西安交通大学研究生英语写作Summary Writing
英语写作summarywriting
10.Summary writing is an exercise in pression、 In writing a summary, we should:
--- omit the details、 --- reduce the examples、 --- simplify the descriptions、 --- eliminate all repetitions、
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better munication、
10. (continuing)
--- press wordy sentences and change phrases to words、
e、g、 His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like、
→ He was very brave in battle、 e、g、 They acted in a manner that
→revise、
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like、
He was very brave in battle、
The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh、
英语作文summary模板及句型
英语作文summary模板及句型英文回答：Summary Writing Template:Introduction:Begin with a hook sentence that captures the reader's attention.State the main argument or purpose of the original text.Provide a brief overview of the text's structure and organization.Body Paragraphs:For each main point in the original text, create a separate body paragraph.Start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point.Support the topic sentence with evidence and analysis from the original text.Use specific examples, quotations, or paraphrases to demonstrate the author's arguments.Provide transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of the original text.Restate the main argument or purpose of the text.Conclude with a final thought or reflection on the significance of the original text.Phrases for Summarizing:To introduce the original text:The author argues that...The text examines...The central idea of the text is...To state main points:The first main point is...Another important point made by the author is...A key argument presented in the text is...To provide evidence:For instance, the author writes...As evidence, the text provides...The author illustrates this point with the example of...To conclude:In conclusion, the text argues that...The author's main point is...The text effectively demonstrates...中文回答：摘要写作模板：引言：以吸引读者注意力的主题句开头。
summary writing(原文及范文)
summary writing(原文及范文）WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth,less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science hasbeen employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science andtechnology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclearweapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that ifthe weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been thecomplete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn,good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand ofhuman activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to beso? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process ofnatural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with itsawesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still arecognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning processhas been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harshconditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics areimmutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well aseverywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientistsunderstand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on theTibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC （China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gascompany, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-e fficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” ex plains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-o pen field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” say s Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government canbe persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and theleadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every fouryears. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
研究生英文总结范文
As I come to the end of my master's degree program, I find myself reflecting on the incredible journey of learning, growth, and discovery that has marked the past two years. This summary aims to encapsulate the key experiences, achievements, and insights gained during my time in the program.Academic AchievementsMy academic journey was characterized by a deep dive into the field of [Your Field of Study]. I began by solidifying my foundational knowledge through a comprehensive curriculum that included courses on [List Key Courses]. These courses provided me with a robust theoretical framework upon which to build my research and practical skills.One of the highlights of my academic experience was the completion of my master's thesis, titled "[Your Thesis Title]". This project involved extensive research, data analysis, and critical thinking, culminating in a comprehensive study that contributed to the existing body of knowledge in [Your Field of Study]. The process was challenging but rewarding, and it taught me the importance of perseverance and the value of meticulous research.Research ExperienceResearch has been a cornerstone of my master's program. I had the opportunity to work under the guidance of [Supervisor's Name], a leading expert in [Supervisor's Field]. My research focused on [Brief Description of Research], and it involved collaborating with a diverse team of students and faculty members.The research experience not only honed my technical skills but also introduced me to the intricacies of working in a team and managing complex projects. It also taught me the importance of clear communication and the ability to adapt to new challenges.Professional DevelopmentBeyond the classroom, I actively sought out opportunities to enhance my professional development. I participated in several workshops andseminars, including those on [List Relevant Workshops or Seminars]. These experiences provided me with practical skills and industryinsights that are invaluable for my future career.Additionally, I took on a teaching assistantship for a course in [Course Name]. This role allowed me to apply my knowledge in a teaching context, helping me develop my pedagogical skills and my ability to communicate complex concepts effectively.Personal GrowthThe master's program has been a transformative experience on a personal level as well. I have learned to manage my time more efficiently, tothink critically and analytically, and to approach challenges with a positive attitude. These skills have not only improved my academic performance but have also prepared me for the professional world.Future GoalsLooking forward, I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead. I plan to pursue a career in [Your Desired Field], where I hope to apply the knowledge and skills I have acquired during my master's program. My ultimate goal is to make a meaningful contribution to the field of [Your Field of Study] and to continue my professional development through ongoing research and learning.In conclusion, my master's degree program has been an enriching and transformative experience. It has equipped me with the academic foundation, research skills, and professional competencies necessary to excel in my chosen field. I am grateful for the support of my professors, peers, and mentors, and I look forward to applying the lessons learnedto the next chapter of my life.。
summary写作范文80字
summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: The article discusses the importance ofsetting goals and how it can lead to personal growth and success. It emphasizes the need to have a clear vision, create actionable steps, and stay motivated throughout the process. The article also highlights the role of perseverance and adaptability in achieving goals.Setting goals is crucial for personal growth and success. It gives us direction and purpose in life. Without goals, we may feel lost and aimless. For example, when I was in college, I set a goal to graduate with honors. This goal motivated me to work hard, stay focused, and excel in my studies.Having a clear vision is essential when setting goals. It helps us visualize what we want to achieve and keeps us motivated. For instance, if someone wants to start theirown business, they should have a clear vision of what the business will look like and how it will operate. Thisvision will guide them in making decisions and takingaction towards their goal.Creating actionable steps is another important aspectof goal setting. It involves breaking down the goal into smaller, manageable tasks. This allows us to track our progress and stay motivated. For instance, if someone wants to run a marathon, they can start by setting smaller goals such as running a certain distance each day orparticipating in shorter races. These small steps will eventually lead them to their ultimate goal.Perseverance is key when working towards our goals. We may face obstacles and setbacks along the way, but it's important to stay determined and never give up. For example, when I started learning a new language, I faceddifficulties and felt frustrated at times. However, I persevered and kept practicing, which eventually led to fluency.Adaptability is also crucial in goal setting. Sometimes, our initial plans may not work out as expected, and we need to be flexible and open to change. For instance, if someone's goal is to get a promotion at work, but they face unexpected challenges, they may need to adapt their strategies or explore alternative opportunities. Being adaptable allows us to overcome obstacles and continue moving forward.In conclusion, setting goals is essential for personal growth and success. It provides us with direction, motivation, and a sense of purpose. By having a clear vision, creating actionable steps, and staying motivated,we can achieve our goals. Perseverance and adaptability are also important traits that help us overcome challenges and achieve success.中文回答：Summary: 本文讨论了设定目标的重要性，以及它如何促进个人成长和成功。
研究生英语summary范文
研究生英语summary范文In the realm of academia, the art of summarizing is a crucial skill that transcends disciplines. As a graduate student, mastering the ability to distill complex information into concise summaries is essential for both academic and professional success.Summarizing an English text requires a deep understanding of the material, the ability to identify key points, and the skill to present them in a coherent and succinct manner. It's about capturing the essence without losing the integrity ofthe original content.A well-crafted summary should be objective, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations. It should reflect the author's main arguments, findings, or themes, and bestructured in a way that is easy for readers to follow.In the context of English literature, a summary might highlight the central conflict, the development of characters, and the overarching themes of a novel. It should also respect the original author's voice and style, ensuring that the summary remains true to the source material.For academic papers, the summary must encapsulate the research question, the methodology, the findings, and the implications of the study. It should be written in a neutral tone, with a focus on clarity and brevity.In the business world, a summary of a report or proposal should outline the problem, the proposed solution, and the expected outcomes. It should be persuasive, yet concise, designed to inform and influence decision-makers.The length of a summary can vary, but it's generally shorter than the original text, often by half or even more. The key is to prioritize information, ensuring that every sentence contributes to the overall understanding of the material.Lastly, a good summary is not a substitute for reading the original text. It serves as a tool for quick reference, a way to refresh one's memory, or to provide an overview for those who may not have the time to delve into the full text.In conclusion, the summary is a versatile tool in the graduate student's toolkit. Whether for academic papers, literature reviews, or professional reports, the ability to summarize effectively can enhance one's communication skills and contribute to the clarity of one's academic and professional endeavors.。
英语作文写作之Summary概括
How to write a summary.
In his/her article (or lecture) ”_ (title, first letter capitalized) ,” year. (author/lecturer's last name) argues/claims/reports/contends/ maintains/states that ____________________________.
Parents should watch television with their children and talk about it, rather than using it as a baby-sitter. They should pay attention to the quality of what their children watch; if a child seems to watch too much, they need to ask what else the child has to do, and whether s/he is trying to escape real life for some reason.
Break Time
Writing Survey: Summaries
1.) Why do we write summaries?
2.) What is your understanding of the summery writing process? What does Matt recommend?
What is a Summary?
A good summary will probably include the main idea of each paragraph and the main evidence supporting those ideas.
summary写作范文80字
summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: In this article, I will discuss the importance of exercise and its benefits. Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining good health and preventing various diseases. Exercise not only helps to improve physical fitness but also has a positive impact on mental well-being. It can reduce stress, improve mood, and boost self-confidence. Additionally, exercise can help in weight management and prevent obesity. Moreover, it plays acrucial role in enhancing the immune system and reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, incorporating exercise into our daily routine is crucialfor a healthy and balanced lifestyle.中文回答：总结，本文将讨论运动的重要性及其好处。
定期进行体育锻炼对于保持良好的健康状况和预防各种疾病至关重要。
运动不仅有助于改善身体健康，还对心理健康产生积极影响。
它可以减轻压力，改善心情，并增强自信心。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文Summary writing is an essential skill for academic English writing. A good summary should be concise, accurate, and objective. It should capture the main points of the original text without including unnecessary details or personal opinions.There are several key steps to writing an effective summary. First, it is important to read the original text carefully and make note of the main ideas and key points. Next, organize these ideas in a logical order, focusing on the most important information. Then, write the summary using your own words, being sure to include only the essential details.In addition, it is important to avoid plagiarism when writing a summary. This means that you should not simply copy and paste sentences or phrases from the original text. Instead, you should use your own words to rephrase the information in a new and original way.Overall, writing a summary requires careful attention to detail and a deep understanding of the original text. By following these key steps and focusing on the main ideas, you can create a clear and concise summary that effectively conveys the main points of the original text.。
英文总结怎么写范文
英文总结怎么写范文范文一：Writing a Summary in EnglishA summary aims to capture the main ideas and essential details of a text or presentation concisely and accurately. It is an important skill for students and professionals alike, as it helps to developcritical thinking, enhances comprehension, and facilitates effective communication. In this article, we will discuss the key steps and strategies forwriting a well-structured and cohesive summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextBefore attempting to write a summary, it is crucial to read the text thoroughly and understand its main message. Identify the key ideas, arguments, and supporting details. Pay attention to the organization and structure of the text, as it will help you in structuring your summary.2. Determine the Purpose and Length of the Summary Understand the purpose of the summary – whether it is to provide an overview of the text, present a balanced discussion, or highlight specific points. Additionally, consider the desired length of the summary; it should be concise and to the point, typically shorter thanthe original text.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas and central arguments presented in the text. These may be explicitly stated or implied within the paragraphs. Highlight or underline these key points, and make note of any supporting information or evidence.4. Omit Irrelevant InformationWhile writing a summary, it is crucial to omit any irrelevant or less significant details that do not contribute to the main message or purpose of the text. Focus on the essential information that conveys the core message effectively.5. Paraphrase and Use Key PhrasesInstead of copying sentences directly from theoriginal text, paraphrase the ideas using your own words. Understand the main points deeply and express them in a clear and concise manner. Additionally, incorporate key phrases that capture the essence of the text while avoiding excessive quotations.6. Organize the SummaryA well-organized summary follows a logical structure. Begin by providing a brief introduction, including the title and author of the original text. In the body paragraphs, present the main ideas in a cohesive and sequential manner. Use transitional phrases to maintain coherence and flow within the summary.Finally, conclude the summary by restating the main message or offering a final thought.7. Revise and ProofreadAfter completing the first draft, revise the summaryfor clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or spelling errors. Ensure that the summary effectively conveys the main ideas and maintains the intended focus. Consider seeking feedback from a classmate or a teacher to further improve the quality of the summary.Remember, summarizing is not about retelling the entire text in a condensed form but about capturingthe essence of the original message. It requirescritical thinking, analysis, and strong writing skills. Through practice and careful attention to structureand content, anyone can master the art of writing an effective summary in English.范文二：How to Write a Summary in EnglishWriting a summary is an essential skill thatallows us to synthesize information and communicate effectively. It requires the ability to extract key points from a text, condense them, and present them in a clear and concise manner. In this article, we will explore the step-by-step process of crafting a well-written summary in English.1. Read and Understand the TextStart by reading the text thoroughly to grasp its main ideas. Identify the author's central arguments, supporting evidence, and any relevant examples. Understanding the text's structure and organization will help you identify its main points.2. Determine the Objective and Length of the SummaryBefore writing, clarify the objective of your summary. Are you summarizing to provide an overview, analyze an argument, or evaluate a text? Also, consider the desired length for your summary. It should be shorter than the original text, focusing on the core ideas.3. Identify the Main IdeasIdentify the main ideas or themes discussed in the text. These are often found in topic sentences or the opening and closing paragraphs of each section. Highlight or make notes of these main ideas to use asa reference when writing your summary.4. Omit Unnecessary DetailsExclude any extraneous or less important details that do not directly contribute to the main ideas of the text. Focus on what is most relevant and critical to understanding the author's message. Avoid including personal opinions or additional information not present in the original text.5. Paraphrase and Use SynonymsWhen writing your summary, avoid directly copyingsentences from the original text. Instead, paraphrase the information using your own words. Ensure that the meaning remains intact while condensing the content. Use synonyms to vary your vocabulary and make the summary more engaging.6. Organize the SummaryA well-structured summary should have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, include the title, author, and any relevant background information about the text. The body paragraphs should present the main ideas in a logical order, supporting them with appropriate evidence or examples. Concludeby summarizing the key points and restating the main message.7. Revise and EditReview your summary for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for any grammatical or punctuation errors. Ensure that the summary accurately reflectsthe main ideas of the text and maintains a consistent tone. Consider seeking feedback from a peer or teacher to improve your writing further.In conclusion, writing a summary involves careful reading, analysis, and effective communication skills. By practicing these steps and paying attention to detail, you can become proficient in writing clear and concise summaries in English总之，写摘要需要仔细阅读、分析和有效沟通的技巧。
硕士英语综合教程西安交大版-课后作文
一How to put learner firstWith the development of the society, education has been grown attention by people. So as a developing country, our education is now experiencing a great challenge. How should we improve our educational status quo? The answer is that we should put learner first in the process of education, because students are the subject of education.How to put learner first? In the teaching process, we come up with every idea and established every goal that must depart from the student's own development. Teachers should first prepare students in class, and then prepare knowledge so that every student gets progress, rather than a cookie-cutter to education. Only in this way can it motivate students' learning desire, spontaneous learning makes them, let them have fun in learning,to cater to the students' own development rule, only in this way can china education obtain a good development.In short, students as the main body in the process of education, teachers in the teaching process should more understand each student's own development situation, according to the actual situation of students set teaching plan, and put the students in the first place all the time.二My view on graduate education in chinaGraduate education is an important part of China's higher education. It shoulders the important mission of cultivating advanced talents. However, the current development of postgraduate education is not satisfied.Due to increase enrollment, the education of talent quality becomes lower.There are many reasons about it. First, with the increase number of graduate enrollment, it’s number almost close to the undergraduate enrollment in recent years.Although this kind of situation to adapt to the situation of our country at present stage, improve the whole national culture quality and delay the employment pressure, there are many problem that not allow ignoring, especially the postgraduate education quality problem. Second, there will always be some students who are turned away by the job market in the recruitment process because of a variety of reasons. This is due to the relatively independent between the academic and market demand. Final this problem should be solved immediately so that our country’s the graduate education can get good development.On the whole, while the graduate student education still has some problems, I believe that government will make some relevant measures to solve these problems. It makes the graduate student education a positive development.三The cyberattack in our lifeWith the further development of the internet, all kinds of online activities has become increasingly frequent，this makes the network security issues become more prominent, all kinds of network attack emerge in endlessly, how to prevent network attacks, network environment is particularly important to protect the unit and personal.In the real network environment, the measures of prevention hacker attacks mainly have two aspects: first, we should establish a safe network environment, all kinds of security software installed, updated software and use the latest virus library;Second, we should strengthen our knowledge about computer security, network attack ways and means, we don't open those unsafe websites; Final, we should pay attention to personal account and password protection, develop good habits on the internet.All in all, the government should improve the network information security laws and regulations. At the same time, we should enhance their consciousness of network information security. I believe that one day our network environment will become better.四Romantic love and marriageLove and marriage play an important role in the life of people. I think love is the most important to the marriage, because love is the foundation of the marriage.For us, with love, the couple will have the strong power to face everything in their future life, not for his or her own, but for the other half in their life. It is love that makes their hearts close and makes their life full of warmth. This type of marriage usually brings happiness. Many couples live a happy life because their marriage is based on true love. In real life, however, some people get married just to seek for a life partner, but marriage like this won’t be happy, for the two don’t have the same faith, and their marriage is destined to be a failure. Numerous facts prove that marriage based on true love lasts and cannot be easily split up whereas marriage without love does not endure and may end in divorce.In my opinion, love is romantic and marriage is realistic. However, no matter how love should be the premise of marriage. Marriage is not a game and we have to consider many issues, such as family and children. So when we consider the marriage must be realistic and want to think calmly. That makes it possible to obtain a successful marriage.五how to battle the outbreaks of pandemics With the development of the society, people's life quality rise ceaselessly, more and more disease repeated outbreaks. It brought huge influence to people's life. How should we do to prevent various infectious diseases。
summary writing 概要写作
1. Weight loss is most likely to be successful when people change their habits. Here are several ways to make that happen. 2. Regular physical activity burns calories and builds muscles ---both of which help you look and feel good and keep weight off. Walking the family dog, cycling to school, and doing other things that increase your daily level of activity can all make a difference. 3.One reason people get less exercise these days is because of an increase in “screen time”--- the amount of time spent watching TV, looking at the computer, or playing video games. Limit recreational screen time to less than 2 hours per day. When you really get away from “screens”, such as TV, computers, IPad or mobile phones, you will really benefit a lot. 4P. ortion sizes are bigger than they used to be, and these extra calories contribute to obesity. Another key factor in weight gain is that more people drink sugary drinks, such as sodas, juice drinks, and sports drinks. So choose smaller portions (or share restaurant portions) and go for water or low-fat mild instead of soda. 5.People who skip breakfast often feel so hungry that they eat more later on. So they get more calories than they would have if they ate breakfast. In fact, people who skip breakfast tend to have higher BIMs than people who eat breakfast. 6I.f you really put the above into practice at once, you will definitely reduce your weight gradually. And wish you have a good figure.
研究生英语考试 段落概括范文
社交媒体与心理健康之关联及其影响在写研究生英语考试的段落概括范文时，应按照文章的主题和内容，分点对文章进行概括，并注意控制篇幅。
以下是一个例子：Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health In this article, the author discusses the impact of social media on mental health. Firstly, the author points out that social media has become an integral part of people's lives, with over 3 billion users worldwide. However, the downside is that excessive use of social media has been linked to various mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression.The author goes on to elaborate on the potential reasons behind this correlation. One factor is the FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) culture that social media perpetuates. Users are constantly bombarded with images and posts portraying others' perfect lives, leading to feelings of inadequacy and inadequacy. Furthermore, social media companies' algorithms aredesigned to keep users engaged, often at the expense of their well-being. This results in people feeling the need to constantly check their feeds and reply to messages, leading to addiction and withdrawal symptoms when they are unable to access their social media accounts.In conclusion, the author emphasizes that it is important to recognize the potential negative impact of social media on mental health. Individuals should be mindful of their social media use and take steps to limit their exposure, such as setting boundaries for screen time and being aware of the FOMO culture. Additionally, social media companies should prioritize users' well-being over engagement, implementing measures such as algorithm changes to reduce addiction and harmful content. By taking these steps, we can mitigate the negative impact of social media on mental health and promote a healthier digital lifestyle.。
研究生英语 summary examples
UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） Paper brings much more convenience in our reading, writing, delivery, and etc. People can easily read from more than one paper, mark in more varied ways, and skim paper briefly. （People easily read from more than one paper, annotate as well as mark paper in varied ways and skim it briefly.） Paper is also often essential for writing with various source documents and easier correction. Besides, paper is well suited in meetings or any place where people cooperate. Finally, we can deliver paper in person and feel assured.
请大家先独立练习写作再对比参考
前几年考过的段落。请大家先独立 练习写作再对比参考。 UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13） UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） UNIT 2 Summary (Para5-8)
UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13）
Many people believe that activities have to be related to winning/losing. One reason is that they may have not tried the games without competition, which make participants have fun. The other reason is that those people neglect/overlook the psychological costs of competition. Due to competition, the feeling of self-worth is assessed /evaluated by exterior sources. Moreover, competition also poisons our relationship. It makes it difficult for anyone to regard others as possible friends or cooperators. Finally, trying to do better than others is not helpful to gain trust.
西安交大英文作文
西安交大英文作文The Enduring Legacy of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Jiaotong University, nestled in the heart of Xi'an, embodies a unique blend of historical significance and modern academic excellence. Founded in Shanghai in 1896 as Nanyang Public School, the institution has weathered periods of immense social and political change, ultimately relocating to Xi'an in 1959 as part of a national initiative to bolster higher education in western China. This journey, marked by resilience and adaptation, speaks volumes about the indomitable spirit of the university and its commitment to academic pursuit in the face of adversity. The university's early years were characterized by a pioneering spirit, fueled by a desire to modernize Chinese education and introduce Western learning to the nation. Key figures like Sheng Xuanhuai, the school's founder, envisioned an institution that would equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the complexities of a rapidly changing world. This vision resonated with the burgeoning reformist movements of the late Qing Dynasty, ultimately leading to the school's transformation into a national university under the Republic of China, known as Jiaotong University. The relocation to Xi'an in 1959 marked a pivotal moment in the university's history. While leaving behind its established roots in Shanghai was a monumental task, it also presented an opportunity to contribute to the development of a region with immense potential. Xi'an, the ancient capital withits own rich cultural tapestry, provided fertile ground for the university to establish itself as a beacon of knowledge and innovation in western China. This move not only solidified the university's commitment to national development but also highlighted its adaptability and willingness to embrace new challenges. Today, Xi'an Jiaotong University stands as a testament to the enduring power of education and its ability to transcend geographical boundaries. It has blossomed into a comprehensive research university, boasting a wide array of disciplines ranging from engineering and science to medicine, humanities and social sciences. Its sprawling campus, dotted with state-of-the-art facilities and research centers, buzzes with the intellectual energy of a vibrant student body and a dedicated faculty. The university’s repu tation for academic rigor and innovation has attracted students and scholars from all corners of China and beyond, solidifyingits position as a leading institution of higher learning. However, the true legacy of Xi'an Jiaotong University extends far beyond its academic achievements. It lies in the spirit of its community, the unwavering commitment to societal betterment, and the enduring impact its graduates have on the world. Theuniversity fosters an environment of intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and collaboration, encouraging students to become not just successful professionals but also responsible citizens and thoughtful leaders. It instills in its students a deep sense of social responsibility, inspiring them tocontribute to the advancement of their communities and the nation as a whole. As Xi'an Jiaotong University looks towards the future, it remains dedicated to its founding principles of excellence, innovation, and service. The university is committed to pushing the boundaries of knowledge, nurturing future generations of leaders, and playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of China and the world. Its journey, marked by historical significance and unwavering dedication to academic pursuit, serves as a testament to the transformative power of education and its ability to leave an indelible mark on society.。
研究生英语考试 段落概括范文
研究生英语考试段落概括范文研究生英语考试是一个重要的考试，对于考生来说，掌握一些成功的备考策略是非常关键的。
在考试中，段落概括是一个常见的题型，考察考生对文章主旨的理解和概括能力。
本文将介绍一篇段落概括范文，以帮助考生更好地准备研究生英语考试。
范文：The passage discusses the importance of emotional intelligence (EI) in leadership. It states that while IQ and technical skills are necessary for success, EI plays a crucial role in effective leadership. The author argues that EI helps leaders to connect and engage with their team members, understand their emotions, and make informed decisions. The passage further provides several strategies to develop and enhance EI in leaders.The first paragraph introduces the concept of EI and its significance in leadership. It states that EI is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. The author asserts that leaders who possess high levels of EI are more likely to build strong relationships with their team members.The second paragraph presents the argument that EI enables leaders to connect and engage with their team members. It explains that leaders who are emotionally intelligent are more likely to inspire and motivate their team members. The passage highlights the importance of empathy in leadership, as it allows leaders to understand and resonate with their team members' emotions. The author suggests that leaders should actively listen and seek to understand different perspectives to foster effective communication.The third paragraph discusses the role of EI in decision-making. It states that leaders with high EI are better equipped to make informed decisions because they can assess the impact of their actions on others. The passage emphasizes the importance of self-awareness in leadership, as it helps leaders to recognize their biases and make objective decisions. The author suggests that leaders should reflect on their emotions and seek feedback from others to improve their decision-making skills.The fourth paragraph provides strategies to develop and enhance EI in leaders. It suggests that leaders should focus on self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. The passage emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and self-evaluation to identify areas for improvement. The author also encourages leaders to seek feedback and support from mentors or coaches to accelerate their development.In conclusion, the passage highlights the significance of emotional intelligence in leadership and provides strategies to develop and enhance EI. It asserts that leaders with high levels of EI are more likely to connect with their team members, understand their emotions, and make informed decisions. The passage serves as a reminder for aspiring leaders to prioritize the development of emotional intelligence in their quest for success.。
西安交通大学研究生《高级英语写作》期末考试试题
20090~2010学年第2学期西安交通大学研究生《高级英语写作》期末考试试题(B)姓名学号英语班号考场所在院系考试日期Part I: Summary writing (40 points)Read the following article carefully, and then write a summary in about 200 words.The most commonly held perception regarding animal experimentation is that it is necessary for the development of vaccines, cures and treatments for human illness. Proponents ask the important question, what will happen to research on AIDS, heart disease, and cancer if animal experimentation is completely stopped? Will the progress in cures and treatments for these types of illnesses also come to a halt?There is a growing movement of healthcare professionals including doctors, scientists, and educated members of the public who are opposed to non-human animal-based experimentation on specifically medical and scientific grounds. They argue that animal research is based on a false premise, that results obtained through animal experimentation can be applied to the human body.Animals not only react differently than humans to different drugs, vaccines, and experiments, they also react differently from one another. Ignoring this difference has been and continues to be very costly to human health.The most famous example of the dangers of animal testing is the Thalidomide tragedy of the 1960s and 1970s. Thalidomide, which came out on the German market late in the 1950s, had previously been safely tested on thousands of animals. It was marketed as a wonderful sedative for pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and it supposedly caused no harm to either mother or child. Despite this "safety testing", at least 10,000 children whose mothers had taken Thalidomide were born throughout the world with severe deformitiesClioquinol is another example of a drug that was safety tested in animals and had a severely negative impact on humans. This drug, manufactured in Japan in the 1970s, was marketed as providing safe relief from diarrhea. Not only did Clioquinol not work in humans, it actually caused diarrhea. As a result of Clioquinol being administered to the public, some 30,000 cases of blindness and/or paralysis and thousands of deaths occurred.Are these two examples just isolated cases? Even though pharmaceuticals are routinely tested on animals, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that 100,000 people everyyear are killed and more than 2 million are hospitalized as a result of prescription drugs used as prescribed. The British Medical Journal recently reported that 4 out of every 10 patients who take a prescribed drug can expect to suffer severe or noticeable side effects, while numerous clinical observers agree that the incidence of autogenesis (medically induced disease) is now so great that approximately 1 in every 10 hospital beds is occupied by a patient who has been made ill by their doctor.What about all the important breakthroughs, as a result of animal research, that have aided human health? The animal research industry cites many examples of treatments or cures for illness that have been found using animals. They claim that if animal research is discontinued, it will be at the expense of human health and life. Industry groups, such as Americans for Medical Progress credit animal research with advances such as the development of the polio vaccine, anesthesia, and the discovery of insulin. But a close examination of medical history clearly disputes these claims."Giving cancer to laboratory animals has not and will not help us to understand the disease or to treat those persons suffering from it."Dr. A. Sabin, 1986, developer of the oral polio vaccine Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin, are credited with the development of a vaccine to combat poliomyelitis (polio). Yet in the medical industry itself there remains a dispute as to the means by which the development of the polio vaccine occurred and whether or not the vaccine even played a major role in stopping the virus. Dr. John Enders, Dr.Thomas H. Weller, and Dr. Frederick C. Robbins won the Nobel Prize in 1954 for proving for the first time that it was possible to grow poliovirus in laboratory cultures of non-nervous-system human tissue. This team stopped just short of creating the polio vaccine that would be released to the public. Around the time Enders, Weller, and Robbins won the Nobel Prize, Sabin and Salk began using monkey kidney cells to produce their polio vaccines despite the existence of better alternatives. It was unknown at the time that viruses commonly found in monkey kidney cells are now known to cause cancer in humans.The claim that the polio vaccine was developed through the use of animal experimentation is misleading. Furthermore, as far as the benefits are concerned, there is ample evidence demonstrating the harmful effects the polio vaccine has had on human health. Deborah Blum, in her 1984 book, The Monkey Wars, wrote, "In the late 1980s, scientists tracking the life histories of 59,000 pregnant women all vaccinated with Salk polio vaccine found that their offspring had a thirteen times higher rate of brain tumors than those who did not receive the vaccine." (pg. 229) Many historians believe that the decline in cases in polio, like many epidemics of the past, must be attributed to factors such as improved hygiene and not solely vaccination.Surgical anesthesia was discovered in the mid nineteenth century when Crawford WilliamsonLong observed the effects of ether on humans during "ether parties", a popular form of entertainment involving ether inhalation. Long observed that while etherized, people appeared impervious to pain. He transformed this observation into a more practical use in surgery. The discovery of anesthesia, like many other medical discoveries, came from the critical observation of humans."There are no alternatives to animal experimentation, for one can only talk of alternatives if these replace something of the same worth; and there is nothing quite as useless, misleading and harmful as animal experimentation."-Prof. Pietro Croce, M.D.At one time, due to the animal research based conclusions of Claude Bernard, diabetes was believed to be cause by liver damage. However, Thomas Crawley, in 1788 established the relationship between pancreatic damage and diabetes by performing autopsies on diabetic cadavers. Later on, Dr. M. Barron came to the conclusion that damage to the Islets of Langerhams causes diabetes in humans after studying the human pancreas. He concluded that insulin could be derived from an extract of the Islets of Langerhans. Then in 1920, Frederick Banting, using this knowledge, created the first extract that contained insulin. Animal research is not aiding the fight against cancer. In fact, it is diverting resources from effective research and from the most obvious solution which is prevention. According to the National Cancer Institute, 80% of all cancers are preventable. Clinical observation and epidemiological studies have shown us that high fat diets, smoking, environmental pollutants, and other lifestyle factors are the main causes of cancer."Indeed, while conflicting animal tests have often delayed and hampered advances on the war on cancer, they have never produced a single substantial advance either in the prevention or treatment of human cancer."-Dr. Irwin Bros, director of Roswell Park Memorial Moneim A. Fadali, M.D., in his book, Animal Experimentation: A Harvest of Shame, reports: "Despite screening over half a million compounds as anti-cancer agents on laboratory animals between 1970-1985, only 80 compounds moved into clinical trials on humans. Of these, a mere 24 had any anti-cancer activity and only 12 appeared to have a 'substantial clinical role.' Actually, these so-called 'new' active agents were not so new: they are analogs of chemotherapeutic agents already known to work in humans." (pg.25)With billions of dollars, countless animals, and well over 30 years spent on the war on cancer, concrete results should have been seen if animal research was actually working. On the contrary, the incidence of cancer continues to rise. A March 22, 2004 article in Fortune Magazine, "Why We're Losing the War on Cancer", explains that animal-based cancer research is failing because "The models of cancer stink."1.Animals are not good models for human cancer for 2 fundamental reasons: Animals andhumans do not get the same diseases. As a result, animal research focuses on artificially inducing symptoms of human cancer and attempting to treat those symptoms.2.Experimental drugs and treatments that have been found effective on animal models willnot necessarily work in people.The progress that has been made in the study of AIDS has come from human clinical investigation and in vitro (cell and tissue culture) research. Animal models continue to be used even though they do not develop the human AIDS virus. The development of life saving protease inhibitors was delayed by misleading monkey data. Referring to efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine, leading AIDS researcher Dr. Mark Feinberg stated: "What good does it do you to test something in a monkey? You find five or six years from now that it works in the monkey, and then you test it in humans and you realize that humans behave totally differently from monkeys, so you've wasted five years".Clearly, if we are going to make medical progress, a new approach is needed. Human medicine can no longer be based on veterinary medicine. It is fraudulent and dangerous to apply data from one species to another. There are endless examples of the differences between humans and non-human animals.1.PCP is a sedative for chimps2.Penicillin kills cats and guinea pigs but has saved many human lives.3.Arsenic is not poisonous to rats, mice, or sheep.4.Morphine is a sedative for humans but is a stimulant for cats, goats, and horses.5.Digitalis while dangerously raising blood pressure in dogs continues to save countlesscardiac patients by lowering heart rate.The National Institutes of Health alone pours well over five billion dollars annually into superfluous animal experimentation. Abolishing animal research will mean these resources could be redirected into prevention and the types of research which actually have a chance of advancing human medicine and human health.Part II: Essay writing (60 points)In the article in Part I, some scientists have argued against animal testing. Now please write an essay about 400 words to refute it. You may brainstorm the draft by jotting down a list of the author’s points. And then choose the most controversial points to focus on and use proper logical pattern you have learnt to develop your argumentation. You need to include the hook, thesis restatement, topic sentences, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences in your article.。
研究生英语考试summary
Scientists Shouldn t Be Surprised by the Popularity of Intelligent DesignIn this article Scientists Shouldn Be Surprised by the Popularity of Intelligent Design which addresses many s t cientists grumps over the persistence if ID (Intelligent Design), Scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans approval of id cannot beblamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them away from the theory ofnatural selection. According to Lilienfeld, the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense hasmade ID rather tempting to them. As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world. Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed toteach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people s common sense. Finally, Lilienfeld concludes that a radicalshift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face fiascowhen confronting erroneous claims refuged by people s common sense.Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific CommunicationIn his artic l”eEmpowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communic”a,t P io h i n lip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists increased ability toobtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions. Scientific communication, according to Campbell, hasseen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists acquisition of information and reduce the trouble the mayotherwise have to take in order to publicize their research. However, the resultingplethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be usedto build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to people s attention withsynthetic biologsyresent development. Campbell points out that it is relatively easyto abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results. People using biological information for malicious purposes may be whoeverhave leant to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committedto terrorist agendas. Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agenciesand scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucialin reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measures should betaken has to be considered by all related parties.Summary Of …Ethical, Legal And Social Implications Of Autonomous Systems‟In his article”Ethical legal and social Implications of Autonomous systems”,AustinModine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.ForModine‟s assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakesbecause of their wrong decision.Autonomous systerms also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they don‟t make mistakes any more.Thereaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should bechosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved inorder to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary Of …Why Do Things Become More Complex‟In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights aphenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity. In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use asimple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation. After many years, the jetengine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests,usually by adding a subsystem. Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes. The jet engines work like a cheetah both inthe outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly. In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucraticoffices and departments. The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep theperformance like maintenance repairs, et.al.. And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances andadapting to the complex world. The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly afterthe growing complication. Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should bechecked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance. And alsoneed to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.。
英语作文写作之Summary概括
Use simple and clear language to communicate the information Avoid using complex or technical language that may fuse the reader
Expressing oneself in one's own words
01
What is a summary summary
Definition
A summary is a condensed version of a text, which briefly retells the main points and ideas of the original text
03
Summary techniques for summarizing
Ensure that your summary is grammatically correct and free of spelling and punctuation errors
Use your own words to retell the main points and ideas of the original text Avoid directly copying or paraphrasing the original text
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Grammar and the structure of
writing avoid direct quotation; use transitional words Length 1/4 to 1/3 of the original
3. Steps in writing a summary Read the article
B. Then the summary sentences for each
paragraph or section.
C. Express in your own words, to avoid
plagiarism. D. Occasional supporting ideas if necessary. Note:
Edit the draft • Is all the important information in the summary? • Am I listing things out? • Am I saying the same thing over and over again? • Have I left out my personal views and ideas? • Does my summary ‘hang together’? • Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct? Write the final draft
The importance of paraphrasing
★It helps us understand the original
better. ★It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points. ★It helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point, and in our own words.
to the original;
Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains
only the ideas or information of, the original;
Is brief without any unnecessary detail; Is a readable unified whole
III. Techniques in summary writing
2.
Grasping the central ideas
III. Techniques in summary writing
Ways of condensation Use synonyms or synonymous phrases He had a good command of English. (He knew English well.) Change the structure of simple sentences My brother has an appreciation of modern art. (My brother appreciates modern art.)
Steps of paraphrasing
★Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly. ★Consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences.
title, author, source; date of publication and the text (journal articles)
Thesis statement
the topic or general subject matter of the text; the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic
I. What is a summary?
A summary is a shortened passage, which
retains the essential information of the original. It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the contents of a passage.
To understand the article and find the general theme. Reread the article Divide into sections and label each section. Understand the important parts. Write one-sentence summaries Summarize each section of thought.
Chapter 4
Summary Writing
Objectives
1. Give an appropriate definition for a
2. 3. 4. 5.
summary Know the characteristics of a good summary Learn the techniques in summary writing Learn the steps in summary writing Practice
1. You’ve cooked us all a hot potato. (a troublesome person or issue) 2. Prevention is better than cure. (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.)
Supporti ideas; relationships among these ideas no specifics the author’s purpose in writing no personal opinions, ideas, and inferences.
1.
2. 3. 4.
Eliminate unnecessary words and repetitions. Eliminate personal ideas and inferences. Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas. Conclude with a ‘summing up’ sentence.
Formulate the thesis statement Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together. Write the first draft A. In the first sentence or two:
1. 2.
3.
The author’s name The article’s or chapter’s name The author’s thesis statement
3.
Turn complex sentences into simple sentences
He received a welcome that was as cold as ice.
(He received an icy welcome.)
Combine the sentences
Hurry up. If you don’t, you’ll miss the train.
Note: you simply report back what the
writer has said, without making value judgments.
II. Characteristics of a good summary
Can be understood without reference
(Hurry up or you’ll miss the train.)
4.
Finding the topic sentence and making an outline topic sentence / outline
IV. How to write a summary?
1. The importance of summary writing 2. Necessary elements for a good summary Proper citation
III. Techniques in summary writing
1. Paraphrasing
To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other people’s ideas in one’s own words.
Examples: