文学史名词解释120个-英汉对照
外国文学史名词解释
外国文学史复习题一．名词解释1.湖畔派诗人：指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派,主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞.由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区,以诗赞美湖光山色,所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称.湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实,迷恋过去,美化中世纪的宗法制,幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托.华兹华斯和柯勒律治的抒情歌谣集为浪漫主义奠基之作.华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的序言,成为英国浪漫主义宣言.2.拜伦式英雄：在拜伦的作品,特别是东方叙事诗中塑造的一系列个人主义反叛者的形象,既表现了诗人的反抗精神,也反映了诗人高傲的性格和忧郁苦闷的情绪,因而叫“拜伦式英雄”.这些反叛者才能出众,出于个人的原因起来反抗国家的强权,社会秩序和宗教道德,他们既不满现实,又找不到出路.他们个个热情勇敢、追求个人自由、意志坚强、骄傲孤独、心怀人间悲哀而不惜同命运抗争,最终一般以失败、死亡告终.代表人物：海盗中的康德拉.3..多余人：19世纪俄国文学中描绘的贵族知识分子典型.特点是出身贵族,生活环境优越,受过良好教育.他们虽有高尚的理想,却远离人民；虽不满现实,却缺少行动,是“思想上的巨人,行动上的矮子”.心仪西方的自由思想,也很不满俄国的现状,又无能为力改变这种现状,又不与底层人民相结合以改变俄国的现状.第一个多余人形象是在普希金的叶甫盖尼·奥涅金里的主人公奥涅金,名称来自于屠格涅夫多余人日记.多余人的形象包括莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林、屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭.4.小人物：特指19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学作品中的人物形象.在社会中处于底层,生活困苦,地位卑微,但又逆来顺受,安分守已,性格懦弱,胆小怕事,成为那些大人物统治的牺牲者,是被剥削、被欺凌的典型形象.作家对他们寄予同情与怜悯,并通过这类形象批判沙皇专制制度.普希金驿站长开了俄国文学描写“小人物”的先河.果戈理的中篇小说彼得堡故事深化了普希金描写小人物的主题,代表作是外套狂人日记.陀思妥耶夫斯基穷人则使这一主题又有新发展.5.复调小说：复调小说是前苏联学者巴赫金创设的概念,他借用这一术语来概括托斯妥耶夫斯基小说的诗学特征,以区别于独白型的已经定型的欧洲小说模式.陀的作品中有众多各自独立而不融合的声音和意识,每个声音和意识都具有同等重要的地位和价值,这些多音调并不要在作者的统一意识下展开,而是平等地各抒己见.每个声音都是主体,议论不局限于刻画人物或展开情节的功能,还被当作是另一个人的意识,即他人的意识,但并不对象化,不变成作者意识的单纯客体.小说具有对话性.6.冰山原则：海明威在他的纪实性作品午后之死中,把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山.所谓“冰山原则”,就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象之中,使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦,从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来,让读者对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义.简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素.7.象征主义：19世纪中叶产生于法国,20世纪在欧美广泛流行,是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现,也是现代主义文学的一个核心分支.强调主观、个性,以心灵的想象创造某种带有暗示和象征性的神奇画面,不再把一时所见真实的表现出来,而通过特定形象的综合来表达自己的观念和内在的精神世界.在形式上则追求华丽堆砌和装饰的效果.法国诗人波德莱尔恶之花是象征主义的开山之作.后期象征主义诗人的主要代表是保尔·瓦雷里.8.表现主义：20世纪初产生于德国,尔后蔓延到欧美各国,是一个有广泛影响的现代主义文学流派.表现主义文学善于透过事物的表象,展现内在的本质,从人的外部行动揭示内在的灵魂；善于直接表现人物的心灵体验,展现内在的心灵冲动.表现主义的流行是对注重外在客观事实描写的现实主义和自然主义的反叛,对其他现在主义流派产生了影响.其戏剧和诗歌的成就最为突出,代表作家有卡夫卡、奥尼尔、斯特林堡.9.超现实主义：是两次世界大战从法国流行到欧美的现代主义文学流派,从达达主义发展而来,试图将文艺创作从理性的樊篱中解放出来,使之成为一种自发性的心理活动过程,以表现一种更高度真实的“现实”,即“超现实”.具有以下特征：强调表现超理性、超现实的无意识世界和梦幻世界；主张用纯精神的自动反应进行文学创作,广泛使用“自动写作法”“梦幻记录法”,具有晦涩艰深的风格；追求离奇神秘的艺术效果.对后来的荒诞派、黑色幽默、魔魂现实主义都有影响.代表作家布勒东、阿拉贡.10.意识流小说：是20世纪流行于英法美等国的现代主义文学流派.意识流小说不重视描摹客观世界,而着力于表现人的内心真实,特别是着力于表现人的意识流程,从而打破了传统小说的叙事模式和结构方法,用心里逻辑去组织故事.在创作技巧上,意识流小说大量运用内心独白、自由联想和象征暗示的手法,语言、文体和标点等方面都有很大创新.意识流的创作方法以后被现代主义作家广泛采用,成了现在小说的基本创作方法之一.代表：乔伊斯尤利西斯.11.存在主义文学:存在主义文学是二十世纪先出现在法国,而后流行于欧美的一种文艺思潮流派,是存在主义哲学在文学上的反映.其基本观点：世界是荒谬的,人生是痛苦的,但倡导人们通过“自由选择”去面对荒诞的现实和痛苦的人生,从而实现人的自我价值.这些作品大多数处理的是重大的哲理、道德和政治题材,重思想,轻形式,强调逻辑思维和哲学思辨.存在主义文学的代表作品有萨特的小说恶心、哲理剧禁闭和加缪的小说局外人等.12.荒诞派戏剧：20世纪50年代兴起于法国尔后波及欧美的反传统戏剧流派,是寻在主义哲学在戏剧领域中的表现,由马丁.艾思林的荒诞派戏剧而得名.荒诞派戏剧家提倡纯粹戏剧性、通过直喻把握世界,他们放弃了形象塑造与戏剧冲突,运用支离破碎的舞台直观场景、奇特怪异的道具、颠三倒四的对话、混乱不堪的思维,表现现实的丑恶与恐怖、人生的痛苦与绝望,达到一种抽象的荒诞效果.代表作家有尤奈斯库、贝克特等人.13.黑色幽默：20世纪60年代流行美国的一个文学流派.思想上,深受存在主义哲学影响,关注现实,对现实的荒诞有一种深沉的痛苦和恼怒.所谓黑色幽默,就是阴郁的幽默,绞刑架下的幽默,以表面的轻松、调侃、玩世不恭其实是无可奈何的语调叙述沉郁而可怖的故事,从而产生荒诞不经、滑稽可笑的喜剧效果.主人公往往是性格乖僻的“反英雄”.情节结构具有非逻辑性.代表作有海勒第二十二条军规品钦万有引力之虹.14.魔幻现实主义：形成于拉丁美洲60年代取得辉煌成绩.魔幻现实主义作家关心祖国和人民的命运,作品具有丰富的社会生活.基本主题都来自现实生活,但被作家改变了本来面目而披上了一层神秘色彩；同时,作家又大量引入各种超自然的力量,从而创造出一种扑朔迷离的新现实,但他们在小说中变现实为魔幻却有不失其真.深刻的寓意,非凡的艺术造诣,鲜明的民族色彩和广泛的群众性,使它做到了高雅和大众化的结合.代表：马尔克斯百年孤独.15.垮掉的一代：第二次世界大战之后出现在美国,是一群松散结合在一起的年轻人,唯一共同之处就是对社会公认的一切都抱背道而驰的态度.基本特征：思想倾向上深受欧洲存在主义影响；艺术上追求无节制的自我放纵,作品结构无拘无束乃至杂乱无章,语言粗俗甚至粗鄙.虽然有大量不健康因素,但通过他们的眼光可以加深对当代美国社会的理解,粗犷自然的风格在当代美国文学中也留下了影响.代表：凯鲁亚克在路上金斯堡嚎叫.16.约克纳塔法世系:福克纳的很多小说都设在这个虚构的约克纳帕塔法郡Yoknapatawpha County中,原型是他故乡所在的拉斐特郡Lafayette.约克纳帕塔法是福克纳作品的标志,是文学史上有名的虚构地点之一17.托尔斯泰主义:在托尔斯泰的思想中,除了对现实的无情批判以外,还热切鼓吹悔罪、拯救灵魂、禁欲主义、“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”等观点,宣扬一种属于托尔斯泰自己的宗教“博爱”思想,人们称之为“托尔斯泰主义”. 托尔斯泰主义：道德的自我完善,不以暴力抗恶,博爱.18.忏悔贵族:“忏悔贵族”的共性在于孜孜不倦地探索生活意义,愤愤不平地揭露统治阶级的腐朽道德和社会的残酷无情,苦苦思考农村破产农民贫困的原因,寻找贵族出路,寻求接近人民的图景,具有道德感情的纯洁性.这些人物无不打上俄国社会发展印记,同时也包含了作家本人思想探索过程.19.梅塘集团:十九世纪后期法国以左拉为首的自然主义文学集团,因短篇小说集梅塘之夜而得名.一八七九年夏,自然主义流派作家阿莱克西、赛拉尔、爱尼克、雨依斯曼和莫伯桑,某夜聚会于左拉的梅塘别墅,商定各写一篇以普法战争为背景的小说,汇总以后以梅塘之夜之名出版.次年四月,梅塘之夜问世.六人中当时最默默无闻的莫伯桑却因其羊脂球而受到一致称赞.此后左拉等六人即被称为“梅塘集团”.20.迷惘的一代:迷惘的一代TheLostGeneration第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派.20年代初,侨居巴黎的美国作家格·斯泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一代.”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说太阳照常升起的题词,“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓.。
外国文学史必背名词解释
小人物:19世纪俄国现实主义文学作品中所塑造的一批生活在社会底层的小人物典型形象。
他们在社会中官阶、地位低下，生活困苦，但又逆来顺受、安分守己、性格懦弱、胆小怕事因此成为“大人物”统治下被侮辱的®牲者。
普希金以：1^短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物"的先河。
果戈理继承了普希金的现实主义又把它推到了一个新的高度。
多余人: 多余人”最早由赫尔岑在《往事•与随想》中提出。
“多余人"是19世纪俄国文学中所描绘的贵族知识分子的一种典型。
他们的特点是出身贵族，生活在优裕的环境中，受过良好的文化教育。
他们虽有高尚的理想，却远离人民：虽不满现实，却缺少行动，他们是“思想上的巨人，行动上的矮子”，只能在愤世疾俗中白白地浪费自己的才华。
他们既不愿站在政府的一边，与上流社会同流合污.又不能和人民站在一起，反对专制制度和农奴制度。
他们很是心仪西方的自由思想，他们也很不满俄国的现状，又无能为力改变这种现状，然而他们又是大贵族和权势者的代表人物，不可能与底层人民根结合以改变俄国的现状。
多余人的形象包括普希金笔下的叶甫盖尼-奥涅金、莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林、屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭、赫尔岑笔下的别尔托夫、冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等。
分类整理法: 分类整理法是巴尔扎克为把《人间喜剧》的90多部作品联结为一个有机的整体而采用的一种方法。
从小说反映生活的不同角度出发把全部作品分为三大类:《风俗研究》，《哲学研究九《分析研究》。
其中《风俗研究》是主体部分。
又分为六个场景，《私人生活场景》《外省生活场景》《巴黎生活场景》《政治生活场景》《军事生活场景》《乡村生活场景》。
此种方法将诸多作品联系成一个有机的整体使众多小说分门别类地各处于一世的系统中，历史而全面地描写现实。
威塞克斯小说哈代以尖故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地区）为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。
小说反映了19世纪中叶以后资本主义侵入英国农村所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、逍德、风俗等方而的变化以及人们的精神痛苦：同时对资本主义社会的法律、逍徳、宗教、教育制度多有批判：有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。
319个《中国古代文学史》必背名词解释大汇总
319个《中国古代文学史》必背名词解释大汇总不积跬步，无以成千里，不积小流，无以成江海！跟着大师兄的脚步，认真复习就一定能有所收获以下是从各个版本的古代文学教材里整理出来的比较重要的名词解释，现在推送出来，看看大家有没有都记住！名词解释除了是一种考试题型，其实也是对课本基础知识点的掌握情况的考量。
掌握了足够多的名词解释，对解答简答题和论述题也是很有帮助的。
所以，大家在这一块千万不要松懈，该弄懂的概念一定要弄懂。
1、三古七段说三古七段，是中国文学史的一种断代方法。
三古七段说主要着眼于文学本身的发展变化，体现文学本身的发展变化所呈现的阶段性，而将其他的条件如社会制度的变化、王朝的更替等视为文学发展变化的背景。
将文学本身的发展变化视为断限的根据，而将其他的条件视为断限的参照。
一种根据，多种参照，也许最适合于描述整个中国文学的历史过程。
中国文学史可以分成上游、中游、下游，这就是上古期、中古期、近古期。
三古之分，是中国文学史大的时代断限。
在三古之内，又可以细分为七段。
三古、七段的具体划分如下：上古期：先秦两汉（公元3世纪以前）第一段：先秦第二段：秦汉中古期：魏晋至明中叶（公元3世纪至16世纪）第三段：魏晋至唐中叶（天宝末）第四段：唐中叶至南宋末第五段：元初至明中叶（正德末）近古期：明中叶至“五四”运动（公元16世纪至20世纪初期）第六段：明嘉靖初至鸦片战争（1840）第七段：鸦片战争至“五四”运动（1919）2、神话：是以故事的形式表现了远古时期人民对自然、社会现象的认识和愿望，是以“通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”。
神话通常以神为主人公，他们包括各种自然神和神化了的英雄人物。
神话的意义通常显示为对某种自然或社会现象的解释，有的表达了先民征服自然、变革社会的愿望。
中国在远古时代有过丰富的神话传说，但在中国古典文献中，除了《山海经》等书中记载神话比较集中外，其余则散见于经史子集等各类书中，往往只是片断，有故事情节的不多。
外国文学史考试名词解释
外国文学史名词解释汇总1、荷马史诗：包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最早的两部史诗，一般认为是吟颂诗人荷马所作，故称荷马史诗。
这两部史诗描写发生于公元前12世纪的特洛亚战争，各分二十四卷，反映了氏族制度趋于瓦解，向奴隶社会过渡时期广泛的社会生活，塑造了一系列英雄形象，具有很高的认识价值和艺术成就。
2、埃斯库罗斯：被誉为古希腊悲剧之父，是古希腊三大悲剧诗人之一。
相传他创作了70部悲剧，留存下7部，代表作为《被缚的普罗米修斯》。
他对希腊悲剧艺术做出了重大贡献，把演员从一个增加到两个，加强了对话部分，在演出技巧上也做了不少改革。
其悲剧风格庄严崇高，抒情气氛浓，但情节较简单，人物性格一般没有发展。
3、《俄底浦斯王》：是索福克勒斯的代表作，以希腊神话中关于忒拜王室的故事为题材，紧紧围绕俄底浦斯杀父娶母的预言和寻找凶手这两条线索展开。
这是一部十分悲惨的剧作，主要表现的是人个意志与命运的冲突，英雄人物在面对厄运中显示了人的精神的神圣崇高。
剧作结构复杂而严谨，亚里士多德认为该剧是希腊悲剧的典范。
4、阿里斯托芬：被誉为喜剧之父.他留下的完整剧本有11部，代表作为《阿卡奈人》，他的喜剧涉及当时许多重大的政治和社会问题，对战争与和平问题尤其关心。
其喜剧手法夸张，妙趣横生，在嬉笑怒骂中表达了严肃的主题，被恩格斯称为有强烈倾向的诗人。
5、教会文学：是中世纪欧洲盛行的正统文学，取材于《圣经》，体裁有圣经故事、对徒传、祷告文、赞美诗、宗教剧等，主要作者是教会僧侣，主要内容是赞美上帝的权威和歌颂圣徒的德行，宣扬禁欲主义和来世主义思想，手法以梦幻、寓意和象征为主。
6、骑士文学：是西欧封建骑士制度的产物，以描写骑士爱情和冒险故事为基本内容，包括骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。
抒情诗产生于法国南部的普罗旺斯，有破晓歌、牧歌、怨歌等。
叙事诗又称骑士传奇，重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。
7、英雄史诗：分前期和后期。
前期英雄史诗形成于中世纪初期，具有较浓的神魔色彩和巫术气氛，著名的有《贝奥武甫》、《埃达》等，歌颂部落英雄的光荣事迹。
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣)A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue.2. Alliteration(头韵)It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse.3. Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea.The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧)The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.5. Lyric(抒情诗)As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings.6. Epic(史诗)It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost.7. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.8. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment also called the neoclassic movement. It refers to the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the 19th century. The term is generally used to describe the philosophical, scientific, and rational spirit, the freedom from superstition, the skepticism and faith in religious tolerance of much of 18th-century Europe. Te Enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule the illogical errors in government, social custom, and religious belief. This period’s poetry in England was typified by Alexander Pope, John Dryden and others.9. Classicism(古典主义)The term, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose (清新、优雅、对称与和谐) produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and other etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.10. Romanticism or Romantic Movement(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. The Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. Its stylistic keynote is intensity, and its watchword is imagination. Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic setting and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included Blake, Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.11. Genre (样式):A type of category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. These general genres are often subdivided into more specific genres and subgenres. For example, the poetry can be sub-classified as epic, elegy, lyric and pastoral etc.12. Critical realism(批判现实主义)Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of eash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical reali sm.。
英国文学史及选读名词解释
Part O ne①B eowul f: Th e nat ional hero ic ep ic of theEngli sh pe ople. It h as ov er 3,000 l ines.It d escri bes t he ba ttles betw een t he tw o mon sters andBeowu lf, w ho wo n the batt le fi nally anddeadfor t he fa tal w ound. Thepoemendswiththe f unera l ofthe h ero.The m ost s triki ng fe ature in i ts po etica l for m isthe u se if alli terat ion.Other feat uresof it arethe u se of meta phors(暗喻)and o f und ersta temen ts(含蓄).②Allit erati on: I n all itera tiveverse, cer tainaccen ted(重音) wo rds i n a l ine b eginwiththe s ame c onson ant s ound(辅音).There aregener ally4acce nts i n a l ine,3 ofwhich show alli terat ion,as ca n beseenfromthe a bovequota tion.③Ro mance: The most prev ailin g(流行的) kin d ofliter ature in f eudal Engl and w as th e Rom ance. It w as alongcompo sitio n, so metim es in vers e(诗篇), som etime s inprose(散文), desc ribin g the life andadven tures of a nobl e her o, us ually a kn ight, as r iding fort h toseekadven tures, tak ing p art i n tou rname nt(竞赛), or figh tingfor h is lo rd in batt le an d the swea ringof oa ths.④Epi c: An epic is a leng thy n arrat ive p oem,ordin arily conc ernin g a s eriou s sub jectconta ining deta ils o f her oic d eedsand e vents sign ifica ntlyto acultu re or nati on. T hefi rst e picsare k nownas pr imacy, ororigi nal e pics.⑤Ba llad: Themostimpor tantdepar tment of E nglis h fol k lit eratu re is theballa d whi ch isa st ory t old i n son g, us ually in 4-line stan zas(诗节), w ith t he se condand f ourth line srhy med.The s ubjec ts of ball ads a re va rious in k ind,as th e str uggle of y ounglover saga insttheir feud al-mi ndedfamil ies,the c onfli ct be tween love andwealt h, th e cru eltyof je alous y, th e cri ticis m ofthe c ivilwar,and t he ma tters andclass stru ggle. Theparam ount(卓越的)impor tantballa d isRobin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geo ffrey Chau cer杰弗里?乔叟: He w as an Engl ish a uthor, poe t, ph iloso pherand d iplom at. H e isthe f ounde r ofEngli sh po etry. He o btain ed agoodknowl edgeofLa tin,Frenc h and Ital ian.His b est r ememb erednarra tiveis th e Can terbu ry Ta les(《坎特伯雷故事集》), whic h the Prol ogue(序言) s uppli es aminia ture(缩影) o f theEngl ish s ociet y ofChauc er’stime. That is w hy Ch aucer hasbeencalle d “th e fou nderof En glish real ism”. Chau cer a ffirm s men andwomen’s ri ght t o pur sue t heirhappi nesson ea rth a nd op poses(反对)the d ogmaof as cetic ism(禁欲主义)preac hed(鼓吹) by thechurc h. As a fo rerun ner o f hum anism, heprais es ma n’s e nergy, int ellec t, qu ick w it an d lov e oflife. Chau cer’s cont ribut ion t o Eng lishpoetr y lie s chi eflyin th e fac t tha t heintro duced from Fran ce th e rhy med s tanza of v ariou s typ es, e speci allythe r hymedcoup let o f 5 a ccent s iniambi c(抑扬格) met er(th e “he roiccoupl et”)to En glishpoet ry, i nstea d ofthe o ld An glo-S axonallit erati ve ve rse.⑦【Wi lliam Lang land威廉?朗兰: Pier s the Plow man《农夫皮尔斯》】P art T woTh e Eng lishBible: The firs t com plete Engl ish B iblewas t ransl atedby Jo hn Wy cliff e(约翰?威克里夫). The Auth orize d Ver sionis Ki ng Ja mes B iblemadein 1611. T he re sultis amonum ent o f Eng lishlangu age a nd En glish lite ratur e.R enais sance: Ren aissa nce o r the birt h oflette rs is an i ntell ectua l mov ement. Its twofeatu res a re athirs tingcurio sityfor t he cl assic al li terat ure a nd th e kee n int erest in t heac tivit ies o f hum anity. Hum anism is t he ke y-not e ofthe R enais sance.Wi lliam Caxt on威廉?卡克斯顿: He i s the firs t Eng lishprint er an d inv ented in E nglan d the prof essio n ofpubli sher.Tho mas M ore托马斯?莫尔: Thegreat est o f the Engl ish h umani sts w as Th omasMore, theautho r ofUtopi a《乌托邦》. He is a lso o ne of such “gia nts”(巨匠) o f theRena issan ce. H e dis tingu ished hims elf a s a l earne d sch olar, a ma sterof La tin,a wit tyta lker, a lo ver o f mus ic, a n hon est s tates man , anda man of n oblechara cter, mode st bu t ste adfas t(坚定的), to hisconvi ction s. He wasa far-sigh ted t hinke r, as pired fora tot allynew s ociet y wit h hap py, c lassl ess,and f ree f rom p overt y and expl oitat ion.He wa s oneof t he fo rerun nersof mo dernsocia listthoug ht.Utopi a: It is M ore’s mast erpie ce, w ritte n inthe f orm o f a c onser vatio n bet weenMoreand H ythlo day,a ret urned voya ger.It is divi ded i nto t wo bo oks.The f irstbookconta ins a long disc ussio n onthe s ocial cond ition s ofEngla nd. I n the seco nd bo ok is desc ribedin d etail an i dealcommu nistsocie ty, U topia. The name “Uto pia”comes from Gree kwor ds me aning “noplace” and wasadopt ed by More as t he na me of hisidealcomm onwea lth.Phil ip Si dney菲利普?锡德尼: He is w ell-k nownas apoetand c ritic of p oetry. Hiscoll ectio n oflovesonne ts, A strop hel a nd St ella《爱星者与星》, wa s pub lishe d in1591. Edm und S pense r埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：Th e poe t’s p oet o f the peri od wa s ESwho w as bu riedbesid e Cha ucerin We stmin sterAbbey. EShas h eld h is po sitio n asa mod el of poet icalart a mongthe R enais sance Engl ish p oets, andhis i nflue nce c an be trac ed in theworks of M ilton, She lley, andKeats. ESis th e fir stma sterto ma ke th at la nguag e the natu ral m usicof hi s poe tic e ffusi ons(感情的流露). His sonn ets i n Amo retti, tog ether with Sidn ey’sAstro pheland S tella andShake spear e’s s onnet s ,ar e the most famo us so nnetseque ncesof th e Eli zabet h Age.【In 1579 he w roteThe S hephe rd’sCalen dar《牧人日记》which mark ed th ebud ding(萌芽) o f the Rena issan ce fl owerin th e nor thern isla nd of Engl and.The f aerie Quee n 《仙后》 ishis g reate st wo rk wh ich w as de dicat ed to Quee n Eli zabet h.】Franc is Ba con:He is thefound er of Engl ish m ateri alist phil osoph y and thefound er of mode rn sc ience in E nglan d. Hi s New Inst rumen t iscalle d the Indu ctive Meth od ofreas oning. Heis al so th e fir st En glish essa yist. To g ive a few, “Men fear deat h aschild ren f ear t o goin th e dar k..”“Stud ies s ervefor d eligh t.” “Readi ng ma kes a full man; conf erenc e a r eadyman;and w ritin g anexact man.”D rama: TheMirac le Pl ay圣迹剧 TheMoral ity P lay道德剧寓意剧The Inte rlude幕间节目Chri stoph er Ma rlowe克里斯托弗?马洛:The m ost g ifted of t he “u niver sitywits” wasChris tophe r Mar lowe. Hisbestworkinclu de 3of hi s pla ys, T ambur laine《帖木儿大帝》(1587),The J ew of Malt a《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), an d Doc tor F austu s《浮士德博士》(1588). He w as th e gre atest of t he pi oneer s ofEngli sh dr ama.His w ork p avedthe w ay fo r the play s ofthe g reate st En glish dram atist——Sha kespe are——whoseachi eveme nts w ere t he mo numen t ofthe E nglis h Ren aissa nce.【Hisplays show thespiri t ofthe r ising bour geois ie, i ts ea ger c urios ity f or kn owled ge, i ts to werin g pri de, i tsin satia ble(不知足的)appet ite f or po wer w on by mili tary, migh t, kn owled ge, o r gol d. Th e the me of hisplays is t he pr aiseof in divid ualit y fre ed fr om th e res train ts of medi evaldogma s and law, andthe c onvic tionof th e bou ndles s pos sibil ity o f hum an ef fortsin c onque ringthe u niver se. T he he roesin hi s pla ys ar e mer ely i ndivi duali sts,theirindi vidua listi c amb ition ofte n bri ngs r uin t o the worl d and some times to t hemse lves.】Wi lliam Shak espea re: S hakes peare is o ne of thefound ers o f rea lismin wo rld l itera ture. Hisdrama tic c reati on of ten u sed t he me thodof ad aptat ion（改革）. S hakes peare long expe rienc e wit h the stag e and hisintim ate k nowle dge o f dra matic artthusacqui red m ake h im amaste r han d for play writi ng. S hakes peare wasskill ed in manypoet ic fo rms:the s ong,the s onnet, the coup let,and t he dr amati c bla nk ve rse.He wa sesp ecial ly at home with theblank vers e. Sh akesp earewas a grea t mas ter o f theEngl ish l angua ge. S hakes peare hasbeenunive rsall y ack nowle dgedto be thesummi t ofthe E nglis h Ren aissa nce,and o ne of thegreat est w riter s ove r the worl d.①The g reatcomed ies:A Mid summe r Mig ht’sDream, The Merc hantof Ve nice,As Y ou Li ke It, Twe lfthNight.②The g reattrage dies: Haml et, O thell o, Ki ng Le ar, M acbet h.T he Me rchan t ofVenic e: 威尼斯富商安东尼奥Ant onio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥B assan io的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shy lock借债。
外国文学史名词解释
1、大学才子派：1.是在莎士比亚之前。
“大学才子”对当时活跃于英国戏剧界的一批青年知识分子的统称，他们大多受过教育，具有人文主义思想。
他们的戏剧创作和演出活动为莎士比亚的出现奠定了基础。
2.马洛：是莎士比亚前英国戏剧界最重要的人物，也是英国文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人。
代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧史》。
2、福斯塔夫式的背景：1.在莎士比亚第一时期的《亨利四世》中作者塑造了个最成功的喜剧形象：福斯塔夫，他是个封建没落骑士的典型。
2.作品通过人物生活的“五光十色的平民社会”的描写，为主人公活动提供了一幅广阔的“福斯塔夫式”的背景。
3、文艺复兴：是14-17世纪初欧洲一系列新兴资产阶级思想文化运动的总称。
它以发掘、整理和研究古希腊罗马的文化遗产、复兴古典文化为标志，并借此反对封建观念和中世纪宗教教义的束缚，建立适应新兴资产阶级的新思想新文化。
文艺复兴开辟了欧洲历史上的新纪元，是西方近代文化的开端。
它的指导思想是以“人”为中心的人文主义。
4、人文主义：人文主义是文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系，也是这一时期进步文学的中心思想。
主要内容表现在：用人权反对神权，用个性解放反对禁欲主义，用理性反对蒙昧主义，在政治思想上拥护中央集权，反对封建割据。
其中以人为本的思想和理性精神来自古希腊罗马文化，其平等、博爱的思想来自基督教精神，因此人文主义可以说是古代文化与中世纪文化的继承和发展。
5.多余人：19世纪俄国文学中描绘的贵族知识分子典型。
特点是出身贵族，生活环境优越，受过良好教育。
他们虽有高尚的理想，却远离人民；虽不满现实，却缺少行动，是“思想上的巨人，行动上的矮子”。
心仪西方的自由思想，也很不满俄国的现状，又无能为力改变这种现状，又不与底层人民相结合以改变俄国的现状。
第一个多余人形象是在普希金的《叶甫盖尼•奥涅金》里的主人公奥涅金，名称来自于屠格涅夫《多余人日记》。
多余人的形象包括莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林、屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭。
外国文学史名词解释
1、历史语言学2、共时语言学3、普通语言学4、语言5、言语6、组合关系7、聚合关系8、语言的层级性9、语言的渐变性10、语言的参差性11、语言的分化12、语言的混合13、语言的融合： 14、频率15、乐音16、音素17、音位18、音位变体19、音位的区别20、语义21、义素。
22、语义场23、预设24、蕴含25、语汇26、词27、语素28、词根。
29、词辍30、构词法31、基本词汇32、语法33、词形范畴34、语法范畴35、词类范畴36、语法手段37、显性意义38、隐性意义39、显性形式40、隐性形式41、文字42、表意文字43、表音文字44、自源文字45语言学46语文学47历史语言学48 历史比较语言学49描写语言学50历时语言学51个别语言学52普通语言学53语言的语言学54言语的语言学55内部语言学（微观语言学）56外部语言学57对比语言学58微观语言学（内部语言学）59宏观语言学（外部语言学）60理论语言学61应用语言学62结构主义语言学63形式语言学64交叉语言学65语言实66言语67思维68符号69组合关系70聚合关系71语言的线条性72语言的任意性73语言的层级性语74言语规律75渐变性规律76参差性规律77语言的分化78语言的整化79语言的融合80语言的混合。
81语音82 语音学研83 音高84音强85 音长86音质87频率88 振幅89乐音90噪音91共振峰92音素93 国际音标94音位95音位变体96非音质音位97音位区别特征98音位体系99音节100语流音变101句位学102语音规律语103语义104语言意义105 言语意义106 义素107义项108 语义场109 语境110词汇意义111 概念意义112语法意义113话题一114 述题115谓词116述项117预设118 蕴含119语义指向120词汇121语言词汇122言语词汇123词是124固定词组也125语素126词根127 词缀128 词尾129单纯词130 合成词131 复合词132派生词133联绵词指134叠音词135重叠词136 同音词137 同形词138 同源词139同根词。
英国文学史-名词解释
英国文学史-名词解释名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight. 2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. 6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points ofromanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without anyclarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unitconsisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
文学史名词解释
The theme of A Red, Red Rose is the praise of love, the true and everlasting love. Robert Burns is leaving his love and intends to reassure her of his fidelity and love for her in his absence. The poem expresses love, but it does not try to stir up deep feelings of passion, instead, it reminds readers of love, making the speaker's feelings sound more theoretical than real. In "A Red Red Rose" Burns is telling us what the epitome of love is to him. The similes he uses are meant to show us the grandness of love. He compares his love to a rose and to a melody, showing us that love is beautiful and precious. Burns also shows us how love is not fleeting.1.Romance: The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. The central character of romances was the knight. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginnigogom.2.Ballad:The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.3. Heroic couplet: Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs. “heroic”was applied in the later 17th century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.4. Renaissance:Renaissance is a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism。
英语文学史的专业名词解释
英语文学史的专业名词解释英语文学史是研究英语作为一门语言所产生的文学作品和文学发展历程的学科。
它囊括了英语文学的各个时期和流派，涵盖了从中世纪至当代的丰富的文学作品和文化动态。
在学习英语文学史时，我们会遇到一些专业名词，下面将为大家解释其中一些重要的术语。
1. Renaissance（文艺复兴）：文艺复兴指的是从14世纪中期开始于欧洲大陆，16世纪末从英国延伸至17世纪初的文化运动。
在英语文学史上，文艺复兴时期被认为是英国文学的黄金时代。
这个时期的文学作品以强调人文主义思想和人的价值为特点，反映了人们对知识、艺术和美的追求。
2. Romanticism（浪漫主义）：浪漫主义是19世纪初期在欧洲大陆兴起的一种文艺运动，也影响了英国文学。
浪漫主义的文学作品注重感情和想象力的表达，强调关注自然、个人心灵和超越现实的境界。
浪漫主义作品常常描绘强烈的情感冲突和对自然、历史和传统的怀旧。
3. Victorian era（维多利亚时代）：维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年维多利亚女王在位期间的英国历史时期。
这个时期的英语文学以细致入微的描写和道德教化为特点，反映了当时社会的价值观和道德观念。
维多利亚时代的文学作品对社会问题、性别角色和阶级分化等议题进行了深入探讨。
4. Modernism（现代主义）：现代主义是20世纪初期兴起的一种艺术和文学运动，对传统的观念、形式和艺术风格提出了挑战。
现代主义文学作品追求独特的表达形式和内在的思考方式，常常呈现出复杂的叙事结构和意识流的写作手法。
现代主义作品关注个人和社会的焦虑、疏离和矛盾。
5. Postcolonialism（后殖民主义）：后殖民主义是20世纪后期兴起的一种文化、社会和政治理论，关注被殖民地或前殖民地从殖民主义影响中解放出来之后面临的问题和挑战。
后殖民主义文学作品探讨了殖民主义对文化身份、权力关系和历史记忆的影响，反映了来自非西方国家和文化的声音和经验。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part 基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be 命中注定sung or recited 背诵in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet 押韵的对句of iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables 音节and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
外国文学史名词解释完整版
外国文学史名词解释集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]1.荷马史诗包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最早的两部史诗，取材于公元前12世纪发生的特洛亚战争的历史事件，有相当长的民间传唱和吟诵过程。
2.古希腊抒情诗古希腊抒情诗盛行于公元前7世纪至公元前5世纪，大多用来歌唱。
它源于民歌。
诗的内容主要是歌颂神和英雄、赞美爱情等。
最着名的是女诗人萨福。
3.古希腊悲剧古希腊悲剧起源于祭祀酒神狄俄尼索斯的仪式。
春天的酒神祭有歌队参加表演，歌队队员唱赞美酒神的颂歌，歌队队长讲述酒神的故事，后来又加进了表演动作的演员，悲剧便由此产生。
4.古希腊喜剧古希腊喜剧起源于秋天谢神的狂欢歌舞，人们载歌载舞感谢酒神狄俄尼索斯带来的丰收。
希腊喜剧主要是政治讽刺喜剧，大多取材于当代现实生活，反映重大社会问题。
5.伊索寓言伊索寓言是希腊民间口头流传的动物寓言故事，相传为公元前6世纪时被释放的奴隶伊索所作，故称伊索寓言。
现存的多由后人编撰写定，总数在400则左右。
6.埃斯库罗斯被誉为“古希腊悲剧之父”，是古希腊三大悲剧诗人之一。
相传他创作了70部悲剧，留存下7部，代表作为《被缚的普罗米修斯》。
7.阿里斯托芬被誉为“喜剧之父”。
他留下的完整剧本有11部，代表作为《阿卡奈人》，他的喜剧涉及当时许多重大的政治和社会问题，对战争与和平问题尤其关心。
其喜剧手法夸张，妙趣横生，在嬉笑怒骂中表达了严肃的主题，被恩格斯称为“有强烈倾向的诗人。
”8.三联剧又称三部曲，古希腊悲剧中最初的固定格式，•指情节连贯，内容相关的三部悲剧。
它们既有相对独立性，有各自的剧名，能独立成篇，又有内在联系，可合成一组悲剧，有总的剧名，表达统一的主题。
后成为三部内容各自独立而又相互联系的文学作品的统称。
9.教会文学中世纪的教会文学是适应封建主和基督教会而创作的文学。
作者大多为僧侣，亦称“僧侣文学”。
10.骑士文学中古欧洲的一种封建世俗文学，•它鲜明地反映了封建主阶级的意识，繁盛在12─13世纪。
英美文学名词解释汉语版
英美文学名词解释汉语版
1. 小说 (Novel): 是一种长篇的虚构故事，通常以人物形象和情节为主要构成要素。
2. 散文 (Prose): 是一种以自由的、非诗歌形式的文学作品，通常有较为正式的句子结构和逻辑表达方式。
3. 诗歌 (Poetry): 是一种以押韵、节奏和音乐性为特点的文学形式，通常用比喻、象征和意象来表达作者的情感和观点。
4. 戏剧 (Drama): 是一种能够在舞台上演出的文学形式，通常包括对话、角色互动和舞台指导。
5. 悲剧 (Tragedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常描绘了主角在命运和自身缺陷之间的斗争，并以悲惨结局告终。
6. 喜剧 (Comedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常以幽默和滑稽情节为特点，旨在给观众带来愉快和欢笑。
7. 叙事诗 (Epic poem): 是一种长篇叙事诗歌，从古代传统英雄故事中派生而来，通常讲述了一个英雄或重大事件的史诗式叙事。
8. 短篇小说 (Short story): 是一种长度较短的虚构故事，通常聚焦于一个具体的事件或角色，呈现出作者的观点或主题。
9. 传记 (Biography): 是一种通过详细描述一个人的生平和事迹来记录他们的生活和成就的文学作品。
10. 自传 (Autobiography): 是一种以作者自己的经历和回忆为基础写成的传记，通常描绘了作者的成长经历和个人观点。
英美文学史名词解释(按照时间+特点+代表人物)
英美文学史名词解释期末背诵（按照时间+特点+代表人物）：（注：英国文学简史作者刘炳善美国文学史作者常耀信）1.English Renaissance(英):The English Renaissance which means rebirth and revival sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread to Europe. Two features are striking of this movement.The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.Another feature is the keen interest of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.The representative writers are Thomas More and Edmund Spenser.2.Classicism(英):Classicism prevailed during the 18th century in England. The Classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works.It is a movement or tendency in art, literature or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. The representative writers are Addison, Steele.3.Sentimentalism(英):Sentimentalism came into being by the middle of 18th century as a result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality and turned to the countryside for its material. Literary work of the sentimentalism is marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken,expropriated peasants. They wrote the “simple annals of the poor”, though still in a classical style. Its appearance and development marks the midway in the transition from classicism to Romanticism in English poetry.The representative writers are Thomas Gray and William Cowper.4.Romanticism(英)At the turn of the 18th and I9th centuries romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures.The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.The representative writers are Scott and Byron.5.Passive romanticism（英）During the period 1798-1832,some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. the " merry old England," as their ideal, or "frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature for protection. " The representative writers are Wordsworth and Coleridge. 6.Active romanticism（英）During the period 1798-1832,some writers expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.7.Critical Realism（英）It appeared in Victorian Age. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.It found its expression in the form of novel.The representative writers are Dickens and Thackeray.8.Stream of consciousness technique（英）In late 19th century, the literary device of “interior monologue” was originated in France.In the 20th century, a number of writers adopted the"'stream of consciousness" method of novel writing.The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters' mental and emotional reactions to external events. rather than the events themselves.The representative writers are James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.9.Transcendentalism（美）Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the19th century. The major features are as follow: First Transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul as the most important thing. Secondly, the Transcendentalists stress the importance of the individual which they think is the most important element of society. Thirdly,they offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. The representative writer is Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thoreau.10.Local Colorism(美)It as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s. It is a variation of American literary realism. Generally, the local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era,which are marked by its customs,dialects,landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence.The representative writer is Mark Twain and Bret Harte.11.Naturalism(美)Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from 1880's to 1940's that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force In shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality. Darwinism had an evident influence of naturalism. It seemed to stress the animality of man, to suggest that man was dominated by the forces of evolution. The representative writer is Crane and Theodore Dreiser.12.Imagism(美)Imagism came between 1912 and 1922 as a great boom in Poetry. Imagism meets the need of expressing the temper of the age, is one of the modern literary movements. And Imagism has three principles: the first one is direct treatment of the 'thing' whether subject or objective. The second one is to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation. The last one is as regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome.An 'Image' is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant oftime.The representative writer is Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.13.The lost generation(美)The lost generation appeared after World War I. The term is applied to the American writers who fought in the First World War, voluntarily exiled to Paris, and associated with the informal literary saloon of Gertrude Stein's Paris home for a certain period of time. They were all disillusioned with the American Tradition of writing as well as the post-war American society. The representative writer is Earnest Hemingway and Fitzgerald.14.The beat generation(美):“Beat”literature offered something like a fresh breath of wind both in the prose and poetry of the 1950s and 1960s when there was a widespread discontentment among the postwar generation,whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture that American had come to represent. The word”beat”represented a non-conformist.rebellious attitude toward conventional values concerning sex, religion, the arts, and the American way of life;It was an attitude resulted from the feeling of depression and exhaustion and the need to escape into an unconventional, sometimes communal, mode of living.The representatives are Allen Ginsberg and William Burroughs.15.The Harlem Renaissance(美):Harlem Renaissance is the new upsurge of African American literature in the 1920s when large numbers of African Americans from all places and all walks of life gathered in Harlem and rebelled against the values of their fathers and their way of life,when they took an enormous interest in their own lives and values,when they began a search for a distinct tradition of their own. The representatives are Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer.。
文学史 名词解释
1、American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England. Puritanism is a highly strict religious doctrine.Puritanism also has its practical aspect.2、American Dream：From their first settlement on the New continent, Americans dreamed to build their own paradise in the wilderness, believing they could make individual success by self-reliance. Franklin’s success set them an good example and fulfilled their dream, which was characterized by self-reliance, faith in the progress of society and the ideals of the future, practical and optimistic attitude toward life, and final success.3、Transcendentalism ：Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) Appeared in 1830, marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history.The term was derived from the Latin verb transcendere: to rise above , to pass beyond the limits.Rise of Transcendentalism: the product of combination of foreign influence (German idealistic philosopher, neo-Platonism, Oriental mysticism, Confucius and Mencius) and American native Puritan tradition.4、Frontier Humor：It is literature that was generated by the westward expansion in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. The sense of fun, exaggeration, individuality, and irreverence for traditional Eastern values in frontier humor reflect the optimistic spirit of pre-Civil War America. Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength, rough practical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners), and tales of encounters with wild animals. These tales are filled with rough, homely wisdom.5、Midwestern Realism：It just refers to William Dean Howells’s realism because he came from the American Midwest and carefully interweaved the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works. Also because he was the champion of realism, having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte, Mark Twain, George Washington Cable, and others.6、Cosmopolitan Novels：Henry James’s fame rested largely upon the handling of his major fictional theme, the international theme, that is the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with cosmopolitan European decadence, and the moral and psychological complications arising there from. So he was called the cosmopolitan novelist.7、Local Colorism：The style of writing derived from the presentation of the features and peculiarities of a particular locality and its inhabitants. Simply it means the use of regional detail in a literary or artistic work. The name is given especially to a kind of American literature that in its most characteristic form made its appearance just after the Civil War and for nearly three decades was the single most popular form of American literature.8、Twain’s Humor：Tall-tale: a type of frontier anecdote characterized by exaggeration or understatement with realistic details of character or local customs that work toward a humorous effect: connected with local colorism.9、The Lost Generation：It is a term in frequent use after WWI in reference to the young men who survived physically but were afterwards spiritually and morally adrift. So the lost generation refers to disillusioned writers who wrote after WWI. Many of them went to the battle. After the war, they rebelled against former ideals and values and can’t find new ones to replace.It first coined by Gertrude Stein.10、Code Hero：He defined the Code Hero as "a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful." The Code Hero measures himself by how well they handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortals, but the true measure is how a person faces death. The Code Hero believes in "Nada," a Spanish word meaning nothing. There is no afterlife.11、Image：An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex(漩涡) or cluster of fused ideas”“endowed with energy”.The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.12、Black Humour：Reached its peak in the 1960s and declined in the 1970s.A kind of humor in which disturbing or sinister subjects such as death, disease, or warfare, are treated with bitter amusement, usually in a manner calculated to offend and shock.13、Metafiction：Fiction that deals, often playfully and self-referentially, with the writing of fiction or its conventions. It is primarily associated with Modernist literature and Postmodernist literature, but is found at least as early as Homer’s Odyssey and Chaucer’s 14th century Canterbury Tales.14、Minimalism：Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is set out to expose the essence or identity of a subject through eliminating all non-essential forms, features or concepts. Minimalism is any design or style in which the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect.15、Avant-pop Art：An artistic genre based on the combination of avant-garde and pop art, inheriting the spirit of rebellion, radicalism, subversion and innovation of avant-garde while taking various forms of pop culture as its nutrition and objects of expression.16、Beat Generation：A group of American poets and novelists who were active and influential in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The young men who grew up during the Second World War thought that American society was full of corruption, selfishness, hypocrisy, commercialization. These young people seemed interested in nothing. It seems that these young people enjoy life to their hearty, spiritually they have nothing. They drank, took drugs, believed oriental Buddhism.17、The Confessional School：A ruthless, excruciating self-analysis of one’s own background and heritage, one’s own most private desires and fantasies etc., and the urgent “I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you”impulse.18、The Black Mountain poets：The Black Mountain poets, sometimes called projectivist poets, were a group of mid 20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College.19、Schlimazel or Schlemiel：It means a person whose luck is always bad. Things always go wrong for him. The schlemiel is always outwitted. Yet he is able to laugh at himself. Humor is an important purpose for the portrayal of such a character. He is a wise fool. The schlemiel brings out an important theme in Jewish literature, the importance of humility. One has to learn to be humble and thankful for what one gets in life.。
英国文学史及选读 2017期末复习-名词解释(最新中英)
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
英国文学史名词解释(吴伟仁)
英国文学史名词解释（仅供参考）1. Iambic pentameterIambic pentameter is a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama. The term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllables are called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used (in English, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable). The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet."2. Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness is a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions.Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow.3. HumanismHumanism is a literary and philosophical view emphasizing humankind as its center concerns. Humanism originated in the Renaissance, the term has been used many ways, but always suggests humanity as the central concern, with the natural world (science) and the spiritual world (religion) valued for their relation to people.4. RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of romanticism also occurred in the novel.5. Critical RealismCritical Realism is the main trend of the literary thoughts in the late 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Critical realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint of bourgeoisie reality. As far as the literary form or “genre” is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novels. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes.6. ModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator out side the action. One of the most famous English modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.7.EpicEpic is a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.8.SonnetA fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. There are generally three types of sonnets: the Petrarchan sonnet, the Spenserian Sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of 3 quatrains and one couplet.The three quatrains are devoted to the different aspects of one subject, paralleling in structure. The concluding couplet is actually the summary or comments made by the poet.9. Free VerseFree verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter. Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural spee ch. Walt Whitman’s leaves of grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.10.Blank VerseUnrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare's play Hamlet is written in blank verse.11. Dramatic monologueDramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ''audience'' of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet's own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas. Robert Browning's My Last Duchess is a case in point.。
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文学史名词解释120个-英汉对照文学史名词解释120个-英汉对照1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.25. Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。
26. Connotation (外延)All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. 外延：包括单词字面意思之外的或被该词汇唤起的全部内涵的意义。
27. Consonance (辅音韵)The repetition of consonants or a consonant pattern, especially at the ends of words.辅音韵：辅音或辅音模式的重复，尤指位于词尾的。
28. Couplet (双韵体)A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.双韵体：包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位29. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet.英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。
30. Denotation (内涵)The literal or dictionary meaning of a word.直接意义：一个词的字面意义或词典意义。
31. Denouement (结局)The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.结局：戏剧或叙事场景的最后结果。
32. Diction (措辞)A writer‘s choice and use of words in speech or writing, pa rticularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.措词：讲话或书写中，出于表述清晰，言简意赅对词语的使用或选择。
33. Dissonance (不协和)A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.34. Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.35. Elegy (挽歌)A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.挽歌，挽诗：专门为悼念某一死者所写的诗或歌.36. Emblematic Image (象征)A verbal picture of figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.37. Epic (史诗)An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩38. Epigram (隽语)A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement, susally in the form of a poem.隽语：一个简明，机智，常常似是而非的陈述,经常以诗的形式出现39. Epigraph (引语/开场白)A motto or quotation at the beginning of a literary composition, setting forth a theme.引语：在一部文学作品开头的引言，警句，阐明主题40. Epilogue (结语/收场白)A short addition or concluding section at the end of a literary work, often dealing with the future of its characters. Also called In this sense, also called afterword结语：文学作品结束时简短的附加或总结性章节，常常关于作品人物的未来也作在此意义上也可称作afterword.41. Epiphany(顿悟)A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work.顿悟:对现实真谛的顿悟或洞察,通常出现在作品的结尾.42. Epitaph(墓志铭)An inscription on a tombstone or in a short poem in memory of someone who has been dead.墓志铭：刻于墓碑上用以怀念死者的碑铭.43. Epithet (表述词语)A term used to characterize a person or thing。
表述词语：用来表示某人某物特性的一个表达。
44. Essay (散文)A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author.散文：内容通常论及一个主题的短小文章，通常表达作者个人的观点45. Exemplum (说教故事)A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon, that illustrates a moral principle.说教故事:一种短小的体现某种道德原则的故事性文章，通常出现在布道文中。
46. Fable (寓言)A brief story that is told to present a moral, or practical lesson.寓言：一种体现某种道德观念或实用价值的说教性文章。
47. Farce (轻喜剧)A kind of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters.轻喜剧: 一种以可笑的情节的为基础的喜剧，通常包含固定的角色。
48. Figurative Language (象征性语言)Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.象征性语言：不能直接用字面意义来理解的语言。
49. Figure of Speech (比喻)A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in literal sense.比喻：不能直接按照字面意义理解的词语或表述方法。
50. Flashback(倒叙)A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative. 倒叙，闪回镜头：一种文学或电影的表现手法，往往在一段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插入一件以前发生过的事情51. Foil (陪衬)A character who sets off another character by contrast.陪衬：用来反衬其他人物的人物。
52. Foreshadowing (铺垫)The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later.铺垫：用来预示将要发生的事情的线索或暗示。
53. Free verse (自由诗体)Verses that has neither a metrical pattern or an regular pattern.自由诗体:既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律的诗体。