南京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题
2007年南京大学考博英语真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互(255)
2007年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(总分110, 做题时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1.We were______in the middle of our conversation.SSS_SINGLE_SELA cut offB cut downC cut inD cut out该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：cut off中断，切断。
cut down砍倒，胜过。
cut in把……插进，插入。
cut out切掉，取代。
2.______fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.SSS_SINGLE_SELA LikeB AlikeC AsD Comparing该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：此处as就如……，像……一样。
like像。
alike相同的，相似的。
3.My grandpa gave me a watch, which is made of gold, ______I keep to this day.SSS_SINGLE_SELA and thusB andC soD and which该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：先行词是the watch，由两个并列的定语从句共同修饰。
关系代词which 在两个定语从句的成分不同：一个作主语，一个作宾语，故第二个which不能省略。
4.I don't mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink, but it is rather too much when ten people arrive ______for dinner.SSS_SINGLE_SELA unusuallyB excessivelyC consequentlyD unexpectedly该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：unexpectedly出乎意料地，忽然的。
2007年苏州大学中西哲学史A考研真题【圣才出品】
2007年苏州大学中西哲学史A考研真题
2007中西哲学史（A卷）
中国哲学部分（75分）
一、名词、名著解释（5*5=25分）
1、参验（韩非）
2、独化（郭象）
3、佛性
4、理一分殊（朱熹）
5、《大学》
二、简答题（10*3=30分）
1、试述庄子“逍遥”、“坐忘”的自由观。
2、简述王守仁“知行合一”的心学思想。
3、试述孙中山的民生史观。
三、论述题（20分）
论述孟子和荀子的人性论之异同。
西方哲学部分（75分）
一、名词解释（5*5=25分）
1、逻格斯（赫拉克里特）
2、实体（亚里士多德）
3、波菲利问题（中世纪）
4、四假象说（培根）
5、“我思过故我在”（笛卡儿）
二、简答题（10*3=30分）
1、试述柏拉图的理念论。
2、论述斯宾诺莎的实体学说。
3、论述休谟的因果论。
三、论述题（20分）
论述康德关于感性、知性和理性的学说。
南京大学外国哲学真题
2003年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义哲学的首要的基本的观点？2、简述你对历史唯物主义的意识形态概念的理解。
3、我们说，”意识并不是自然界从来就有的，但它却在自然界有着自己深厚的基础和前提，这就是物质形态普遍的反映特性“。
请从物质形态普遍反映特性的角度简述人类意识的起源。
二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、恩格斯说：“每一时代的理论思维，我们时代的理论思维，都是一种历史的产物，在不同的时代具有非常不同的形态，并因而具有非常不同的内容。
”试从认识的历史演化的角度说明“三个代表”思想与马克思主义理论之间的继承与发展的关系。
2、试阐述马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学之间的关系。
三、名词解释（任选三题，每题10分，共30分）1、回忆说（柏拉图）2、奥康剃刀（或奥卡姆剃刀）（中世纪哲学）3、温和怀疑论（休谟）4、公意（或总意志）（卢梭）四、论述题（任选两题，每题25分，共50分）1、亚里士多德如何论述美德伦理，他心目中恢宏大度的君子是什么样子的，这与其中庸之道有什么关系？这种美德伦理在今天具有怎样的现实意义？2、唯理论和经验论各自的思想特点是什么？英国经验主义与大陆理性主义平行发展，为什么不能相互完全替代？3、什么是康德的”哥白尼革命“？什么叫先天综合判断？此类判断对于自然科学有什么意义？科学能够证明”人为自然立法“的命题吗？2003年现代西方哲学一、名词解释（任选5题，每题12分，共60分）1、绵延（柏格森）2、试错法（波普尔）3、“经验主义的两个教条”（奎因）4、存在先于本质（萨特）5、解构（德里达）6、“自然之镜”（罗蒂）二、论述题（任选三题，每题30分，共90分）1、试论尼采的价值重估理论及其意义，西方社会传统的基督教伦理是否因此而崩溃？2、论述维特根斯坦后期的“语言游戏说”，它与前期的“图像说”有什么关系？这与其关于哲学的根本看法有何联系？3、库恩的科学革命理论的主要内容是什么？其历史主义科学哲学思想在当代科学哲学中处于怎样的地位？4、评述法兰克福学派的工具理性批判思想，这种批判是否真实地反映了当代西方社会的实质？请稍微详细的阐述你的理由？2004年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、马克思主义哲学创立的理论前提是什么？2、恩格斯说：“社会一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要就会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进。
南京大学哲学系考博真题(精华版2008--2013年)(DOC)
南京大学哲学系历年考博真题（2008—2013年）考试科目名称及代码：中国哲学史（3305）适用专业：中国哲学宗教学2008年（中国哲学专业做A卷宗教学专业做B卷）A卷（每题25分，共100分）1、孔子“仁”的思想内容及其评论2、老子“道”的思想内容及其评论3、王阳明“知行合一”说述评4、试论程朱理学对先秦儒学的丰富和发展B卷（每题25分，共100分）1、荀子天人思想述评2、孟子仁学思想述评3、王充元气自然论述评4、郭象“独化”论述评2009年1、试述墨子对孔子学说的批评，并给予评论（25分）2、老子、庄子思想异同（25分）3、张载“气本论”思想述评（25分）4、试述中国传统哲学中的“天人合一”思想，并给予检讨（25分）1．孔子“仁爱”、老子“道爱”、墨子“兼爱”之比较（25分）2．魏晋玄学讨论的主要问题并给予评论（25分）3．试述程朱“理本论”与陆王“心本论”异同（25分）4．试述儒学哲学化历程并给予评论：以先秦儒学、宋明儒学、现代新儒学为例。
（25分）2011年1、试论儒学人文主义思想及其特质。
（25分）2、《大学》主要思想内容述评。
（25分）3、王夫之“理势合一”论述评。
（25分）4、试述老子的“道”与宋明理学的“理”之异同。
（25分）2013年1、2、老子辩证法及其评论（25分）3、中国佛学在中国哲学中的地位（25分）4、张载《西铭》的主要思想述评（25分）考试科目名称及代码：中国佛学（2294）适用专业：中国哲学论述题（每题25分，共100分）一、慧远“法性论”思想述评（25分）二、天台宗“三谛圆融”思想述评（25分）三、试从佛学与儒学两个方面论述佛儒交融的内在根据（25分）四、试评析《维摩诘经》对现当代人间佛教的影响（25分）2009年论述题（每题25分，共100分）一、如何理解《心经》中所说的：“色不异空，空不异色；色即是空，空即是色”？（25分）二、竺道生佛性思想述评。
（25分）三、禅宗的中国化主要表现在哪些方面？（25分）四、从王阳明的“本体工夫”看禅学对阳明学的影响。
南京大学哲宗西哲考题2004-2017
2004名词解释：1.四因说（亚里士多德）2.上帝之城（奥古斯丁）3.单子（莱布尼茨）4.法的精神（孟德斯鸠）论述题：1.柏拉图的理念世界与可感世界的关系是怎样的？他如何理解派生万物的两套途经？理念论的方法论与其对理想国家的阐述有什么联系？试举出这种思维方式对后来一两个哲学家的深刻影响2.洛克如何论述经验论、批驳天赋观念说？人的心灵真的想一块“白板”吗？简要论述一下英国经验论对英美哲学的后来影响3.什么是康德的“道德绝对命令”？他如何论述三条先验的道德原则？义务论伦理的理论前提是什么？你同意这种伦理标准码？为什么？2005年名词解释：1.流溢说（普洛提诺）2.上帝存在的本体论证明（安瑟伦）3.我思故我在（笛卡尔）4.本原行动（费希特）论述题：4.巴尼门德存在论对早起希腊自然哲学的变革及其对柏拉图和亚里士多德的影响5.简要分析近代英法两国社会契约论思想的发展和演变6.康德认识论是如何解决思维与存在关系的？请结合黑格尔“实体即主体”的思想，试论述黑格尔对康德这一思想的发展2006名词解释：1.美德即知识（苏格拉底）2.怀疑主义（晚期希腊）3.社会契约论（卢梭）4.同一哲学（谢林）论述题：7.上帝存在的两个证明：安瑟伦的本体论先天证明和阿奎那的后天证，以及它们和希腊哲学的关系8.莱布尼茨的唯理主义认识论是如何批判洛克经验论的？他的天赋观念论和笛卡尔的天赋观念论有何差异？如何评价莱布尼茨的认识论？它对后世的影响如何？9.什么是康德“哥白尼式革命”？在其认识论（先验感性论和先验分析论）中是如何体现出来的？如何理解这一革命的哲学史意义？你如何评价这一革命？2007名词解释：1.阿派朗（阿那克西曼德）2.光照论（奥古斯丁）3.利维坦（霍布斯）4.先验统觉（康德）论述题：10.论述亚里士多德的四因说及其在形而上学的第一哲学的地位，它是如何给予形式与质料因相结合的思想来批判德谟克里特的原子论的？11.谈谈对“笛卡尔是现代哲学之父”，这一观点的理解12.以论物质的相互转化为例，谈谈合格的辩证法思想，在德国古典哲学的革命意义二.西方哲学史名词解释：1.努斯（阿那克萨戈拉）2.奥卡姆剃刀（威廉·奥卡姆）3.真观念（斯宾诺莎）4.绝对命令（康德）论述题：13.论述巴尼门德的基本思想，请举例说明他对后世哲学家的影响14.试着论述卢梭的社会契约论思想及其在启蒙运动中的意义15.黑格尔如何论述思想的客观性的，请谈谈你自己的想法2009名词解释：1.逻各斯（赫拉克利特）2.主动理智（托马斯·阿奎那）3.法的精神（孟德斯鸠）4.实体即主体（黑格尔）论述题：1.柏拉图理念论的基本内容以及对后世哲学家的影响2.简述早期近代哲学（经验论和唯理论）围绕理念（知识）来源问题的争论，论述这种争论对康德哲学意义3.简述康德范畴的先验演绎的基本思想，并说明“知性为自然立法”的含义，评价其意义2010三、概念解释(每题10分，任选3题，共30分)1、太一(普罗提诺)2、“五路”(托马斯)3、真观念(斯宾诺莎)4、本原行动(费希特)四、论述题(每题25分，任选2题，共50分)1、论述亚里士多德的中道观，并结合后世哲学的发展说明其影响。
南京大学病理生理学2007年考博真题试卷
பைடு நூலகம்南京大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南京大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：先汉译英或英译汉后在解释
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1.组织性缺氧2.Psychotraumatic stress 3.Myocardial remodeling 4.脑死亡 7.Pulmonaryencephalopathy 二、多选题 ：共五小题，10 分，都是书上的，较简单 三、简答题： 1、DIC 时休克发生的机制 2、休克早期微循环变化对机体有何代偿意义 3、心衰的原因和诱因 4、酸中毒在休克变化过程中所起的作用 四、名词解释 1.高渗性脱水 2.代谢性酸中毒 3.组织性缺氧 4.毛细血管后阻力 5.心脏紧张性扩张
南京大学2007年考博英语试题
中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t南京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (30%)Part A (10%)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1. We were ______ in the middle of our conversation.A. cut offB. cut downC. cut inD. cut out2. ______ fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.A. LikeB. AlikeC. AsD. Comparing3. My grandpa gave me a watch, which is made of gold, ______ I keep to this day.A. and thusB. andC. soD. and which4. I don’t mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink, but it is rather too much when ten people arrive ______ for dinner.A. unusuallyB. excessivelyC. consequentlyD. unexpectedly5. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ______ in the area on the night of the fire.A. to beB. to have beenC. having beenD. be6. Look at this mess! If only I ______ your advice.A. followB. had followedC. would followD. have followed7. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______.A. than more on efficiency C. and more on efficiencyB. and more efficiency D. than efficiency8. Though I had tried to explain it as clearly as possible, my explanation seemed not to ______.A. get upB. get alongC. get acrossD. get down9. We will see ______ the children are properly educated.A. to themB. to thatC. to it whetherD. to it that10. The famous inventor was awarded an ______ doctorate by the university.A. honoraryB. honorableC. honoredD. honorificPart B (10%)Directions: Of the questions 11-20, each has four underlined parts marked A., B., C and D respectively. Identify the ONE that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. 11. Fossils of plant that have been extinct for fifty million years have been found in largeA B Cdeposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.D 12. The increasing popularity of the motorcycle as a convenience, economical form ofA B C transportation has been just short of astounding.D 13. The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world’s most prestigious athletic中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tA Bcompetition, take place once every the four years.C D 14. Any property that a bankrupt person may still have is usually divided among the variousA B Cpeople to whom money are owed.D 15. A noisy aggressive cousin of the crow, the magpie has those bird’s thievish habits.A B C D 16. The spontaneity of children’s artwork sets it apart from the regulated uniformity ofA B much of what otherwise go on in traditional elementary classrooms.C D 17. It is estimated that a scientific principle has a life expectancy of approximately a decadeA B C before it drastically revised or replaced by newer information.D 18. When the concentration of calcium in the blood is too low, the parathyroid glands beganA B C to secrete the hormone parathormone.D 19. Always since the creation of celluloid, plastics have been found to have a multitude ofA B C Dindustrial and commercial uses. 20. High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.A B C DPart C (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of “first come, first 21 .” The late arrivals may acquire 22 territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the 23 of the enemies of the species. 24 there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not 25 . In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict 26 territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, 27 , that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force 28 to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the case of those animals which are capable of 29 each other great harm, 30 is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.21. A. use B. serve C. served D. used22. A. larger B. better C. smaller D. worse中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t23. A. caves B. nests C. residences D. habitats24. A. Neither B. If C. Since D. Because25. A. breed B. produce C. mate D. compete26. A. for B. over C. with D. by27. A. moreover B. henceforth C. however D. yet28. A. compulsory B. essential C. necessary D. vital29. A. doing B. made C. given D. sending30. A. this B. that C. it D. thereSECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (40%)Directions: In this section you will read five passages. Each one is followed by four questions. To each question, you are to choose the one best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D respectively. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage OneEven today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse unease---whether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regions---rain-forest, mangrove swamp, parched plains of red earth---than any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseen---evil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger delta, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove , seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangroves---vistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), I found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.31. There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa. ______.A. This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa.B. This fact makes West Africa seem even stranger.C. This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. This fact has been greatly overemphasized.32. A lot of the old African religion has to do with ______.A. kidnapping peopleB. keeping the spirits awakeC. human sacrificeD. keeping the spirits happy33. The author was kept awake by ______.A. a ghostB. his friendC. the witchesD. eerie feelings34. “Mangrove” means ______.A. a sort of birdB. a sort of manC. a sort of treeD. a sort of animalPassage TwoPerhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.35. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Difficulties of writing satiric literature.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tB. Popular topics of satire.C. New philosophies emerging from satiric literature.D. Reasons for the popularity of satire.36. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?A. They are famous examples of satiric literature.B. They present commonsense solutions to problems.C. They are appropriate for readers of all ages.D. They are books with similar stories.37. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?A. Newly emerging philosophies.B. Odd combination of objects and ideas.C. Abstract discussion of morals and ethics.D. Wholesome characters who are unselfish.38. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be ______.A. informed about new scientific developmentB. exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC. reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD. told how they can be of service to their communitiesPassage ThreeCertainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped---hence their name---and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with their flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate--feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t39. According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?A. Because it helps them digest food.B. Because it helps them protect themselves from danger.C. Because it makes it easier for them to move through mud.D. Because it makes them attractive to fish.40. The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses ______.A. the reproduction of sea cucumbersB. the food sources of sea cucumbersC. the eating habits of sea cucumbersD. threats to sea cucumbers’ existence41. What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?A. They are very sensitive to the surrounding stimuli.B. They are almost useless.C. They require group cooperation.D. They are similar to those of most sea creatures.42. Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?A. A touchB. FoodC. Unusually warm waterD. PollutionPassage FourIn most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too flexible to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tforced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.43. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB. defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC. discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD. comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events44. It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?A. The earthquake was a deep event.B. The earthquake was a shallow event.C. The earthquake focus was distant.D. The earthquake had a low peak intensity.45. The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?A. Stress must build up.B. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C. A fracture must occur.D. Both A and C.46. The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?A. Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B. Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.C. Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D. The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.Passage FiveArchaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tHere we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l’melekh handles have been found in abundance--more than 4000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.47. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose ______.A. an alternative to museum display of artifactsB. a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professionC. the governmental regulation of archaeological sitesD. a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts48. The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT ______.A. A market for such artifacts already existsB. Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC. Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifactsD. Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections49. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?A. Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.B. Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.C. Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.D. Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.50. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?A. An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B. Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C. Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D. Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.SECTION III TRANSLATION (30%)Part ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese. (I5%)Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW’s - such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e ttheir dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.” The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious. Part B Directions: Choose 3 out of the following 4 sentences and put them into English. (15%) 1．科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然，在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人，他们具有特殊的能力进行思考与分析，具有无限的耐心进行观察与收集数据。
南开大学 2007年马克思主义哲学考研欧美哲学通史真题,考研参考书
南开大学2007年马克思主义哲学考研欧美哲学通史真题，考研参考书2007一、解释题(每题10分)1、世界是一团永恒的活火(赫拉克利特)2、美德即知识(苏格拉底)3、我思故我在(笛卡尔)4、因果关系是习惯的联想(休谟)5、逻辑是哲学的本质(罗素)上帝死了(尼采)二、论述(任选三题,每题30分)1、陈述柏拉图理念论的主要内容,并就这一理论在西方哲学发展史中的地位及影响做出自己的分析评价。
2、叙述康德的先验感性论的主要内容,并对这一理论的历史意义做出分析和评价。
3、后期的胡塞尔是如何论述生活世界与科学世界的关系的?你如何看待他的观点?4、前期维特根斯坦认为“全部哲学就是语言批判”,而后期的维特根斯坦则认为“哲学处理问题如治病一般”,请分析哲两种哲学观的异同。
复习进度时间内容准备阶段2016年1月-2016年6月育明教育课程：授课内容：学科框架考试重点复习任务：1.专业课：专业课大概复习二遍。
复习方法：第一遍，在明确重点的基础上，把握参考书的目录和框架。
育明教育咨询师认为，首先掌握每本书的目录和框架，对于建立学科体系有莫大裨益。
尤其是对于跨专业的考生来说，通过这种方法可以迅速建立学科体系，把握答题的思路和脉络。
在把握参考书的目录的时候，不是死记硬背，这样是没有用的。
作者在写书的时候，都是有一定的逻辑体系的，否则，岂不是每个章节之间都可以随意调换。
因此，把握了参考书写作的内在逻辑，记忆起来就简单多了。
第二遍，结合重点，把参考书认真研读一遍，不遗漏任何一个知识点。
这一遍主要是帮助进一步理解参考书的脉络，其次，对整个参考书的内容有一个宏观把握和了解。
但是，不要太拘泥于细小的知识点。
2.考研英语考研复习前期，主要是以单词为主，大概背诵两遍。
采取的复习方法是“反复，快速，多次“。
每天大概背诵的单词在150个以上为佳。
3.考研政治此阶段，可以先不去关注政治。
除非政治极差。
2016年7月-8月育明教育课程：授课内容：1.明确专业课具体的考点2.开始记忆1.专业课任务：记忆重要概念和知识框架这个阶段基本安排是在专业课上安排36个课时，代课老师会给你讲解难点，考点，需要你能做好笔记，并且按时完成作业，我们会随时抽查！另外对于重要的知识点和参考书的框架，要有一个简单的记忆，这个记忆是建立在理解的基础上的。
南京大学外国哲学考研试题(2019-2019)共17页
南京大学外国哲学考研真题（2019——2019）2019年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、为什么说实践的观点是马克思主义哲学的首要的基本的观点？2、简述你对历史唯物主义的意识形态概念的理解。
3、我们说：“意识并不是自然界从来就有的，但它却在自然界有着自己深厚的基础和前提，这就是物质形态普遍的反映特性”。
请从物质形态普遍反映特性的角度简述人类意识的起源。
二、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、恩格斯说：“每一时代的理论思维，我们时代的理论思维，都是一种历史的产物，在不同的时代具有非常不同的形态，并因而具有非常不同的内容。
”试从认识的历史演化的角度说明“三个代表”思想与马克思主义理论之间的继承与发展的关系。
2、试阐述马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学之间的关系。
三、名词解释（任选三题，每题10分，共30分）1、回忆说（柏拉图）2、奥康剃刀（或奥卡姆剃刀）（中世纪哲学）3、温和怀疑论（休谟）4、公意（或总意志）（卢梭）四、论述题（任选两题，每题25分，共50分）1、亚里士多德如何论述美德伦理，他心目中恢宏大度的君子是什么样子的，这与其中庸之道有什么关系？这种美德伦理在今天具有怎样的现实意义？2、唯理论和经验论各自的思想特点是什么？英国经验主义与大陆理性主义平行发展，为什么不能相互完全替代？3、什么是康德的”哥白尼革命“？什么叫先天综合判断？此类判断对于自然科学有什么意义？科学能够证明”人为自然立法“的命题吗？2019年现代西方哲学一、名词解释（任选5题，每题12分，共60分）1、绵延（柏格森）2、试错法（波普尔）3、“经验主义的两个教条”（奎因）4、存在先于本质（萨特）5、解构（德里达）6、“自然之镜”（罗蒂）二、论述题（任选三题，每题30分，共90分）1、试论尼采的价值重估理论及其意义，西方社会传统的基督教伦理是否因此而崩溃？2、论述维特根斯坦后期的“语言游戏说”，它与前期的“图像说”有什么关系？这与其关于哲学的根本看法有何联系？3、库恩的科学革命理论的主要内容是什么？其历史主义科学哲学思想在当代科学哲学中处于怎样的地位？4、评述法兰克福学派的工具理性批判思想，这种批判是否真实地反映了当代西方社会的实质？请稍微详细的阐述你的理由？2019年哲学综合一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、马克思主义哲学创立的理论前提是什么？2、恩格斯说：“社会一旦有技术上的需要，则这种需要就会比十所大学更能把科学推向前进。
南京大学文学院历年考博试题
古代文学专业试题98年（六题选五题）一、汉武帝时期的文学成就主要表现在哪些方面？在文学史上的意义何在？请简述之。
（20）二、元稹《杜甫墓志铭》："至于子美，盖所谓上薄《风》、《骚》，下该沈、宋，古傍苏、李，气夺曹、刘。
掩颜、谢之孤高，杂徐、庾之流丽、尽得古今之体势、而兼人人之所独专矣。
"请结合诗史，谈谈你对这段论述的看法。
（20）三、《四库全书总目提要》："词自晚唐五代以来，以清切婉丽为宗。
至柳永而一变，如诗家之有白居易；至轼而又一变，如诗家之有韩愈，遂开南宋辛弃疾等一派。
寻源溯流，不能不谓之别格，然谓之不工则不可。
"请结合词史，谈谈对这段论述的看法。
（20）四、试比较董《西厢》和王《西厢》的成就和异同。
（20）五、清末小说非常繁荣，有讽刺小说、狎邪小说和侠义小说等，试对其盛况作一简述。
（20）六、明代小说从内容和形式上看，各有哪几种类型？略述其成就和特点。
（20）古代文学专业试题99年（七题任选五题，每题20分。
）一、试论《诗经》的采集、整理、流传及"六义"之说。
二、刘勰《文心雕龙诠赋》："赋也者，受命于诗人，拓字于楚辞也。
于是荀况礼智，宋玉风钓，爰锡名号，与诗画境，六义附庸，蔚成大国。
述客主以首引，极声貌以穷文，斯盖别诗之原始，命赋之厥初也。
"请结合这段话，谈谈你对战国、两汉赋的发展以及赋不同于诗歌的艺术风貌。
三、西晋武帝太康至惠帝元康年间，文坛上出现一批作家，史称"太康之英"其，其中主要包括哪些诗人？略述其创作成就。
四、试述白居易诗论与新乐府运动。
五、况周颐《惠风词话》："作词有三要：曰重、拙、大，南渡诸贤不可及处在是。
"请结合词史，说明自己的看法。
六、试论关汉卿的杂剧创作成果及思想内涵。
七、清初至中叶长篇小说极为繁荣，有文言小说，有白话小说，试对其中文言小说盛况作一简述.2006年博士生入学考试（比较文学与世界文学）------------------------------------------------------------------------------西方文学批评史（5选4，25*4）1 评介柏拉图对西方文学批评的贡献2 评介阿布拉姆斯的《镜与灯》中文学因素与文学坐标的理论3 试比较佛洛伊德的精神分析理论与西方传统文论4 “美是生活”是谁提出的？予以简要介绍和评价5 评介“宏大叙事”理论欧美文学史（6选4，25*4）1 巴赫金对拉伯雷、塞万提斯的“狂欢化”解读与传统的对它们的现实主义评说有何区别？2 谈谈西方文学对鲁迅的影响以及鲁迅的接受3 福楼拜的《包法利夫人》对后世的现代小说有何意义？4 宗教在陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说中有何作用？5 古希腊悲剧中的命运与哈代小说中的宿命论有何相通之处？6 试根据你看过的外国文学史（欧洲文学史、欧美文学史、国别体文学史等）中选择两部差别最大的，说出你的你的取舍及理由2000年南京大学中国古代文学专业博士生入学试题：一、学术史1、孟荀异同论。
南京大学现代西方哲学试卷及整理答案2000-2012
现代西方哲学00 一、名词解释（任选5题，每题8分，共40分）1.人道教（孔德）孔德既反对社会主义和共产主义，也反对资产阶级民主制度。
认为社会应由掌握了实证知识的管理者阶级来领导，他们起着中世纪君主和贵族的作用。
孔德认为人的最高道德责任或道德生活的最高形态就是对人类的爱和为人类服务。
对个人来说，人类是最高的存在物，应当对之服从和崇敬。
孔德把这种崇拜人类――作为爱的化身的道德实体――的宗教称为人道教。
而哲学是基础、政治是目的，而宗教和道德又将哲学和政治等统一起来。
2.社会有机体论（斯宾塞）斯宾塞认为社会学是研究人类社会的产生、发展、结构和功能的学问。
在他看来，社会现象也象自然现象一样具有某种齐一性。
他的社会有机体论用进化论来解释社会现象，使社会学生物学化。
社会有机体具有与动物的营养、循环分配和调节相应的三个系统，即劳动阶级、商人阶级和管理者阶级。
但它与动物有机体的最重要差别之一是，动物的各个器官（例如四肢）是为着整体的生存而生存的，而在社会有机体中，整体是为了它的各个部分的存在而存在，社会本身不应成为目的。
维护公民的个人自由（个体性）是社会的根本职责。
国家的调节作用应当是消除个人之间的冲突以及一切对个人自由的侵犯。
跟自然界一样，适者生存是社会进化的原则。
3.柏格森哲学中的理智与直觉与纯粹时间与物理时间相对应,有两种认识途径: 直觉和理智。
直觉通过对内心意识状态的体验把握绵延。
在直觉中, 本能与实在融为一体, “精神直接地洞察精神”,达到了主观与客观的一致。
理智的特征是分析,是从整体到部分、从运动到静止的几何与逻辑的方法。
理智的对象是空间中的事物,这是人类为解决日常生活问题而不得不采取的方法。
理智没有能力处理活的、创造性的、自由的东西, 它们只能是直观的对象。
柏格森认为科学与形而上学有不同的方法与对象, 科学研究物质, 形而上学研究精神。
两者应各得其所。
4.胡塞尔的生活世界概念* 如果按“无前提”的标准来衡量, 现象学还原并没有达到真正的始源, 只达到了笛卡儿—康德哲学传统认为不证自明的概念———自我意识。
2011-2014南大中哲真题
2011年南京大学哲学综合+中国哲学原著真题先给你们看看今年的题目吧，大部分我还记得：（带下划线的以前考过）哲学综合一、简答（4*10'）1、实践是社会性的历史过程。
2、马克思主义哲学条件论的基本观点。
3、谈谈个人与社会的辩证关系。
4、认识的过程是合规律性与合目的性的统一。
二、论述（2*15'）1、为什么说马克思主义哲学是革命的批判的哲学？2、论述马克思主义文化论的基本观点。
三、作者（2*8'）大同书大学问道德经复性书论衡通书论语（忘了两个，欢迎补充）四、名词解释（4*6'）1、五行2、八识3、离坚白4、鹅湖之会五、论述（2*20'）1、孟子“仁政”思想评述。
2、程朱理学“理”的主要内涵。
中国哲学原著一、出处或作者（2*15'）1、致中和，天地位焉，万物育焉。
2、和实生物，同则不继。
3、知之非艰，行之惟艰。
4、行之非艰，知之惟艰。
5、道不离人，人不离道。
（坛经）6、以类合之，天人一也。
7、天人本无二，不必言合。
8、得意在忘象，得象在忘言。
9、若无心而已，尔介有心，即具三千。
10、存，吾顺事；没，吾宁也。
11、人者，天地万物之心也。
（王守仁）12、性者，心之理也；情者，性之用也；心者，性情之主也。
（朱熹）13、莫之为而为者，天也；莫之致而至者，命也。
（孟子）剩下两个忘了二、原著填空（2*10'）1、我有三宝，持而保之，一曰慈，二曰俭，三曰不敢为天下先。
2、质胜文则野，文胜质则史，文质彬彬，然后君子。
3、孔德之容，惟道是从。
道之为物，惟恍惟惚。
惚兮恍兮，其中有象；恍兮惚兮，其中有物。
4、子墨子言曰：有本之者，有原之者，有用之者。
三、翻译（2*20'）1、物无非彼，物无非是。
自彼则不见，自知则知之。
故曰：彼出于是，是亦因彼。
彼是，方生之说也。
虽然，方生方死，方死方生；方可方不可，方不可方可；因是因非，因非因是。
是以圣人不由而照之于天，亦因是也。
学科门类深度解析 01哲学
哲学门类考研产品部专业课教研中心第1页共37页目录一、学科深度解析（哲学） (4)（一）学科组织框架 (4)（二）专业介绍 (5)1.哲学 (5)（三）就业前景 (6)1.哲学 (6)（四）就业方向 (8)1.哲学 (8)二、学科专业排名（哲学） (10)2.1研招单位按哲学门类全国排名 (10)2.2研招单位按哲学门类分地区排名 (11)2.2.1北京 (11)2.2.2上海 (13)2.2.3天津、内蒙古 (14)2.2.4陕西 (15)2.2.5重庆、四川、云南、贵州 (16)2.2.6山东、山西 (17)2.2.7浙江 (18)2.2.8安徽、江西 (19)2.2.9福建、广东、广西、海南 (20)2.2.10东北 (22)2.2.11河北、河南 (23)2.2.12湖北、湖南 (24)第2页共37页2.2.13江苏 (25)2.2.14新疆、甘肃、宁夏、青海、西藏 (27)三、学科专业分数线（马克思主义哲学） (29)四、报录比（马克思主义哲学） (32)五、真题（哲学） (34)5.1中国人民大学 (34)5.2北京大学 (35)5.3首都师范大学 (36)六、复习方法（哲学） (36)第3页共37页一、学科深度解析（哲学）（一）学科组织框架第4页共37页（二）专业介绍1.哲学1.1马克思主义哲学马克思主义哲学学科是哲学的二级学科，主要研究辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义。
要求研究生系统地掌握马克思主义唯物论、辩证法、认识论、历史观原理、原著以及哲学其他二级学科的基本观点、基本立场和基本方法，培养其独立地分析问题和解决问题的能力。
1.2中国哲学中国哲学隶属于哲学一级学科，它致力于研究世界的本原和古今历史演变的规律，形成了自己独具民族特色的自然观、历史观、伦理观、认识论和方法论。
1.3外国哲学西方哲学是研究西方从古代至当代哲学思想发展变化及其社会影响的专门学科。
西方哲学大约经历了古希腊罗马哲学、中世纪哲学和近代哲学三个时期。
2007年苏州大学中西哲学史B考研真题【圣才出品】
2007年苏州大学中西哲学史B考研真题
2007中西哲学史（B卷）
中国哲学部分（75分）
一、名词、名著解释（5*5=25分）
1、兼爱（墨子）
2、般若
3、形神相即（范缜）
4、中体西用（张之洞）
5、《中庸》
二、简答题（10*3=30分）
1、试述孔子“克己复礼”的仁学思想。
2、试述王弼“以无为本”的玄学思想。
3、试述朱熹“格物致知”的理学思想。
三、论述题（20分）
论述王充的元气自然论及其对董仲舒天人感应论的批判。
西方哲学部分（75分）
一、名词解释（5*5=25分）
1、原子和虚空（德谟克利特）
2、回忆说（柏拉图）
3、唯名论和实在论（中世纪）
4、预定和谐说（莱布尼茨）
5、两种性质说（洛克）
二、简答题（10*3=30分）
1、简述霍布斯的机械论哲学。
2、论述爱尔维修的功利主义伦理观。
3、论述黑格尔关于真理是全体的思想。
三、论述题（20分）
试论亚里士多德的实体学说。
南京大学哲学综合A考研模拟五套卷与答案解析
目录Ⅰ模拟五套卷 (2)南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题一 (2)南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题二 (3)南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题三 (4)南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题四 (5)南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题五 (6)Ⅱ答案解析与思路点拨 (7)模拟试题一答案解析与思路点拨 (7)模拟试题二答案解析与思路点拨 (24)模拟试题三答案解析与思路点拨 (37)模拟试题四答案解析与思路点拨 (48)模拟试题五答案解析与思路点拨 (62)Ⅰ模拟五套卷南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题一考试科目名称及代码：哲学综合A 635适用专业：马克思主义哲学、外国哲学、逻辑学、伦理学注意：所有答案必须写在研究生入学考试答题纸上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效。
一、简答题：（每题10分，共30分）1.请简述哲学的社会功能？2.请简述马克思主义哲学创立的理论前提？3.怎样理解历史不过是全部追求着自己目的的人的活动的总和？二、论述题：（每题20分，共40分）1.哲学的发展与文明的创造和演进的关系是什么？2.为什么说马克思主义哲学是以实践范畴为核心的完整的理论体系？三、概念解释：（任选3题，每题10分，共30分）1.逻各斯（赫拉克利特）2.理念世界和可感世界（柏拉图）3.属性（斯宾诺莎）4.公意四、论述题：（任选2题，每题25分，共50分）1.比较亚里士多德和黑格尔对“存在”的看法2.试论述西方哲学史中的怀疑论思想3.你读过康德的那些哲学著作，请阐述康德的先验感性论。
南京大学2020年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题二考试科目名称及代码：哲学综合A 635适用专业：马克思主义哲学、外国哲学、逻辑学、伦理学注意：所有答案必须写在研究生入学考试答题纸上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效。
一、简答题：（每题10分，共30分）1.请简述物质生产力的构成？2.请简述认识的本质？3.精神生产的涵义及其特点是什么？二、论述题：（每题20分，共40分）1.马克思主义创立的进程？2.为什么说人类从必然王国向自由王国的飞跃？三、概念解释：（任选3题，每题10分，共30分）1.存在（巴门尼德）2.潜能与现实（亚里士多德关于）3.单子4.归纳法（弗兰西斯·培根）四、论述题：（任选2题，每题25分，共50分）1.请对巴门尼德“存在着存在，它不可能不存在”这个命题做出解释2.如何理解康德《实践理性批判》中的三个公社：灵魂不死、意志-自由、上帝存在？3.你读过黑格尔的那些哲学著作，请阐述黑格尔的存在论。
南京大历年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题
南京大历年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题南京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题1.怎样理解维特根斯坦所说的”一个人对于不能谈的事情就应该沉默”?2.试论奎因对于”经验主义两个教条”的批判及其意义。
3.实用主义世界观与近代哲学世界观的区别主要在哪里?这一区别导致了怎样的后果?4.伯林如何论述积极自由与消极自由的关系,并且把它与英美和欧洲大陆政治哲学的核心理念间的差别联系起来?试评价这些论述的历史意义和现实意义。
5.当代伦理学中的义务论与功利论的争论经久不息,它们的主要争议点在何处,理论基础的差别何在?试举出其中一方的某个核心观点来说明其论证上的长处和可能的漏洞(比如罗尔斯如何批评功利主义,而功利主义者又是如何反驳他的批评的?)6.今天人们常谈人性化管理和人际行为理论,但在多样化的管理当中,在诉诸人的情感和心理因素的管理思潮中,科学和理性的因素究竟还有多大意义?现代科学和技术的先进手段和认识理念对于管理思想的发展是否仍然发生重要的影响?南京大学2006年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题1.罗尔斯后期阐述的政治自由主义与其前期正义理论的主要联系和区别是什么?什么是重叠共识,一个现代多元社会里人们信奉不同的广包学说和信仰体系,发生重大冲突时靠什么来维护基本政治秩序的稳定?宪政主义在今天政治哲学的语境下有没有什么新的解释?2.什么叫自由至上主义?请举出哈耶克、诺齐克或当代其他自由至上主义者当中的一位来分析其在强调个人自由权利时，如何解决自由与平等之间的紧张？试举一种批评自由至上主义的平等理论略作分析。
你认为自由与平等是必然对立的，还是可以平衡兼顾的？为什么？3.什么是“语言学转向”？“语言学转向”的意义在哪里？你是否赞成这一转向，不论赞成与否，请提出你的理由。
4.什么是分析哲学传统？什么是现象学传统？分析哲学传统和现象学传统的主要区别是什么？在你看来，两者是否可能融合？不论你认为能或不能，都请具体给出理由。
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南京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题1.奎因整体论思想的主要内容是什么?库恩的范式理论在哪些方面继承和发展了奎因的思想?
2.试比较后期维特根斯坦和海德格尔的同和异.
3.当代自由主义政治哲学的主要理论出发点是什么?请选择其中两点进行论述.
4.什么是自由至上主义?从哈耶克到诺齐克为什么把自由放在首位,,自由与平等之间的辩证关系如何?
5.有人认为,在海德格尔的存在理论中,存在伦理的真空,你如何看待这种观点.
6.试论哈贝马斯的交往行为理论及其意义.。