工程热力学与传热学(英文) 第10章 对流换热
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u u u p 2u 2u ( u v ) Fx ( 2 2 ) x y x x y
v v v p 2v 2v ( u v ) Fy ( 2 2 ) x y y x y
Note
Consider gravity field only
Conservation of mass equation(连续性方程) Conservation of momentum equation(动量方程) Conservation of energy equation(能量方程) Assume
• The fluid is incompressible • Constant properties (density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc.) u • The fluid to be Newtonian(牛顿流体) y • No heat generation • Two-dimensional convection heat transfer
1. Continuity equation(连续性方程)
From the conservation of mass principle of volume element
Velocity distribution V u i v j wk
Three-dimensional flow Two-dimensional flow
DV F grad p 2V D
In 1823, Navier (French) In 1845, Stokes (England)
Where
DV F grad p 2V D
惯性力 体积力 压力梯度 粘性力
x-direction
y-direction
u v w 0 x y z u v 0 x y
1D flow?
2. Momentum differential equation(动量微分方程) (Navier-Stokes equation)
From the conservation of momentum of volume element
Heat Transfer
--- Chapter 10 Convection ---
Chapter 10 Convection
Contents Influence factors of convection heat transfer Differential convection equations Velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer Experimental method of convection heat transfer Forced and natural convections ( external forced convection, internal forced convection, natural convections)
Conduction differential equation
Differential convection equations
Conductivityλ 影响流体内部的热量传递过程和温度分布 λ越大,导热热阻越小,对流换热越强烈 常温下:水
换热能力强
0.551 W /(m K )
空气 0.0257 W /(m K )
冷却能力强
Viscosityμ 影响速度分布与流态( Laminar , turbulent flow ) μ越大,分子间约束越强,相同流速不易发展成湍流状态 高粘度流体(oils)多处于层流状态,h较小 The volume expansion coefficient α(体积膨胀系数)
Analogy between momentum and heat transfer(比拟法)
利用流ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu动量传递和热量传递的相似机理。
10-2 Differential Convection Equations
10-2-1 Differential Convection Equations(对流换热微分 方程组)and Condition of Single Valuedness
fluid motion induced by vapor bubbles generated at the bottom of a pan of boiling water
Condensation of water vapor on the outer surface of a cold water pipe
For Forced flow
h f (u, t w , t f , , , c p , , l , )
For Natural flow
h f ( , , c p , , l , , t )
浮升力项包含的因子
10-1-3 Analysis Method of Convection Heat Transfer
10-1 Introduction
10-1-1 Basic Conceptions
1. Convection heat transfer(对流换热) 流体流过另一个物体表面时,对流和导热联合起作用 的热量传递现象。 2. Newton’s law of cooling(牛顿冷却公式)
Ah(t w t f ) q h(t w t f ) ht
对流换热的核心问题
u∞ tf qx tw 0 x twx hx
A
x
10-1-2 Influence Factors(对流换热的影响因素)
1. Natural versus Forced Flow(强迫对流,自然对流) Depending on how the fluid motion is initiated
t t t 2t 2t c p ( u v ) ( 2 ) 2 x y x y
非稳态项
对流项
导热项
or
Dt 2t 2t a( 2 ) 2 D x y
For a stationary fluid u 0 v 0
t 2t 2t a( 2 ) 2 x y
qx hx (t w t f ) x
For the whole heat transfer surface
Q qx dA hx (t w t f ) x dA
A A
tw-tf = Const
Average heat-transfer coefficient
Q 1 h hx dA (t w t f ) A A A
h 5 25 W /(m2 K )
Forced flow
h 10 100 W /(m2 K )
2. Laminar versus Turbulent Flow(层流流动,湍流流动) Laminar flow 流速缓慢 沿轴线或平行于壁面作规则分层运动 热量传递:主要靠导热(垂直于流动方向)
流动方向 u∞ u tw wall
t
f
t
若流体被加热: t t w t f 若流体被冷却: t t f t w
Φ
平壁上的对流换热
平壁表面的传热机理
h — the average convection heat transfer coefficient (固体表面的平均表面换热系数) W/m2.K tw — the average temp of solid surface (固体表面的平均温度) tf — the temp of fluid(流体温度)
4. Physical properties of fluid(流体的热物理性质) 对对流换热的强弱有非常大的影响。 Density and heat capacity 体积热容 c p :单位体积流体热容量的大小 3 常温下:水 c p 4186 kJ /(m C )
3 c 1 . 21 kJ /( m C ) 空气 p
d 管内流动
热面朝上
Characteristic length 特征长度
外部绕流
热面朝下
From above
Influence factors of convection heat transfer
h f (u, t w , t f , , , c p , , , l , )
Forced flow: gravity is negligible Natural flow: buoyancy forces is important
3. Energy differential equation(能量微分方程)
From the conservation of energy of volume element
Forced flow -- flow generated by external means (pump, fan) Natural flow-- flow induced by buoyancy forces – arise from density differences generated by temp. variations. For air h Natural flow
• 外部绕流(外掠平板,圆管):
tf 为流体的主流温度。
• 内部流动(各种形状槽道内的流动):
tf 为流体的平均温度。
tf
d
外部绕流
管内流动
4 Local heat-transfer coefficient(局部表面传热系数) and average heat-transfer coefficient For local convection heat transfer
Analysis method(分析法) 求解对流换热的微分方程,积分方程及单值性条件, 得出精确解或近似解。适用简单问题。 Numerical method(数值法) 对对流换热过程的特征和主要参数变化趋势作出预测。 复杂问题。 Experimental method(实验法) 相似原理和量纲分析理论。
1 v 1 ( )p ( )p v t t
对自然对流换热有很大影响 影响重力场中因密度差而产生的浮升力大小
Reference temperatur e (定性温度)
5. The surface geometric conditions (换热表面的几何因素) surface geometry shape, size, relative position, surface roughness and so on. 对对流换热有显著影响 影响流态,速度分布,温度分布
u∞ tf u∞ u 0 导热 q x
u∞
u q
导热
层流边界层
管内层流流动
Example
Oils-- the flow of high-viscosity fluid at low velocities is typically laminar.
Turbulent flow 流体内部存在强烈脉动和旋涡运动 各部分流体之间迅速混合 热量传递:主要靠对流 湍流边界层 层流底层:导热 湍流核心区:对流
u∞
对流
主流区 u∞ tf u∞ u 过渡区 q
u 层流底层 x
δ 0 层流边界层
导热
湍流边界层
Example
Air-- the flow of low-viscosity fluid at high velocities is typically turbulent.
Boiling and condensation convection heat transfer (有相变的换热(沸腾, 凝结))