黑人文学American_Black_Literature
Black American Literature非裔美国人文学
The Negro Speaks of Rivers---Langston Hughes
I’ve known rivers: I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heart the singing of Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I’ve seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I’ve known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.
has acquired the status of a major classic in American literature.
James Baldwin(1924---1986)
Go Tell It on the Mountain(1954)
---It is remarkable in both thematic and technical terms.
黑人文学的历史与文化表达
黑人文学的历史与文化表达黑人文学是指由非洲裔美国人创作的文学作品，它承载着黑人群体的历史、文化和身份认同。
本文将探讨黑人文学的历史背景以及在文化表达方面的重要性。
一、黑人文学的起源与发展黑人文学的起源可以追溯到殖民时期的美国。
由于奴隶制度的存在，黑人作家和艺术家长期被剥夺了表达自己的权利。
然而，在这样的压迫环境下，黑人文学开始萌芽，并逐渐崭露头角。
1.奴隶叙事的兴起奴隶叙事是黑人文学的重要组成部分。
这些作品通常由逃亡奴隶或自由黑人撰写，以第一人称叙述方式呈现他们被奴役、剥削和迫害的实际经历。
其中最著名的作品包括弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的《奴隶的叙事》和哈里埃特·雅各布斯的《逃亡的奴隶的故事》。
2.黑人文艺复兴20世纪初，随着黑人社会的觉醒和种族平等主义的兴起，黑人文学经历了一次重要的变革。
这一时期被称为黑人文艺复兴，黑人作家们通过自己的作品反映了社会的不公和种族歧视。
托妮·莫里森的《亲爱的》和朱利安·邦塞的《无耐烦的人》都是这一时期的经典之作。
3.后现代黑人文学的兴起20世纪末至21世纪初，后现代主义对黑人文学产生了深远影响。
黑人作家开始挑战传统的文学形式和语言，以探索独特的身份和文化。
托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》和巴拉克·奥巴马的《梦想之地》都是后现代黑人文学的代表作品。
二、黑人文学的文化表达黑人文学不仅仅是文学作品的创作，它还承载着黑人群体的历史和文化。
通过对黑人文学的研究，我们可以更好地理解黑人社会的演变和黑人身份的建构。
1.反映黑人历史和文化黑人文学通过作品中的故事和人物来反映黑人的历史和文化。
例如，亚历山大·哈利的《根》通过凯茜家族的故事，展现了奴隶制度对黑人生活的摧残和抗争。
这些作品帮助我们更加深入地了解黑人在历史长河中的地位和遭遇。
2.探索黑人身份与自我认同黑人文学也是黑人群体探索自我身份和自我认同的重要工具。
通过对作品中黑人人物的塑造和心理描写，读者能够更好地理解黑人经历的多样性和复杂性。
美国黑人文学的发展和成就
Trouble, trouble, I've had it all my days, Trouble, trouble, I've had it all my days; It seems like trouble going to follow me to my grave. I ain't never loved but three mens in my life; I ain't never loved but three men in my life: My father, my brother, the man that wrecked my life. It may be a week, it may be a month or two, It may be a week, it may be a month or two, But the day you quit me, honey, it's comin' home to you. I got the world in a jug, the stopper's in my hand, I got the world in a jug, the stopper's in my hand, I'm gonna hold it until you meet some of my demands.
抗議小說、憤怒文學 Native Son
11
Ralph Ellison Invisible Man
“I remember that I am invisible and walk softly so as not to awaken the sleeping ones.”
美国黑人批评文学概述
美国黑人批评文学概述美国黑人女性主义文学批评综述摘要：美国黑人女性主义批评在20世纪70年代崛起并迅速发展，成为当代西方文学与批评领域的新思潮。
它引入了性别、种族、阶级等共时性话语，并借鉴其它当代文学批评理论，建构了自己独特的文学特色，丰富了女性主义的内涵，不仅推动了当代女性主义文学批评、美国黑人文学批评的发展, 也是美国文学批评中不可或缺的一部分。
关键词：黑人女性主义；文学批评；性别；种族；阶级（一）女性主义运动在历史上经历了很长一段发展、成熟的过程。
早在文艺复兴时期，薄迦丘、乔叟等人文主义者已开始呼吁家庭婚姻中的“男女平等”。
1729年，英国的克雷弗特(Mary Wollstone Craft)发表了题为《女性权利》的论著。
19世纪出现妇女解放运动的萌芽。
20世纪初开始了更积极争取男女平等和选举权的运动，被称为西方女性主义运动的“第一次浪潮”。
在这期间也出现了女性主义批评的声音。
以弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫的《一间自己的屋子》(1929)为先声，西蒙．德．波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）1949年出版了《第二性》，大大深化了女性主义思想，这对以后的西方女性主义思潮产生了重要的引导作用。
20世纪60、70年代，西方的女性主义运动进入“第二次浪潮”，主要以反对男性在家庭的统治为核心，强调男女平等，鼓励妇女走出家庭，参加工作，实现经济独立。
这个时期的女性运动主要是争取白人妇女的权利，白人女性主义者成为所有女性的代言人，她们把自己的生活经历和观点普适化，而忽略了黑人女性和其它第三世界女性的差异性。
莫汉蒂在《在西方注视下：女性主义学术研究与殖民话语》一书中指出，西方女性主义者在提到“妇女”这个范畴时，不约而同的把它看作一个先验的、统一的、有一致利益和欲望的整体，而有意忽略它内部包含阶级、种族、文化等差异。
美国的白人妇女很难将黑人妇女视为平等的姐妹，甚至很难视她们为女人，这就导致了白人女权主义者不可能真正站在黑人妇女的立场上为她们谋求福利。
African-American-Literature知识讲解
3. Modernism
• Zora Neale Hurston: Their Eyes Were Watching God • Richard Wright: Native son • Ralph Ellison: The Invisible Man
• The outpouring of African American literature in the 1980s and 1990s by such writers as Toni Morrison, Alice Walker.
“If We Must Die” by Mckay
If we must die, let it not be like hogs 若我们必须牺牲，不要像猪一般死去
Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot, 被囚禁在一个不体面的处所，
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs 疯狂而饥饿的狗在我们周围吠叫
Though far outnumbered let us show us brave, 尽管敌人数目众多，让我们鼓起勇气来，
And for their thousand blows deal one death blow! 把对他们的万千控诉汇成致命一击！
黑人文学
• Paul Laurence Dunbar, 保尔· 劳伦斯· 邓巴 who often wrote in the rural, black dialect of the day, was the first African American poet to gain national prominence. His first book of poetry, Oak and Ivy, was published in 1893. Much of Dunbar's work, such as When Malindy Sings (1906), which includes photographs taken by the Hampton Institute Camera Club, and Joggin' Erlong (1906) provide revealing glimpses into the lives of rural African-Americans of the day.
• The Harlem Renaissance marked a turning point for African American literature. Prior to this time, books by African Americans were primarily read by other Black people. With the renaissance, though, African American literature—as well as black fine art and performance art—began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture.
美国黑人文学初探
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研究美国黑人文学的重要参考书——评吉尔亚德、沃迪的《美国黑人文学》
第三，对于作品的选取不拘一格，题材与体式多样化，全面展示了黑人文学的独特性。 在传统的文学史教材中，往往只“精选”所谓的名家名篇供学生阅读、分析，而《美国黑人文 学》选取的作家多达１５０余位、作品２３６篇，这还不包括作者在“延伸阅读（Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ Ｒｅａｄ—
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随着２０世纪５０、６０年代美国民权运动的高涨，美国黑人反对种族歧视、争取民族平等
的黑色权利运动也开展得如火如荼，而反映这一美国现实的美国黑人文学，也随之进入美国
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Ａｍｅ砌ｎ厅“￡ｅｍ￡ｕ陀），是一部关于美国黑人文学的大学教材，可以说它是迄今为止有关美
国黑人文学最为全面和系统的一部教材。由吉尔亚德与沃迪合著的这部高校文科教材《美 国黑人文学》，囊括了美国历史上几乎所有知名与不知名的黑人作家的不同体裁作品，包括 小说、诗歌、戏剧、演讲、歌词等等，以及关于这些作家的介绍和名篇的选读章节。此书已经 成为美国高校黑人文学教学的“百科全书”，为进一步研究美国黑人文学提供了详实的背景
三个世纪，主题涉及１２种不同类型，但实际上贯穿始终关注的却是同一个内容：作为少数民
族的黑人在美国社会中的生活和地位。所以，美国黑人文学史其实就是一部关于美国黑人 争取民族自由与平等的政治史。 第四，“百科全书”式的附录。本书的三个附录尤其值得推崇，内容丰富、信息量大，便 于读者迅速查到相关信息。第一个附录“美国黑人文学年表”非常具有参考价值：凡是关于 黑人文学史或政治史上的“第一”，无论是人物还是政治、历史事件，读者都可以在这里找到 线索。第二个附录列出了本书的所有参考书目，详细介绍了教材中引用的所有作品的出处， 以方便读者追查进一步的信息。第三个附录是“索引”，简要注明了作品引用的页码，也能
美国黑人文学 Black literature
-The second phase
• began in the 1920s • led by Langston Hughes • re-evaluated their artistic talent • characters of more independence and rebel spirit
-Harlem Renaissance
- New Negro Cultural Movement • from 1920s to 1930s • advocate cultural heritage, break negative stereotype and campaign against racial discrimination • Native Son by Richard Wright
Contemporary Black literature
--an era of diversity
Thank you
Black Figures in American Literature
- Colonial Period - Early Development
- The Shenandoah Valley - The Uncle's Tom's Cabin
• George: courageous and prudent
Native Son
• Published in 1940 • Protagonist: Bigger Thomas • killed a young white woman • sentenced to death
Ectract
• "Maybe it ain't fair to kill, and I reckon I really didn't want to kill. But when I think of why all the killing was, I begin to feel what I wanted, what I am? They wouldn't let me live and I killed. What I killed for must've been good!" Bigger's voice was full of frenzied anguish. "It must have been good! When a man kills, it's for something? I didn't know I was really alive in this world until I felt things hard enough to kill for 'em"
5. 二十世纪黑人文学
The Twentieth-Century Black American Literature二十世纪黑人文学I. The Rise of Black American LiteratureThe literary achievement of African-Americans was one of the most striking literary developments of the post-Civil War era. In the writing of Booker T. Washington, Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and others, the roots of black American writing took hold, notably in the forms of autobiography, protest literature, sermons, poetry, and song.1. 华盛顿B.T. WashingtonProfile(1856.4.5,美国弗吉尼亚州富兰克林县～1915.11.14,亚拉巴马州塔斯基吉)born April 5, 1856, Franklin county, Va., U.S.died Nov. 14, 1915, Tuskegee, Ala.U.S. educator and reformer.美国教育家和黑人领袖。
出生于一个奴隶家庭，在黑奴解放后举家迁往西弗吉尼亚州。
9岁起即开始工作，后就学于弗吉尼亚州汉普顿师范和农业技术专科学校(1872～1875)，并在该校工作过。
1881年获选担任塔斯基吉师范学校校长，这是一所新设的黑人师范学校。
他成功地使该校成为著名的学院(参阅塔斯基吉大学[Tuskegee University])。
在当时他可能是最突出的黑人领袖。
美国黑人小说
What is possible for me is possible for you -- Frederick
Douglass
Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman.
"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it."
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
• generally held to be the most famous of a number of narratives written by former slaves during the same period • the text describes the events of his life and is considered to be one of the most influential pieces of literature to fuel the abolitionist movement of the early 19th century in the United States.
• Uncle Julius's stories are derived from African-American folk tales and include many supernatural occurrences built around hoodoo conjuring traditions. They are less idealistic and romanticized than John's understanding of Southern culture. They tell of black resistance to and revenge against white culture.
黑人文学
Important Features
1. Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers produced a sizable body of literature in the four prominent genres of poetry, fiction, drama, and essay.
3. Common themes: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience. 4. HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others
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2. The notion of "twoness" , a divided awareness of one's identity, was introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).and the author of the influential book The Souls of Black Folks (1903): "One ever feels his two-ness - an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."
美国黑人小说
4. Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复 兴(1920 -- 1940 )
• novelist Zora Neale Hurston佐拉· 尼尔· 赫斯顿, Their Eyes Were Watching God《他们眼望上苍》(1937) 是黑人文学中第一部充分展示黑人女子内心女性意识觉醒的作品. 她 让一位黑人妇女而不是男人独领风骚，使被遮蔽的女性自信与自强重 新成为社会的关注点，一改美国黑人文学的性别模式，塑造出一个寻 找自我、表现自我、肯定自我的黑人女性.
• Booker T. Washington布克· 华盛顿 (1856–1915) • In contrast to Du Bois, Washington believed that Blacks should first lift themselves up and prove themselves the equal of whites before asking for an end to racism.种族偏
Black American Novels 美国黑人小说
1. Early African American novelists
• William Wells Brown (1814–84) and Victor Séjour (1817– 74) produced the earliest works of fiction小说. • Séjour published his short story "Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto") in 1837. • It is the first known fiction by an African American, but as it was written in French and published in a French journal, it had apparently no influence on later American literature. Séjour never returned to African-American themes in his subsequent works.
American_black_literature
a knife in his back. Another black writer
dismissed Ellison because Ellison
demanded that writing skills must be
learned before political ideas can be
3
Ralph Ellison His life story:
Ralph Ellison （ 1914-1994 ） ,Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on March 1, 1914, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. From his birth, Ellison’s parents knew he was bound for prosperity. His father even named him for the great writer Ralph Waldo Emerson in an effort to ensure such success. As Ellison himself says in reference to his parents, “no matter what their lives had been, their children's lives would be lives of possibility.”
14
James Baldwin was the oldest child in a family of nine. He never knew his biological father. When he was three years old, his mother married a factory worker. James grew up with a severe step-father. He writes about a similar difficult relationship between father and son in Go Tell it on the Mountain (《向苍天呼吁》).
Black American Literature(美国黑人文学)
Black American LiteratureThe Black American Literature can also called African-American literature, is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉)and Olaudah Equiano(阿罗德·爱克伊诺), reaching early high points with slave narratives of the nineteenth century. The Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）of the 1920s was a time of flowering of literature and the arts. Writers of African-American literature have been recognized by the highest awards, including the Nobel Prize to Toni Morrison（托尼·莫里森）. Among the themes and issues explored in this literature are the role of African Americans within the larger American society, African-American culture, racism, slavery, and equality. African-American writing has tended to incorporate oral forms, such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues and rap.As African Americans' place in American society has changed over the centuries, so, has the focus of African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, the literature primarily consisted of memoirs by people who had escaped from slavery; the genre of slave narratives included accounts of life under slavery and the path of justice and redemption（救赎）to freedom. At the turn of the 20th century, non-fiction works by authors such as W. E. B. Du Bois（杜波依斯William Edward Burghardt Du Bois）and Booker T. Washington（布克·华盛顿）debated whether to confront or appease racist attitudes in the United States. During the American Civil Rights movement, authors such as Richard Wright（理查德·怀特）and Gwendolyn Brooks（格温多琳·布鲁克斯）wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Today, African-American literature has become accepted as an integral part of American literature, with books such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley（亚历克斯·哈利）, The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker（艾丽斯· 沃克）, which won the Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖）; and Beloved by Toni Morrison achieving both best-selling and award-winning status.In broad terms, African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States. It is highly varied. African-American literature has generally focused on the role of African Americans within the larger American society and what it means to be an American. As Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）professor Albert J. Raboteau has said, all African-American study "speaks to the deeper meaning of the African-American presence in this nation. This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all." African-American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in the United States, along with further themes such as African-American culture, racism, religion, slavery, a sense of home，and more.Characteristics and themesAfrican-American literature has been created within the larger realm(领域) of post-colonial literature （后殖民文学）, although scholars distinguish between the two, saying that "African American literature differs from most post-colonial literature in that it is written by members of a minority community who reside within a nation of vast wealth and economic power."African-American oral culture is rich in poetry, including spirituals, gospel music（福音音乐）, blues and rap. This oral poetry also appears in the African-American tradition of Christian sermons, which make use of deliberate repetition, cadence（节奏）and alliteration. African-American literature—especially written poetry, but also prose—has a strong tradition of incorporating all of these forms of oral poetry. These characteristics do not occur in all works by African-American writers.Some scholars resist using Western literary theory to analyze African-American literature. As the Harvard literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr.（小亨利‧路易斯‧盖茨）said, "My desire has been to allow the black tradition to speak for itself about its nature and various functions, rather than to read it, or analyze it, in terms of literary theories borrowed whole from other traditions, appropriated from without." One trope common to African-American literature is Signification. Gates claims that signifying ―is a trope in which are subsumed several other rhetorical tropes（修辞比喻）, including metaphor, metonymy（转喻）, synecdoche （提喻）, and irony, and also hyperbole（夸张法）an litotes（曲言法）, and metalepsis（进一步转喻法）.‖ Signification also refers to the way in which African-American ―authors read and critique other African American texts in an act of rhetorical self-definition‖HistoryEarly African American literatureAfrican American history predates the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African-American literature has similarly deep roots.Lucy Terry（路西特里）is the author of the oldest known piece of African-American literature: "Bars Fight". Although written in 1746, the poem was not published until 1855, when it was included in Josiah Holland's History of Western Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）.The poet Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉) (1753–84) published her book Poems on Various Subjects in 1773, three years before American independence. Born in Senegal（塞内加尔）, Wheatley was captured and sold into slavery at the age of seven. Brought to America, she was owned by a Boston merchant. By the time she was sixteen, she had mastered her new language of English. Her poetry was praised by many of the leading figures of the American Revolution, including George Washington, who thanked her for a poem written in his honor. Some whites found it hard to believe that a Black woman could write such refinedpoetry. Wheatley had to defend herself in court to prove that she had written her work. Some critics cite Wheatley's successful defense as the first recognition of African-American literature.Phillis Wheatley William Wells Brow Our NigAnother early African-American author was Jupiter Hammon (1711–1806). Hammon, considered the first published Black writer in America, published his poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries" as a broadside in early 1761. In 1778 he wrote an ode to Phillis Wheatley, in which he discussed their shared humanity and common bonds. In 1786, Hammon gave his "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York". Writing at the age of 76 after a lifetime of slavery, Hammon said, "If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall find nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves." He also promoted the idea of a gradual emancipation（释放）as a way to end slavery. Hammon is thought to have been a slave until his death. His speech was later reprinted by several abolitionist groups（废奴组织）.William Wells Brown (1814–84) and Victor Séjour (1817–74) produced the earliest works of fiction by African-American writers. Séjour was born free in New Orleans（新奥尔良）and moved to France at the age of 19. There he published his short story "Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto"黑白混血儿) in 1837. It is the first known fiction by an African American, but as it was written in French and published in a French journal, it had apparently no influence on later American literature. Séjour never returned to African-American themes in his subsequent works. Brown, on the other hand, was a prominent abolitionist, lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian in the United States. Born into slavery in the South, Brown escaped to the North, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer. Brown wrote Clotel; or, The President's Daughter (1853), considered to be the first novel written by an African American. It was based on the persistent rumor that president Thomas Jefferson had fathered a daughter with his slave Sally Hemings（塞利·海明斯）. The novel was first published in England.The first African-American novel published in the United States was Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859). It expressed the difficulties of lives of northern free Blacks.。
美国黑人文学——历史与文化潮流
African American Literature The Harlem Renaissance
Alain Locke (1886-1954) essayist, editor Claude McKay (1889-1948) poet Jean Toomer (1894-1967) poet Anne Spencer (1882-1975) poet
African American Literature The Harlem Renaissance
The artistic and socio-cultural awakening of African Americans in the 1920s and 1930s It was centered around the vibrant African American community in Harlem, New York, but had farreaching influence in art, music, literature and social thought. The interplay of art and race, and the aesthetic criteria for evaluating black writing are some of the intellectual legacies of the Harlem Renaissance.
African can Literature
History and Current Trends
African American Literature
The first writings by blacks in America was autobiographical and became known as the Slave Narrative Three themes developed in early African American writings around the issue of slavery: accommodation, protest, and escape
美国黑人文学的兴起与社会变革：从哈莱姆复兴到今天
美国黑人文学的兴起与社会变革：从哈莱姆复兴到今天引言美国黑人文学是美国文学中极具影响力和独特性的一个分支。
它的兴起始于20世纪初的哈莱姆复兴时期，通过黑人作家们生动而真实地描绘了黑人社区的生活和经历，以此对种族歧视、社会不公正发出强烈的声音。
自哈莱姆复兴以来，美国黑人文学一直在不断发展，并对美国社会产生了深远的影响。
哈莱姆复兴及其背景在20世纪初，哈莱姆成为了纽约市一个充满活力和创造力的黑人社区。
哈莱姆复兴是一个文艺复兴和思想变革的运动，在此期间出现了很多重要的黑人作家、诗人、音乐家、艺术家等。
这一时期被认为是美国黑人文学走向辉煌之路的起点。
哈莱姆复兴中的代表作品在哈莱姆复兴时期，许多重要的文学作品问世。
其中包括兰登·休斯的诗歌集《哈莱姆》、乔治·史密斯的小说《天堂失控》和鲁道夫·费舍尔的自传体小说《黑人之家》等。
这些作品以真实地描绘黑人社区的生活为特色，展示了黑人在一个种族分裂和不公平待遇的社会中的坚韧与生活智慧。
社会变革与文学表达美国黑人文学不仅仅是艺术品，它还是一种通过文字传递信息和呼吁正义的手段。
许多作家借助自己的作品来表达对种族歧视、贫困、暴力等问题的关注，并试图唤起公众对这些问题进行思考和行动。
现代美国黑人文学发展随着时间推移，美国黑人文学已经从哈莱姆复兴时期发展到今天。
现代黑人作家如塔娜赫西·科茨、托妮·莫里森、奥廷迪·罗伊森等都为美国文学界做出了重要贡献。
他们进一步深入探讨了种族、身份认同、历史记忆等议题，并在全球范围内引起了广泛的讨论和关注。
美国黑人文学对社会的影响美国黑人文学不仅仅是一种艺术形式，它对社会变革产生了深远的影响。
通过揭示黑人社区面临的问题和挑战，它扩大了公众对种族不公平现象的关注度。
它也让更多人认识到多样性和包容性的重要性，并为推动美国社会朝着更加公正平等的方向发展作出了努力。
结论美国黑人文学自哈莱姆复兴以来经历了持续发展和演变，它成为反映、呼吁和塑造美国社会变革的强大力量。
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Written Literature （from 1760s）(2)
（4）1940s: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison （5）50s~60s: a lot of black writers emerged in the civil rights movement: James Baldwin, Brooks, Jones （6）70s~80s: publishing of Root （Alex Haley）, Alice Walker The Colour Purple, Toni Morrison （the only black who won Nobel Prize）
in Africa The Middle Passage The Slavery The Emancipation The Migration to the Cities The Integration to the Mainstream The Black Power Movement The Civil Rights Movement
The Middle Passage中间通道
the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from African were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage.
Written Literature （from 1760s）(1)
（1）poetry: religious, enduring, patient to the white （2）slave narrative: autobiographical experience of the person （3）1920s: Harlem Renaissance, New York black, black dialect and black folklore of the new negro. representatives: Langston Hughes （black poet laureate）, Huston
Harlem Renaissance (1919-1940)
In the 1920s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem. This AfricanAmerican cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem Renaissance. More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.
Black American
Literature
Features
A special history Emancipation after the Civil War The Black is presented in a distorted manner Gone with the Wind Take the biblical terms as a better medium A long process of evolution
Harlem Renaissance (1919-1940)
Langston Hughes African American’s poet Laureate .
Langston Hughes1902-1969 兰斯顿· 休斯
African American’s poet laureate Mulatto混血儿（剧本）; The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声; Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神; Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚; I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考 The Negro Speaks of Rivers黑人说河流 The Best of Simple辛普尔精选
: coloured+ Negro black （after civil rights movement）-African American
A unique literature tied up with the unique experience of black people
A literature drastically different from the mainstream American literature
Black Americans have been oppressed so hard, and they do not want to toil in fetters anymore: they want “to go”, which is another way of saying “freedom” and “emancipation”. This is the essential spirit running through African American literature.
Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克· 道格拉斯
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克· 道格拉斯， 一个美国黑人的自述 My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与 我的自由 The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗 莱德里克· 道格拉斯的生平与时代
The Division
The Vernacular/Oral Tradition The Literature of Slavery and Freedom Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance Harlem Renaissance Realism, Naturalism, and Modernism The Black Arts Movement Literature since 1970
Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance (1865-1917）
African American literature in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries was used to confirm and to manifest creativity and genius while also documenting and shaping social, political and spiritual aspirations and conditions.
Oral Tradition
songs and ballads and Work Songs spirituals (黑人圣歌) : sorrow of the singers＊ earlier condition and longing for freedom blues: after civil war, derived from work songs of loneliness, separation, losses, wonderings, love, desperation, sense of doom jazz: after WWI, developed from blues, died out in the Great Depression Rap S Literature of Slavery and Freedom(1746-1865)
Frederick Douglass(18171895) My Bondage and My Freedom(1855) An autobiography, relates, as its title suggests, the archetypal story of African Americans escaping from their cruel and wicked white masters to emancipation.
Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance (1865-1917）