自考英语国家概况时间线
自考英语专业学习顺序
自考英语专业学习顺序英语专业（根底科）的课程设置分为公共课，考察教材内容的课程，考察考生运用英语能力的课程三大类。
公共课包括《马克思主义哲学原理》、《邓小平理论概论》、《法律根底与思想道德修养》、《大学语文》、《计算机应用根底》等，考生应首先学习这些课程，因为大多数考生曾学过这些课程的局部内容，心理上会觉得容易些。
考察教材内容的课程没有《综合英语（一）》、《综合英语（二）》、《阅读（一）》、《阅读（二）》等。
这类课程是学习英语专业的根底，《综合英语（一）》、《综合英语（二）》相当于大学一、二年级的精读课。
《阅读（一）、（二）》的难度差距并不大，只是要求的阅读量不同，考生可以准备充分些同时考，这样知识更具有连贯性。
考生有了第二类课程的学习根底就可以学习第三类课程-考察考生运用英语能力的课程了。
它们包括《水平考试（一）》、《水平考试（二）》、《英语写作根底》、《英语国家概况》等。
考生在学完《综合英语（一）》后所具备的能力应到达《水平考试（一）》的要求，可以将《综合英语（一）》与《水平考试（一）》一起考，同样，《综合英语（二）》可与《水平考试（二）》一起考。
《英语国家概况》和《英语写作根底》是所有课程中最难的，《英语国家概况》中不仅包括一些文学作品还包括英语国家的人文、历史、地理等内容，这就要求考生在平时有一定的阅读积累；《英语写作根底》对考生的词汇量、语法根底和运用语言的能力都有一定要求，把这两门课放到最后再考可能精力更集中，宜于学好这两门课。
英语专业本科段课程：考生仍先考公共课，然后按由易到难、由浅入深的原那么安排其它课程的考试，建议按以下顺序学习：《英语语法》、《英语词汇学》、《英语翻译》、《口译与听力》、《高级英语》、《英语写作》、《英美文学选读》、《欧洲文化入门》。
《英美文学选读》、《欧洲文化入门》要求考生对作品有较多涉猎，其中《欧洲文化入门》的考试范围比《英美文学选读》要广、难度也要大，考生尤其要下功夫。
山东省09年7月自考专业科目一览表
0522英语国家概况;
9059韩文写作基础;
2930中医学基础(一)(含中医 基础理论中医诊断学); 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要; 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要; 3708中国近现代史纲要; 0015英语（二）;3708中国近 现代史纲要;
20121
调查与分析(本 独立本科 )
山东大学; 0041基础会计学;2141计算机 0022高等数学(工专);0144企 山东大学; 网络技术; 业管理概论; 山东大学;潍坊医 2864微生物学与免疫学基础; 2899生理学; 学院;限卫生系统 山东大学;限卫生 2864微生物学与免疫学基础; 2899生理学; 系统人员报考 山东大学;潍坊医 3027植物化学; 学院;限卫生系统 山东大学;潍坊医 3056卫生经济学; 0152组织行为学; 学院;限卫生系统 人员报考 5677法理学; 0260刑事诉讼法学; 0260刑事诉讼法学; 5677法理学; 烟台大学; 山东大学; 山东警察学院;限 公安武警在职人员 0532中国古代文学作品选(一 山东师范大学; ); 山东大学;中国海 0795综合英语(二); 洋大学; 山东师范大学;鲁 6043商务日语; 东大学; 山东师范大学;青 岛大学;限济南、 0034社会学概论;0040法学概 山东大学; 论; 山东中医药大学; 限医药系统在职人 山东经济学院;山 0053对外经济管理概论; 东财政学 山东经济学院;山 0053对外经济管理概论; 东大学; 山东经济学院;青 0099涉外经济法; 岛大学; 烟台大学;限济南 、青岛、东营、威 0985餐饮经济学导论; 海报考 山东经济学院;
3706思想道德修养与法律基 2141计算机网络技术; 0022高等数学(工专); 础 3706思想道德修养与法律基 2275计算机基础与程序设计; 0022高等数学(工专); 础 0018计算机应用基础;3706思 2386土木工程制图; 0022高等数学(工专); 想道德修养与法律基础;
山东省18年4月份自考科目
00041基础会计学 00155中级财务会计
00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论
00041基础会计学 00177消费心理学 00187旅游经济学 00193饭店管理概论 00041基础会计学 05364物流企业会计 07031物流管理概论 07786国际商务
00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 00015英语（二） 00194旅游法规 00012英语（一） 00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 03617采购与供应链案例 00020高等数学（一） 00144企业管理概论 00144企业管理概论
山东大学 中国海洋大学 山东师范大学 鲁东大学 鲁东大学
00012英语（一） 00034社会学概论 00040法学概论
山东大学
00688设计概论 00688设计概论 02185机械设计基础
00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 02205微型计算机原理与接口技术 00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 02323操作系统概论 00022高等数学（工专） 02389建筑材料 05746食品卫生学 05749中医营养学基础 00012英语（一） 00022高等数学（工专） 00144企业管理概论 02382管理信息系统 00015英语（二） 00053对外经济管理概论 00015英语（二） 00053对外经济管理概论 00099涉外经济法
020228
物流管理
专
020258
企业管理
专
020313
销售管理
专
00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00072商业银行业务与经营 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00089国际贸易 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00146中国税制 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 00146中国税制 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00089国际贸易 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 07032运输与配送 00009政治经济学（财经类） 00018计算机应用基础 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00054管理学原理 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00245刑法学 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 00107现代管理学 03706思想道德修养与法律基础 00018计算机应用基础 30002幼儿园教育活动设计与组织
英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备
英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备UKThe geographical names for the UK are the British Isles, Great Britain, England.On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions-England, Scotland, and Wales.At present, there are 50 member countries within the commonwealth(1991).The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.The Celts began to arrive about 700B.C.In the mid-5th century, a new wave of Teutonic invaders came to Britain. The three tribes were Jutes, Saxons, Angles.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from northern Europe started to invade England in the mid-5th century.The small kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Wessex in the southwest of Britain were established by the Saxons in the 5th century.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The battle between English troops led by Harold and the Norman troops led by William was fought at Hastings in 1066.The Celts arrived in Britain between 600BC-150BC.Julius Caesar led his army and invaded England in 55BC.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.Christianity was brought to Britain by St. Augustine in 597.The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Romanmissionaries gained the upper hand in 664.The Norman leader William established the Norman rule in England in 1066.The English language was introduced into England by the Anglo-Saxons who started to invade England in the mid-5th century. According to historical record, it appeared that in 1086 about half of the cultivated land in England was in the hands of 170 tenants-in chief.The Great Charter was signed in 1215 and had 63 clauses.The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453.The Hundred Years' War could be divided into three outstanding stages.Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of the 14th century.Black Death, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, spread though Europe in the 14th century.The Black Death swept through England on the summer of 1348 without warning.Elizabeth I came to the throne when she was 25 and then she reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years.The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.The Renaissance began in Italy in the early 14 century.England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union of 1707.In 1707, the name Great Britain came into being.In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century.The open field system lasted till 18th century.By the early 19th century, Britain had a rod network of some 125000 miles.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Radicals in the Parliament were greatly influenced by ideals of Jeremy Bentham known as “Utilitarianism”.The Chartist Movement was officially launched at a great 1838 meeting in Birmingham, with the aim of pressing the Parliament to accept the People's Charter.In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before 1918.V otes were granted to English women in the same terms as men after World War I.The spark of the First World War was struck at Sarajevo on June 28 1914, when the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.Queen Elizabeth II was born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.The foundation of the welfare state of Britain was laid during the years immediately after World War II.The 1960s were known as the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age in Britain.In the general election, an MP candidate must deposit 500 pounds, which is returned if he or she receives 5% or more of the vote cast. The British monarchy can be traced back to at least the 9th century.Either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power since 1945 in Britain.Sovereign's birthday is officially celebrated in June every year by Trooping the Color on Horse Guards Parade.The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt between 1835 and 1857 to the design of Sir Charles Barry after having been destroyed by fire. The House of Commons in the U.K. Consist of 651 Members of Parliament.In Great Britain, almost 80% of medical prescription items are supplied free.The first women priests of Church of England were ordained in March 1994.The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union, 1707, and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act, 1921.Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973.The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based at first on Acts of Parliament.There are nine public holidays in Great Britain, such as New Year's Day, Bank Holiday, Boxing Day, etc.In Britain education is compulsory and free for all between the ages of 5 and 16.About 90% of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attends comprehensive school.First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.In Britain, medical and veterinary courses normally require five years.There are some 90 universities in UK, including the Open University.There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.The professional football season runs from August until May in U.K.Soccer has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century.The University Boat Race, between eight-oared crew from Oxford and Cambridge, has been rowed on the Thames almost every spring. Pantomime is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time.IrelandThe Republic of Ireland's border with Northern Ireland is 434km.The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million, and was expected to reach 4 million by 2000.Migration in Ireland declined sharply after the establishment of the Irish Free State.The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 established an Irish Free State.The creation of Northern Ireland dates from 1921 when the Irish Free State was set up.Ireland declared itself a republic in 1949.The first census of Ireland began in 1821.Eire became the Republic of Ireland in April 1949.The name of the country was officially changed to Ireland in 1937.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.USAThe United Stated had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.The biggest city in America is New York with a population of18 million (in 1990).The United States has less than 6% of the world's population; yet it produces about 25% of the total world output.The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.The first Negro slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619.Between 1607 and 1773, the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.Britain and America signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which recognized the independence of the United States.The American Constitutional system was went up to in 1791.The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865.The Civil War was won by the Union, but Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.The great Puritan immigration began in 1630.The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France almost doubled the size of the United States.The war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848.The Civil War cost America 618000 lives.By 1900 there were 193000 miles of railroad in the United States.The United States government declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.As a result of WWI, the US had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor.The Second World War finally ended in 1945.China and the United States established formal diplomatic relations in 1979.The U.S. Has less than 6% of the world's population, but it produces about 25% of the total world output.The US imports about 13% of all world imports.In 1991, the America's financial deficit reached a record of 268.7 billion.The estimated number of the people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which makes up 14% of the total population. The first ten amendments to the Constitutions, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.In the United States, the first period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century over the debate on the ratification of the Constitution.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in the U.S.The US Constitution was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.The federal system set up by the U.S. Constitution has two layers of rule.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The drafters of the U.S. Constitution devised a dual process by which the Constitution could by changed.The Articles of Confederation in the US provided that each state had one vote in Congress, a lawmaking body set up according to the Articles.In the dual process by which the Constitution could be charged, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.Urbanization was realized in the US after WWI.Some of the 77% population in the US lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.Eduction was made a function of the state under the T enth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.Public education in the United States covers twelve years.Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years.The total financial support for public schools makes up about 7 percent of the American GNP.High schools are made up of three different types of schools with somewhat different tasks in the U.S.Higher eduction in the U.S. Consists of six types of institutions.The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.Easter falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or comes after, the spring equinox.The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 13, 1621.CanadaCanada is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Generally speaking, Canada can be divided into six geographical regions.The bare, thinly populated region of Northern Canada takes up four fifths of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century.The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.Since the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.Canada has admitted over 11 million immigrants since Confederation in 1867 and approximately 4.5 million since the end of WWII. AustraliaAustralia is in the southern hemisphere.Australia lies south of the equator(赤道).Australia is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.Australia is surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean.In 1996 Australia's population is about 18 million, or about two people to the square kilometer.80% of Australians live in the south and east.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with 80% of its population living in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.About 60% of the land in Australia is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations.With regard to its size, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.New ZealandNew Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean.New Zealand is situated about 1500 km to south east of Australia.Because the country is very narrow, no place in New Zealand is more than 110km from the sea.Over ? of the land in New Zealand is more than 200 metres above sea level.New Zealand's climate is temperate and various.。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第三章
Chapter 3第三章The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）英国的形成（公元1066-1381）I. Norman Rule （1066-1381）诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）1. William's Rule （1066-1087）威廉⼀世的统治（公元1066-1087）England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William， the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system， the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country， so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons， who had become William's tenants-in-chief， parceled out land to the lesser nobles， knights and freemen， also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord， but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确⽴。
2020年河南省上半年自考课程及考试时间安排【可修改文字】
08131财务分析与案例研究
00233税法
10622国际会计
020202工商企业管理(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00054管理学原理
00153质量管理(一)
00015英语(二)
00067财务管理学
00149国际贸易理论与实务
00154企业管理咨询
00152组织行为学
12656毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论
00407小学教育心理学
00415中外文学作品导读
00416汉语基础
00410小学语文教学论
00417高等数学基础
00418数论初步
03706思想道德修养与法律基础
04729大学语文
050102秘书(专科)
00345秘书学概论
00315当代中国政治制度
020208市场营销(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00149国际贸易理论与实务
00055企业会计学
00015英语(二)
00058市场营销学
00150金融理论与实务
00184市场营销策划
00098国际市场营销学
00179谈判与推销技巧
00178市场调查与预测
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
020115经济学(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00009政治经济学(财经类)
00138中国近现代经济史
00015英语(二)
00139西方经济学
00054管理学原理
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
00140国际经济学
00143经济思想史
英语国家概况-时间中文说明
1756-1763英法，七年战争，1763（巴黎条约）加拿大交给英国
1800s /18世纪末，19世纪初，《圈地法》地公布.The open field system
1806年，DomesdayBook英国国王土地志,《末日审判书》
1830，英国成为世界工厂
1832，rotten borough（英国1832年前）有名无实的选区
1922.Rose Perot罗斯·佩罗run for thepresidentindependent candidate and gain 19% of votes
1929.10.24The Great Depression大萧条black Thursday黑色星期四
1932，罗斯福新政FranklinD.Roosevelt, the new deal
1978,the new federal immigration act
澳大利亚
1971，采纳多元文化政策
新西兰
1840，（外坦基条约）毛利人和英国人。The treaty ofwaitangi
1947，杜鲁门向希腊和土耳其提供援助
1947,6月5日。Marshalplan马歇尔计划
1950.麦卡锡主义，McCarthyism
1954，9月US sign a mutualdefencetreatywithTaiwan共同防御条约
1960年以后，美国,open-door policy移民政策有改变
1835-1857. UK parliament英国议会被烧
1836—1848,Thecharistmovement宪章运动
1914到1918年第一次世界大战WWI.
1918.允许妇女参加选举National election inEngland1918 allow female to vote
《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲
附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。
自考英语国家概况精讲系列第二章
Chapter 2第⼆章The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。
2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。
3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。
4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。
II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius Caesar， a Roman general，invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。
自考英语国家概况汇总版（1）
⾃考英语国家概况汇总版（1）The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.Heptarchy—seven principal kingdoms set up by the Anglo-Saxons:Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Marcia and Northumbria. Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state:divide the country into shires,later counties;the narrow-strip,three-field farming system;manorial system;Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen,）,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.King of Wessex“Alfred the Great”，his contributions:“the father of the British navy”;reorganized the fyrd（the Saxon army）;translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People;established schools and formulated a legal system.the Norman Conquest of1066is the best-known event in English history;the feudal system was completely established in England. England’s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established.According to this system,the King owned the land personally.William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.The barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services.At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs,unfree peasants who were little better than slaves.Class structure:the king;barons-tenants-in-chief;lesser nobles,knights,and freemen;villains\serfsDomesday Book:record of lands,tenants,and their possessions,for taxes.Not unlike the Book of Doom.In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.Magna Carta,1215The barons’charter,or Magna Carta as it came to be known,was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of1215at a conference at Runnymede,an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.1.contents-63clauses:No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;no freeman should bearrested,imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;the Church should possess all itsrights,together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges,and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. significance:regarded as the foundation of English liberties;the spirit-the limitation of the powers of the kingthe hundred years’war with France the intermittent war,1337-1453;the name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted form1337to1453.the causes:partly territorial and partly economicBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.It spread through Europe in the14th century,particularly in1347-1350.It killed between one half and one third of the population,reduced England’s population from4 million to2million by the end of14th century.3.Consequences:much land was left untended,and there was a terrible shortage of labor.The government tried to keep down wages.The economic of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.It intervened for the first time to establish rules to keep down wages.the nature and consequences of the wars of the roses1.the nature:a revival of baronial activity;the wars of the roses was fought between tow branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster(symbolized by the red rose)and the House of York(the white rose)between1455and1485.This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,the House of Lancaster and the House of York between1455and1485.2.the name of roses was coined by19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott.The name wars of the roses was,in fact,coined by the great19th century novelist sir Walter Scott,but it has become the accepted way of referring to these battles between the great house of Lancaster,symbolized by the red rose,and that of York,symbolized by the white.结果：Although the wars of the roses were waged intermittently for thirty years,ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual.From these wars feudalism received its death blow.The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.English reformation—three causes for the religious reform:a desire for change(Martin Luther);privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented;Henry needed money.purpose:to get rid of the English church’s connection with the Pope,and to make an independent church of England.1.two laws:the act of succession of1534and the act of supremacy of1535影响：The power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position;Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.Mary Tudor,“bloody Mary”:to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism.And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views.She also lost the French port of Calais.Elizabeth was able to work with parliament.This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform.but often turbulent.(动荡不安)Elizabeth treated5questions as personal and private.These were her religion,her marriage,her foreign policy,the succession to the throne,and her finance.distinctive features of the English renaissancerenaissance---the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history;the transitional period between the middle ages and modern times,1350-1650;it saw the challenge of the supremacy of the roman catholic church by the reformation,the rise of Humanism,the growth of large nation-states,the far-ranging voyages of exploration,and a new emphasis on the importance of the individual.5characteristics:English culture was revitalized mainly by contemporary Europeans;insular country;native literature(14th century poet Chaucer);English renaissance literature is primarily artistic;coincided with the reformation.the English civil war is also called the puritan revolution—because the king’s opponents were mainly puritan,and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and catholic.结果：it not only overthrew feudal system in England,but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.as the beginning of modern world history.the restoration:the parliament asked the late king’s son to return from his long exile in France as king Charles II(1660-1685). the glorious revolution:the English politicians rejected James II,a catholic,and appealed to a protestant king,William of Orange, James’s Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary,James’s daughter.The takeover was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed.Bill of rights 1689,a compromise:excluding any roman catholic from the succession;confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy;guarantee free speech within both houses.意义：the age of constitutional Monarchy-a monarchy with powers limited by parliamentWhigs---Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers,opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists;earl of Shaftsbury-first leader;care for the interests of merchants and bankers;later,with dissident Tories,became the liberal party.Tories–Irish word meaning thugs,supported hereditary monarchy,reluctant to remove kings;traditionalists who want to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England;the Tories were the forerunners of the conservative party,which still bears the nickname today.the enclosure acts(<圈地法>):during the late18th and early19th centuries the open field system ended when the enclosure acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide into enclosed fields.good results:farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;more vegetables,more milk and more dairy produce were consumed,and diet became more varied;bad results:a disaster for the tenants,enclosure leading to mass immigration,est.to the New World;a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.the industrial revolution–refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late18th and early19th centuries.the chartist movement(1836-1848)the chartist movement was,however,the first nationwide working class movement anddrew attention to serious problems.Lenin said that Chartism was“the first broad,really mass,politically formed,proletarian revolutionary movement.”Winston Churchil l邱吉尔His first lord of the Admiralty took over as prime ministe r in1940.Thatcherism——Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.Mrs.Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and privatization.Her polices are popularly referred to as Thatcherism.It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries,the use of monetarist policies(the supply of money in Britain)to control inflation,the weakening of trade unions,the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy,and an emphasis on law and order.The British Constitution There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom,unlike the constitutions of most other countries,the British constitution is not set out in any single document.It is made up of statute law，common law and conventionsConstitutional Monarchy The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy:the head of State is a king or a queen.In practice,theSovereign reigns,but does not rule，it means the momarchy’s powers are limited by law and Parliament.the momarchy actually has no real power.it began in1689after the Gloious Revolution in1688.The Queen(sovereign)is the symbol of the whole nation.In law,she is head of the executive（⾏政）,an integral part of the legislature （⽴法）,head of the judiciary,the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the“supreme governor”of the established Church of England.The Queen also formally appoints many important office holders,including the Prime Minister.The main functions of Parliament are：1)to pass laws;2)to provide,by voting for taxation,the means of carrying on the work of government;3）to examine government policy and administration,including proposals for expenditure;4)to debate the major issues. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.（神职贵族和世俗贵族）The Lords Spiritual（26）are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and24senior bishops of the Church of England.Its main function:to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.In other words,the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision,complementing but not rivaling the elected House.It is presided over by the Lord Chancellor（议长）.The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of651Members of Parliament.It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.Each member represents an area orconstituency,so651constituencies.two-party system:the Conservative Party and the Labor Party since1945.The Prime Ministe r:the leader of the majority party.The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen.He is also,by tradition,First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.The Prime Minister’s official residence is No.10Downing Street in London.The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet,and is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government.two established churches in Britain—churches legally recognized as official churches of the state:Church of England and the Church of Scotland.Christian Festivals include Christmas,Easter,and Whit Sunday 5.New Year’s Day:part of Scottish“Hogmanay”,which is more important than Christmas to Scots.The birthday of the British Monarch:a National Day in Britain1..The only really important patriotic festival—Remembrance Sunday（Armistice Day）..Bank holidays:Official public holidays are also called“bank holidays”.The term“Bank Holiday”goes back to the Bank Holidays act of 1871,which owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.The Secretary of State for Education（教育国务⼤⾂）has overall responsibility for school and postschool education in England. LEAs—Local education authoritiesGM schools—self-governing grant-maintained schoolsThe Open University:a non-residential university based in the new town of Milton Keynes,Buckinghamshire.It is so named because it is open to all to become students.Founded in1969and began its first courses in1970.The University offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts,correspondence tuition,television and radio broadcasts and audio/videocassettes.The national newspapers can be divided into two groups:national dailies and national Sundays.Quality newspapers—directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters.Popular newspapers—appeal to people wanting news of more entertaining character,presented more concisely.The national newspapers can be divided into two groups:national dailies and national Sundays.Middle-market”newspapers cover the mid-market.Football:“soccer”,the most popular sport in England;has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the19th century. Rugby:invented at Rugby School in Warwichshire in the early19th century.Cricket（板球）:the most typically English of sports,has been in existence since the16th century.Tennis:Although tennis has been played for centuries,the modern game originated in England in the late19th century; Horse racing is a major British industry and takes two forms—flat racing,and National Hunt（steeplechasing and hurdle racing）.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the17th century.Snooker is thought to have been invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain in India in1875.the Emerald Isle:because of its rich green countryside..Ireland is divided into two political units.Northern Ireland,which is part of the United Kingdom;the Republic ofIreland（Eire）,which is an independent country.Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands.The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River.It provides electric power for much of the Republic.Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.mild,moist and changeable:”Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. two official languages in Ireland:Irish（or Gaelic）and English..one of the most Catholic countries of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and culture. Today93%of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.The arrival of St.Patrick in AD432was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.Irish Republican Army（IRA）War broke out between the Irish Republican Army（IRA）and the British government（1919-1921）.In 1921the Anglo-Irish Treaty,establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.The biggest city is New York,followed by Los Angeles,Chicago,San Francisco,and Philadelphia.Live in the city area.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the blacks who number about12.1%of the total population.The1st blacks were brought to North America as slaves in1619.Their life of slaves was no better than that of cattle.Two novels giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves:Uncle Tom’s Cabin,and Roots.The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in1863,and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in1865.Christopher Columbus:an Italian navigator,supported by the Spanish queen;thought he had reached AsiaAmerigo Vespucci—the land was named America after him.Causes of the colonization of the New World in search of opportunity（for a better life）and religious freedom Characteristics of the Puritans:religious intolerance;respect for achievement;and respect for learning.The first English colony in the Americas—Jamestown,Virginia,in1607.Between1607and1733,13British colonies along the east coast of North America:Maine,New Hampshire,Massachusetts, Connecticut,Rhode Island,New York,New Jersey,Pennsylvania,Maryland,Virginia,North Carolina,South Carolina,and Georgia.the American War of Independence and its consequencesno taxation without representation”:without their（Americans’）representatives taking part in decision-making,they had no obligation to pay taxes.Saratoga—a great turning point of the war,leading to an alliance between the US and France.Significance:1）,in a just war,a weak nation can defeat a strong one;2）,a historic event:the American people gained independence, giving capitalism a chance for freer development;3）,great international influence:the colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another.The Articles of Confederation unusual in many ways:no king,a republic;a central government in form of a Congress, emphasis on state power;a written constitutionManifest Destiny”—by a Democratic politician John L.O’Sullivan;its implications are three-fold:1）,the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;2）,the legitimacy of the expansion of American territory;3）,the spread of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lord’s work.rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil War原因：a stable political environment;（2）enough labor supply（free blacks and immigrants）;（3）science and invention;（4）high taxes on foreign imports;（5）rich in natural resources.The Muckrakers—a group of reform-minded journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.The Progressive Movement—a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions;not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals;a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms.Roosevelt’s contributions:forest reserves,the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona;the active use of Sherman Antitrust Act;the Hepburn Act of 1906to regulate railroad prices.Wilson’s program of New Freedom:reduction of tariffs;Federal Reserve Act;regulation of trusts;the19th amendment of voting right for women.characteristics of the1920s1920s A period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.1)The death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti2)The revival and growth of KKK（Ku Klux Klan）:first organized after the Civil War;in 1924,claimed a membership of four to five million.The black Thursday—the first blow to the stock market,on October24,1929;the stock market crash was the beginning of a long economic depression.Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal.The New Deal:in the first100days,with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people.The aim was to“save American democracy.”内容：Government regulation and control of banking,credit and currency systems;establishment of the social security systems;recovery of industry and agriculture;raise the role of labor;improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.Isolationist policy to keep the US out of war;three neutrality actsAmerican policy towards the Soviet Union was centered on there considerations（1）to keep the Soviet Union in the war so that the United States win the war with the least sacrifice;（2）to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan;（3）to influence Soviet foreign policy so that there would be some kind of cooperation after the war but at the same time to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.The US,Soviet and British leaders met3times:Teheran,Yalta,and Potsdam.Cold War原因Disagreement and conflict between the US and the Soviet Union;separate concepts of postwar world orderThe Truman Doctrine:President Truman's speech,March12,1949:the US government would support any country which said itwas fighting against Communism.The Marshall Plan:in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion,the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid;announced by Secretary of State George Marshall,onJune5,1947;from1947to1952,13billion USD. characteristics of the US economy a free-market economy with a dominant private sector。
英语国家概况之英国时间线
Hundreds of years ago, Britain didn't have just one king - it had lots! Celtic kings and princes ruled Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and everything else was divided up between tribes of Anglo-Saxons.Each tribe had its own king. Sometimes one king became more powerful than the others, and for a while he would be overlord or chief king.Then in early 800s, bands of Danish Vikings from northern Europe began attacking Britain. In 878, the Saxon King of Wessex, Alfred the Great won a great battle against the Danes and forced them to agree to peace. Much of Britain was divided into Danish land (the Danelaw) and Anglo-Saxon Land (England).Gradually the Danes and the Saxons learned to live together and in 924 Athelstan (Alfred's grandson) became king of both Saxon and Danish lands - the first 'King of England'. But England wasn't peaceful for long. After about 60 years, the Viking raids began again - and only ended in 1016, when the Danish King, Canute, became King of England.The longest reigning monarch is Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years.The present queen has reigned for more than 50 years.Only five other kings and queens in British history have reigned for 50 years or more. These are:Timeline of the Kings and Queens of EnglandKingdomfrom 1603 to the present dayUntil 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separate.The NormansKing William I, the Conqueror 1066 - 1087Invaded England from Normandy. Defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings .In 1085 the Doomsday Survey was begun and all England was recorded so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained. The Domesday Book was, in effect, the first national census.The Doomsday BookWhen William died his lands were divided between his eldest two sons. Robert inherited Normandy, while William became king of England.King William II, Rufus 1087 - 1100Son of William I. He was called William Rufus or William the Redbecause of the reddish colour of his hair and complexion. He was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow while out hunting, maybe accidentally, there is some doubt about this. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest marks the spot where he fell.King Henry I 1100 - 1135The fourth and youngest son of William I. Henry's two sons were drowned so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. When Henry died the Council considered a woman unfit to rule so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.King Stephen 1135 - 1154Nephew of Henry I and grandson of William l. The Welsh and Scots invaded. Civil war followed between King Stephen and Matilda, Henry I's daughter. A compromise was decided, Matilda's son, Henry Plantagenet, was to be king when Stephen died.Empress Matilda 1141Daughter of Henry I.England's first female monarch. She was called the Empress because her dead husband had been the German Emperor. She had a very badtemper and wasn't very popular.The PlantagenetsThe Plantagenets were a huge powerful family not just in England but throughout Europe.King Henry II 1154 - 1189Son of Matilda and grandson of Henry I. Came to the throne at just 21. He ruled for thirty-four years, but spent only fourteen of them in England. He controlled more of France than the King of France.Thomas Becket was Henry II's Chancellor before the king made him Archbishop of Canterbury, even though he had never been a priest. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. Henry's eldest son, also called Henry, died before his father so in 1189 his second son, Richard, succeeded to the throne.King Richard I the Lionheart 1189 - 1199Third and eldest surviving son of Henry II. He was in England for only ten months, spending the other time fighting in the *Crusades. He spoke very little English.He is usually depicted as a brave, warrior king, and was given the nickname 'Lionheart'.Richard had no children, so the next king was his brother John.*The Crusades were a series of nine religious wars waged from 1095 to liberate the Holy Land from Islamic rule.King John 1 1199 - 1216Fourth child of Henry II and brother of Richard l.Responsible for the Magna Carta (Great Charter) giving justice to all.King Henry III 1216 - 1272Eldest son of John I. Henry was 9 years old when he became king. His reign lasted fifty-six years, making it the longest of any English monarch (NB not British monarch)In 1264 Henry was captured during a civil war and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' (from the French "parler", to talk) at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons.He rebuilt Westminster Abbey.King Edward I 1272 - 1307Eldest son of Henry III. Edward 'Longshanks' (so called because he was over 6ft tall) fought wars against the Scots King Robert the Bruce and was called 'the hammer of the Scots'. Edward formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing together the knights, clergy, nobilityand burgesses of the cities, bringing Lords and Commons together for the first time.King Edward II 1307 - 1327Son of Edward I. He was called Edward of Carnarvon after his birthplace in Wales. Edward's wife raised an army to take over the Kingdom. He was murdered in gaol.King Edward III 1327 - 1377Son of Edward II. Edward came to the throne at the age of 14. He fought many battles against the Scots and the French. Set up the Order of the Garter. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.The Black PrinceEdward's lll's eldest son was also called Edward. He was known as the Black Prince because of the colour of his armour.Richard II 1377 - 1399Son of Edward the Black Prince and grandson of EdwardIII. Richard ruled at the time of Chaucer the poet.His cousin, Henry IV, had him murdered in prison to takeover the throne.The House of LancasterHenry IV 1399 - 1413Henry was eldest son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward III) and grandson of Edward III. He came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself. This started a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.Henry died of leprosy in 1413.Henry's coronation on 13 October 1399 was the first occasion after the Norman Conquest when the monarch made an address in English.Henry V 1413 - 1422Son of Henry IV. He was the first English king who could read and write easily in English.Henry was 14 years old when he fought his first battle.He fought the French in the battle of Agincourt and won. Died at the age of 35.Henry VI 1422 - 1461, 1470 - 1471Henry succeeded the throne when he was only 9 months old.He was crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431. He lost the English claim to all French soil except for Calais.He was very ill during his reign.The war of the roses began between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.He founded Eton College in 1440.He was murdered in the Tower of London a few days after the Yorkist' victory in the Wars of Roses at Tewkesbury.The House of YorkKing Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483Came to the throne in 1461 after defeating Henry Vl at the Battle of Towton, in Yorkshire. He was just 19 years old. Tried to bring peace to the country. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton.King Edward V 1483 - 1483Elder son of Edward IV. He reigned for only two months.He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Towerof London. He was only about 12 years old when he died.Tower of LondonKing Richard III 1483 - 1485Younger brother of Edward IV and prime suspect to the suspected murders of the two princes, Edward and Richard.He was killed in battle against Henry Tudor (Henry VII) ending the Wars of the Roses. He was the last English King to die on the Battlefield.The Tudors(Find out more about the Tudors)King Henry VII 1485 - 1509Henry gained the throne when he defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The battle ended the War of the Roses, a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.Kept England peaceful and brought riches to the crown and country.King Henry VIII1509 - 1547Second son of Henry VII. Henry succeeded to the throne because his elder brother Arthur died in 1502. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was Arthur's wife.The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Argued with the Pope and made himself the head of the new 'Church of England'.Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived".King Edward VI 1547 - 1553Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.He was never a healthy King and died aged only 15 years.Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558Daughter of Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragón.Married Philip II of Spain. Wanted to make England Catholic again. Killed many who opposed her which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary.Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.During her reign great adventurers discovered many new lands. Fought off the Spanish Armada.Named James VI of Scotland her heir, uniting the two countries Scotland and England.Elizabeth I was the last ever Queen of England. From now on the monarch, although living in England, would be known as the Monarch of the United Kingdom.The StuartsThe Stuarts were the first kings of the United Kingdom.James I 1603 - 1625When James became King of England, he was already a king - King James VI of Scotland. He was the first monarch to rule both countries and the first to call himself 'King of Great Britain'. However it was not until 1707 that an act of Parliament formally brought the two countries together.James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He had been King of Scotland for twenty-nine years when he acceded to the English throne.James married Anne of Denmark.In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his friends, Catholics, tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so.The Gun Powder PlotJames authorised the translation of the King James Bible. He also had Sir Walter Raleigh executedCharles I 1625 - 1649Second son of James I.He was not brought up to be king, but his elder brother, Henry, died of Typhoid at the age of 18.Married Henrietta Maria of France.Fought against the Parliament leading to civil war.Was executed as a result on 30 January 1649.The English Civil War (1642 - 51)The war began in 1642 when, after seeing his rights as king slashed by Parliament, Charles miscalculated by swarming into the Palace of Westminster with several hundred soldiers to arrest five Members of Parliament and a peer he accused of treason. They all escaped, but London was scandalized and the king was forced to flee the city.The war between the Roundheads (supporters of parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King) began.The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659), under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector.England became a Republic for eleven yea rs from 1649 - 1660.At first England was ruled by Parliament, but in 1653, Oliver Cromwell, commander of the army, became Lord Protector of England. He held his post until his death in 1658 (when his son briefly took over). Cromwelldid not want to be king and refused the crown when it was offered tohim.The Commonwealth - declared May 19th 1649 ∙Oliver Cromwell (1653-58)∙Richard Cromwell (1658-59)The Stuarts line Restored (The Restoration)Charles II 1660 - 1685Son of Charles I. He was crowned King of Scotland in 1651. When Richard Cromwell lost the confidence of Parliament and abdicated, Charles returned to London in time for his thirtieth birthday and to rule Great Britain (Scotland, England and Wales).Charles saw London recover from the Plague (1665) and Great Fire (1666). Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.The Great Fire of LondonJames II 1685 - 1688Younger brother of Charles II. James was 15 when his father was executed. He escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl.Whilst king, James tried to force people to follow his Roman Catholic faith. He was very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestants, and he was hated by the people. He was forced to give up the crown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.Parliament asked William of Orange to take the throne.William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694Mary, daughter of James II and her Dutch husband were invited to be King and Queen following James abdication.Queen Anne 1702 - 1714Sister of Mary II, the second daughter of James II.Married George of Denmark.All of her 17 children died.1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England formed Great Britain. Last Stuart sovereign.The House of HanovariansAnne died without leaving an heir, succession to the throne passed to Sophia's son George of Hanover.King George I 1714 - 1727Son of Sophia and great-grandson of James I.The first German king of England made little effort to learn the language and customs of the country and communicated with his ministers in French. He spent much of his reign in Hanover.Sir Robert Walpole became England's first Prime Minister.King George II 1727 - 1760Son of George IPreferred Germany to England, but learned to speak English, unlike his father. He was the last English King to appear on the battlefield - against the French at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743.King George III 1760 - 1820George III was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in England. He was the son of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, and grandson of George II. George III ruled for 50 years and fathered 15 children. Australia was colonised. His reign was the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson.In 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776.The 1790s saw the French Revolution. The wars with France continued until Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815.King George IV 1820 - 1830Eldest son of George III.He became Prince Regent while his father was very ill.Built Brighton Pavilion.King William IV 1830 - 1837Third son of George IIIBecame known as the "Sailor King" after joining the navy from just 13 years old. During his reign England abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833.Queen Victoria1837 - 1901She was the daughter of Edward, duke of Kent (fourth son ofGeorge III) and a niece of George IV and William lV.She married Albert of Saxe - Coburg Gotha. Ruled during theindustrial revolution. The British Empire became powerful, rich and confident. When Victoria died in 1901, after the longest reign in English history, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had 9 children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.Find out more about Victoria's reignKing Edward VII 1901 - 1910The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Edward was created Prince of Wales almost immediately after his birth.He married Alexandra of Denmark and kept Europe at peace duringhis life. He was known as Edward the Peacemaker. He enjoyed fine food and horse racing.The House of WindsorKing George V 1910 - 1936Second son of Edward VIIRuled Britain during First World War 1914 - 1918.During his reign women were allowed to vote for the first time.Sinn Fein Easter Rising in 1916 led to independent Parliament in Ireland in 1918.King Edward VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936Eldest son of George V. Ruled for just 325 days.Abdicated to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson, as he was not able to marry a divorced woman and become King. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living.King George VI 1936 - 1952Second son of George V and the shy brother of Edward VIII.He didn't expect to become King. Ruled during World WarTwo and refused to leave London during the blitz. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle. The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951Queen Elizabeth II 1952 - present dayElder daughter of George VI.On Nov. 20, 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, duke of Edinburgh. They were in Kenya (en route for a tour of Australia and New Zealand) when theking died (Feb. 6, 1952) and Elizabeth succeeded to the throne. Her coronation, on June 2, 1953, was the first to be televised.Queen Elizabeth II is the 40th monarch (King or Queen) since William the Conqueror obtained the crown of England in 1066.21。
英语国家概况考试大纲
《英语国家概况》考试大纲课程性质和学习目的《英语国家概况》是高等教育自学考试英语专业基础科段（专科）的一门必考课程。
设置本课程是为了使英语专业专科学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
学生通过阅读主要英语国家（英国和美国）的北京材料，一方面可以扩大知识面，另一方面也可以提高英语阅读能力。
有关说明和实施要求高等教育自学考试的教育形式是个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合。
根据这种教育形多，结合本课程的特点，现对有关的几个问题说明如下：一、自学考试大纲的目的和作用《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》是根据英语专业考试计划的要求，结合自学考试的特点而确定的。
其目的是对个人自学、社会助学和国家考试命题进行指导和规定。
《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》明确了课程学习的内容以及深广度，规定了自学考试的范围和标准。
因此，它是编写自学考试教材和辅导书的依据，是社会助学组织进行自学辅导的依据，是自学者学习教材、掌握课程知识范围和程度的依据，也是进行自学考试命题的依据。
二、自学考试大纲与教材的关系《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》是进行学习和考核的依据，《英语国家概况》教材用于学习并掌握课程知识的基本内容与范围，教材的内容是大纲所规定的课程知识和内容的扩展与发挥。
三、学习内容本课程教材为《英语国家概况》（全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会组编，余志远主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2005）。
四、考核目标为了使本课程的自学考试达到科学化、规范化的要求，本大纲规定了全书的考核目标。
明确考核目标，可使应考者进一步了解考试内容和要求，知识怎么学和怎么考，从而更有目的、有计划地学习教材；可使社会助学单位知道如何组织教学，并根据应考者的实际状况进行辅导，使之达到既定的要求；可使命题单位正确把握试题的广度、深度和难易程度。
五、命题原则1．本课程考试的命题，应根据大纲所规定的考核目标，确定考试范围和考核标准，不要扩大或缩小考试范围，也不要提高或降低考核标准。
2020年河南省上半年自考课程及考试时间安排
00530中国现代文学作品选
00031心理学
00532中国古代文学作品选(一)
00429教育学(一)
00536古代汉语
00506写作(一)
00533中国古代文学作品选(二)
00529文学概论(一)
03706思想道德修养与法律基础
00531中国当代文学作品选
00535现代汉语
00534外国文学作品选
03706思想道德修养与法律基础
020203会计（专科）
00067财务管理学
00009政治经济学(财经类)
00041基础会计学
00020高等数学(一)
00157管理会计(一)
00018计算机应用基础
00070政府与事业单位会计
00043经济法概论(财经类)
12656毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
020115经济学(本科)
00051管理系统中计算机应用
00009政治经济学(财经类)
00138中国近现代经济史
00015英语(二)
00139西方经济学
00054管理学原理
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
00140国际经济学
00143经济思想史
00141发展经济学
04184线性代数(经管类)
04714跨国公司概论
020157财务会计与审计(本科)
03708中国近现代史纲要
03709马克思主义基本原理概论
00159高级财务会计
00015英语(二)
06072企业财务审计
04184线性代数(经管类)
04183概率论与数理统计(经管类)
00158资产评估
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导.docx
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导《英语国家概况》是英语专业专科阶段的全国统考课程，该课程覆盖范围广、知识点多、内容繁杂、词汇量大、跳跃性强，让众多学员望而生畏。
许多学员在这门课程的学习上投入了大量的时间和精力，结果却难尽人意。
《英语国家概况》由此成为专科阶段最让考生头疼的课程，许多考生感到很吃力，有的考了多次也没有通过。
笔者根据多年的教学实践谈一点自己的体会，希望对广大自考生有所帮助。
一、课程性质《英语国家概况》是为了使考生了解英、美、加、澳、爱尔兰、新西兰等主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治、文化、宗教等方面的概况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料，扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识，进行语盲基本功的训练。
巩固和提高英语水平，培养考生的跨文化交际能力。
二、教材内容及编排《英语国家概况》所涉及的英语国家彼此有深刻的历史渊源和紧密的联系。
课程章节编排以对英国的介绍开篇，着重介绍美国、加拿大和澳大利亚的状况，并简略介绍爱尔兰和新西兰，其中英国知识的学习对其他各国的学习有着重要的基础作用和背景意义。
因此，紧紧把握英语国家背景知识成为课程学习的关键。
在学习时，先粗后精，先全局后细节，先框架后具体，把握体系，理清脉络，然后再以英国知识为基础扩散到其他部分的学习，触类旁通，学习就会势如破竹，考试也就能够做到轻松自如了。
三、考试题型《英语国家概况》的考试时间为150分钟。
具体题型、题量，分值的分布情况如下表。
近年来《英语国家概况》自考试题内容分布基本遵循以下规律。
选择题50个，英国20，美国20，加拿大和澳大利亚各3个，新西兰和爱尔兰各2个。
简答题10个，英国美国各3个，加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和爱尔兰各1个。
名词解释4个，英国美国各2个。
1999年自学考试《英语国家概况》从中文考试转为全英文考试。
自2000年，考试题型也作了较大的改变，由原来的6大题型缩减到4大题型，并根据答题字数多少的要求，先少后多，将简答题置于名词解释之后，这一改变具有一定的科学性。
江苏自考10月科目安排
江苏省高等教育自学考试2019年10月考试日程表
说明：1.部分专业考试计划中设置了不考外语的换考课程，为避免外语课程和其换考课程重复报考，请应考者详细查看各专业考试计划后选择报考。
2.部分专业考试计划中安排了“实践”、“含实践”课程、专业综合技能考核或毕业论文（设计），请考生于每次报名期间到网上报名系统查询考核时间和办法，并按照要求报考。
3.“00018计算机应用基础”课程，全省不统一组织考试。
考生凡获得全国计算机等级考试一级及以上证书者，或获得全国计算机应用技术证书考试（NIT）《计算机操作基础》模块和其他任一模块（共两个模块）证书者，可免考“00018计算机应用基础”课程（包括理论和实践两个部分）。