英语语言学chapter2.1

Classification of vowels
---- English vowels can be divided into two large categories: • Monophthongs or pure/single vowels • Diphthongs or gliding vowels • triphthongs
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.
Orthographic representation of speech sounds ---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.
The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10.Vocal cords 11.Pharyngeal cavity 12.Nasal cavity 13.lungs
• liquids: [l](lateral), [r];
• nasals: [m], [n], [N]; • glides/semivowels: [w], [j].
The place of articwk.baidu.comlation
• • • • • • • bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w]; labiodental: [ f ], [v]; dental: [W], [T]; alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r]; palatal: [F], [V], [tF], [dV], [ j ]; velar: [k], [g], [N]; glottal: [h].
Chapter 2.1 Phonetics
Warming Up
1 What do you know about the sounds in English? 2 Who can name the numbers which show the organ of speeches in English, or Chinese? 3 If we concentrate on the research of the speech sounds, what is the item of it in micro linguistics 4. What are the main branches of microlinguistics?
Classification of consonants
---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: • The manner of articulation • The place of articulation
According to the openness of the mouth
• Close: [I:], [I], [u:], [u]. • Semi-close: [e], [E:]; • Semi-open: [E], [C]; • Open: [A], [B], [C], [B:], [Q];
The Table of Phonetic Transcription in English
• Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ]
---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary: • Pulmonic ---nonpulmonic • Voicing---- voiced & voiceless • Nasality ---- nasal &oral • Aspiration ----- aspirated & unaspirated
• rounded: [u:], [u], [C:], [C]; • unrounded: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B], [E:], [E], [Q], [B:].
According to the length of the vowels
• long: [I:], [E:], [u:], [C:], [B:] • short: [I], [e], [Z], [A], [E], [Q], [B], [u], [C].
Place manner Stops or plosives
Voicing VL VD
The description of English consonants
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
[p] [b]
[t] [d]
Diphthongs/gliding vowels
• [ei], [ai], [aU], [EU], [Ri], [iE], [ZE], [UE].
The way to describe a vowel
• [u:] Back Rounded Close Long • [C] Back Rounded Open Short So, we have four distinctive features to describe a consonant. They are Position, Shape of lips, Opening and Length
• Ellison
• Simply, we can name it as the loss of some sounds at special occasion, which is rapid and casual in speech • Suppose [spEUz] Factory []
Three branches of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” • Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
Classification of English speech sounds
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: • Vowels • Consonants
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
• [v] Vocied Labiodental Fricative • [k] Voiceless Velar Stop So, we have tree distinctive features to describe a consonant. They are Voicing, Place and Manner
Variations of Sounds
• Liaison
• The situation in real speech that different linked sounds in different words are read as a syllable, especially when the final vowel of the preceding syllable and the first consonant is read as one syllable. e.g. An egg Here are
Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as: • front vowels: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B]; • central vowels: [E:], [E], [Q]; • back vowels: [u:], [u], [C:], [C], [B:].
[f ] [W
[v] [T
[k] [g]
Fricatives
Affricates Nasals Liquids Glides
VL
VD VL VD VD VD VD
]
]
[s]
[z]
[F
]
[h]
[V ]
([tF] ) [tF]
([dV]) [dV]
[m]
[n] [l], [r]
[N ] [j
[w]
]
The way to describe a consonant
The manner of articulation
• stops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]; • fricatives: [f], [v], [s], [z], [W], [T], [F], [V], [h]; • affricates: [tF], [dV];
Speech organs: three important areas
•Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; •The oral cavity ---- the mouth; •Nasal cavity ---- the nose.
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.
• Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]
Some major articulatory variables
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
According to the shape of the lips or the degree of lip rounding