WTO 课件

(2) Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) Since 1995, the WTO’s ATC has taken over from the Mulltifibre Arrangement.
3.1.4.2 Back in the mainstream (Integration) By 1 January 2005, the sector is to be fully integrated into normal GATT rules:
3.1.3 Standards and safety
3.1.3.1 Purpose: to protect human, animal or plant life or health
3.1.3.2 Agreements:
(1) SPS : Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement: provisions on control, inspection and approval procedures
3.1.1.2 More bindings :the number of imports whose tariff rates are “bound” (committed and difficult to increase) : before (%) after(%) Developed countries 78 99 Developing countries 21 73 Transition economies 73 98
(1)Removal of quotas : covering the four main types of textiles and clothing: tops and yarns; fabrics; made-up textile products; and clothing (2) safeguards : -- Explanation: If further cases of damage to the industry arise during the transition, the agreement allows additional restrictions to be imposed temporarily under strict conditions.
-- “blue box” : (a)certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production (sometimes called “blue box” measures), (b) certain government assistance programmes to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries,
-- market access , -- domestic support , -- export subsidies
3.1.2.2 Market access: „tariffs only‟, please
“tariffication” :the way converting the quotas and other types of measures to tariffs Steps:
(c) on inspecting products : allows use different standards and different methods of inspecting products 3.1.3.2 Technical regulations and standards TBT : Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement
-- “blue box” : (c) other support on a small scale (“de minimis”) when compared with the total value of the product or products supported (5% or less in the case of developed countries and 10% or less for developing countries).
(c) on procedures : the ones used to decide whether a product conforms with national standards have to be fair and equitable
3.1.4 Textiles: back in the mainstream 3.1.4.1 Arrangement and agreement for textiles (1) Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) (a) Time: From 1974 until the end of the Uruguay Round governed the textiles trade (b) What was MFA?
(2)Fewer products charged high duty rates (3) information technology products:40 countries accounting for more than 92% of world trade agreed to eliminate import duties and other charges on these products byr using it: (a) increased imports of the product in question from all sources, (b) a sharp and substantial increase from the specific exporting country.
(a) on rights : recognizes countries’ rights to adopt the standards they consider appropriate
(b) on code : a code of good practice for the preparation, adoption and application of standards by central government bodies
2. The least-developed and those depending on food imports A special ministerial decision sets out objectives, and certain measures, for the provision of food aid and aid for agricultural development. It also refers to the possibility of assistance from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to finance commercial food imports.
This was a framework for bilateral agreements or unilateral actions that established quotas limiting imports into countries whose domestic industries were facing serious damage from rapidly increasing imports
3.1.2 Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers 3.1.2.1 The Agriculture Agreement: new rules and commitments
New rules and commitments of The Agriculture Agreement:
3.1.2.4 Export subsidies: limits on spending and quantities to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies Numerical targets for agricultur(tab3-1)
(1)to replace these restrictions with tariffs that represented about the same level of protection.
(2)over six years from 1995-2000, these tariffs were gradually reduced (the reduction period for developing countries ends in 2005).
Domestic supports: -- “amber box”: Domestic policies that do have a direct effect on production and trade have to be cut back. -- “green box”:Measures with minimal impact on trade can be used freely
Chapter 3 The Agreements of the WTO
3.1 Agreements for trade in goods
3.1.1 Tariffs: more bindings and closer to zero