楚，讲求“可懂性”。

一扫旧诗词雕琢粉饰是白话诗迥异于旧诗词的一大创新。

2022年10月自考00541语言学概论押题及答案解析第(4)(5)(6)章

2022年10月自考00541语言学概论押题及答案解析第（4）（5）（6）章第四章语言的结构规则——语法训练题1.下列选项中，不属于词法手段的是A.词形变化B.词的轻重音C.词的重叠D.虚词答案:D解析:本题考查的知识点是语法手段中的词法手段。

词法手段主要包括词形变化、词的轻重音、词的重叠。

虚词是句法手段。

2.英语John writes a book中的动词采用了哪种词形变化的形式A.附加B.屈折C.异根D.零形式答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是词形变化中的屈折。

屈折是指词的内部发生语音的交替变化。

3.汉语中“地道”（dìdào）与“地（dì）·道（dɑo）”是通过哪种词法手段来实现语法意义的A.词形变化B.词的重叠C.语类选择D.词的轻重音答案:D解析:本题考查的知识点是词法手段中的轻重音。

词的轻重音是通过词的某个部分重读或轻读而产生一定语法意义的形式。

4.下列关于虚词的表述不正确的一项是A.虚词主要可以分为辅助词和功能词两个大类B.虚词是包括助词、介词、连词和语气词C.使用虚词来表现语法意义属于词法手段D.虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词答案:C解析:本题考查的知识点是句法手段中的虚词。

虚词是指没有语汇意义只有语法意义的词。

它主要可以分为辅助词和功能词。

使用虚词来表现语法意义属于句法手段。

5.下面各项属于由名词的词形变化形式表示的意义的是A.性B.数C.体D.态答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是词法范畴中体词属性范畴。

“数”是表示事物数量的一组特征。

在一些语言中，名词的数与动词的时态有一定的关系。

6.汉语中的“把字句”和“被子句”属于谓词属性范畴中的A.时B.体C.态D.人称答案:C解析:本题考查的知识点是谓词属性范畴中的态。

“态”是指表示动词和主语名词之间施受关系的一组特征，主要分为主动态和被动态。

7.通过虚词和语序来表示语法意义的是A.谓词属性范畴B.关系范畴C.体词属性范畴D.类别范畴答案:B解析:本题考查的知识点是句法范畴中的关系范畴。

2023年10月自考英语一讲义Unit04含课文生词表课后练习及答案

Unit 4 Friends and FriendshipA FAMOUS QUOTEThe best way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend.——Abraham Lincoln摧毁敌人最佳旳措施就是把他变成朋友。

——亚伯拉罕·林肯Abraham Lincoln（1809 — 1865）, 16th President of the United States （1861 — 1865） and American civil war leader. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis — the American Civil War — preserving the Union while ending slaver and promoting economic and financial modernization. He was immortalized by his Emancipation Proclamation, his Gettysburg Address, and two outstanding inaugural addresses.亚伯拉罕·林肯，美国第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年4月15日）美国南北战争旳领导他成功地领导他旳国家度过了宪法、军事和道德危机——南北战争——在结束奴隶制旳同步维护了联邦旳统一进了经济和金融现代化。

他旳《解放黑奴宣言》、《葛底斯堡演说》、尚有两篇杰出旳就职演说使他名垂千Speaking ActivityTalking on the PhoneSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers talk on the phone.Operator: Hello. This is the emergency 911 operator.Taxi Driver: Help! Please help me!Operator: Yes, sir. Please calm down and explain exactly what's the matter.Taxi Driver: Calm down! My car has broken down and I have a lady passenger and she's going labor.Operator: Now relax, sir. Explain exactly where you are.Taxi Driver: I'm…I'm in the southbound lane of the Lincoln Expressway and the lady can't w Operator: Okay. What's your name, sir, and your passenger's?Taxi Driver: It's…It's Bob, and I have no idea about the woman. She's in no condition to t me.Operator: Okay. Now where are you? What's the nearest landmark you can see?Taxi Driver: Umm, I can see golden arches…there's a McDonald's.Operator: Ok, I've just sent off an ambulance. It should be there any second.Taxi Driver: Hey, is there anything I can do for the lady while we wait for the ambulance?Operator: Yes, uh, keep her calm and warm.Taxi Driver: Okay. Please hurry. …Oh, they're too late. …It's a boy!Guided PracticeDirections: Give a phone call to the nearest restaurant and order a takeout. Supply your ow information. You may use the following tips to help you.Hello. This is…Explain exactly where you are.What's your name, sir/madam?It's…What's the nearest landmark you can see?I can see…Okay. Please hurry.Text ANew Words1、kindergarten n. a school or class to prepare children aged five or younger for school 学班；幼稚园2、scrub v. to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with so and water 擦洗；刷洗3、upset adj. unhappy or disappointed because of something unpleasant that has happened 不快旳；失望旳4、bicker v. to argue about things that are not important （为小事）斗嘴，争执5、lifelong adj. lasting or existing all through your life 终身旳；毕生旳6、sibling n. a brother or sister 兄；弟；姐；妹7、fulfillment n. （Am.E）the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected 实现8、frequently adv. often 频繁地；常常9、subtle adj. not very noticeable or obvious 不易察觉旳；不明显旳；微妙旳10、favoritism n. （AmE）the act of unfairly treating one person better than others because like them better 偏爱；偏袒11、bitterness n. the quality or state of feeling angry and unhappy because you feel that y have been treated unfairly 愤愤不平12、constantly adv. all the time; repeatedly 一直；一直，反复不停地13、teenager n. a person who is between 13 and 19 years old （13 至19岁之间旳）青少年，青少女14、bonding n. the process of forming a special relationship with somebody or with a group people 人与人之间旳关系（或联结）15、maid of honor n. （ especially in the US） a young woman who is not married and who is main bridesmaid at wedding （尤用于美国英语，指未婚旳）首席女傧相，伴娘16、apartment n. a set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a building （一般指在楼层旳）公寓套房Phrases and Expressions1、on one's hands and knees on the floor, with your hands and your lower legs on the ground 地上2、you name it used to say there are many things to choose from 凡你想得起旳；不管什么3、long for to want something very much especially if it does not seem likely to happen soo 望4、get along to have a friendly relationship 和睦相处，关系良好Text APre-reading questions1. What are the most valuable gifts you have ever received?3. What shared memories do you have with your best friends?The Greatest GiftWhen I was a child I was shocked at the idea that my sisters could be my best friends. Now, wouldn't have it any other way.I'm five years old, and my mother is on her hands and knees, washing the kitchen floor. I'm telling her about a new girl in school, and she suddenly looks up at me and says, "Who are your best friends?"I'm not sure what to say. I've been friends with Jill since I was three or so, and I really Jaime, a friend in kindergarten."Jill and Jaime."My mother stops scrubbing the floor and starts to take off her yellow rubber gloves. "Well, about Karen and Cindy?"My sisters?" I don't know who their best friends are," I say."No," she says. "I'm saying, why aren't they your best friends?"She seems upset, as though I have hurt her feelings. "But they're my sisters.""Yes, but they can still be your best friends. Friends may come and go, but your sisters wi always be there for you."At the time, the idea of my two sisters being my closest friend seemed strange to me. We us fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television — you name it, we bickered about it at some point. ①How could my sisters be my best friends? We weren't the same We all had our own friends in school.But my mother never let the three of us forget it: sisters are lifelong friends. Her wish —like most parents' — was to give us something that she had never had. Growing up as an only ch she longed for siblings. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four years the fulfillment of her dream had only just begun. ② She had given us each a gift — our sister and she wanted to make sure we did not take that gift for granted. She would frequently tell us lucky we were. But there were other, more subtle ways that she encouraged us to grow closer. Sh never showed favoritism to one daughter over the other, so as not to cause jealousy or bitterne between us. She constantly took us places together — skating, shopping, swimming — so we deve common interests. And when we were teenagers, Mom always punished us equally, giving us yet ano bonding experience.We didn't always get along beautifully and fought just like any other siblings. But somewhe between Mom's lectures, the family vacations and the shared memories, we realized that our moth was right. ③Today I share things with my sisters that I share with no one else. My sister Cind I ran the New York City Marathon together, side by side, even holding hands when we crossed the finishing line. When my sister Karen got married, I was her maid of honor. Cindy and I traveled through Europe together and even shared an apartment for two years. The three of us trust each with our greatest secrets.It was twenty-three years ago that my mother first asked me who my two best friends were. ④Today she doesn't have to. She already knows.Key Sentences1. We used to fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television —name it, we bickered about it at some point.我们从小一直为了玩具、食物、大人旳关注、看什么电视节目而争执，但凡可以争可以吵旳，都吵过了2. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four yours — the fulfillmen her dream had only just begun.母亲在四年内相继生了我们三姐妹，她旳梦想也开始逐渐成为现实。

Unit4词汇练习(原卷版)

5.I have a number of hobbies,which vary from playing basketballplaying the piano.
6.The women stared at pictures varyinglarge onessmall ones.
7.These books varythe contents, so you can choose one according to your taste.
2.Because they were occupiedmaking and selling popcorn,they spared no time to play around
3.(occupy)themselves in making and selling popcorn,they spared no time to play around.
14.barely adv.几乎不；勉强才能；刚刚→adj.赤裸的；光秃秃的；空的
15.occupy vt.占据；占用→adj.使用中；忙于；被占领的→n．占领；职业
16.distinguish vi.& vt.区分；辨别→adj.卓越的；杰出的
17.anxiety n．焦虑；担心；害怕→adj.焦虑的；渴望的→adv.焦虑地
3.Sports clothes are notappropriatea formal wedding.
4.You can then select the(appropriately) product from this full list.
approve
1.The distinguished educator gave us an(approve) nod to our plan.

自考英语(一)考前要点复习Unit4(4)

自考英语(一)考前要点复习Unit4（4）8. visualization n. 想像，设想visualize v. 设想，想像visual adj. 视觉的;看的见的;形象化的Like meaningfulness and organization，visualization is also helpful to memory.(如同意义和组织，想像也有助于记忆。

)I just cannot visualize what might become of him.(我无法想像他会变成什么样。

)Even though I was not there，I can easily visualize the scene.(尽管我不在那儿，那儿的情景我不难想像。

)I cannot say for sure if it was your visual illusion.(我不能必定这是不是你的视错觉。

)The stories he wrote are extremely visual.(他写的故事非常生动。

)9. rhyme v. 韵，押韵rhythm n. 节奏I cannot think of a rhyme for “seven”。

(我想不出一个跟“seven”同韵的词。

)She called him Guppy，to rhyme with puppy.(她叫他Guppy，是为了跟puppy押韵。

) The rhythm of his speech held the attention of the audience.(他讲话时语调的抑扬顿挫抓住了听众的注意力。

)Human biological rhythms are related to the natural cycle of day and night.(人的生物节奏与昼夜的自然循环有关。

)10. ability n. 能力，才能Human beings have the ability to learn and use a language.(人类有学会和使用语言的能力。

自考词汇第四章练习题

自考词汇第四章练习题第四章自测试题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. The differences between a compound and a free phrase lie inA. grammatical featuresB. phonetic featuresC. semantic featuresD. all the above2. Means of English word formation excludeA. repetition and alliterationB. clipping, acronymy and blendingC. conversion and back formationD. affixation and compounding3. The word "water" in "The peasant watered the trees." belongs to the conversion betweenA. adjective and noun B .verb and nounC. adjective and verbD. noun and verb4. In English words produced through affixation constituteof all the new words.A.10% to 20%B.20% to 30%C.30% to 40%D.40% to 50%5. The chief function of suffixation is toA. change the word-classB. change the meaning of the stemC. change the semantic function of the stemD. all the above6. The most productive conversion takes place betweenA. nouns and adjectivesB. nouns and verbsC. verbs and adjectivesD. none of the above7. The chief function of predication is to changeA. the part of speech of the stemB. the meaning of the stemC. the grammatical function of the stemD. the collocation of the stem8. The overwhelming majority of blends areA. adjectivesB. adverbialsC. verbsD. nouns9. The "de-" in "defrost" is a/an.prefix.A. reversativeB. orientationC. negativeD. pejorative10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into acronyms and initialisms depending onA. the pronunciation of the wordsB .the spelling wayC. the grammatical functionD. none of the above11. Verb compounds are not as common as noun compounds and adjective compounds .Thelimited number of verbs are created either throughorA. blending, clippingB. conversion, blendingC. backformation, clippingD. conversion, backformation12. Conversion is generally considered to be aprocess whereby an item is adapted or converted toa new class without the addition of an affix.A. inflectionalB. derivationalC. negativeD. reversative13. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involvesa change ofA. stressB. functionC. pronunciationD. spelling14. The prefix in pseudo-friend is aA. prefix of degree or sizeB. negative prefixC. pejorative prefixD. reversative prefix15. Affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming oraffixes to stems.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. boundD. locative16. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. Theymust be used together withA. definite articlesB. adjectivesC. single formsD. plural forms17. Incompounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.A. noun-adjectiveB. adjective-nounC. verb-adjectiveD. adjective-verb18. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs onwhereas in noun phrases ______--- is generally stressed if there is only one stress.A. the first element, the second elementB. the second element, the first elementC. the first element, the first elementD. the second element, the second element19. The most productive word formation isA. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending20. The three most productive means of word formation areA. affixation, compounding and shorteningB. conversion, compounding and shorteningC. affixation, compounding and conversionD. affixation, compounding and back formation21. "telex" is a portmanteau word created throughA. head + tailB. head + headC .head + word D. word + tail22. "lip-read" belongs toA. adjective compoundB. verb compoundC. noun compoundD. none of the above23.are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.A. Words from back formationB. AcronymsC. BlendsD. Clipped words24. "law-abiding" is a/anA. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above25. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or moreA. bound rootsB. derivational morphemesC. stemsD. inflectional morphemes26. We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis intogroups.A. sevenB. eightC. nineD. eleven27. Most compounds consist of onlystems.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five28. Back formation is the method of creating words by removing theA. prefixesB. supposed prefixesC. suffixesD. supposed suffixes29.is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social andpolitical organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.A. InitialismB. AcronymC. AcronymyD. Analogy30. Back formation is considered to be the opposite process ofA. prefixationB. compoundingC. clippingD. suffixation31. "dorm" is a/anA. converted wordB. word produced through back formationC. clipped wordD. blend32.are words pronounced letter by letter, andare words pronounced as a normal word.A. Initialisms, archaismsB. Acronyms, initialismsC. Initialisms, acronymsD. Blends, initialisms33. "loafer" isand "loaf" is _______--.A. a word produced through suffixation, a free morphemeB. a free morpheme, a word produced through back formationC. a blend, a free morphemeD. a blend, a word produced through back formation34. "pub", "zoo", "penn" and "pop" are all produced throughA. front clippingB. front and back clippingC. phrase clippingD .back clipping35. Compounds can be writtenA. solidB. hyphenatedC. openD. all the above36. "-er" is a suffix ofA. denominal nounsB. deverbal nounsC. de-adjective nounsD. both A and B37. "-ly" is aA. deverbal adjective suffixB. adverb suffixC. denominal adjective suffixD. both B and C38. Words produced through affixation, compounding andconversion constituteof the totalnumber of new wordsrespectively.A.30% to 40%; 28% to 30%; 26%B.40% to 50%; 30% to 40%; 28%C.20% to 30%; 15%; 10%D.50% to 60%; 15%; 5%39. Shortening includesandA. back formation, blendingB. clipping, blendingC. Acronymy, clippingD. initialisms, acronyms40. "dis-" is a/anprefix.A. pejorativeB. reversativeC. negativeD. both B and CII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. In English, suffixes are eitheror derivational morphemes.2. According to thewhich affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixationandsuffixation.3.We can classify prefixes on abasis into nine groups.4. The primary function ofis to change the grammatical function of stems.5. The derived forms from "-er" when "-er" is fixed at the end of a verb are callednouns.6. On abasis suffixes can be grouped into noun suffixes verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Words formed through composition are called8. The most productive compounds areand adjectives.9. Conversion is also calledshift.10. Conversion is to change a word class without the addition of an affix and thus known as11. Compounds can be written solid, and open.12. When converted "white", "native" and "republican" have all the characteristics of nouns, sothey areconverted nouns.13. In back formation, the removed suffixes are not true suffixes butparts of the words.14. Back formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns, human nouns,compound nouns and15. "TV", "c/o" and "GHQ" are allbecause they are pronounced letter by letter.16. Stylistically, back-formed words are largelyand some of them have not gained public acceptance.17. "sandwich", "diesel", "cherub" and "protean" are all words fromnames.18.In the sentence, "Life is full of ups and downs.", "ups" and "downs" are both converted nouns from19. Words like "hand-out", stand-by , lay-by , teach-in and "shut-down" are all convertedfromverbs.20. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in terms of pronunciation orspelling ordistribution.21 .The most common changes in some converted words in terms of pronunciation or spelling orstress distribution are:voiceless to voiced consonant, to end stress.22.It deserves noting that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexicalitem involved but with itthe different range ofthat it originally carried.23. Both "flu" and "fridge" are results ofclipping.24. In modem times, people tend to bein writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new lifestyle. Tosave time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used.25."medicare", "Eurasia", "autocamp" and "telequiz" are all blends produced through+ word.26. On a semantic basis, the prefixes such as "de-" and "dis-"areprefixes.27.Blending is the formation of a new word by combiningof two words or a word plus a part ofanother word.28. On a semantic basis the prefix "un-" can be both a prefix and a reversative prefix.29. "nylon", "orlon", "dacron" and "rayon" were originallyand now used to denote the four typesof fabric.30. If the conversion involves the change of a noun into a verb, the stress of the word with twosyllables fall on thesyllable when the word is used as a verb.III. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with thosein Column B according to(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blendingand (5)types of clipping.A B1. scope A. compounding2. slurbB. verb suffix3. mass-productionC. back clipping4. D Notice D. initialism5. laze E. partial conversion6. lunarnautF. front and back clipping7. -domG. front clipping8. fore- H. prefix of orientation and attitude9. arch- I. head + tail blending10. -entJ. back-formation11. a given K. head + word blending12. - (i) fyL. denominal noun suffix13. sitcomM. word + tail blending14.stereo N locative prefix15.p.c. O. prefix of degree or size16. fridgeP. acronym17. auto camp Q. full conversion18.the rich R. head + head blending19.pro- S. deverbal adjective suffix20. -able T. deverbal noun suffixIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes;(4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. uni- ( )2. -let ( )3. taxi( )4.UNESCO ( )5. record( )6.NHK ( )7. copter ( )8. fore- ( )9. -ish ( )10. red tape ( )11. black(n. ) ( )12.perm ( )13. tourmobile ( )14. tele- ( )15.-wise ( )16. contra- ( )17.flu( )18. chunnel( )19. ultra- ( )20. FORTRAN ( )V.Define the following terms.1. Derivation2. prefixation3. suffixation4. compounds5.functional shift6. partial conversion7.full conversion 8. conversion9. compounding 10. blending11. pormanteau words12. clipping13. acronymy14. acronym15. intialism16. back-formationVI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1. What is affixation? How do we usually classify it?2. What is conversion? What are its characteristics?3. What is blending? What are the four major groups of blending?4. What are the words from proper names?5. How do compounds differ from free phrases?6. How is back-formation classified? What are the characteristics of back-formation?7. What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?8. What are the three major classes of compounds?9. What are the characteristics of suffixes and how are they classified?10.How are prefixes classified on a semantic basis?11 .What are the characteristics of prefixes?12.What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?13. How is the conversion to nouns classified? What are its characteristics?14. How is the conversion to verbs classified? What are its characteristics?VII.Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below.1. Study the following two converted words. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. use(verb) /ju:s/'extract (verb)2. Study the following words and decide the type (s) of word formation. Explain the differences ofthe words in wordformation. WTO G-man GRE NATO ISBN TOEFL3. Decide the types of the two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. the necessarya wounded4. After he returned home, he watered the flowers.In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Decide the type of conversion and explain the effect of the conversion.5. Find the blends in the following sentences and decide the types of blending. What are theadvantages of the blending?The botel is wonderful. We can find some sets of hi-fi there.6. Point out the types of word formation of the three given words and analyze the morphemes ofthe first two antislaveryBASIC motel参考答案I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.D2.A3.D4.C5.A6.B7.B8.D9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A16.A 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C21.B 22.B 23.C 24.A25.C26.C 27.A 28.D 29.C 30. D31.C 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.D36.D 37.D 38.A 39.C 40.DII. Complete the following statements with proper words orexpressions according to the course book.1. inflectional2. positions3. semantic4. suffixes5. deverbal6. grammatical7. compounds8. nouns9. functional10. zero-derivation11. hyphenated12. fully13. inseparable14. adjectives 15. initialisms16. informal17. proper18. adverbs19. phrasal 20. stress21. initial22. meaning23. front and back24. economical25. head26. refractive27. parts 28. negative29. trade names 30. secondIII. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to(1)types of word formation;2)types of prefixes; (3)types of Scuffles; (4)types of blendingand (5)types ofclipping.1.G2.I3.A4.P5.J6.M7.L8.N9.0 10.T 11.Q12.B 13.R 14.C 15.D 16.F 17.K 18.E 19.H 20.SIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. number prefix2. noun suffix3. back clipping4. acronymy (答acronym 给半分)5. back formation6. acronymy (答initialism给半分)7. front clipping8. prefix of time and order9. adjective suffix /doc/8a3277600.html,pounding(答compound 给半分) 11. conversion12. phrase clipping13. word + tail blending14. locativeprefix15. adverb suffix16. prefix of orientation and attitude17.front and back clipping18.head + tail blending19. prefix of degree or size20. head + head blendingV. Define the following terms.1.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created it~ this way are derived film old terms.2.Prefixation is the fommnon of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.3.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.4. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as function shift.6.If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do not possess other qualities a noun does, the conversion from an adjective to a noun is partial conversion.7. If a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.8. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting/changing words of one class to another class9. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.10. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.11. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a partof another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteau words.12.The way of making a longer word or a phrase short bycutting a part off the original and usingwhat remains instead is called clipping.13.Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of socialand political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.14. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.15. If words produced through Acronymy are pronounced letter by letter, they are initialisms.16. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by ding word-forming or derivationalaffixes to steins. Thisprocess is also known as derivation. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.2. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do mot change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.3. Blending is the formation of new words by combiningparts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. As far asthe structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word, word + tail.4. Words that come from proper nouns include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.5. Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects :(1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas innoun phrases thesecond element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.(2)Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.(3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.6. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns; human nouns; compound nouns and others; adjectives. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs .There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs .Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.7. Acronymy is tile process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from initial lettersbut pronounced as a normal word.8.There are three major classes of compounds:(1)Noun compounds : (1)n + n;(2)n + v;(3)v + n;(4)a+ n;(5)n +v-ing;(6)v-ing + n;(7)n + v +er: (8)adv + v;(9)v + adv;(10)v-ing + adv; (11)adv + ring.(2)Adjective compounds: (1)n + v-ing; (2)a + v-ing; (3)) n + a;(4))a+ a;(5)n+v-ed; (6)a(adv)+v-ed;(7)n(a)+n-ed;(8)num+n-ed: (9)hum + n-ed;(10)adv + v-ing;(11)v-ed + adv;(3)Verb compounds.9.The primary function of the suffixes being to change the gram martial function of the stem.Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffices, adjective suffixes.(1) Noun suffixes include : -eer, -er, -ess,-ette,-let, -age ,-dom ,-ery, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship, -ant,-ee. -ent, -ity, -ness, -ese, -an, -ist.(2)Adjective suffixes include:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic, ical ,-able,-ive.(3) Adverb suffixes : -ly, -ward, -wise.(4) Verb suffixes :-ate,-en,-fy,-ize.10. On a semantic basis prefixes are classified into nine groups:(1) Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, im-, un-,ab-;(2)Refractive prefixes: de-, dis-, un-;(3)Pejorative prefixes: mal-,mis-, pseudo-;(4)Prefixes of degree or size: arch-,sur-, extra-, hyper-, mac-ro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-,super-, ultra-, under-;(5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-,counter-,pro-;(6) Locative prefixes : extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, for-,trans-;(7)Prefixes of time and order: ex-,post-,pre-,re-;(8) Number prefixes : bi-, multi-, semi-, tri-, uni-, mono- ;(9)Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.11.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. Themajority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems.12. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do notpossess other qualities of a noun does, the conversion is partial conversion. If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.13.There are three kinds of conversion to nouns:(1) Verb to noun. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semanticallyrelated to the originalverbs in various ways. Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have,take, make, give, etc. toform phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action.(2) Adjective to noun. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full nounstatus. Some arecompletely converted, hence partial conversion. A noun fullyconverted from an adjectivehas all the characteristicsof nouns.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. This covers nouns converted from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.14.There are three kinds of conversion to verbs.(1) Noun to verb. Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in a variety of ways.(2)Adjective to verb. Conversion of adjectives into verbs is not as productive as that of nouns. Theverbs thus convertedare semantically simple. They can be used either transitively to mean 'to make adjective' orintransitively 'to becomeadjective'. Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and intransitivefunctions.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes inpronunciation orspelling or stress distribution.VII .Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re an swers in the space given below.1. (1)In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.(2) The most common changes are:①V oiceless to voiced consonantWhen a noun is converted to a verb, the voiceless consonant ate end of the noun will be a voiced consonant. Therefore, "use" as is not pronounced/ju : s/, but pronounced/ju : z/.②initial to end stressThis stress shift occurs usually in two syllable words. When used inbound, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the is moves onto the second syllable. As a verb, the word "extract" has its stress not on the first syllable, but on the second syllable: extract.2. (1)They are all words created through Acronymy.(2)WTO, GRE and ISBN are initialisms as they are pronounced letter by letter.(3) G-man, NATO and TOEFL are acronyms as they are pronounced as ordinary words.3. (1)There are two kinds of conversion from adjective to noun: full conversion and partial conversion.(2)"necessary", when converted from adjective to noun, has all the characteristics of nouns, so theconversion is lull. Its plural form is necessaries.(3) "wounded", when converted from adjective to noun, must be used together with definitearticles and does not have other characteristics of nouns, so the conversion is partial. "a wounded" should be corrected as "the wounded".4. (1) "water" is a converted word.(2)It is a word converted from the noun.(3)The conversion is economical.5. (1) "boatel" and "hi-fi" are blends.(2) "boatel" is a head + tail blend, and "hi-finish a head + head blend.(3) Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers andmagazines. Blends are considered to be slang and informal.They are economical, too."boatel" and "hi-fi"are blends of boat hotel and high-fidelity respectively.6. (1)"antislavery" is made up of "anti-", a prefix of orientation and attitude, "slave", a free root,and "-ry", a noun suffix. "antislavery" is produced through "anti-" plus "slavery", and so it isa wordproduced through prefixation.(2) "motel" is a blend produced through two free roots, "motor" and "hotel". It is a head + tail blend.(3)BASIC is an acronym through Acronymy.。

「第4章习题参考答案」

第四章词汇习题参考答案一．词汇单位有哪些？（一) 语素。

语素是语言中最小的音义结合体,是组词的基本结构单位。

(二）词。

词是一种音义结合的定型结构，是最小的可以独立运用的造句单位。

从定义中可以看出,词必须是一种音义结合体，这种音义结合体是固定化的,不能随意改变,也不能再被分割,更重要的是，它是一种造句的单位,而且是最小的造句单位，其他一切属性和特点都在造句单位的限制下成立。

（三）固定结构。

固定结构是结构定型、意义完整的固定短语。

包括了成语、惯用语、歇后语等熟语成分，也包括了“山东大学”“中华人民共和国”等专有名称。

它们不同于自由短语的临时组合，在任何情况下，无论静态还是动态的形式都有着不可任意改变的凝固性，其定型性特点和造句的功能都与词是相当的,所以它理所当然的成为词汇的构成单位和内容的一部分。

（四）词汇。

词汇是一种语言中所有的词和固定结构的总汇。

因为固定结构如成语、惯用语、歇后语等在结构与意义的定型化、造句的备用单位等方面与词是等价的,符合语言建筑材料的特点和功能要求,因而成为“词汇”内容不可或缺的组成部分。

二.什么是词根?什么是词缀？根据语素的意义和构造词的作用等方面进行分析，语素又可以分为词根语素和词缀语素量大类，前者简称词根，后者简称词缀。

1. 词根。

词根是指具有具体实在的词汇意义同时在词中承担整个词的主要词汇意义的语素。

所以又称实语素,是构成词的根本要素。

２．词缀。

词缀是指附加在词根上表示语法意义和某些次要词汇意义的语素。

因为本身没有具体实在的词汇意义，所以又称虚语素。

词缀根据构词时的位置又分前缀和后缀。

前缀是只能出现在词的前面的词缀三.字、词、语素的关系是怎样的？语素是语言中最小的音义结合体,是组词的基本结构单位。

词是一种音义结合的定型结构，是最小的可以独立运用的造句单位。

字是记录语言的书写符号系统，是语言的最重要的辅助性交际工具。

汉字是记录汉语的书写符号系统，是汉语言的最重要的辅助性交际工具。

2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题4带答案

2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects2.“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings3.Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural poli cies.A.undergoesB.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes4.Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjective5.Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual6.______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization7.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set8.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.e into sighte to termse into playe to power9.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes10.Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______.A.creationB.borrowingC.semantic changeD. lexical change11.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPTA.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East12.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A. concentratedB.confusedC.confirmedD.convinced13.What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation14.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg15.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in16.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust17.Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reason18.The differences between synonyms exist in the following areas EXCEPT ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application19.Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules20.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell2.Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.3.One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.B.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation4.Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkC.The poorD.Finals5.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habitA.ofB.forC.toD.from6.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.7.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on8.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept9.Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why11.Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over12.There is an ambiguity in the sentence “ He is a hard businessman ” due to ______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy13.A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s14.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of15.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when16.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little18.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong19.Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary?A.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Social, economic and political changesC.The invasion of foreign countries.D.The influence of other cultures and languages.20.How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.4第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： B本题解析：affect 多作为动词来用，表示影响。

第四章现金流量表解读习题自考

第四章现金流量表解读【例题·单选】现金流量表的编制基础是（）A.永续盘存制B.定期盘存制C.权责发生制D.收付实现制【例题·单选】编制现金流量表时，列报经营活动现金流量的直接法是以（）为起点A.净利润B.营业收入C.营业利润D.营业成本【例题·多选】下列关于现金流量表的表述正确的有（）A.现金流量表是反映企业一定会计期间现金和现金等价物流入和流出的报表B.现金流量表将企业一定期间产生的现金流量分为经营活动现金流量、投资活动现金流量和筹资活动现金流量C.现金流量表中的现金包括现金、银行存款和其他货币资金D.间接法便于分析企业经营活动产生的现金流量的来源和用途，预测企业现金流量的未来前景。

E.直接法便于了解净利润与经营活动产生的现金流量差异的原因，从现金流量的角度分析净利润的质量。

【例题·多选】现金流量表分析的目的包括（）A.评价企业利润质量B.分析企业财务风险C.评价企业风险水平和抗风险能力D.预测企业未来现金流量E.评价企业财务状况【例题·单选】下列关于经营活动现金净流量整体质量分析表述错误的是（）A.经营活动现金净流量小于零是最糟糕的情况，经营中“入不敷出”B.经营活动现金净流量等于零意味着经营过程中的现金“收支平衡”，这种情况对企业发展是较好的C.经营活动现金净流量大于零意味企业生产经营比较正常，具有“自我造血”功能D.经营活动现金净流量大于零且能够补偿当期发生的非付现成本意味企业可以抽出长期资金进行投资，从而增加企业的竞争能力【例题·单选】企业销售商品收到的增值税销项税应在（）项目反映。

A.收到的税费返还B.收到其他与经营活动有关的现金C.收回投资收到的现金D.销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金【例题·多选】下列经营活动现金流量的项目，财务分析人员应重点关注的是（）。

A.销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金B.收到其他与经营活动有关的现金C.购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金D.支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金E.吸收投资收到的现金【例题·判断说明题】投资活动现金净流量大于零说明企业投资收益显著（）。

自考03708中国近现代史复习资料第四章

中国近代史纲要开天辟地的大事件历年考点1.俄国十月革命对中国革命的影响2.五四运动爆发的社会历史事件3.新文化运动的主要内容及历史意义4.早期马克思主义思想运动及其历史特点5.五四运动的历史意义6.中国共产党成立初期领导发动的工农运动7.中国共产党的早期组织及其活动8.中国共产党成立的历史特点和意义9.国民党一大10.第一次国共合作的政治基础及组织形式11.北伐战争的胜利进展12.国民党右派的反共政变同步练习一单项选择题1.（p61）新文化运动兴起的标志是（）A蔡元培就任北京大学校长B鲁迅发表《狂人日记》C陈独秀在上海创办《新青年》D胡适发表《文学改良刍议》2.（p61）鲁迅在《新青年》上发表的第一篇白话小说是（）A《孔乙己》B《药》C《狂人日记》D《阿Q正传》3.（p61）1915年9月在上海创办《青年》杂志的是（）A胡适B鲁迅C陈独秀D李大钊4.（p61）新文化运动的主要内容是（）A“自强”、“求富”B传导马克思主义C救过图存5.（p61）新文化运动倡导的是（）A资产阶级的民主主义B无产阶级的民主主义C小资产阶级的自由主义D农民阶级的平均主义6.（p62）在俄国十月革命的影响下，中国最先由民主主义者转变为共产主义者，率先举起马克思主义旗帜的是（）A陈独秀B李大钊C陈望道D毛泽东7.（p62）五四运动的中心由北京转移到上海后，运动的特点是（）A商人罢市B学生大规模罢课C工人阶级登上政治舞台D运动取得初步胜利8.（p62）五四运动的直接导火线是（）A巴黎和会上中国外交的失败B俄国十月革命的胜利C辛亥革命的失败D工人阶级和资产阶级力量的壮大9.（p62）中国近代史上第一次彻底反帝反封建的革命运动是（）A辛亥革命B五四运动C五卅运动D国民革命10.（p62）下列不属于五四运动中被迫与全国各界的压力而罢免的亲日派官僚的是（）A曹汝霖B章宗祥C陆宗舆D段祺瑞11.（p63）标志中国新民主主义革命开端的运动是（）A保路运动B新文化运动C五四运动D五卅运动12.（p63）标致中国新民主主义革命开端的运动是（）A新文化运动B五四运动C国民会议运动D五卅运动13.（p63）哪次事件以后，无产阶级逐渐代替资产阶级成为近代中国民族民主革命的领导者？A辛亥革命B新文化运动C五四运动D第二次护法运动14.（p63）1920年8月，在上海出版的《共产党宣言》第一个中文全译文的译者是（）A李大钊B陈道远C陈独秀D蔡和森15.（p63）《我的马克思主义观》的作者是（）A蔡和森B胡适C陈独秀D李大钊16.（p63）1920年3月，在北京大学成立的学习和宣传马克思主义的社团是（）A新民学会B觉悟社C互助社D马克思学说研究会17.（p64）1920年，在共产主义小组领导下建立起来的第一个工会组织是（）A上海印刷工会B上海机器工会C天津机械工会D天津印刷工会18.（p64）成为中国共产党后备力量的组织是（）A中华全国总工会B社会主义青年团C共产主义小组D职工运动委员会19.（p64）划清了革命与改良界限论战是（）A“共和与立宪”B“民主与帝制”C“问题与主义”D“救过与启蒙”20.（p64）下列没有参与1920年8月上海共产党主义小组成立的是（）A陈独秀B陈潭秋C李汉俊D李达21.（p64）早期共产党组织的成员同反马克思主义思潮进行的论战不包括（）A同胡适围绕“问题与主义”的论战B同张东荪、梁启超关于社会主义的论战C同无政府主义的论战D通资产阶级保皇派的论战22.（p65）下列属于中共一大通过的党纲内容的是（）A清除内乱，打倒军阀B推翻帝国主义压迫C联合共产国际D统一中国为真正的民主共和国23.（p66）中共二大选举了新的中央领导机构，其中，中央执行委员会会长是（）A李大钊B陈独秀C张国焘D李达24.（p66）中国共产党领导的中国工人运动第一次高潮的起点是（）A香港海员罢工B安源路工人罢工C京汉铁路工人罢工D省港工人罢工25.（p66）1923年2月，中国共产党领导的工人罢工斗争是（）A香港海员罢工B安源路工人罢工C京汉铁路工人罢工D省港工人罢工26.（p66）中共成立后，组织成立的领导工人运动的专门机关是（）A全国工人总工会B京汉铁路总工会C省港罢工委员会D中国劳动组合书记部27.（p66）1922年7月，中国共产党第二次全国代表大会第一次明确的提出（）A同中国国民党建立统一战线的策略B彻底的反帝反封建的民主革命纲领C坚持共产党领导权和巩固工农联盟的总方针D发动武装起义，开展土地革命的策略方针28.（p66）中共二大提出了资产阶级，小资产阶级政党从没有采取过的革命方法是（）A统一战线方法B群众路线发放C武装斗争方法D议会斗争方法29.（p66）1921年9月，在中国共产党领导成立的第一个农民协会是在（）A浙江省萧山县B广东省海丰县C湖南省湘潭县D福建省上杭县30.（p66）第一次工人运动由高潮转向低潮的事件是（）A长辛店工人罢工B五卅惨案C上海工人罢工D二七惨案31.（p66）中国工人阶级第一次直接同帝国主义势力进行的有组织的较量是（）A香港海员罢工B省港大罢工C京汉铁路工人大罢工D安源路矿工人大罢工32.（p66）下列没有领导新式农会和农民运动的是（）A澎湃B毛泽东C沈定一D王尽美33.（p67）中国共产党确定第一次国共合作和建立革命统一战线方针的会议是（）A中共三大B中共四大C中共五大D中共六大34.（p67）第一次国共合作形成的标志是（）A中共杭州西湖会议的召开B中共三大的召开C《中国国民党改组宣言》的发表D国民党一大的召开35.（p67）下列不属于国民党一大确立的政策的是（）A联俄B联共C扶助农工D平均地权36.（p68）黄埔军校的政治部主任是（）A蒋介石B廖仲恺C周恩来D李大钊37.（p68）1924年11月，孙中山应冯玉祥邀请北上，并发表《北上宣言》，主张召开（）A国民会议B民国参政会C各界民众代表会议D国民善后会议38.（p68）1924年，中国工人运动由低潮转向高潮的信号是（）A广州沙面工人罢工B青岛纱厂工人罢工C香港海员罢工D上海码头工人罢工39.（p68）第一次国共合作建立后，全国范围大革命风暴兴起的标志是（）A护法战争B五四运动C北伐战争D五卅战争40.（p68）中国共产党第一次明确提出无产阶级领导权和工农联盟问题的会议是（）A中共一大B中共二大C中共三大D中共四大41.（p68）中国工人运动史上前所未有而壮举，对大革命高潮的形成起了重要推动作用的是（）A省港大罢工B京汉铁路工人大罢工C五卅运动D香港海员大罢工42.（p68）北伐战争正式开始于（）A 1925年7月B 1925年8月C 1926年5月D 1926年7月43.（p68）下列没有在国民党开办的农民运动讲习所主持过工作的共产党人是（）A毛泽东B澎湃C刘少奇D阮啸仙44.（p68）下列不是国民革命军发动北伐的直接目标是（）A张作霖B吴佩孚C孙传芳D段祺瑞45.（p69）1927年，蒋介石在上海制造了捕杀共产党员和革命群众的（）A中山舰事件B整理党务案C四一二政变D七一五政变46.（p70）1927年，汪精卫在武汉制造了屠杀共产党人和革命群众的（）A中山舰事件B整理党务案事件C四一二事变D七一五事变必背考点1.（p61）简述五四以前新文化运动的局限2.（p62）简述五四运动爆发的社会历史条件3.（p63）简述在早期马克思主义者的推动下，马克思主义开始在中国得到比较广泛的传播的主要表现4.（p63）简述中国早期信仰马克思主义者的人物类型5.（p63）简述早期研究、传播马克思主义思想运动的特点6.（p64）简述各地共产党员早期组织成立后着重进行的工作7.（p66）简述中共二大规定的党的最高纲领和最低纲领的内容及其意义8.（p67）简述中共三大的内容及其意义9.（p67）中国国民党第一次全国代表大会对三民主义的新阐释是什么10.（p68-69）北伐战争直接打击的目标和战略方针是什么11.（p69）简述北伐战争得以顺利进军的原因三论述题1.（p62-63）试述五四运动的历史特点和历史意义2.（p65）怎样认识中国共产党成立的历史特点3.（p70）试述1927年国名革命失败的原因和历史意义。

第四章词汇部分练习1

第四章词汇部分练习题一、选择1、语素是语言中最小的（）A、语音单位B、表意单位C、造句单位D、语音语义结合单位2、语言随着社会的变化而变化，其中变化最迅速、最频繁的是（）A、语音B、词汇C、语法D、以上都不对3、属于不成词语素的是（）A、虎狗B、鸡、鸭C、人、学D、习、民4、"革命"的构词方式是（）A、支配式B、补充式C、偏正式D、并列式5、"星星"是（）A、叠音词B、重叠式合成词C、连绵词D、并列式合成词6、"玫瑰"是（）A、叠韵词B、双声词C、译音词D、非双声叠韵词7、下列各组词中加点的字都属于词缀的是（）A、砖头船头B、瓜子莲子C、女儿花儿D、老虎老师8、下列各组加点的词中，属于同音词的是（）A、黑夜黑心肠B、空箱子空想C、鲜花空钱D、黑暗暗杀9、"热爱"和"酷爱"的区别是（）A、词义的范围不同B、词义的轻重不同C、感情色彩不同D、语体色彩不同10、"马"、"马匹 "的区别是（）A 、集体和个体的不同B 、范围大小不同C 、性状特征不同D 、语体色彩不同11、 "明亮 "在"光线充足 "意思上的反义词是（）A 、昏暗B 、暗淡C 、模糊D 、黝黑12、下列表述错误的是（）A 、 "铁路"、 "铁道"是等义词B 、 "脚踏车"、 "自行车 "是近义词。

C 、 "交换"、 "交流 "搭配对象不同D 、 "成果"、 "后果 "感情色彩不同。

13、和 "粉饰"构词方式一致的一组词是（）A 、拖鞋货车B 、杏黄动心C 、蓝天司机D 、打倒大刀14、下面的词语中属于熟语的是（）A 、开放改革B 、解放军C 、风声鹤唳D 、穿小鞋15、 "打毛衣 "的"打"用的是这个词的（）A 、本义B 、基本义C 、引申义D 、比喻义16、下面的成语有用字错误的是（）A 、当仁不让B 、哄堂大笑C 、病入膏肓D 、草简人命二、填空题和、；按构词功能分，可分为和18、 "春天来了 "共包含个语素，词。

单词自学练习答案 unit4

I. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. Some of them are used more than once.1. Our political parties are indifferent to young voters — and young voters are returning the favor. Young Americans don’t care much for political parties.2. He admitted seven charges including forging passports.3. Japan and India are eager to forge closer ties to enhance their economic growth and regional influence.4. New reports surrounding the Apple Watch 2 or the Apple Watch S are finally starting to circulate the web, and it appears as if the fans of the smartwatch might be a bit disappointed.5. Recent government figures, according to the paper, showed more than 33,000 fake $50 notes were removed from circulation in 2014-2015, although Australian banknote counterfeiting remains among the lowest in the world.6. Barcelona says its star player Lionel Messi is to undergo medical tests to assess a recurrence of kidney（肾）problems.7. A quarter of Europeans have a strong version of the enzyme（生化酶）and a quarter have a weak one. The former are “warriors”who thrive on stress, and the latter are “worriers”who find its effects especially debilitating（令人虚弱）.8. AICPA defined “impulse shopping” as a tendency to overindulge（过度沉溺于）in unnecessary spending or unplanned purchases exceeding $30 per week.9. An explosion has rocked a residential building in central Paris, according to numerus photos and videos released on social media. The cause of the blast is not known.10. Entitled "Beautiful South, ClassicGlamour –Liu Sanjie Cultural Collection Exhibition", the event is being held throughout the Double Third Day Festival, giving visitors the chance to see folk artifacts from the collection of local expert, XieZhongguo.11. The5th annual wedding fairattracted nearly 400 people to gaze at the well-known bridal-product exhibitors offering a range of the finest wedding services, wedding planners, bridal wear, make-up photographers and so forth.12. To attend to current demand for the famous Moutai liquor, it must be tempting for the company to use modern machinery.13. The two firms plan to use the machine tool to produce phone shells and peripheral(外围的) components for famous brands such as Xiaomi and Huawei.14. In the past, international express can only go through several line ports, but now the new rules grant goods to enter from the nearest port, which could save logistic（物流的）costs.15. China gains in overall strength, the distinction between its national interests and its international responsibilities will blur further.16. A lot of analysts also say sharp depreciation(贬值) of the renminbi would make investors, especially Western investors, more pessimistic about China's economy and cause them to sell stocks.17. Cherry flowers are in full bloom at Qingdao's Zhongshan Park, attracting 270,000 visitors over.II. Replace the underlined words or phrases with the words you’ve learned in unit 3. The first letter of each word has been given.1. Belgium's prime minister has acknowledged that the country made mistakes in combating violent extremism but rejected the idea that it has become Europe's weakest link in efforts to eradicate(根除) the threat. (notion)2. A number of Chinese cities have loosened property purchase rules to try to kickstart the languid（不景气的）real estate market, but insiders speculate the effects could be limited. (reckon)3. Leading Chinese businesswomen encouraged women to overcome their fear, be brave, and realize self-fulfillment atthe 8th annual Business Mulan Meeting. (conquer)4. He tried to cover up his instinctive revulsion(厌恶) at the idea. (conceal)5. However, educators, parents and students who get upset on kids for using their fingers may be cutting short a greater opportunity: the strengthening of brain networks. (frown)6. Emojis（表情符号）bring a great opportunity to language. People can express sentences of emotions through one simple icon. (convey)7. The world is moving, it’s a changingworld, so you need to continue the reform.(dynamic)8. China claims representations on media reports of US arms sales to Taiwan. (lodges)9. According to the newspaper, some buyers may be only interested in its core web business, and others may also suggest to acquire the stakes in Alibaba Group or Yahoo Japan.(propose)10. Tourism Development Committee and Sichuan Provincial Department of Commerce announced on Wednesday that they will officially start the Sichuan Cuisine Restaurant Certification. (commence)III. Translate the underlined phrases1. Scientists in the US have added a new dimension to 3D printing with a strategy that controls the chemical composition of printed features, as well as their three-dimensional position. (增加新的方面，丰富了)2. White-collar workers in the energy, minerals and environmental protection sectors earned the most in annual bonuses in China, with an average of 24,655 yuan ($3,946.76), a report shows.（年终分红）3. The French government will introduce alternate driving days in Paris on Monday for the first time in nearly two decades to tackle dangerous levels of air pollution in the city.（隔天限号通行）4. There have been rumors that “Captain America: Civil War” will have an alternate ending since multiple endings scenes were supposedly filmed.（备用的结局）5. Day and night alternate with each other.（彼此交替）6.Preliminary hearings are set for two men who allegedly entered a Buhl property, struck the victim with a handgun and stole personal property last fall.（初审）7. A thrill seeker is dead after he jumped off a phone tower in southern Georgia this morning.（寻求刺激的人）8.Kobe Bryant has farewelled the game of basketball with a whopping 60-point game, leading the Los Angeles Lakers to a thrilling victory over the Utah Jazz.（激动人心的胜利）9. The police were reported to have blasted their way into the house using explosives.（冲进屋里）10. GS4, a star SUV model developed by the Chinese carmaker GAC Motor, was leadingthe way for GAC to take tre- mendous steps forward, thanks to its superior design and quality.(优秀的设计和上乘的质量)11. Nuclear energy is clean but cannot proceed alone because of its close ties with other types of non-fossil fuels. （独自发展）12.New York is the most dynamic city in the world. It would be even better if the city's subwayreplaces its trains with CRRC's ones, like Boston and Chicago. （充满活力的城市）13. On behalf of NBA China, I would like to congratulate Yao Ming on his induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. (代表NBA中国)IV. Complete the following sentence by translating the Chinese to English.1. The United States will take the initiative to（采取主动）dismantle(废除) all nuclear weapons and nuclear energy power plants the world over as soon as possible2. In view of the convenience of online shopping,Iam inclined to(倾向于)buy daily necessities online.3. Helping children to win titles they don't really deserve(当之无愧的) is also likely to give them an unhealthy self-image.4. While Western Europe is facing the headache of a flood of illegal immigrants, Hong Kong is not immune to(不能独善其身) this problem either.。

自考英语2021年考试考前词汇练习4

自考英语2021年考试考前词汇练习431. The story was said to have been based on the information from a reliable____.A. sourceB. foundationC. originD. basis32. Anne asked Tom ____the key.A. when he leftB. where he had leftC. how had he leftD. why did he leave33. The customer accused the cook____ using canned potatoes.A. forB. withC. ofD. against34. ____ is one of good properties of this metal.A. Light in weightB. Having been light in weightC. Be light in weightD. Being light in weight35. --That car must have cost a lot of money.--Oh, no, ____.A. it mustn’tB. it hasn’tC. it doesn’tD. it didn’t36. He gave no opinion about the matter because he didn’t want to risk ____in it.A. to involveB. being involvedC. to be involvedD. involving37. Don’t f***et to post the letter for me, ____?A. do youB. will youC. are youD. can you38. If you____ that night, you might have been too late to get your ticket.A. didn’t hurryB. hadn’t hurriedC. wouldn’t hurryD. hadn’t to hurry39. We must recover the stolen goods at all ____A. accountsB. conditionsC. paymentsD. costs40. There is no one here who can ____the problem.A. see offB. treatC. deal withD. set up。

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第四章自测试题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. The differences between a compound and a free phrase lie inA. grammatical featuresB. phonetic featuresC. semantic featuresD. all the above2. Means of English word formation excludeA. repetition and alliterationB. clipping, acronymy and blendingC. conversion and back formationD. affixation and compounding3. The word "water" in "The peasant watered the trees." belongs to the conversion betweenA. adjective and noun B .verb and noun C. adjective and verb D. noun and verb4. In English words produced through affixation constitute of all the new words.A.10% to 20%B.20% to 30%C.30% to 40%D.40% to 50%5. The chief function of suffixation is toA. change the word-classB. change the meaning of the stemC. change the semantic function of the stemD. all the above6. The most productive conversion takes place betweenA. nouns and adjectivesB. nouns and verbsC. verbs and adjectivesD. none of the above7. The chief function of predication is to changeA. the part of speech of the stemB. the meaning of the stemC. the grammatical function of the stemD. the collocation of the stem8. The overwhelming majority of blends areA. adjectivesB. adverbialsC. verbsD. nouns9. The "de-" in "defrost" is a/an. prefix.A. reversativeB. orientationC. negativeD. pejorative10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into acronyms and initialisms depending onA. the pronunciation of the words B .the spelling wayC. the grammatical functionD. none of the above11. Verb compounds are not as common as noun compounds and adjective compounds .Thelimited number of verbs are created either through orA. blending, clippingB. conversion, blendingC. backformation, clippingD. conversion, backformation12. Conversion is generally considered to be a process whereby an item is adapted orconverted to a new class without the addition of an affix.A. inflectionalB. derivationalC. negativeD. reversative13. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change ofA. stressB. functionC. pronunciationD. spelling14. The prefix in pseudo-friend is aA. prefix of degree or sizeB. negative prefixC. pejorative prefixD. reversative prefix15. Affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or affixes to stems.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. boundD. locative16. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. Theymust be used together withA. definite articlesB. adjectivesC. single formsD. plural forms17. In compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.A. noun-adjectiveB. adjective-nounC. verb-adjectiveD. adjective-verb18. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs onwhereas in noun phrases ______--- is generally stressed if there is only one stress.A. the first element, the second elementB. the second element, the first elementC. the first element, the first elementD. the second element, the second element19. The most productive word formation isA. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending20. The three most productive means of word formation areA. affixation, compounding and shorteningB. conversion, compounding and shorteningC. affixation, compounding and conversionD. affixation, compounding and back formation21. "telex" is a portmanteau word created throughA. head + tailB. head + head C .head + word D. word + tail22. "lip-read" belongs toA. adjective compoundB. verb compoundC. noun compoundD. none of the above23. are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.A. Words from back formationB. AcronymsC. BlendsD. Clipped words24. "law-abiding" is a/anA. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above25. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or moreA. bound rootsB. derivational morphemesC. stemsD. inflectional morphemes26. We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into groups.A. sevenB. eightC. nineD. eleven27. Most compounds consist of only stems.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five28. Back formation is the method of creating words by removing theA. prefixesB. supposed prefixesC. suffixesD. supposed suffixes29. is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names ofsocial and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.A. InitialismB. AcronymC. AcronymyD. Analogy30. Back formation is considered to be the opposite process ofA. prefixationB. compoundingC. clippingD. suffixation31. "dorm" is a/anA. converted wordB. word produced through back formationC. clipped wordD. blend32. are words pronounced letter by letter, and are words pronounced as a normal word.A. Initialisms, archaismsB. Acronyms, initialismsC. Initialisms, acronymsD. Blends, initialisms33. "loafer" is and "loaf" is _______--.A. a word produced through suffixation, a free morphemeB. a free morpheme, a word produced through back formationC. a blend, a free morphemeD. a blend, a word produced through back formation34. "pub", "zoo", "penn" and "pop" are all produced throughA. front clippingB. front and back clippingC. phrase clipping D .back clipping35. Compounds can be writtenA. solidB. hyphenatedC. openD. all the above36. "-er" is a suffix ofA. denominal nounsB. deverbal nounsC. de-adjective nounsD. both A and B37. "-ly" is aA. deverbal adjective suffixB. adverb suffixC. denominal adjective suffixD. both B and C38. Words produced through affixation, compounding and conversion constitute ofthe total number of new words respectively.A.30% to 40%; 28% to 30%; 26%B.40% to 50%; 30% to 40%; 28%C.20% to 30%; 15%; 10%D.50% to 60%; 15%; 5%39. Shortening includes andA. back formation, blendingB. clipping, blendingC. Acronymy, clippingD. initialisms, acronyms40. "dis-" is a/an prefix.A. pejorativeB. reversativeC. negativeD. both B and CII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. In English, suffixes are either or derivational morphemes.2. According to the which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into twosubclasses: prefixation andsuffixation.3. We can classify prefixes on a basis into nine groups.4. The primary function of is to change the grammatical function of stems.5. The derived forms from "-er" when "-er" is fixed at the end of a verb are called nouns.6. On a basis suffixes can be grouped into noun suffixes verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Words formed through composition are called8. The most productive compounds are and adjectives.9. Conversion is also called shift.10. Conversion is to change a word class without the addition of an affix and thus known as11. Compounds can be written solid, and open.12. When converted "white", "native" and "republican" have all the characteristics of nouns, sothey areconverted nouns.13. In back formation, the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but parts of the words.14. Back formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns, human nouns,compound nouns and15. "TV", "c/o" and "GHQ" are all because they are pronounced letter by letter.16. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely and some of them have not gained public acceptance.17. "sandwich", "diesel", "cherub" and "protean" are all words from names.18. In the sentence, "Life is full of ups and downs.", "ups" and "downs" are both converted nouns from19. Words like "hand-out", stand-by , lay-by , teach-in and "shut-down" are all convertedfrom verbs.20. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in terms of pronunciation orspelling ordistribution.21 .The most common changes in some converted words in terms of pronunciation or spelling orstress distribution are:voiceless to voiced consonant, to end stress.22. It deserves noting that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexicalitem involved but with itthe different range of that it originally carried.23. Both "flu" and "fridge" are results of clipping.24. In modem times, people tend to be in writing and speech to keep up with thetempo of new life style. Tosave time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used.25."medicare", "Eurasia", "autocamp" and "telequiz" are all blends produced through + word.26. On a semantic basis, the prefixes such as "de-" and "dis-"are prefixes.27. Blending is the formation of a new word by combining of two words or a wordplus a part of another word.28. On a semantic basis the prefix "un-" can be both a prefix and a reversative prefix.29. "nylon", "orlon", "dacron" and "rayon" were originally and now used to denotethe four types of fabric.30. If the conversion involves the change of a noun into a verb, the stress of the word with twosyllables fall on thesyllable when the word is used as a verb.III. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blendingand (5)types of clipping.A B1. scope A. compounding2. slurb B. verb suffix3. mass-production C. back clipping4. D Notice D. initialism5. laze E. partial conversion6. lunarnaut F. front and back clipping7. -dom G. front clipping8. fore-H. prefix of orientation and attitude9. arch-I. head + tail blending10. -ent J. back-formation11. a given K. head + word blending12. - (i) fy L. denominal noun suffix13. sitcom M. word + tail blending14. stereo N locative prefix15. p.c. O. prefix of degree or size16. fridge P. acronym17. auto camp Q. full conversion18. the rich R. head + head blending19. pro-S. deverbal adjective suffix20. -able T. deverbal noun suffixIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes;(4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. uni-( )2. -let ( )3. taxi ( )4. UNESCO ( )5. record ( )6. NHK ( )7. copter ( )8. fore-( )9. -ish ( )10. red tape ( )11. black(n. ) ( )12. perm ( )13. tourmobile ( )14. tele-( )15. -wise ( )16. contra-( )17. flu ( )18. chunnel ( )19. ultra-( )20. FORTRAN ( )V. Define the following terms.1. Derivation2. prefixation3. suffixation4. compounds5. functional shift6. partial conversion7. full conversion 8. conversion 9. compounding 10. blending 11. pormanteau words12. clipping 13. acronymy 14. acronym 15. intialism 16. back-formation VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1. What is affixation? How do we usually classify it?2. What is conversion? What are its characteristics?3. What is blending? What are the four major groups of blending?4. What are the words from proper names?5. How do compounds differ from free phrases?6. How is back-formation classified? What are the characteristics of back-formation?7. What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?8. What are the three major classes of compounds?9. What are the characteristics of suffixes and how are they classified?10.How are prefixes classified on a semantic basis?11 .What are the characteristics of prefixes?12.What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?13. How is the conversion to nouns classified? What are its characteristics?14. How is the conversion to verbs classified? What are its characteristics?VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below. 1. Study the following two converted words. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. use(verb) /ju:s/'extract (verb)2. Study the following words and decide the type (s) of word formation. Explain the differences ofthe words in wordformation. WTO G-man GRE NATO ISBN TOEFL3. Decide the types of the two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. the necessarya wounded4. After he returned home, he watered the flowers.In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Decide the type of conversion and explain the effect of theconversion.5. Find the blends in the following sentences and decide the types of blending. What are theadvantages of the blending?The botel is wonderful. We can find some sets of hi-fi there.6. Point out the types of word formation of the three given words and analyze the morphemes ofthe first two antislaveryBASIC motel参考答案I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete thestatement.1.D2.A3.D4.C5.A6.B7.B8.D9.A 10.A 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C 21. B 22. B 23.C 24.A 25.C 26. C 27.A 28.D 29. C 30. D 31.C 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.D 37.D 38.A 39.C 40.DII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. inflectional2. positions3. semantic4. suffixes5. deverbal6. grammatical7. compounds 8. nouns 9. functional 10. zero-derivation 11. hyphenated12. fully13. inseparable 14. adjectives 15. initialisms 16. informal 17. proper18. adverbs19. phrasal 20. stress 21. initial 22. meaning 23. front and back 24. economical25. head 26. refractive 27. parts 28. negative 29. trade names 30. secondIII. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to(1)types of word formation;2)types of prefixes; (3)types of Scuffles; (4)types of blendingand (5)types of clipping.1.G2. I3.A4.P5.J6.M7.L8.N9.0 10.T11.Q 12.B 13.R 14.C 15.D 16.F 17.K 18.E 19.H20.SIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. number prefix2. noun suffix3. back clipping4. acronymy (答acronym 给半分)5. back formation6. acronymy (答initialism给半分)7. front clipping8. prefix of time and order 9. adjective suffix pounding(答compound 给半分)11. conversion 12. phrase clipping 13. word + tail blending 14. locativeprefix15. adverb suffix 16. prefix of orientation and attitude 17. front and back clipping18. head + tail blending 19. prefix of degree or size 20. head + head blending V. Define the following terms.1. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created it~ this way are derived film old terms.2. Prefixation is the fommnon of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.3. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.4. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as function shift.6. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do not possess other qualities a noun does, the conversion from an adjective to a noun is partial conversion.7. If a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.8. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting/changing words of one class to another class9. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.10. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.11. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a partof another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteau words.12. The way of making a longer word or a phrase short by cutting a part off the original and usingwhat remains instead is called clipping.13. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of socialand political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.14. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.15. If words produced through Acronymy are pronounced letter by letter, they are initialisms.16. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by ding word-forming or derivationalaffixes to steins. Thisprocess is also known as derivation. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into twosubclasses: prefixation and suffixation.2. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turningwords of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do mot change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarilynouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.3. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. As far asthe structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word, word + tail.4. Words that come from proper nouns include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.5. Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects :(1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereasin noun phrases thesecond element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.(2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.(3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence. 6. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns; human nouns; compound nouns and others; adjectives. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs .There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs .Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.7. Acronymy is tile process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizationsor special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.8. There are three major classes of compounds:(1) Noun compounds : (1)n + n;(2)n + v;(3)v + n;(4)a+ n;(5)n +v-ing;(6)v-ing + n;(7)n+ v + er: (8)adv + v;(9)v + adv; (10)v-ing + adv; (11)adv + ring.(2) Adjective compounds: (1)n + v-ing; (2)a + v-ing; (3)) n + a; (4))a+ a; (5)n+v-ed; (6)a(adv)+v-ed; (7)n(a)+n-ed;(8)num+n-ed: (9)hum + n-ed; (10)adv + v-ing; (11)v-ed + adv;(3)Verb compounds.9. The primary function of the suffixes being to change the gram martial function of the stem.Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffices, adjective suffixes.(1) Noun suffixes include : -eer, -er, -ess,-ette,-let, -age ,-dom ,-ery, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship,-ant, -ee. -ent, -ity, -ness, -ese, -an, -ist.(2) Adjective suffixes include:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic, ical ,-able,-ive.(3) Adverb suffixes : -ly, -ward, -wise.(4) Verb suffixes :-ate,-en,-fy,-ize.10. On a semantic basis prefixes are classified into nine groups:(1) Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, im-, un-,ab-;(2) Refractive prefixes: de-, dis-, un-;(3) Pejorative prefixes: mal-,mis-, pseudo-;(4) Prefixes of degree or size: arch-,sur-, extra-, hyper-, mac-ro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-,sub-, super-, ultra-, under-;(5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-,counter-,pro-;(6) Locative prefixes : extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, for-,trans-;(7) Prefixes of time and order: ex-,post-,pre-,re-;(8) Number prefixes : bi-, multi-, semi-, tri-, uni-, mono- ;(9) Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.11. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. Themajority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems.12. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do notpossess other qualities of a noun does, the conversion is partial conversion. If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.13. There are three kinds of conversion to nouns:(1) Verb to noun. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which aresemantically related to the originalverbs in various ways. Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have,take, make, give, etc. toform phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action.(2) Adjective to noun. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a fullnoun status. Some arecompletely converted, hence partial conversion. A noun fully converted from an adjectivehas all the characteristicsof nouns.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. This covers nouns converted from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.14. There are three kinds of conversion to verbs.(1) Noun to verb. Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns ina variety of ways.(2) Adjective to verb. Conversion of adjectives into verbs is not as productive as that of nouns.The verbs thus convertedare semantically simple. They can be used either transitively to mean 'to make adjective' orintransitively 'to becomeadjective'. Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and intransitivefunctions.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes inpronunciation orspelling or stress distribution.VII .Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below.1. (1) In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.(2) The most common changes are:①V oiceless to voiced consonantWhen a noun is converted to a verb, the voiceless consonant ate end of the noun will be a voiced consonant. Therefore, "use" as is not pronounced/ju : s/, but pronounced/ju : z/.②initial to end stressThis stress shift occurs usually in two syllable words. When used inbound, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the is moves onto the second syllable. As a verb, the word "extract" has its stress not on the first syllable, but on the second syllable: extract.2. (1) They are all words created through Acronymy.(2) WTO, GRE and ISBN are initialisms as they are pronounced letter by letter.(3) G-man, NATO and TOEFL are acronyms as they are pronounced as ordinary words.3. (1) There are two kinds of conversion from adjective to noun: full conversion and partial conversion.。

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