法律英语考试介绍
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分严重声明：本站所有文章由上海优尔法律信息咨询有限公司拥有完整著作权，禁止非经授权的任何个人或组织基于经营性目的，对文章进行任意更改或转载；另外，用于非经营性目的个人或组织进行转载请注明文章出处，否则本公司保留对上述侵犯网络传播权的行为追究法律责任的权利。
一、三大法律英语考试的简介◆TOLES：TOLES(律思)，全称“TestofLegalEnglishSkills”，也就是TOLES法律英语水平考试。
TOLES考试是世界上第一个国际法律英语水平考试，是由世界知名的英语培训专家（TheLondonschoolofEnglish&Communicaid）和法律领域资深的专家（CambridgeLawStudio）共同合作开发的，并与多家律师事务所和法律机构定期进行磋商，对TOLES考试进行修订，使其适应当前法律行业的变化。
该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。
TOLES作为国际权威的法律英语水平考试，自2001年起至今，以其法律英语语言运用能力测试的精准度多年来赢得众多顶级世界知名律所的信赖和认可。
2008年TOLES被首次引入中国，从而受到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的关注。
TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLESAdvanced（固定日期费用2000RMB/人，任意日期费用2800RMB/人）;TOLESHigher（费用1700RMB/人）;TOLESFoundation（费用1400RMB/人）。
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等级考试全都参加。
TOLES考试每年3月、6月、和11月举行3次，其中，报考TOLESAdvanced的考生可以在增加费用的前提下指定任意日期考试。
TOLES考试指定教材5本，推荐参考教材12本，不指定培训机构和教材购买地点。
TOLES 考试
上次是关于备考ILEC方向的，这次说说备考TOLES方向的。
（还是要再强调一遍，这个考试只是法律英语的入门考试。
目的还是要―以考促学‖，证书是实力的体现，却不等同于实力。
另外所谓的―18本教材‖只是网上流传的说法，实际上并不是toles官网指定的。
其最早出现在天涯上。
大家不要太在意。
）首先要做到有的放矢，就要先了解一下toles考试。
（这些是老生常谈了，了解的朋友可略过）toles全称法律英语技能测试(Test of Leging English Skills缩写TOLES)，注意是―skills‖，但不考口语，因为在你进入律所时，会有人面试你的口语能力。
这是和ILEC所不同的。
TOLES依难度不同划分为三个级别：Foundation(初级), Higher(中级)和Advanced（高级）。
初级和中级都是100分制，中级考听力；高级是500分制，按成绩高低分为6个颜色档。
由于考试费用高的关系，基础好的朋友，初级和中级可以不考，直接以高级为目标。
这里借用星爷的话——―人没有追求，和咸鱼有什么分别？‖为什么建议直接考高级呢？TOLES 3个级别的考试虽然难度递增，但其都以―词汇‖为根本。
初/中级考试主要是测试基本法律词汇和用语的意思，固定搭配，近义词辨析等；比如"in ( ) for consideration"。
当然还有一些基础的法律背景知识，但这毕竟还是英语考试，老外的英语考试套路感强，新题少。
加上考这试多是法科研究生或律师，所以问题不大。
但这里要注意：不考不是说就不学初/中级，直接从高级开始学起。
不是这意思。
恰恰相反。
以高级为目标，就要从初级开始，踏踏实实，一个用语一个用语的熟练掌握，这个过程是痛并快乐的，一定要有―圣人样的耐心‖。
要勤查勤问。
因为这个词汇积累的过程直接关系到高级的阅读和写作能力，试想基础用语都没有掌握，怎么可能在较短的时间内完成高强度的TOLES高级测试？所以从大处着眼，从小处着手就是如此。
5-12级法律英语素质化命题课程考核说明
《法律英语》素质化命题课程考核说明一、课程考试内容与要求《法律英语》课程采取理论课素质考试的形式，开卷进行，考生可携带纸质形式的书籍、笔记等参考资料（不含词典）。
课程总评成绩=平时成绩*40%+期末成绩*60%。
平时成绩由出勤、课堂提问（表现）、作业、练习、随堂小测验、期中考试五部分组成。
《法律英语》期末考试素质化命题分为五个部分。
通过本课程学习，要求学生能大概掌握每课中的法律专业术语；了解美国法律制度的内容以及与中国的不同，特别是在宪法、法院体系、司法审查、法学教育与法律职业方面所表现出来的异同；掌握一些必要的法律英语句法特征和翻译技巧，提高阅读和翻译能力。
课程考试主要考查学生美国法律制度知识掌握的广度与深度及阅读、分析、理解能力。
二、考试形式和目的法律英语五大部分考题可以总体划分为客观题型和主观题型。
本考试共有五个部分：第一部分为英译汉。
本部分要求学生熟悉相关法律术语。
共包括20个短语。
第二部分为汉译英，本部分要求学生熟悉相关法律术语。
共包括20个短语。
第三部分为正误判断题，本部分要求学生能够理解相关法律概念，法律制度等，共包括10个句子。
第四部分为简答题，要求学生能就所给问题进行简要分析，共六题。
第五部分为段落翻译题，要求学生具备综合、分析、翻译段落的能力。
考生运用恰当的语言对所给问题进行综合、分析、及翻译。
共2题，总分20分。
本考试的目的是全面检查已学完法律英语的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对文学作品的熟悉及文学流派的掌握程度，既测试学生的综合能力，也测试学生的单项技能，着重侧重学生知识、能力、方法的考核。
同时，也是评估教学质量，推动校际交流学习的一种手段。
三、考试选材原则、考核范围法律英语考试强调法律术语的掌握和美国法律制度的理解。
难度以不超过大纲规定为准，所用词汇基本上不超出教学大纲词汇表规定的范围。
法律英语考核范围主要为精选教材和三本参考书，所占比例为精选教材50%，三本参考书50%。
律思法律英语考试TOLES.doc
律思法律英语考试TOLES
Test of Legal English Skills （TOLES）
律思法律英语考试TOLES
TOLES 由世界知名的英语培训专家和法律资深专家共同开发。
通过广泛咨询全球知名律师事务所和法律学院，该考试不断更新以反映法律界最新的变化。
TOLES 包括三个等级：
律思初级考试：
主要考察与法律相关的核心词汇以及理解能力。
考试时间：90分钟
考试形式：阅读和写作
考试重点：法律词汇
英语水平：初级到高级
律思中级考试：
考试主要考察法律词汇和知识的应用。
考试时间：第一部分（阅读和写作部分）：90分钟
第二部分（听力部分）：30分钟
考试形式：阅读、写作和听力
考试重点：准确、恰当使用词汇；法律英语的记录
英语水平：初中级到中高级
律思高级考试：
主要考察考生在国际律所中法律英语的实际应用能力。
时间：2小时
考试形式：阅读和写作
考试重点：在真实场景中对法律英语运用
英语水平：中高级到高级。
法律英语lec考试真题及解析
法律英语lec考试真题及解析Here is an English essay on the topic "Legal English LEC Exam Sample Questions and Analysis":The Legal English LEC (Legal English Certification) exam is a widely recognized assessment of proficiency in the specialized language used in the legal field. This exam is designed to evaluate an individual's ability to comprehend and communicate effectively in the context of legal proceedings, contracts, and other legal documents. As a crucial component of many legal professionals' career development, the LEC exam demands a comprehensive understanding of legal terminology, grammatical structures, and written communication skills.One of the primary challenges faced by examinees is the sheer breadth and depth of the legal lexicon. The LEC exam requires candidates to demonstrate a robust understanding of legal terms, phrases, and concepts that are often rooted in Latin, French, and other languages. Mastering these specialized vocabularies is essential for accurately interpreting and producing legal texts, whether in the context of client consultations, court proceedings, or contract negotiations.In addition to lexical knowledge, the LEC exam also assesses an individual's command of legal grammar and syntax. Legal writing often follows a distinct stylistic convention, characterized by the use of passive voice, complex sentence structures, and formal language. Successful candidates must be able to navigate these linguistic nuances and produce clear, concise, and unambiguous written responses.Another crucial aspect of the LEC exam is the ability to comprehend and analyze legal documents, such as case law, statutes, and regulatory frameworks. Examinees are often presented with excerpts from these sources and asked to demonstrate their understanding of the underlying legal principles, the implications of specific provisions, and the overall context of the document.To effectively prepare for the LEC exam, aspiring legal professionals must engage in a comprehensive and structured study regimen. This may include reviewing sample exam questions, practicing legal writing exercises, and immersing oneself in the language and conventions of the legal field through extensive reading and research.One effective study strategy is to familiarize oneself with common LEC exam question formats and the associated skills required for each. For instance, some questions may focus on vocabularyrecognition, where examinees must select the appropriate legal term to complete a sentence or define a specific concept. Other questions may test an individual's ability to identify and correct grammatical errors in legal texts or to rephrase legal statements in a more concise and clear manner.Additionally, examinees should be prepared to demonstrate their ability to analyze and interpret legal documents. This may involve summarizing the key points of a case law excerpt, identifying the underlying legal principles at play, or evaluating the potential implications of a specific statutory provision.By mastering these diverse skills and strategies, aspiring legal professionals can increase their chances of success on the LEC exam and further enhance their career prospects within the legal industry. The LEC certification serves as a valuable credential, demonstrating an individual's mastery of the specialized language and communication skills required for effective legal practice.In conclusion, the LEC exam is a rigorous assessment of an individual's proficiency in legal English, encompassing a wide range of linguistic and analytical skills. Successful preparation for this exam requires a comprehensive and dedicated approach, involving the study of legal terminology, grammatical conventions, and the interpretation of various legal documents. By investing the time andeffort to excel on the LEC exam, aspiring legal professionals can unlock new opportunities and strengthen their positioning within the competitive legal landscape.。
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识Sources of lawIn the United States， the law is derived from four sources. These four sources are constitutional law，statutory law，administrative regulations， and the common law （which includes case law）。
The most important source of law is the United States Constitution. All other law falls under， and is subordinate to，that document. No law may contradict the Constitution. For example， if Congress enacts a statute that conflicts with the Constitution，the Supreme Court may find that law unconstitutional， and declare it invalid.Notably， a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional； it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However， under the principle of stare decisis，no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute，and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely， any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute （where such constitutionality has been expresslyestablished in prior cases） will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.。
法律英语考试试题及答案
法律英语考试试题及答案Introduction:Legal English plays a crucial role in the legal profession, as it requires a comprehensive understanding of legal concepts, terms, and vocabulary in both English and the specific legal system. This article will provide a detailed analysis of various legal English exam questions and their corresponding answers. Through this examination, readers will gain a deeper understanding of legal English and enhance their proficiency in this field.Question 1: Explain the term "due diligence" in the context of contract law.Answer:Due diligence refers to the careful and thorough examination or investigation undertaken by a party before entering into a contract. It involves a comprehensive analysis of the terms, conditions, and obligations set forth in the contract. The purpose of due diligence is to ensure that both parties have a clear understanding of their rights and responsibilities, as well as to identify any potential risks or liabilities associated with the contract. By conducting due diligence, parties can make informed decisions and minimize the possibility of disputes or legal issues arising in the future.Question 2: Discuss the concept of "force majeure" in international law.Answer:Force majeure, also known as an "act of God" or "superior force," refers to an unforeseeable event or circumstance that prevents a party fromfulfilling its contractual obligations. These events are typically beyond the control of the party involved and cannot be reasonably anticipated or avoided. Examples of force majeure events may include natural disasters, wars, riots, or government actions. In international law, force majeure clauses are commonly included in contracts to protect parties from the consequences of unforeseen events. These clauses typically provide relief or exemption from contractual obligations in the event that a force majeure event occurs, allowing the affected party to suspend or terminate their obligations under the contract.Question 3: Define the term "judicial precedent" in common law systems.Answer:Judicial precedent, also known as stare decisis, is a fundamental principle in common law systems. It refers to the legal doctrine in which the decisions made by higher courts become binding on lower courts within the same jurisdiction. Under this principle, lower courts must follow the legal reasoning and interpretations of the higher courts in previous cases that are similar in nature. Judicial precedent ensures consistency, predictability, and stability in the legal system, as it allows for the uniform application of the law and the development of legal principles over time. However, it is important to note that judicial precedent can be overruled or distinguished when there are significant differences in factual circumstances or legal principles involved.Question 4: Explain the concept of "vicarious liability" in tort law.Answer:Vicarious liability is a legal principle that holds one party responsible for the actions or omissions of another party, even if they themselves did not commit any wrongdoing. This concept often arises in employer-employee relationships, where employers can be held liable for the actions of their employees performed within the scope of their employment. Vicarious liability is based on the idea that employers have a duty of care to ensure that their employees act responsibly and do not cause harm to others. By imposing vicarious liability, the law aims to provide a remedy for victims and encourage employers to exercise proper control and supervision over their employees.Conclusion:Understanding legal English is crucial for professionals in the legal field, as it enables effective communication and interpretation of legal concepts and principles. This article has provided an insightful analysis of various legal English exam questions, encompassing contract law, international law, common law systems, and tort law. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of these topics, aspiring legal professionals can enhance their knowledge and proficiency in legal English, thus paving the way for successful careers in the legal industry.。
TOLES法律英语水平考试简介
TOLES法律英语水平考试简介TOLES法律英语水平考试是由世界知名的英语培训专家和法律领域资深的专家共同合作开发的，其目的是满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。
多家律师事务所和法律机构会定期进行磋商，对TOLES考试进行修订，使其适应当前法律行业的变化。
概述全称“Test of Legal English Skills”，就是TOLES法律英语水平考试。
法律英语水平考试分为基础、中级和高级3个级别。
通过参加TOLES考试，可以测试律师在法律行业从业以及学生在英美法学院就读所具备的英语语言能力。
因此，TOLES考试并不是英国或美国的法律考试，而是考察掌握最新法律英语知识的实用性的语言能力测试，考试题目和词汇涉及当今全球商务活动。
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知识水平选择相应的考试，而不是三个考试全都参加。
词汇测试是最为基础的，也能为考生的法律英语技能奠定良好的基础，所以建议希望提高自身法律英语水平的考生都能达到TOLES Foundation 的词汇水平。
请谨记，和流利程度一样，准确性对于一个法律事务所来说，是同等重要的。
作用1、许多国家的知名律师事务所、法律教学与研究机构、政府司法机构和跨国集团都以TOLES作为从业语言能力的测试，如英国法学会(英格兰及威尔士)、欧洲法院、欧洲中央银行、普华永道、戴姆勒-克莱斯勒、英国富而德律师事务所(FRESHFIELDS)、英国年利达律师事务所(LINKLATERS)等诸多世界一流律师事务所。
2、TOLES考试的成绩得到了很多机构的认可，并作为其招聘工作人员的一个有力标准，这些机构与企业具体包括：欧洲法院(European Court of Justice)欧洲中央银行(The European Central Bank)英国法学会(英格兰及威尔士)( The Law Society of England and Wales) 英国富而德律师事务所(FRESHFIELDS)英国年利达律师事务所(LINKLATERS)英国安理国际律师事务所(Allen & Overy)英国Clifford Chance Pünder律师事务所美国贝克－麦肯斯律师事务(Baker and McKenzie)普华永道会计师事务所(PricewaterhouseCoopers)毕马威会计师事务所(KPMG LLP)戴姆勒-克莱斯勒公司(DaimlerChrysler Corporation)索尼·爱立信公司(Sony Ericsson)英美烟草公司(British-American Tobacco)科威特石油公司(Kuwait Petroleum Corporation)……3、TOLES考试成绩也得到了许多英美知名大学法学院的承认，成为招收留学生的重要参考标准。
法律英语(段落翻译与作文)
《法律英语》考试时间不变，向老师申请要了两道大题，范围如下：1、段落英译汉（20分）：内容涉及刑事程序法，简单涉及美国宪法第五修正案和米兰达警告等。
2、作文题（20分）：评述一下审前取证制度；评述抗辩制。
1、段落英译汉：刑事程序法大家看一下教材第一单元第8课（中文即可），是关于刑事程序的内容。
此题应该是老师自己编的英文材料。
美国第五宪法：No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.无论何人，除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉，不得受判处死罪或其他不名誉罪行之审判，唯发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服现役的民兵中的案件，不在此限。
法律英语考试案例(3篇)
第1篇Background:The case of Smith v. Johnson revolves around a complex legal disputethat arose between two neighboring property owners, Mr. Smith and Mr. Johnson. The dispute centers on the boundary lines of their respective properties and the encroachment of one property onto the other. This case is significant as it involves several key legal principles related to property law, boundary disputes, and the remedies available to the aggrieved party.Factual Scenario:Mr. Smith and Mr. Johnson had been neighbors for over a decade.Initially, they maintained good relations, but tensions began to rise when Mr. Johnson constructed a new fence along the boundary line between their properties. Mr. Smith, upon inspecting the new fence, noticed that it extended several feet into his property, encroaching upon his land.Attempts to resolve the matter amicably failed, leading to Mr. Smith filing a lawsuit against Mr. Johnson. The case was eventually heard in the local county court.Issues in Dispute:1. Boundary Line Determination: The primary issue in the case was the determination of the exact boundary line between the two properties. Mr. Smith claimed that the boundary line was delineated by a natural watercourse that ran along the property line, while Mr. Johnson argued that the boundary was marked by the point where the fence was originally constructed.2. Encroachment: Mr. Smith alleged that the new fence constructed by Mr. Johnson was an encroachment onto his property, which entitled him to a remedy under the law.3. Damages: Mr. Smith sought damages for the encroachment, including the cost of removing the fence and any lost value to his property.Legal Principles:1. Boundary Line Determination: Under property law, the determination of boundary lines is crucial in resolving disputes between neighboring property owners. The court must consider various factors, including the historical use of the land, deeds, and any previous agreements or decisions by the court.2. Encroachment: An encroachment occurs when one person's property extends onto another's property without permission. Encroachments can be removed, and the aggrieved party may seek damages or an injunction to prevent further encroachment.3. Remedies: The remedies available for an encroachment include the removal of the encroaching structure, damages, or an injunction. The court must consider the equities of the case and the relative rights and wrongs of the parties.Trial Proceedings:During the trial, both parties presented evidence to support their respective claims. Mr. Smith called upon a land surveyor to establishthe true boundary line and to demonstrate the extent of the encroachment. Mr. Johnson, on the other hand, presented evidence to show that thefence was constructed in accordance with the original boundary line and that the watercourse had changed over time.The court carefully considered the evidence and arguments presented by both parties. After hearing the testimony of the witnesses and reviewing the documents, the court made the following findings:1. The boundary line between the two properties was determined to be the point where the original fence stood, as there was no evidence tosuggest that the watercourse had significantly changed over time.2. The new fence constructed by Mr. Johnson did indeed encroach upon Mr. Smith's property, extending several feet into his land.3. The court found that Mr. Johnson had constructed the fence without permission from Mr. Smith, thereby committing an encroachment.Judgment:Based on the evidence and the legal principles involved, the court ruled in favor of Mr. Smith. The court ordered Mr. Johnson to remove the fence that encroached upon Mr. Smith's property and to restore the boundaryline to its original position. Additionally, the court awarded Mr. Smith damages in the amount of $5,000 to cover the cost of removing the fence and any other expenses incurred as a result of the encroachment.Conclusion:The case of Smith v. Johnson serves as a useful illustration of thelegal principles governing boundary disputes and encroachments. It highlights the importance of accurate boundary line determination andthe remedies available to property owners when their rights are violated. This case also underscores the need for good neighborly relations andthe importance of resolving disputes through legal means when amicable solutions fail.Additional Notes:- The case may have been different had the boundary line been moreclearly defined in the deeds or through previous court decisions.- The court's decision to award damages was based on the specific facts of the case and the relative rights and wrongs of the parties.- This case study is a simplified representation of a real-life legal dispute. In actual legal proceedings, the complexities and nuances ofthe law may vary significantly.Word Count: 2,514第2篇Case Title: The Dispute over the Land BoundaryFactual Background:In the picturesque town of Maplewood, two neighboring landowners, Mr. John Smith and Ms. Emily Johnson, have been embroiled in a legal disputefor the past year. The dispute revolves around the exact boundary line between their properties, which has been a source of contention for years. Both parties claim that the boundary line should be redrawn to reflect the true intent of the original deed, which was drafted over a century ago.The Original Deed:The original deed, dated 1920, was executed between the Smith family and the Johnson family, who were the original owners of the properties in question. The deed clearly stated that the boundary line between the two properties was to be marked by a tall oak tree on the northern edge of the Smith property and a large boulder on the southern edge of the Johnson property. However, over time, the tree has fallen and the boulder has been moved, rendering the original boundary markers ineffective.The Dispute:The dispute between Mr. Smith and Ms. Johnson began when Mr. Smith, while constructing a new fence along the property line, discovered that the fence was on the Johnson property. Ms. Johnson, upon discovering the fence, claimed that the true boundary line was actually further south, near a small grove of trees that had been on the Smith property until recently. Both parties have since exchanged claims and counterclaims, each asserting that the boundary line should be redrawn in their favor.Legal Issues Involved:1. Admissibility of Evidence: The primary legal issue in this case is the admissibility of evidence regarding the original intent of the deed. Both parties have submitted various documents, including maps, photographs, and witness testimony, to support their claims. The court must determine which evidence is admissible and how much weight should be given to each piece of evidence.2. Presumption of Validity: The court must also consider the presumption of validity that applies to the original deed. Under the Statute of Frauds, deeds are presumed to be valid unless proven otherwise.Therefore, the burden of proof is on the party challenging the deed to demonstrate that it is invalid or that the boundary line should be redrawn.3. Estoppel: Another issue in the case is whether either party is estopped from claiming the boundary line in question. Estoppel prevents a party from asserting a claim that is inconsistent with a previous statement or conduct. The court must determine whether either party has been estopped from claiming the boundary line in question.4. Equitable Considerations: The court may also consider equitable principles, such as laches (unreasonable delay) and unjust enrichment, in determining the appropriate boundary line. The court must weigh the respective equities of the parties and decide whether to redraw the boundary line in favor of one party or the other.Argumentation and Counterargumentation:Mr. Smith's Argument:- Mr. Smith argues that the original deed clearly establishes the boundary line as being marked by the fallen oak tree and the moved boulder.- He submits maps and photographs that show the boundary line as it was originally marked.- Mr. Smith claims that the Johnson family has been in possession of the land in question for over a century and should be estopped from claiming it now.Ms. Johnson's Counterargument:- Ms. Johnson argues that the original deed is ambiguous and that the true intent of the parties was to establish the boundary line further south, near the small grove of trees.- She submits maps and photographs that show the grove of trees on the Smith property until recently.- Ms. Johnson claims that the Smith family has been unjustly enriched by the land in question and that the boundary line should be redrawn to reflect the true intent of the original deed.The Court's Decision:After considering the evidence and arguments presented by both parties, the court will issue a decision on the boundary line dispute. The court may rule in favor of Mr. Smith, Ms. Johnson, or it may redraw the boundary line to reflect a compromise between the two parties.Conclusion:The dispute over the land boundary between Mr. John Smith and Ms. Emily Johnson highlights the complexities involved in interpreting and enforcing old deeds. The court's decision will not only resolve the immediate dispute but also set a precedent for similar cases in the future. This case study demonstrates the importance of clear and precise language in legal documents and the need for careful consideration of historical and equitable factors in legal disputes.Note: The above case study is a fictional representation of a legal dispute and is intended for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional legal advice.第3篇Case Name: The Smith vs. Johnson Property DisputeBackground:In the picturesque town of Greenfield, nestled between rolling hills and a serene lake, two families, the Smiths and the Johnsons, have been at odds over a piece of land that has been a source of contention for decades. The land in question, known as the "Lakeview Parcel," is a 10-acre plot situated at the northernmost tip of the lake. Both families claim ownership rights to the parcel, and the dispute has escalated to the point where legal intervention is necessary.Factual Scenario:The Smith family has lived in Greenfield for four generations. According to their family records, the Lakeview Parcel was bequeathed to their ancestor, John Smith, in the early 1900s. The deed, which is currentlyin the possession of the Smith family, states that the land was passed down through successive generations without dispute.Conversely, the Johnson family, who moved to Greenfield in the 1950s, claim that the Lakeview Parcel was acquired through a series of transactions and legal documents dating back to the 1940s. They have produced a chain of title documents, including a deed and several conveyances, which they assert proves their ownership.Issues of Law:The primary issues in this case revolve around property law,specifically the determination of ownership and the interpretation of legal documents. The following legal issues are at play:1. Title and Ownership: The Smiths and Johnsons both claim ownership of the Lakeview Parcel. The court must determine which party holds valid title to the property.2. Chain of Title: The Johnsons must prove the validity of their chain of title, demonstrating a clear and uninterrupted succession of ownership.3. Deeds and Conveyances: The court will examine the deeds and conveyances presented by both parties to determine their authenticity and legal effect.4. Statute of Limitations: The court may consider whether the statute of limitations has run on either party's claim, affecting their ability to assert ownership rights.5. Equity: The court may consider equitable principles to resolve the dispute if there is no clear winner under the strict application of property law.Arguments of the Parties:Smith Family:The Smith family argues that their ownership of the Lakeview Parcel is established by the original deed and subsequent generations' possession. They claim that the deed is a clear and unambiguous document that transferred ownership to John Smith and his descendants. Furthermore, they argue that the Johnson family's claim is time-barred due to the statute of limitations, as they have not established a clear and uninterrupted chain of title for more than 80 years.Johnson Family:The Johnson family counters that their claim is supported by a strong chain of title and a series of conveyances that have been legally recorded. They argue that the Smith family's deed is outdated and may have been forged or altered over time. Additionally, they assert that the statute of limitations does not apply because they have continuously possessed and used the land as owners.Expert Witness Testimony:Both parties have retained expert witnesses to support their claims. The Smith family's expert, a renowned historian, has provided evidence that the original deed was signed by John Smith and has been in the family's possession since the early 1900s. The Johnson family's expert, a real estate attorney, has analyzed the chain of title and argues that the documents are authentic and legally binding.Legal Analysis:Title and Ownership:The court must examine the authenticity and legal effect of the deeds and conveyances presented by both parties. If the Smith family's deed is proven to be genuine and has been in continuous possession, their claim to ownership may be upheld. However, if the Johnson family can establish a clear and uninterrupted chain of title, their claim may also be valid.Chain of Title:The Johnson family's chain of title will be scrutinized to ensure that each conveyance is legally binding and that the title has not been clouded by any outstanding claims or liens.Deeds and Conveyances:The court will assess the language and legal formalities of the deedsand conveyances to determine their authenticity. Any discrepancies or inconsistencies may be used to invalidate the documents.Statute of Limitations:The court will consider whether the statute of limitations has expiredon either party's claim. If the Johnson family has continuously possessed the land, they may be able to argue that the statute of limitations does not apply.Equity:If there is no clear winner under the strict application of property law, the court may consider equitable principles to resolve the dispute. This could involve granting partial ownership to both parties or ordering a partition of the land.Conclusion:The resolution of the Smith vs. Johnson Property Dispute will depend on the court's interpretation of the legal documents and the application of property law principles. The outcome of the case will have significant implications for both families and their respective claims to ownership of the Lakeview Parcel. This case study serves as an example of the complexities involved in legal disputes over property and the importance of thorough legal analysis and expert testimony in such matters.---This case study is a fictional example designed to illustrate the types of legal issues and arguments that might be encountered in a legal English examination. The case involves complex legal concepts andrequires an understanding of property law, legal documents, and legal analysis.。
LEC考试
Multiple choices:
3.In disputes over whether a partnership exists, which of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element? (A) An equal right in the management of the business. (B) The sharing of profits or losses. (C) The consultation on business strategy. (D) Joint ownership in the business.
(a) by course of dealing or usage of trade (Section 1-205) or by course of performance (Section 2208); and (b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement .
2010年12月法律英语证书（LEC）全国统 一考试公告
三、报名方式 考生登录LEC考试官方网站 （）进行网上报名。
法律英语证书（LEC）考试
Legal English Certification Text
是由法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会具体组织
的一种与业英语水平考试。
司法考试的英语
The Legal English Challenge in the JudicialExamThe judicial exam, often referred to as the bar exam,is a rite of passage for those aspiring to become legal professionals. It is a comprehensive test that not only gauges one's knowledge of the law but also their ability to apply it in practical situations. Among the many challenges presented by this exam, the linguistic hurdle of legal English often stands out as a particularly formidable one. Legal English, being a specialized domain of language, is often dense, technical, and filled with jargon. It requires a unique vocabulary, precise terminology, and a mastery of complex sentence structures. This language is not just about words; it is about precision, clarity, and effectiveness in communication. In the judicial exam, candidates are often required to demonstrate their proficiency in this language by analyzing cases, drafting legal documents, and interpreting legal provisions.The importance of legal English in the judicial exam cannot be overstated. It is the language of the law, the medium through which legal professionals communicate witheach other, the court, and their clients. It is the tool that lawyers use to persuade judges, advocates use to argue their cases, and legal writers use to convey complex legal concepts. Mastering this language is crucial for anyone who wants to make a mark in the legal fraternity.However, the road to mastering legal English is not an easy one. It requires dedication, perseverance, and a lot of hard work. Candidates need to invest significant time and effort in understanding the nuances of this language, its vocabulary, and its grammar. They need to read and study legal documents, cases, and statutes regularly to familiarize themselves with the language and its usage. They also need to practice writing and speaking in legal English to improve their fluency and confidence.In addition to these, candidates also need to be aware of the cultural and contextual nuances of legal English. Legal systems and practices vary from country to country, and so does the language used in them. Understanding these differences is crucial for anyone who wants to practice law internationally or work in a multinational legal firm.Despite the challenges, the rewards of mastering legal English are immense. It opens up a world of opportunities for legal professionals, allowing them to work in a globalized legal environment, representing clients from diverse cultures and backgrounds. It also enhances their professional credibility and standing, making them more effective and influential in their field.In conclusion, the judicial exam is a daunting taskthat requires candidates to master not just the law but also the language of the law. Legal English is an essential skill for any aspiring legal professional, and investing in its mastery is an investment in their future success. With dedication, perseverance, and hard work, candidates can overcome the linguistic hurdle and emerge victorious inthis challenging exam.**司法考试英语之挑战**司法考试，常被称为律师资格考试，是那些渴望成为法律专业人士的人的必经之路。
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】外语能力一直是衡量法律职业者素质和专业水平的一个重要方面，特别是经济全球化和我国对外开放不断深入的新形势对法律工作者的英语能力提出了更高的要求。
然而，由于法律英语的特殊性，国内一直没有一个科学的考核指标衡量法律从业人员专业英语的掌握程度。
法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate，简称LEC）全国统一考试的推出填补了国内相关领域的空白。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会依托中国政法大学和北京外国语大学具体组织考试工作，旨在为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语水平。
法律英语证书考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。
公检法机关和企事业单位从事涉外法务工作人员；从事涉外法务的律师，公司法律部门的从业人员；高等院校法律、英语、经贸等专业学生；愿意从事法律英语教学的教师以及社会上一切法律英语爱好者均可参加法律英语证书（LEC）考试。
该考试证书是从事涉外法律服务工作人员专业英语水平权威证明，通过考试并取得LEC证书也是赴美攻读法学专业及取得美国律师职业资格的可靠保证。
法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前已在北京、上海、广州等城市设主考点，法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会全面负责组考工作。
考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【说明】一、法律英语证书（LEC）考试实行全国统一大纲、统一命题、统一考试制度。
欲了解考试相关信息，考生可随时登陆法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试官方网站.二、法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会下设专家指导委员会，其主要职责是指导考试工作，提出理论学术新观点，参加全国统考委主办的学术研讨及座谈会议，负责制定法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试的考试大纲、研究开发考题、编写教材及考试辅导资料等。
lec 法
lec 法
LEC（Legal English Certificate）是一项专门针对法律英语能力的考试和认证项目。
它由国际法学会（ILEC）与剑桥英语考试委员会（Cambridge English Assessment）合作开发，旨在测试非英语母语人士在法律领域中的英语能力。
LEC考试分为几个不同的部分，涵盖了法律英语的各个方面，包括阅读理解、写作、口语和听力技能。
通过参加LEC考试并获得相应的证书，考生可以证明自己具备良好的法律英语能力，这对于从事法律职业或涉及法律领域的工作非常有帮助。
考试内容涵盖了法律英语的专业词汇、常用表达、法律文书的理解与撰写等方面。
考生需要熟悉与法律相关的词汇和表达，了解英语在法律领域中的特点和用法。
此外，良好的阅读、写作、口语和听力技能也是成功通过LEC考试的关键。
参加LEC考试可以提高法律从业者在国际交流和合作中的竞争力，帮助其更好地理解和运用英语在法律环境中的要求和规范。
同时，LEC考试也对于希望进入法律职业或与国际法律相关的领域工作的人士来说，是一种重要的能力认证和职业发展机会。
值得注意的是，LEC考试是一项专业性的考试，需要考生具备一定的英语基础和法律知识储备。
因此，考生在准备考试前应该系统地学习法律英语的相关知识，掌握常用的法律词汇和表达，提高自己的英语技能，并参加相应的培训或辅导课程进行针对性的复习和训练。
ilec考试介绍
考试介绍剑桥法律英语国际证书（International Legal English Certificate）由剑桥大学考试委员会ESOL （English for Speakers of Other Languages）考试部与欧洲主要的律师语言学家协会（Trans legal）共同研发的一种职业英语证书。
于2006年5月全球推出。
剑桥ESOL是世界知名的考试机构，“雅思”（IELTS）和剑桥商务英语（BEC）考试的研发者。
该证书现已被欧洲公司律师公会、欧洲法律专业学生协会、国际青年律师公会及欧洲青年律师公会认可。
ILEC为从事法律行业的人士或法律专业的大学生与研究生提供职业生涯发展和提升的助力，考察目的在于：1.测试考生在国际法律领域运用英语的能力2.使考生得以向雇主展示其运用英语与客户及同事进行交流的能力3.使考生得以向教育和培训机构展示其有能力跟上主要以英语讲解的法律课程4.使考试用户得以比较考生的成绩及与欧洲语言联合委员会等级相关的其他资质。
报名条件剑桥法律英语国际证书对申请人无条件限制，该证书适用于法律领域的在职人员与相关专业在校大学生，国内报名费用为1200元。
报名事宜2007年9月，剑桥大学考试中心（Cambridge ESOL）正式授权北京外国语大学网络教育学院（以下简称“北外网院”）成为其推出的剑桥法律英语国际证书（International Legal English Certificate，缩写为ILEC）中国大陆首家认证中心，并于2007年11月17日在北京举办了中国大陆第一次ILEC认证。
参加2008年ILEC考试的考生登录剑桥考试频道进行ILEC认证在线报名，并携带身份证原件及1份复印件，近期一寸免冠彩色照片2张，到以下地点办理现场报名和缴费手续，ILEC认证以现场报名和缴费为准，春季认证考试报名截止时间为3月31日。
考试时间剑桥法律英语国际证书（ILEC）认证考试每年分两次举行2008年认证时间为2008年5月10日和11月15日。
2020年司法考试法律英语专业能力历年真题解析
2020年司法考试法律英语专业能力历年真题解析司法考试是对法律专业人员能力的全面考核，其中法律英语专业能力也是其中的一项重要内容。
掌握法律英语专业能力对于学习和实践法律具有重要意义。
本文将对2020年司法考试法律英语专业能力历年真题进行解析，帮助广大考生更好地掌握法律英语专业能力。
一、背景介绍法律英语是指将法律与英语结合起来形成的一种特殊语言体系。
在国际交流和法律实务中，法律英语的运用极为广泛。
因此，掌握法律英语专业能力成为现代法律人士的基本素养之一。
二、解析题目2020年司法考试法律英语专业能力历年真题涉及领域广泛，如合同法、刑法、民事诉讼法等。
下面对其中几个典型的题目进行解析。
题目一：What are the main elements of a valid contract under American law? （美国法下有效合同的主要要素是什么？）解析：这是一道关于合同法的题目。
回答该问题时，可以从以下几个方面进行阐述。
首先，合同法中的要素包括offer（要约）、acceptance（接受）、consideration（对价）和legal purpose（合法目的）。
其次，合同还应当满足明确、合意和可执行的要求。
最后，根据美国法，封存和合法性也是合同的要素之一。
题目二：What are the essential elements to establish criminal liability under English law? （英国法下建立刑事责任的基本要素是什么？）解析：这是一道关于刑法的题目。
回答该问题时，可以从以下几个方面进行解答。
首先，英国法下建立刑事责任的主要要素包括actus reus（违法行为）和mens rea（有心之谋）。
其次，根据具体罪名的不同，还需在这些基本要素之上有所补充和裁定。
例如，对于谋杀罪，还需证明unlawful killing（非法杀人）和malice aforethought（预谋恶意）。
法律英语试题与答案
法律英语考查试题及答案一、英译汉1.general jurisdiction 一般管辖2.bar examination 律师考试3.ripeness 案件成熟度4.substantive law 实体法5.no contest pleas 不辩护也不认罪的答辩二、汉译英1.巡回法院 circuit courts2.模拟法庭 moot court3.案件决议度 mootness4.起诉书 complaint5.被上诉人 appellee三、翻译短文1.No two legal systems,then,are exactly alike.Each is specific to its country or its jurisdiction.This does not mean,of course,that every legal system is entirely different from every other legal system.Not at all.When two countries are similar in culture and tradition,their legal systems are likely to be similar as well.No doubt the law of E1Salvador is very much like the Law of Honduras.The laws of Australia and New Zealand are not that far apart.没有两个法系是恰好相似的。
每一种法系对于它的国家和它的管辖范围是特定的。
当然，这并不意味着每一种法系是完全不同于其它任何一种法系。
当两个国家在文化和传统上相似的时候，他们的法系也很可能相似。
难怪萨尔瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律异常相似。
澳大利亚的法律和新西兰的法律也不是相差甚远。
TOLES复习总攻略
TOLES考试复习攻略TOLES（Test of Legal English Skills）TOLES考试是世界上第一个国际法律英语水平考试，是由世界知名的英语培训专家和法律领域资深的专家共同合作开发的，其目的是满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。
TOLES作为国际权威的法律英语水平考试，自2001年起至今，以其法律英语语言运用能力测试的精准度多年来赢得众多顶级世界知名律所的信赖，2008年被首次引入中国。
考试分为基础（Foundation）、中级(Higher)和高级（Advance）三个级别。
小编以为，对已申请LLM的同学来说，准备高级考试是比较合适的。
TOLES Advance考试固定日期费用为1400元/每人，任意日期费用2800元/每人。
小编个人认为这个考试的内容实践性比较强，和LLM课程的内容和难度也比较贴近，而且外资所对其的认可度也很高，综上，小编在行前也是准备的这个考试。
考试教材对于复习准备TOLES ADV ANCE考试来说，官方有推荐教材15本，2012年8月1日起教材又做更新，新出了两本高阶教材，共17本。
书目包括：1、The Lawyer's English Language Coursebook2、An Essential A-Z of Business Law3、English for Contract and Company Law4、Legal writing in plain English5、Legal English: How to Understand and Master the Language of Law6、Practice Papers for TOLES Advanced: v. 17、Practice Papers for TOLES Advanced: v. 28、Toles Foundation Examination9、Professional English in Use Law10、Test Your Professional English: Law11、Market Leader: Business Law12、Check Your English V ocabulary for Law13、English for Law14、Legal English15、International Legal English - students's Book16、International Legal English - Teacher's Book17、Modern Legal Drafting这些书当然可以买到原版，但是价格非常之高。
法律英语考试大纲
考试大纲考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。
试卷一为选择题。
试卷二是主观题，包括案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三项。
现将试卷结构列出以供参考：试卷（一），客观题（单选题），共100道小题，每题1分。
本部分试题有以下两部分内容组成：美国法基本知识（90-95%）和逻辑推理（5-10%）. 难易程度比例设置：容易题目占50%，中等难度试题占30%，高难度试题占20%。
(1)、美国基本知识各部门法比例设置： 1 合同法 10-15% 2 宪法 2-4% 3 侵权法 10-15% 4 证据法 5-7% 5 民事程序法 2-4% 6 刑事程序法 2-4% 7 知识产权法 5-7% 8 商事组织法 10-15% 9 证券法 5-7% 10 财产法 10-15% 11 票据法 2-4% 12 刑法 10-15% (2)、逻辑推理（5-10%）试卷（二），主观题，有案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三部分组成。
各部分分数分别为25分、40分和35分。
难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占80%，高难度试题占20%(1)、案件阅读（case reading and comprehension）共25分本部分试题包括一篇美国真实案例。
要求应试者在准确、快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问题。
(2)、翻译（Translation）共40分本部分试题有两节，Section A 和Section B。
Section A 是中译英，Section B 是英译中，各占20分。
(3)、法务写作（Legal Writing）共35分要求应试者根据所给信息，用英文撰写一封律师函，或写一篇法律备忘录（Law Office Memo）;或根据所提供的案例，代表某一方写一篇案件辩论书（Brief）。
收费标准法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试收费标准为880元。
考试用书法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试大纲编著者：法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试委员会编出版社：法律出版社内容简介：本书共分为五部分，第一部分为考试说明。
法律英语证书考试简介
•要求应试者根据所给信息，用英文撰写一封律师函，或写 一篇法律备忘录（Law Office Memo）;或根据所提供的案 例，代表某一方写一篇案件辩论书（Case Brief）。
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法律英语证书考试简介
推荐用书
LEC考试属水平考试，没有指定复习教材。应广大考生的要求， 我们推荐如下学习书目：
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法律英语证书考试简介
法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在 5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前已 在北京、上海、广州等城市设主考点，法律 英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试委员会全面 负责组考工作。考试不受年龄、性别、职业、 地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即 可报名参加考试。
8 商事组织法 10-15%
9 证券法 5-7%
10 财产法 10-15%
11 票据法 2-4%
12 刑法 10-15%
• (2)、逻辑推理 （5-10%）
PPT文档演模板
法律英语证书考试简介
•试卷（二）， 主观题，有案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三部 分组成。各部分分数分别为25分、40分和35分。
•难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占80%，高难度试题占 20%
• (1)、案件阅读 （case reading and comprehension）共25分
• 本部分试题包括一篇美国真实案例。要求应试者在准确、 快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问 题。
• (2)、翻译（Translation）共40分 本部分试题有两节，Section A 和Section B。Section A 是 中译英，Section B 是英译中，各占20分。
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考试介绍
法律英语水平考试的英文名称为"Test of Legal English Skills (缩写为TOLES)"，面向从业律师、法律专业学生、律师事务所、司法机构以及企业各界，对个人日常及实际工作中的英语水平进行测试。
TOLES考试由司法界资深人士和英语语言培训专家共同研发，经过了司法界的广泛商议，并定期更新以适应不断变化的社会及行业的需求。
TOLES考试被公认为世界领先的法律英语资格考试，许多国家的知名律师事务所、法律教学与研究机构、政府司法机构和跨国集团都以其作为从业语言能力的测试，如英国法学会(英格兰及威尔士)、欧洲法院、欧洲中央银行、普华永道、戴姆勒-克莱斯勒、英国富而德(FRESHFIELDS)、英国年利达(LINKLATERS)等诸多世界一流律师事务所。
获得法律英语水平考试资格证书，将有助于考生在竞争日益激烈的社会中，赢得先机，从容迈入职业生涯。
报名事宜
1.报名程序
（1）填写报名表，交纳考试费，考生可选择通过邮寄报名表至考试中心或直接到考试中心报名。
报名表.doc （点击下载）
（2）请在所选考试日期前六周提出考试申请
（3）请交一张两寸免冠近照
2.缓考
缓考申请应在考试日期之前一周提出，考生必须在考试日期前一周提供足够的证明和文件来申请缓考。
例如有资格机构开立的医疗证明或事件报告，如考生没有提出缓考申请，而在考试当天缺考，则作自动放弃处理，考试费不予退还。
3.考试中心地点
英国领事馆文化教育处北京办公室、上海办公室、广州办公室、重庆办公室。
考试费用
1.Foundation考试费用为人民币1400元
2.Higher考试费用为人民币1700元
3.固定日期的Advanced考试费用为人民币2000元
4.预约日期的Advanced考试费用为人民币2800元
考生可直接到考试中心交纳考试费用或通过邮局汇款；请在汇款用途栏填写“TOLES考试费”；汇款地址同考试中心地址，考试费应在考试日期二周前交纳。
考试时间
新TOLES考试分为三个等级，新TOLES Advanced可通过于我们提前预约，在任意时间参加考试。
这有利于考生灵活安排其法律英语课程以及考试准备时间。
新TOLES Foundation 和TOLES Higher考试日期如下：
2007年11月28日
2008年3月20日
2008年6月19日
2008年11月27日
考试科目
1. TOLES Foundation 主要考察法律相关的核心词汇量以及理解能力；
2. TOLES Higher主要考察考生准确、恰当地使用法律词汇的能力；
3. TOLES Advanced 主要考察考生在国际法律事务所工作中使用法律英语的能力；
考试题型
1. TOLES Foundation
时间：90分钟
题型：阅读和写作
2. TOLES Higher
时间：第一部分（阅读和写作部分）：90分钟
第二部分（听力部分）：30分钟
题型：阅读、写作和听力
3. TOLES Advanced
时间：2个小时
题型：阅读和写作
考试成绩
1. TOLES Foundation基础考试分为两部分，采用百分制，没有规定及格分数。
我们建议希望参加TOLES 高级考试的考生要取得至少81-100分的成绩。
2. TOLES Higher 考试采用百分制。
考试成绩分为四个等级，分别是：优秀（80-100）、良好（60-80分）、满意（40-60分）、不熟练（0-40分）
3. TOLES Advanced考试:采用一系列共六级的渐进分数，是专门为母语为非英语的法律人才设计的评分体系。
考试成绩从较低熟练程度(绿色0-100分)渐进到接近母语水平能力的高级熟练程度(金色451-500分)。
考试结果及证书会在考后4-6周由GLE寄送到处考试中心,随后将证书寄送给每一位考生，考试后8周仍未收到证书的考生请与考试中心联系。
教材教辅
指定教材：
1. The Lawyer's English Language Coursebook (available June 2007) by Catherine Mason and Rosemary Atkins
2. Practice Papers for TOLES Advanced (Volume 2) (available Feb 2007) by Global Legal English.
辅导用书：
1.《TOLES 高级考试练习题》
2.《TOLES 基础考试练习题》。