陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词

陕西省导游口试考试景点讲解：秦兵马俑英文导游词Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses MuseumEmperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his giv en name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Ha n, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later gen erations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in prop er order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of Chin a’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeo ffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment b y the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and divi sion and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the deve lopment of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,00 0 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of t he Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his f eudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics ha d been dev astated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand co nvicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built i n the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like insi de could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta war riot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausole um was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yan zhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The te rra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, sy mbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much int erest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and coverin g an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. Th e museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5 m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western side s of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil a nd earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are suppo sed to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantry men alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are proba bly the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and w est ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. There ar e altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses c ould be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, fro m which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross y okes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters hi gh and two metres long. According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have b een refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibitio n halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. The floors of both N o.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysi s shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of t he clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying t he whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the t allest. They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. Probably they w ere sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy. They organically c ombined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting an d so on. The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. As the terra-c otta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the tra ce of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. Th ese weapons were exquisitely made. Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show th at they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other me tals. Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though b uried underground for more than 2,000 years. This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgic al technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unear thed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum. These single s haft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compa rtments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. The four horses har nessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. The restored bronze chariots and horses a re exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white backgroun d. They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decoration s, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. Probably they were meant for the use of Emp eror Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. For instance, the tortoise-sh ell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are ma ny small holes for ventilation. According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufa cturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying em bedding and chiseling. The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremel y valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the m echanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeolo gists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1 983. No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.The museum of Terracotta Warriors and HorsesLadies and gentlemen, good morning, Today, we are going to visit the Museum of T erracotta Warriors and Horses. This museum is located at the foot of mountain Li Shan, a bout 35 kilometers east of Xi’an.Firs t, I will give you a brief introduction about the mast er of this underground army---the First Qin Emperor, Yingzheng. He came to the throne a t the age of 13 and seized the power at the age of 22 . By 221BC, he had annexed all t he six independent states and established the first centralized autocratic feudal empire in t he long history of China.After the unification of the whole country, he styled himself the First Emperor and st andardized the coinage, weights and measures, the legal codes, the written scripts and so on. He also ordered the linkage of the original Great Wall. All these exerted an everlastin g influence on the long feudal history of China. But the First Qin Emperor was very amb itious. As soon as he came to the throne, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum shoul d be built for him. It took 37 years to complete this great project. Actually, the site of t hose terracotta warriors and horses we now see is just a small part of his mausoleum.Ok, everyone, now we are standing at the front gate of the Eighth Wonder of the world---the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. As one of the top ten places of historica l interest in China, it was also listed as a world heritage site.So next, let’s go to uncover the veil of this miraculous work.In March 1974,when several farmers were sinking a well about 1.5km east of the First Qi n Emperor’s Mao solem, they came upon many fragments of the terracotta figures.The resu lts of archaeological excavation showed that is two more pits were discovered respectively. They were then named pit1，pit2, and pit3 by the order of discovery.The new discovery s tirred up a sensation all over the world.In order to provide the historical artifacts with ade quate protection, a musem was set up on the site of Pit 1 in 1975 upon the approval of the state council.Pit 1,covers an area of 16,300 square meters, is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. The terra cotta armies in pit 1 were arranged in battle formation. In the fro nt of this formation, there are 210warriors in 3 lines facing forward. Armed with bows an d arrows, they constitute the so-called vanguard. Meanwhile, there is one row of warriors on each of the borders of this pit, facing outward---they are the flanks and the rear guard. Holding long-distance shooting weapons, they took up the job of defending the whole ar my.Then, this way please. We may find ten partition walls which divided this pit into 11 corridors. The warriors standing inside them with horse-drawn chariots represent the princ ipal military force of this battle formation. According to the density, there are over 6000 t erracotta warriors and horses, and most of them are infantrymen.Ok, Here now we arrived at Pit 2. we can see that Pit 2 is still under cover, that’s beca use we want to preserve them. Pit 2 consists of 4 different mixed military forces in four arrays, they are infantrymen, cavalrymen, archers and charioteers .And pit 2 also includemany chariots and horses. They can be divided to act independently, capable of attacking, and defending with a quick response. As you see, those worriors, their feet, legs, bodies, necks, hands and heads, all with different faces, were all made separately and joined tog ether. we may find they are all vivid and true to life.And also as we can see, here are s ome actual weapons unearthed in those pits. The most attractive one is a bronze sword. A lthough it was buried over thousands of years, it is still very sharp. It can cat through 20 pieces of paper put together.Now we come to pit 3. Pit 3 covers an area of about 520 square meters. There are only 68 warriors and 4 clay horses. The warriors were arranged opposite to each other in two rows, and only one kind of weapon called “SHU” had been discovered. This kind of we apon has no blade, and is believed to be used by the guards of honor. We have found m any animal bones in the north side, and it is supposed to be “Prayer Hall”, and “Comma nder’s office” is on the south side. This suggests pit 3 is the headquarters directing the w hole underground army.Then we have arrived at the exhibition hall of Bronze Chariots and Horses. In 1980, tw o sets of large painted bronze chariots and horses were found. They broke into thousands of pieces when we found them and after 8 years’ careful restoration; they were rebuilt a nd open to the public. The first one was named “High Chariot” and the second one was called “Security Chariot”. They were the eariliest and most exquisitely and intricately mad e bronze valuables,and also the largest bronze wares discovered in the history of world ar chaeology.It provides extremlyvaluable material and data for the research of the metallurgi cal technique and technological modeling og the Qin Dynasty.So now we will finish our journey in the museum today, I believe that you must be very astonished at this world wonder.So it’s your time,you can work around and take some pi ctures. thank you for listening.。