【免费下载】 投资学第11章习题及答案
(完整版)投资学第7版TestBank答案11
Multiple Choice Questions1.If you believe in the ________ form of the EMH, you believe that stock prices reflectall relevant information including historical stock prices and current public informationabout the firm, but not information that is available only to insiders.A)semistrongB)strongC)weakD)A, B, and CE)none of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: EasyRationale: The semistrong form of EMH maintains that stock prices immediatelyreflect all historical and current public information, but not inside information.2.Proponents of the EMH typically advocateA)an active trading strategy.B)investing in an index fund.C) a passive investment strategy.D) A and BE) B and CAnswer: E Difficulty: EasyRationale: Believers of market efficiency advocate passive investment strategies, andan investment in an index fund is one of the most practical passive investment strategies, especially for small investors.3.If you believe in the _______ form of the EMH, you believe that stock prices reflect allinformation that can be derived by examining market trading data such as the historyof past stock prices, trading volume or short interest.A)semistrongB)strongC)weakD)all of the aboveE)none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: The information described above is market data, which is the data set forthe weak form of market efficiency. The semistrong form includes the above plus allother public information. The strong form includes all public and private information.4.If you believe in the _________ form of the EMH, you believe that stock prices reflectall available information, including information that is available only to insiders.A)semistrongB)strongC)weakD)all of the aboveE)none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: The strong form includes all public and private information.5.If you believe in the reversal effect, you shouldA)buy bonds in this period if you held stocks in the last period.B)buy stocks in this period if you held bonds in the last period.C)buy stocks this period that performed poorly last period.D)go short.E) C and DAnswer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: The reversal effect states that stocks that do well in one period tend to perform poorly in the subsequent period, and vice versa.6.__________ focus more on past price movements of a firm's stock than on theunderlying determinants of future profitability.A)Credit analystsB)Fundamental analystsC)Systems analystsD)Technical analystsE)All of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: EasyRationale: Technicians attempt to predict future stock prices based on historical stock prices.7._________ above which it is difficult for the market to rise.A)Book value is a valueB)Resistance level is a valueC)Support level is a valueD) A and BE) A and CAnswer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: When stock prices have remained stable for a long period, these prices are termed resistance levels; technicians believe it is difficult for the stock prices to penetrate these resistance levels.8.___________ the return on a stock beyond what would be predicted frommarket movements alone.A)An excess economic return isB)An economic return isC)An abnormal return isD) A and BE) A and CAnswer: E Difficulty: EasyRationale: An economic return is the expected return, based on the perceived level of risk and market factors. When returns exceed these levels, the returns are called abnormal or excess economic returns.9.The debate over whether markets are efficient will probably never be resolvedbecause of ________.A)the lucky event issue.B)the magnitude issue.C)the selection bias issue.D)all of the above.E)none of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: EasyRationale: Factors A, B, and C all exist make rigid testing of market efficiencydifficult or impossible.10. A common strategy for passive management is ____________.A)creating an index fundB)creating a small firm fundC)creating an investment clubD) A and CE) B and CAnswer: A Difficulty: EasyRationale: The index fund is, by definition, passively managed. The other investment alternatives may or may not be managed passively.11.Arbel (1985) found thatA)the January effect was highest for neglected firms.B)the book-to-market value ratio effect was highest in JanuaryC)the liquidity effect was highest for small firms.D)the neglected firm effect was independent of the small firm effect.E)small firms had higher book-to-market value ratios.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Arbel divided firms into highly researched, moderately researched,and neglected groups based on the number of institutions holding the stock.12.Researchers have found that most of the small firm effect occursA)during the spring months.B)during the summer months.C)in December.D)in January.E)randomly.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Much of the so-called small firm effect simply may be the tax-effect as investors sell stocks on which they have losses in December and reinvest the funds in January. As small firms are especially volatile, these actions affect small firms in a more dramatic fashion.13.Malkiel (1995) calculated that the average alphas, or abnormal returns, on alarge sample of mutual funds between 1972 and 1991 wereA)significantly positive.B)significantly negative.C)statistically indistinguishable from zero.D)positive before 1981 and negative thereafter.E)negative before 1981 and positive thereafter.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Malkiel's study suggests that fund managers do not beat the market on a risk-adjusted basis.14.Basu (1977, 1983) found that firms with low P/E ratiosA)earned higher average returns than firms with high P/E ratios.B)earned the same average returns as firms with high P/E ratios.C)earned lower average returns than firms with high P/E ratios.D)had higher dividend yields than firms with high P/E ratios.E)none of the above.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Firms with high P/E ratios already have an inflated price relative toearnings and thus tend to have lower returns than low P/E ratio stocks. However, the P/E ratio may capture risk not fully impounded in market betas so this may represent an appropriate risk adjustment rather than a market anomaly.15.Jaffe (1974) found that stock prices _________ after insiders intensively bought shares.A)decreasedB)did not changeC)increasedD)became extremely volatileE)became much less volatileAnswer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Insider trading may signal private information.16.Banz (1981) found that, on average, the risk-adjusted returns of small firmsA)were higher than the risk-adjusted returns of large firms.B)were the same as the risk-adjusted returns of large firms.C)were lower than the risk-adjusted returns of large firms.D)were unrelated to the risk-adjusted returns of large firms.E)were negative.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Banz found A to be true, although subsequent studies have attemptedto explain the small firm effect as the January effect, the neglected firm effect, etc.17.Proponents of the EMH think technical analystsA)should focus on relative strength.B)should focus on resistance levels.C)should focus on support levels.D)should focus on financial statements.E)are wasting their time.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Technical analysts attempt to predict future stock prices from historic stock prices; proponents of EMH believe that stock price changes are random variables.18.Studies of positive earnings surprises have shown that there isA) a positive abnormal return on the day positive earnings surprises are announced.B) a positive drift in the stock price on the days following the earningssurprise announcement.C) a negative drift in the stock price on the days following the earningssurprise announcement.D)both A and B are true.E)both A and C are true.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The market appears to adjust to earnings information gradually, resulting ina sustained period of abnormal returns.19.On November 22, 2005 the stock price of Walmart was $39.50 and the retailer stockindex was 600.30. On November 25, 2005 the stock price of Walmart was $40.25 and the retailer stock index was 605.20. Consider the ratio of Walmart to the retailer index on November 22 and November 25. Walmart is _______ the retail industry andtechnical analysts who follow relative strength would advise _______ the stock.A)outperforming, buyingB)outperforming, sellingC)underperforming, buyingD)underperforming, sellingE)equally performing, neither buying nor sellingAnswer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: 11/22: $39.50/600.30 = 0.0658; 11/25: $40.25/605.20 = 0.0665; Thus,K-Mart's relative strength is improving and technicians using this technique wouldrecommend buying.20.Work by Amihud and Mendelson (1986,1991)A)argues that investors will demand a rate of return premium to invest in lessliquid stocks.B)may help explain the small firm effect.C)may be related to the neglected firm effect.D) B and C.E)A, B, and C.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Lack of liquidity may affect the returns of small and neglected firms;however the theory does not explain why the abnormal returns are concentratedin January.21.Fama and French (1992) found that the stocks of firms within the highest decile ofmarket/book ratios had average monthly returns of _______ while the stocks offirms within the lowest decile of market/book ratios had average monthly returnsof________.A)greater than 1%, greater than 1%B)greater than 1%, less than 1%C)less than 1%, greater than 1%D)less than 1%, less than 1%E)less than 0.5%, greater than 0.5%Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: This finding suggests either that low market-to-book ratio firms arerelatively underpriced, or that the market-to-book ratio is serving as a proxy for arisk factor that affects expected equilibrium returns.22. A market decline of 23% on a day when there is no significant macroeconomic event______ consistent with the EMH because ________.A)would be, it was a clear response to macroeconomic news.B)would be, it was not a clear response to macroeconomic news.C)would not be, it was a clear response to macroeconomic news.D)would not be, it was not a clear response to macroeconomic news.E)none of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: This happened on October 19, 1987. Although this specific event is not mentioned in this edition of the book, it is an example of something that would be considered a violation of the EMH.23.In an efficient market, __________.A)security prices react quickly to new informationB)security prices are seldom far above or below their justified levelsC)security analysts will not enable investors to realize superior returns consistentlyD)one cannot make moneyE)A, B, and CAnswer: E Difficulty: EasyRationale: A, B, and C are true; however, even in an efficient market one should be able to earn the appropriate risk-adjusted rate of return.24.The weak form of the efficient market hypothesis asserts thatA)stock prices do not rapidly adjust to new information contained in past prices orpast data.B)future changes in stock prices cannot be predicted from past prices.C)technicians cannot expect to outperform the market.D) A and BE) B and CAnswer: E Difficulty: EasyRationale: Stock prices do adjust rapidly to new information.25. A support level is the price range at which a technical analyst would expect theA)supply of a stock to increase dramatically.B)supply of a stock to decrease substantially.C)demand for a stock to increase substantially.D)demand for a stock to decrease substantially.E)price of a stock to fall.Answer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: A support level is considered to be a level below that the price of the stock is unlikely to fall and is believed to be determined by market psychology.26. A finding that _________ would provide evidence against the semistrong form ofthe efficient market theory.A)low P/E stocks tend to have positive abnormal returnsB)trend analysis is worthless in determining stock pricesC)one can consistently outperform the market by adopting the contrarianapproach exemplified by the reversals phenomenonD) A and BE) A and CAnswer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Both A and C are inconsistent with the semistrong form of the EMH.27.The weak form of the efficient market hypothesis contradictsA)technical analysis, but supports fundamental analysis as valid.B)fundamental analysis, but supports technical analysis as valid.C)both fundamental analysis and technical analysis.D)technical analysis, but is silent on the possibility of successfulfundamental analysis.E)none of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The process of fundamental analysis makes the market more efficient, and thus the work of the fundamentalist more difficult. The data set for the weak form of the EMH is market data, which is the only data used exclusively by technicians.Fundamentalists use all public information.28.Two basic assumptions of technical analysis are that security prices adjustA)rapidly to new information and market prices are determined by the interactionof supply and demand.B)rapidly to new information and liquidity is provided by security dealers.C)gradually to new information and market prices are determined by the interactionof supply and demand.D)gradually to new information and liquidity is provided by security dealers.E)rapidly to information and to the actions of insiders.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Technicians follow market data--price changes and volume of trading (asindicator of supply and demand) believing that they can identify price trends assecurity prices adjust gradually.29.Cumulative abnormal returns (CAR)A)are used in event studies.B)are better measures of security returns due to firm-specific events than areabnormal returns (AR).C)are cumulated over the period prior to the firm-specific event.D) A and B.E) A and C.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: As leakage of information occurs, the accumulated abnormal returns that are abnormal returns summed over the period of interest (around the event date) are better measures of the effect of firm-specific events.30.Studies of mutual fund performanceA)indicate that one should not randomly select a mutual fund.B)indicate that historical performance is not necessarily indicative offuture performance.C)indicate that the professional management of the fund insures above market returns.D) A and B.E) B and C.Answer: D Difficulty: EasyRationale: Studies show that all funds do not outperform the market and thathistorical performance is not necessarily an indicator of future performance.31.The likelihood of an investment newsletter's successfully predicting the direction of themarket for three consecutive years by chance should beA)between 50% and 70%.B)between 25% and 50%.C)between 10% and 25%.D)less than 10%.E)greater than 70%.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The probability of successful prediction for 3 consecutive years is 23,or 12.5%.32.In an efficient market the correlation coefficient between stock returns fortwo non-overlapping time periods should beA)positive and large.B)positive and small.C)zero.D)negative and small.E)negative and large.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: In an efficient market there should be no serial correlation betweenreturns from non-overlapping periods.33.The weather report says that a devastating and unexpected freeze is expected to hitFlorida tonight, during the peak of the citrus harvest. In an efficient market one would expect the price of Florida Orange's stock toA)drop immediately.B)remain unchanged.C)increase immediately.D)gradually decline for the next several weeks.E)gradually increase for the next several weeks.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: In an efficient market the price of the stock should drop immediatelywhen the bad news is announced. If later news changes the perceived impact toFlorida Orange, the price may once again adjust quickly to the new information. Agradual change is a violation of the EMH.34. Matthews Corporation has a beta of 1.2. The annualized market return yesterday was13%, and the risk-free rate is currently 5%. You observe that Matthews had anannualized return yesterday of 17%. Assuming that markets are efficient, this suggests thatA) bad news about Matthews was announced yesterday.B) good news about Matthews was announced yesterday.C) no news about Matthews was announced yesterday.D) interest rates rose yesterday.E) interest rates fell yesterday.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: AR = 17% - (5% + 1.2 (8%)) = +2.4%. A positive abnormal return suggests that there was firm-specific good news.th 35. Nicholas Manufacturing just announced yesterday that its 4 quarter earnings will be 10% higher than last year's 4th quarter. You observe that Nicholas had anabnormal return of -1.2% yesterday. This suggests thatA) the market is not efficient.B) Nicholas' stock will probably rise in value tomorrow.C) investors expected the earnings increase to be larger than what was actuallyannounced.D) investors expected the earnings increase to be smaller than what was actuallyannounced.E) earnings are expected to decrease next quarter.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Anticipated earnings changes are impounded into a security's price as soon as expectations are formed. Therefore a negative market response indicates that the earnings surprise was negative, that is, the increase was less than anticipated.36.When Maurice Kendall first examined stock price patterns in 1953, he found thatA)certain patterns tended to repeat within the business cycle.B)there were no predictable patterns in stock prices.C)stocks whose prices had increased consistently for one week tended to have anet decrease the following week.D)stocks whose prices had increased consistently for one week tended to have anet increase the following week.E)the direction of change in stock prices was unpredictable, but the amount ofchange followed a distinct pattern.Answer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: The first studies in this area were made possible by the development of computer technology. Kendall's study was the first to indicate that marketswere efficient.37.If stock prices follow a random walkA)it implies that investors are irrational.B)it means that the market cannot be efficient.C)price levels are not random.D)price changes are random.E)price movements are predictable.Answer: D Difficulty: EasyRationale: A random walk means that the changes in prices are randomand independent.38.The main difference between the three forms of market efficiency is thatA)the definition of efficiency differs.B)the definition of excess return differs.C)the definition of prices differs.D)the definition of information differs.E)they were discovered by different people.Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateRationale: The main difference is that weak form encompasses historical data,semistrong form encompasses historical data and current public information, and strong form encompasses historical data, current public information, and inside information. All of the other definitions remain the same.39.Chartists practiceA)technical analysis.B)fundamental analysis.C)regression analysis.D)insider analysis.E)psychoanalysis.Answer: A Difficulty: EasyRationale: Chartist is another name for a technical analyst.40.Which of the following are used by fundamental analysts to determine properstock prices?I)trendlinesII)earningsIII)dividend prospectsIV) expectations of future interest ratesV)resistance levelsA)I, IV, and VB)I, II, and IIIC)II, III, and IVD)II, IV, and VE)All of the items are used by fundamental analysts.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Analysts look at fundamental factors such as earnings, dividend prospects, expectation of future interest rates, and risk of the firm. The information is used todetermine the present value of future cash flows to stockholders. Technical analysts use trendlines and resistance levels.41.According to proponents of the efficient market hypothesis, the best strategy for asmall investor with a portfolio worth $40,000 is probably toA)perform fundamental analysis.B)exploit market anomalies.C)invest in Treasury securities.D)invest in derivative securities.E)invest in mutual funds.Answer: E Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Individual investors tend to have relatively small portfolios and are usually unable to realize economies of size. The best strategy is to pool funds with other small investors and allow professional managers to invest the funds.42.Which of the following are investment superstars who have consistently shownsuperior performance?I)Warren BuffetII)Phoebe BuffetIII)Peter LynchIV) Merrill LynchV)Jimmy BuffetA)I, III, and IVB)II, III, and IVC)I and IIID)III and IVE)I, III, IV, and VAnswer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Warren Buffet manages Berkshire Hathaway and Peter Lynch managed Fidelity's Magellan Fund. Phoebe Buffet is a character on NBC's and Jimmy Buffet is Away in Margaritaville. Merrill Lynch isn't a person.43.Google has a beta of 1.0. The annualized market return yesterday was 11%, and therisk-free rate is currently 5%. You observe that Google had an annualized returnyesterday of 14%. Assuming that markets are efficient, this suggests thatA)bad news about Google was announced yesterday.B)good news about Google was announced yesterday.C)no news about Google was announced yesterday.D)interest rates rose yesterday.E)interest rates fell yesterday.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateRationale: AR = 14% - (5% + 1.0 (6%)) = +3.0%. A positive abnormal return suggests that there was firm-specific good news.44.Music Doctors has a beta of 2.25. The annualized market return yesterday was 12%,and the risk-free rate is currently 4%. You observe that Music Doctors had anannualized return yesterday of 15%. Assuming that markets are efficient, this suggests thatA)bad news about Music Doctors was announced yesterday.B)good news about Music Doctors was announced yesterday.C)no news about Music Doctors was announced yesterday.D)interest rates rose yesterday.E)interest rates fell yesterday.Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: AR = 15% - (4% + 2.25 (8%)) = -7.0%. A negative abnormal return suggests that there was firm-specific bad news.45.QQAG has a beta of 1.7. The annualized market return yesterday was 13%, and therisk-free rate is currently 3%. You observe that QQAG had an annualized returnyesterday of 20%. Assuming that markets are efficient, this suggests thatA)bad news about QQAG was announced yesterday.B)good news about QQAG was announced yesterday.C)no significant news about QQAG was announced yesterday.D)interest rates rose yesterday.E)interest rates fell yesterday.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: AR = 20% - (3% + 1.7 (10%)) = 0.0%. A positive abnormal return suggests that there was firm-specific good news and a negative abnormal return suggests that there was firm-specific bad news.46.QQAG just announced yesterday that its th4 quarter earnings will be 35% higherthan last year's 4thquarter. You observe that QQAG had an abnormal return of -1.7% yesterday. This suggests thatA)the market is not efficient.B)QQAG stock will probably rise in value tomorrow.C)investors expected the earnings increase to be larger than what wasactually announced.D)investors expected the earnings increase to be smaller than what wasactually announced.E)earnings are expected to decrease next quarter.Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateRationale: Anticipated earnings changes are impounded into a security's price as soon as expectations are formed. Therefore a negative market response indicates that the earnings surprise was negative, that is, the increase was less than anticipated.47.LJP Corporation just announced yesterday that it would undertake an international jointventure. You observe that LJP had an abnormal return of 3% yesterday. This suggests thatA)the market is not efficient.B)LJP stock will probably rise in value again tomorrow.C)investors view the international joint venture as bad news.D)investors view the international joint venture as good news.E)earnings are expected to decrease next quarter.Answer: D Difficulty: Moderate48.Music Doctors just announced yesterday that its st1 quarter sales were 35% higherthan last year's 1stquarter. You observe that Music Doctors had an abnormal returnof -2% yesterday. This suggests thatA)the market is not efficient.B)Music Doctors stock will probably rise in value tomorrow.C)investors expected the sales increase to be larger than what was actually announced.D)investors expected the sales increase to be smaller than what wasactually announced.E)earnings are expected to decrease next quarter.Answer: C Difficulty: Moderate49.The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) just announced yesterday that they wouldapprove a new cancer-fighting drug from King. You observe that King had an abnormal return of 0% yesterday. This suggests thatA)the market is not efficient.B)King stock will probably rise in value tomorrow.C)King stock will probably fall in value tomorrow.D)the approval was already anticipated by the marketE)none of the above.Answer: D Difficulty: Moderate50.Your professor finds a stock-trading rule that generates excess risk-adjusted returns.Instead of publishing the results, she keeps the trading rule to herself. This is mostclosely associated with ________.A)regret avoidanceB)selection biasC)framingD)insider tradingE)none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Moderate51.At freshman orientation, 1,500 students are asked to flip a coin 20 times. One student iscrowned the winner (tossed 20 heads). This is most closely associated with ________.A)regret avoidanceB)selection biasC)overconfidenceD)the lucky event issueE)none of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: Moderate52.Sehun (1986) finds that the practice of monitoring insider trade disclosures, andtrading on that information, would be ________.A)extremely profitable for long-term tradersB)extremely profitable for short-term tradersC)marginally profitable for long-term tradersD)marginally profitable for short-term tradersE)not sufficiently profitable to cover trading costsAnswer: E53.If you believe in the reversal effect, you shouldA)sell bonds in this period if you held stocks in the last period.B)sell stocks in this period if you held bonds in the last period.C)sell stocks this period that performed well last period.D)go long.E) C and DAnswer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: The reversal effect states that stocks that do well in one period tendto perform poorly in the subsequent period, and vice versa.。
投资学习题答案完整版机工版
习题（1章）1.根据你自身的情况,计算你自己的理想收益率与必要收益率。
这些收益率是有可能实现的吗?你觉得选择本章中讲到的哪些金融工具有可能帮助你实现这些收益率?参考解答：（1）理想收益率和必要收益率的计算请见Excel文件，可以在课堂上根据同学自身情况进行模拟计算或调整数值。
2.试讨论你对自己风险态度的认识,并询问一下你的家庭成员或者你身边的朋友的风险态度。
尝试对这些人(包括你自己)做一个风险排序。
参考解答：可以根据教材中第一章提供的专栏1-1进行打分，提供风险态度依据。
3.本章分析了积极配置资产类别并积极选择证券品种的投资者以及消极配置资产类别并消极选择证券品种的投资者,他们分别对应表1-9中的A组合和D组合。
试问选择B组合和C组合的投资者会怎样具体地选择资产配置方案和证券投资品种?参考解答：表1-9 资产类别配置与证券品种选择组合示意A组合是积极的资产类别配置与积极的证券品种选择,这一类组合的投资者通常根据对不同资产类别的预期收益率的判断而选择不同时机改变固定收益类和股权类资产的配置比重,并且根据对不同证券品种的预期收益率的判断而开展积极的证券交易。
D组合则是消极的资产类别配置与消极的证券品种选择,这一类组合的投资者将长期坚持其既定的在不同类别资产上的配置比重,并将长期持有具体资产类别的指数基金。
B组合根据对不同资产类别的预期收益率的判断而选择不同时机改变固定收益类和股权类资产的配置比重,但是对于具体资产品种的选择则倾向于消极持有。
C组合消极开展资产类别配置选择，但是在具体的资产品种选择上将根据对不同证券品种的预期收益率的判断而开展积极的证券交易。
4.从长期来看,投资的风险和回报是正相关的,为什么短期而言并不一定如此?参考解答：从长期来看,投资的风险和回报之间的正相关关系是金融市场在长期处于相对均衡状态时的结果，我们将在第七章和第八章进一步讨论背后的理论机制。
另一方面，由于金融资产的收益具有波动性，比如股票投资收益的波动性较高，有可能在某一个特定短期获得较高的收益，也有可能在某一个特点短期招致较大亏损，但是投资该股票承担的风险并没有发生大的变化，因此风险和回报之间的正相关关系在短期内未必成立。
投资学题库及答案
《投资学》（第四版）练习题第1章投资概述习题一、单项选择题1、下列行为不属于投资的是（）。
CA. 购买汽车作为出租车使用B. 农民购买化肥C. 购买商品房自己居住D. 政府出资修筑高速公路2、投资的收益和风险往往（）。
AA. 同方向变化B. 反方向变化C. 先同方向变化，后反方向变化D. 先反方向变化，后同方向变化二、判断题1、资本可以有各种表现形态，但必须有价值。
（）√2、证券投资是以实物投资为基础的，是实物投资活动的延伸。
（）√3、从银行贷款从事房地产投机的人不是投资主体。
（）×三、多项选择题1、以下是投资主体必备条件的有（）ABDA．拥有一定量的货币资金 B．对其拥有的货币资金具有支配权C．必须能控制其所投资企业的经营决策 D．能够承担投资的风险2、下列属于真实资本有（）ABCA．机器设备 B．房地产 C．黄金 D．股票3、下列属于直接投资的有（）ABA．企业设立新工厂 B．某公司收购另一家公司60%的股权C．居民个人购买1000股某公司股票 D．发放长期贷款而不参与被贷款企业的经营活动四、简答题1、直接投资与间接投资第2章市场经济与投资决定习题一、单项选择题1、市场经济制度与计划经济制度的最大区别在于（）。
BA. 两种经济制度所属社会制度不一样B. 两种经济制度的基础性资源配置方式不一样C. 两种经济制度的生产方式不一样D. 两种经济制度的生产资料所有制不一样2、市场经济配置资源的主要手段是（）。
DA. 分配机制B. 再分配机制C. 生产机制D. 价格机制二、判断题1、在市场经济体制下，自利性是经济活动主体从事经济活动的内在动力。
（）√2、产权不明晰或产权缺乏严格的法律保护是造成市场失灵的重要原因之一。
（）×3、按现代产权理论，完整意义上的产权主要是指对一种物品或资源的支配使用权、自由转让权以及剩余产品的收益权。
（）×四、简答题1、市场失灵、缺陷第3章证券投资概述习题一、单项选择题1、在下列证券中，投资风险最低的是（）AA、国库券B、金融债券C、国际机构债券D、公司债券2、中国某公司在美国发行的以欧元为面值货币的债券称之为（）BA．外国债券 B．欧洲债券 C．武士债券 D．扬基债券3、中央银行在证券市场市场买卖证券的目的是（）DA、赚取利润B、控制股份C、分散风险D、宏观调控4、资本证券主要包括（）。
《投资学(第6版)》课后习题参考解答.docx
第一章一、单项选择题1.下列选项中,（）不是投资的特点。
A.投资通常是刚性兑付B.投资的复杂性和系统性C.投资周期相对较长D.投资项目实施的连续性和资金投入的波动性E.投资金融答案：A。
应为"投资具有风险性”。
2.下列选项中,（）不是投资对经济增长的影响或作用的表现。
A.从资源配置角度看，投资影响经济结构，从而促进经济增长B.国民收入水平下降的年份，年度投资规模也相应减少，以保证人民生活水平改善的步伐C.从要素投入角度看，投资供给对经济增长有推动作用，增加生产资料供给，为扩大再生产提供物质条件D.从要素投入角度看，投资需求对经济增长有拉动作用，增加一笔投资会带来大于这笔投资额数倍的国民收入增加答案：B。
B为投资的特点之三。
年度投资规模的增长具有波动性。
年度投资规模与国民经济形势和国民收入多少密切相关。
二、多项选择题1.投资的要素包括（）。
A.投资主体B.投资客体C.投资目的D.投资方式E.投资金额答案：ABCD。
2.投资学的研究方法包括（）。
A.理论与实践相结合B.实证分析与规范分析相结合C.历史分析与比较分析相结合D.系统分析与定量分析相结合E.静态分析与动态分析相结合答案：ABCDE。
三、判断题1.从1992年开始，尽管我国经济体制改革不断深入，但社会各界对投资概念、投资范围的认识并未变化,投资只包括直接投资，即将资金直接投入建设项目形成固定资产和流动资产。
（）答案：错。
解释：投资概念、投资范围的认识也不断深化，投资包括直接投资也包括间接投资，即购买有价证券，形成金融资产。
2.无论哪一种方式的金融投资，都是货币资金转化为金融资产，没有直接实现实物资产的增加。
现实生活中实物投资与金融投资具有相互依存和相互促进的关系，金融投资以实物投资为基础,除了某些特殊的金融投资外，并不转化为实物投资。
（）答案：对。
3.尽管社会主义市场经济不断发展与完善，但我国原有的以国家投资为主的投融资格局仍未被打破。
证券投资学第十一章的形考题及答案
证券投资学第十一章的形考题及答案预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制证券投资学第十一章的形考题及答案注意：选项（abcd）后面数字是一道题对这题的的评分，也就是答案，如果是0，是错误的，.就不要选择。
绿色为：单选题蓝色为：多选题紫色为：判断题top/第11章/单选题第十一章单选题长盛资产拟建立一项基金，每年初投入500 万元，若利率为10%，五年后该项基金本利和将为（）。
A. 3 358万元100B. 3 360万元0C. 4 000万元0D. 2 358万元0第十一章单选题某项永久性奖学金，每年计划颁发100 000元奖金。
若年复利率为8.5%，该奖学金的本金应为（）。
A. 1 234 470.59元0B. 205 000.59元0C. 2 176 470.45元0D. 1 176 470.59元100第十一章单选题假设以10%的年利率借得30 000元，投资于某个寿命为10年的项目，为使该投资项目成为有利的项目，每年至少应收回的现金数额为（）。
A. 6 000元0B. 3 000元0C. 4 882元100D. 5 374元0第十一章单选题关于股利稳定增长模型，下列表述错误的是（）。
A. 每股股票的预期股利越高，股票价值越大0B. 必要收益率越小，股票价值越小100C. 股利增长率越大，股票价值越大0D. 股利增长率为一常数，且折现率大于股利增长率0第十一章单选题有一5年期国库券，面值1000元，票面利率12%，单利计息，到期时一次还本付息。
假设必要收益率为10%（复利、按年计息），其价值为（）。
A. 1 002元0B. 990元0C. 993.48元100D. 898.43元0第十一章单选题如果债券预期利息和到期本金（面值）的现值与债券现行市场价格相等，则等式所隐含的折现率为（）。
A. 赎回收益率0B. 到期收益率100C. 实现收益率0D. 期间收益率0第十一章单选题基准利率又称无风险利率，即投资于风险资产而放弃无风险资产的机会成本，其构成因素为（）。
投资学第11章习题及答案
第11章习题及答案1.公司的竞争力主要体现在哪些方面？2.财务报表分析主要包括哪些内容？它们分别反映了哪些问题？3.杜邦分析方法如何分解净资产收益率（ROE）?4.计算X股份有限公司的负债比率，净资产收益率，流动比率，速动比率，应收账款周转率，存货周转率，利息保障倍数，市盈率，市净率，托宾Q比率？5.分析股利政策对于企业价值的影响？6.进行财务分析，我们应该注意哪些问题？参考答案1. 公司竞争实力的强弱和公司的生存能力、盈利能力有密切关系。
投资者一般都愿意投资于具有强大竞争力的公司。
在激烈的市场竞争中，公司要想始终立于不败之地，取决于公司先进的技术水平、雄厚的资金实力、规模经营优势、优异的产品质量和服务、高效的经营管理等条件。
（1）技术水平。
对公司技术水平高低的评价可以分为评价技术硬件部分和评价技术软件部分。
技术硬件部分包括机械设备, 单机或成套设备等。
软件部分包括生产工艺技术、工业产权、专利设备制造技术和经营管理技术等等。
软件部分作用的发挥依赖于企业所拥有的技术人才。
特别是在资本技术密集型的行业, 公司的技术水平的高低对决定公司在行业内的竞争力是至关重要的。
（2）经营规模优势。
销售额是衡量一个公司在同行业中竞争地位的重要指标, 实际应用时主要采用年销售额和销售额的年增长率两个指标。
年销售额越大的公司, 其竞争地位越强。
一般把销售额在整个行业中居前列的公司称为主导性公司, 这类公司是行业发展的风向标, 对行业发展起着支配作用。
销售额的年增长率另外一个重要指标，它是一个相对指标,如果某公司的销售额年增长率一直快于同行业的平均水平或快于国民经济的增长率, 那么该公司就是更具发展潜力的成长型公司。
综上所述, 投资者应该尽可能地选择行业内的主导性公司和成长型公司进行投资。
（3）优异的产品和服务。
知名品牌往往是产品高质量的象征, 也是竞争能力的体现。
（4）雄厚的资金实力、高效的经营管理也是公司竞争力的重要体现，它们在提高公司竞争里中发挥着重要的作用。
证券投资学习题第11章 资本资产定价模型
第11章 资本资产定价模型 选择：1、零贝塔证券的预期收益率是什么？（d ） a. 市场收益率 b. 零收益率 c. 负收益率 d. 无风险收益率2、CAPM 模型认为资产组合收益可以由（ c ）得到最好的解释。
a. 经济因素 b. 特有风险 c. 系统风险 d. 分散化3、根据C A P M 模型，贝塔值为1 . 0，阿尔法值为0的资产组合的预期收益率为（d ）： a. 在M r 和F r 之间 b. 无风险利率F r c. (M r -F r ) d. 市场预期收益率M r简答：1、市场上存在着许多类型的基金，如增长型基金和稳健型基金等。
这与分离定理矛盾吗？为什么？2、以下说法是对还是错？a. Beta 值为零的股票的预期收益率为零。
b. CAPM 模型表明如果要投资者持有高风险的证券，相应地也要求更高的回报率。
c. 通过将0 . 7 5的投资预算投入到国库券，其余投入到市场资产组合，可以构建Beta 值为0 . 7 5的资产组合。
计算 1、已知股票A 、B 收益率的标准差分别为0.25和0.3，与市场的相关系数分别为0.5和0.3，市场期望收益率与标准差分别为0.12和0.1，无风险利率为0.05。
（1）计算A 、B 及A 、B 的等权数组合的Beta 值；（2）利用CAPM ，计算A 、B 及A 、B 的等权数组合的期望收益率。
(2) 给出CML 和SML 的具体形式。
(3) 上述5个组合中存在有效组合吗?为什么?3、已知无风险利率为5%，市场证券组合的期望收益率和标准差分别为12.0%与12.0%。
股票A 的期望收益率和标准差分别为15.5%和20.0%，股票B 的期望收益率和标准差分别为9.2%与9.0%，股票A 、B 与市场证券组合收益率的相关系数为0.9和0.8。
（1）画出SML ；（2）求股票A 、B 的 值；（3）在SML 上描出股票A 和B 。
博迪《投资学》(第10版)笔记和课后习题详解 第11章~第13章【圣才出品】
第11章有效市场假说11.1复习笔记1．随机漫步与有效市场假说随机漫步理论认为股价变动是随机且不可预测的。
正是市场上的充分的竞争消化了各种可得的市场信息，使得股价呈现随机游走的状态。
有效市场假定（EMH）认为任何可用于预测股票表现的信息一定已经在股价中被反映出来。
一旦有信息指出某种股票的价位被低估，存在一个套利机会，投资者的蜂拥购买会使股价立刻上升到正常的水平，从而只能得到与股票风险相称的收益率。
所以股价只对新信息做出上涨或下跌的反应。
由于新信息是不可预测的，股价的变动也是不可预测的，呈现随机游走的状态。
股价的这种变化规律正是反映了市场的有效性。
（1）有效性来源于竞争一般来说，只要进行分析，就能比别人得到更多的信息。
但是人们只有在收益高于分析花费的成本时，才愿意进行分析。
由于市场存在着激烈的竞争，证券分析师们具有强大财力支持、领取高薪、有野心，能够进行充分的信息挖掘，使得股价能够以适当的水平保证已有的信息，使市场能够较为接近有效水平。
（2）有效市场假说的形式有效市场假说一般有三种不同的形式：弱有效形式、半强有效形式和强有效形式。
这些形式通过对“全部可获得信息”的定义不同来区分。
①弱有效形式。
弱式有效市场假说认为，股价已经反映了全部能从市场交易数据中得到的信息。
股票的历史价格信息已经被市场充分消化，不可能通过市场的价格趋势分析获利。
②半强有效形式。
半强式有效市场假说认为，与公司前景有关的全部公开的已知信息一定已经在股价中反映出来了。
如果任一投资者能从公开已知资源获取这些信息，都可认为它会被反映在股价中。
③强有效形式。
强式有效市场假说认为股价反映了全部与公司有关的信息，甚至包括仅为内幕人员所知的信息。
所有有效市场假说的一个共同点：都提出价格应该反映可获得的信息。
2．有效市场假说的含义（1）技术分析技术分析中有两个常用的概念：阻力水平和支撑水平。
这些数值是指股价很难超越或不太可能再低于的水平，一般认为它们是由市场心理决定的。
《投资学》每章习题_以及答案
《投资学》习题第1章投资概述一、填空题1、投资所形成的资本可分为和。
2、资本是具有保值或增值功能的。
3、按照资本存在形态不同，可将资本分为、、、等四类。
4、根据投资所形成资产的形态不同，可以将投资分为、、三类。
5、按研究问题的目的不同，可将投资分成不同的类别。
按照投资主体不同，投资可分为、、、四类。
6、从生产性投资的每一次循环来，一个投资运动周期要经历、、、等四个阶段。
二、判断题1、资本可以有各种表现形态，但必须有价值。
（）2、无形资本不具备实物形态，却能带来收益，在本质上属于真实资本范畴。
（）3、证券投资是以实物投资为基础的，是实物投资活动的延伸。
（）4、直接投资是实物投资。
（）5、投机在证券交易中既有积极作用，又有消极作用。
（）6、投资所有者主体、投资决策主体、投资实施主体、投资存量经营主体是可以分离的。
（）三、多项选择题1、投资主体包括（）A．投资所有者主体B．投资决策主体C．投资实施主体D．投资存量经营主体E．投资收益主体2、下列属于真实资本有（）A．机器设备B．房地产C．黄金D．股票E．定期存单3、下列属于直接投资的有（）A．企业设立新工厂B．某公司收购另一家公司51%的股权C．居民个人购买1000股某公司股票D．发放长期贷款而不参与被贷款企业的经营活动E．企业投资于政府债券4、下列属于非法投机活动是（）A．抢帽子B．套利C．买空卖空D．操纵市场E．内幕交易四、名词解释投资投资主体产业投资证券投资直接投资间接投资五、简答题1、怎样全面、科学的理解投资的内涵？2、投资有哪些特点？3、投资的运动过程是怎样的？4、投资学的研究对象是什么？5、投资学的研究内容是什么？6、试比较主要西方投资流派理论的异同？第2章市场经济与投资决定一、填空题1、投资制度主要由、、等三大要素构成。
2、一般而言，投资制度分为和两类。
3、投资主体可以按照多种标准进行分类，一种较为常用的分类方法是根据其进行投资活动的目标，把投资主体划分为和。
投资学(第四版)第十一章
第 一 节 股 票 内 在 价 值 分 析
一、贴现现金流估价法
第 一 节 股 票 内 在 价 值 分 析
一、贴现现金流估价法
（四）可变增长模型 零增长模型和固定增长模型都对股息的增长率进行了一定的假设。 事实上，股息的增长率是变化不定的。因此，零增长模型和固定增长模 型并不能很好地在现实中对股票的价值进行评估。下面，我们释放假设 条件，主要对可变增长模型中的二元增长模型进行介绍。 在可变增长模型（Multiple Growth Model）中，股利在某一特定 时期内（从现在到T的时期内）没有特定的模式可以观测或者说其变动比 率是需要逐年预测的，并不遵循严格的等比关系。过了这一特定时期后， 股利的变动将遵循不变增长原则。这样，股利现金流量就被分为两部分：
第 二 节 债 券 内 在 价 值 分 析
一、债券的内在价值评估
（一）假设条件 债券投资是投资人以某种价格买入一定量的债券，所获得的是债券 发行人对未来特定时期内向投资人支付一定量的现金流的承诺。然而， 由于影响债券价格的各种因素的存在，特别是信用风险和通货膨胀的存 在，使债券合约当中事先约定的本息支付及约定支付金额的购买力，存 在着某种程度的不确定性，这给债券估价带来了一定的难度。 为简化评估工作，在评估债券基本价值之前，我们先假定各种债券 的名义和实际支付金额都是确定的，尤其是假定通货膨胀的幅度可以精 确地预测出来，从而使我们对债券的估价工作可以集中于时间的影响上。 在这一假定的基础上，再考虑债券估价的其他因素。下面我们就来分析 债券估价的时间因素。
第 一 节 股 票 内 在 价 值 分 析
一、贴现现金流估价法
（二）零增长模型 现在我们假定未来每期期末支付的股利的增长率等于0，且持有时间 无限长，即D1=D2=…=Dn，且n→∞。则由现金流模型的一般公式 （11.1）推导得： 又因所以，上述公式可归结为：
投资学课后习题参考答案
习题参考答案第2章答案：一、选择1、D2、C二、填空1、公众投资者、工商企业投资者、政府2、中国人民保险公司；中国国际信托投资公司3、威尼斯、英格兰4、信用合作社、合作银行；农村信用合作社、城市信用合作社；5、安全性、流动性、效益性三、名词解释：财务公司又称金融公司，是一种经营部分银行业务的非银行金融机构。
其最初是为产业集团内部各分公司筹资，便利集团内部资金融通，但现在经营领域不断扩大，种类不断增加，有的专门经营抵押放款业务，有的专门经营耐用消费品的租购和分期付款业务，大的财务公司还兼营外汇、联合贷款、包销证券、不动产抵押、财务及投资咨询服务等。
信托公司是指以代人理财为主要经营内容、以委托人身份经营现代信托业务的金融机构。
信托公司的业务一般包括货币信托（信托贷款、信托存款、养老金信托、有价证券投资信托等）和非货币信托（债权信托、不动产信托、动产信托等）两大类。
保险公司是一类经营保险业务的金融中介机构。
它以集合多数单位或个人的风险为前提，用其概率计算分摊金，以保险费的形式聚集资金建立保险基金，用于补偿因自然灾害或以外事故造成的经济损失，或对个人因死亡伤残给予物质补偿。
四、简答1、家庭个人是金融市场上的主要资金供应者，其呈现出的主要特点如下：（1）投资目标简单；（2）投资活动更具盲目性（3）投资规模较小，投资方向分散，投资形式灵活。
企业作为非金融投资机构，其行为呈现出了以下的显著特点：（1）资金需求者地位突现；（2）投资目标的多元化；（3）投资比较稳定；（4）短期投资交易量大。
2、商业银行在经济运行中主要的职能如下：（1）信用中介职能；（2）支付中介职能；（3）调节媒介职能；（4）金融服务职能；（5）信用创造职能；总的来说，商业银行业务可以归为以下三类:（1）负债业务：是指资金来源的业务；（2）资产业务：是商业银行运用资金的业务；（3）中间业务和表外业务：中间业务指银行不需要运用自己的资金而代客户承办支付和其他委托事项，并据以收取手续费的业务第3章答案：一、选择题1、D2、D3、B二、填空题1、会员制证券交易所和公司制证券交易所、会员制、公司制。
国际投资学习题及答案.doc
第一章际投资概述一、填空题1.国际投资除具有国内投资的一般特征外，还具有投资主体 _____________ ,投资客体_____________蕴含资产的_______________ ,等方面的特征。
2.国际投资客体主要包括 __________ 、_______________ 、 ____________ 等三类资产。
3. ___________________________________________ 根据投资主体类型，国际投资可分为和___________________________________________________ 。
4. ____________________________________ 当今国际投资的流动主要集中在、和这“大三角”之间。
5. _________________ 是当今发展中国家中吸引外资最多的国家。
二、选择题（单选）1.国际货币基金组织认为，视为对企业实施有效控制的股权比例一般是 ___ ?A 10%B 25%C 35%D 50%2.区分国际直接投资和国际间接投资的根本原则是 ____ 。
A股权比例B有效控制C持久利益D战略关系3.1914年以前，在全球国际投资中最大输出国是____ 。
A法国8美国C德国D英国4. ___________________________________ 近年来，国际投资发扎最快的产业部门.A第一产业B第二产业C第三产业D制造业5. _____________________________ 二次世界大战前，国际投资是以为主。
A证券投资B实业投资C直接投资D私人投资三、是非题1.国际投资一般而言较国内投资风险更大。
（）2.统计表明，国际直接投资较国际间接投资波动性更大。
（）3.国际投资的发展对世界经济的影响有百利无一害。
（）4.近年来，发展中国家在吸收FDT方面已超过发达国家，占据主要地位。
（）5.近年来，国际投资的发展很大程度上得益于政策的日益自由化。
《投资学》课后习题参考答案
习题参考答案第2章答案：一、选择1、D2、C二、填空1、公众投资者、工商企业投资者、政府2、中国人民保险公司；中国国际信托投资公司3、威尼斯、英格兰4、信用合作社、合作银行；农村信用合作社、城市信用合作社；5、安全性、流动性、效益性三、名词解释：财务公司又称金融公司，是一种经营部分银行业务的非银行金融机构。
其最初是为产业集团内部各分公司筹资，便利集团内部资金融通，但现在经营领域不断扩大，种类不断增加，有的专门经营抵押放款业务，有的专门经营耐用消费品的租购和分期付款业务，大的财务公司还兼营外汇、联合贷款、包销证券、不动产抵押、财务及投资咨询服务等。
信托公司是指以代人理财为主要经营内容、以委托人身份经营现代信托业务的金融机构。
信托公司的业务一般包括货币信托（信托贷款、信托存款、养老金信托、有价证券投资信托等）和非货币信托（债权信托、不动产信托、动产信托等）两大类。
保险公司是一类经营保险业务的金融中介机构。
它以集合多数单位或个人的风险为前提，用其概率计算分摊金，以保险费的形式聚集资金建立保险基金，用于补偿因自然灾害或以外事故造成的经济损失，或对个人因死亡伤残给予物质补偿。
四、简答1、家庭个人是金融市场上的主要资金供应者，其呈现出的主要特点如下：（1）投资目标简单；（2）投资活动更具盲目性（3）投资规模较小，投资方向分散，投资形式灵活。
企业作为非金融投资机构，其行为呈现出了以下的显著特点：（1）资金需求者地位突现；（2）投资目标的多元化；（3）投资比较稳定；（4）短期投资交易量大。
2、商业银行在经济运行中主要的职能如下：（1）信用中介职能；（2）支付中介职能；（3）调节媒介职能；（4）金融服务职能；（5）信用创造职能；总的来说，商业银行业务可以归为以下三类:（1）负债业务：是指资金来源的业务；（2）资产业务：是商业银行运用资金的业务；（3）中间业务和表外业务：中间业务指银行不需要运用自己的资金而代客户承办支付和其他委托事项，并据以收取手续费的业务第3章答案：一、选择题1、D2、D3、B二、填空题1、会员制证券交易所和公司制证券交易所、会员制、公司制。
投资学课后练习答案(贺显南版)
投资学练习答案导论2.A3.ABCDE4.正确第一至第四章习题1.公司剩余盈利2.固定、累积3.C4.D5.C6.C7.正确8.错误9.A 11.C 12.C 13.D14.AD 15.B 16A 17.B 18.D 20.C 21.B22.A 23.D 24.B 26.A 29.C 30.C 31.A32.C 33.错误 34.正确 35.正确 36.错误 37.C38.A 39.B 40.B第五章习题1.D2.AC3.AB4.BCD5.正确6.正确7.ABCD8.正确9.E 10.D 11.B 12.E13.D 14.C 17.C第六章练习8.D 10.B 12.B 13.A 14.C第七章练习1.B2.C3.C4.C5.D 8.C 9.B12.B 13.D 14.C 15.B 17.E 18.B 19.B 22.C 23.B 24.B 25E26.A 27.B 28.A 33错误 34.A 35.A第八章练习2.B3.A4.B5.D6.D7.C8.A9.B12.C 13.C 14.D 16.C 17.C 18.D19.B 23.B 25.D 27.C投资学第九章习题答案1.不做2.不做3.C4.不做5.不做6.3%7.不做8.B9. C 10.D 11. D 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.(答案为0.75) 18.D 19.C 20.B21.不做投资学第十章至第十一章习题答案1.相关系数为02. B3. B4. C5.错6.错7. B8. E9. A10.对11.D投资学第十二章至第十三章习题答案1.不做2.高于票面值因为10%大于8%3.具体看课本公式(老师只是讲公式没有给出确切得答案)4.贴现贴现率5.反方向6.C7.C8.对9.对10.不做11.折价平价溢价12.不做13.不做14.不做15.A16.C17.C18.具体看书本323页19.具体看课本325页20.看课本319至32021.不做22.不做第十四章至十五章习题答案1.先行同步滞后2.不做3.开拓拓展成熟衰落4.资产负责表损益表现金流量表5. C6.宏观分析行业分析公司分析7. A8. B9. A10.D11.D12.A13.A14.对15.对十七章注意事项: 注意技术分析得三大假设假设1. 市场行为涵盖一切信息假设2.价格沿趋势运动假设3.历史会重演。
投资学第11章
证明：分别观察n年期、n+1年期和n＋2年期债券投资者 最后1年、2年和3年现金流的现值
PVn F k F (1 i) n (1 i) n
F k F k F (1 i )n (1 i )n 1 (1 i )n 1
PVn,n 1
PVn,n 2
投资学 第11章
投资分析（2）：债券的价值分析
1
11.1 债券定价
现金流贴现法(Discounted Cash Flow Method,简称 DCF)，又称收入法或收入资本化法。 DCF认为任何资产的内在价值（Intrinsic value） 取决于该资产预期的现金流的现值。
Cn F C1 C2 V0 ,..., n (1 i1 ) (1 i1 )(1 i2 ) (1 i j )
1. 到期时间
根据Malkiel定理2和定理3，若其他条件不便，
则债券的到期时间越长，债券价格的波动幅 度越大，但波幅增量递减。
2. 息票率的影响
若息票率大于市场利率，债券溢价发行，反
之折价发行，最终债券的价格收敛到面值。 在其他属性不变的条件下，债券的息票率越 低，债券价格随预期收益率波动的幅度越大 （定理5）。
n n 1
n
,..., C (1 y ) C F
以到期收益 率再投资
11.2.1 判断债券价格低估还是高估的方法
第一种，比较到 期收益率与实际 利率的差异。
若y>i，则该债
根据Fisher的利率理论 1 i (1 i )(1 ) 1 i C F V0 t (1 i ) (1 i ) n t＝1
年金因子
n
现值因子3
投资学第九版课后习题答案--第10、11章
第10章5、因为投资组合F的β=0，所以其预期收益等于无风险利率对于投资组合A，风险溢价与β的比率为（12-6）/1.2=5对于投资组合E，风险溢价与β的比率为（8-6）/0.6=3.33对比表明，这里有套现机会存在。
例如，我们能创建一个投资组合G，其包含投资组合A和投资组合F，并且两者有相等的权重，使它满足β等于0.6；这样投资组合F的期望收益和β为：E(rG ) = (0.5 × 12%) + (0.5 × 6%) = 9%βG = (0.5 × 1.2) + (0.5 × 0%) = 0.6对比投资组合G和投资组合E，投资组合G跟E具有相同的β值，但具有更高的期望收益。
因此通过买入投资组合G，并卖出相同数量投资组合E资产就可以实现套现机会。
这种套现利润：rG – rE =[9% + (0.6 × F)] [8% + (0.6 × F)] = 1%6、设无风险利率为rf，风险溢价因素RP，则：12% = rf + (1.2 × RP)9% = rf + (0.8 × RP)解之得：rf=3%，RP=7.5%7、a 、由题目知，买进100万美元等权重的正α值的股票并同时卖出100万美元的等权重的负α值的股票；假定市场风险为0；则预期收益为：$1,000,000*0.02-$1,000,000*(-0.02)=$40,000b 、对于分析师分析的20只股票，每只股票持有时都分别为$100,000，市场风险为0，公司持有的收益标准差为30%，所以20只股票的方差为20 × [($100,000 × 0.30)* ($100,000 × 0.30)] = $18,000,000,000故标准差为$134,164a 、 如果分析师分析的是50只股票，那么每只股票持有时都分别为$40,000，计算收益方差：50 × [(40,000 × 0.30)* (40,000 × 0.30)] = 7,200,000,000故标准差为$84,853；由于总投入资金不变，α值不变，故其期望收益也不变，为$40,0008、a 、)e (22M22σ+σβ=σ 88125)208.0(2222=+⨯=A σ50010)200.1(2222B =+⨯=σ97620)202.1(2222C =+⨯=σb 、如果资产种类很多，并且具有相同的收益特征，每一个种类的充分分散投资组合将存在唯一的系统风险，因为非系统性风险随着n 的无穷大会趋近于0，因此充分分散的投资组合的超额收益方差的均值为：2562=A σ4002=B σ5762=C σC 、市场中不存在套现机会第11章9、答案：C。
《投资学》(第十一章)
the 发承行I销与nv承es销选t择m与e运n用t 理财的方式 Principles
第一节 股票的发行与承销
11.1.1 股票发行的目的与条件 1.股票发行的目的 （1）募集资金，满足企业发展需要。 （2）改善财务结构。 （3）其他目的
11.2.2 我国债券的发行与承销 1.国债的发行与承销 （1）我国国债现行的发行方式
① 公开招标方式； ② 承购包销方式； ③ 行政分配方式。
（2）记帐式国债的承销程序 记帐式国债是一种无纸化国债，主要借助于证券交易所的交易 系统来发行，实际运作中，承销商可以选择场内挂牌分销或场外 分销两种方法。 （3）无记名国债的承销程序 （4）凭证式国债的承销程序
3. 企业债券的发行 （1）发行人 （2）发行方式和程序 我国企业债券的发行采用包销和代销两种方式，即先由某家证 券经营机构同发行债券的企业签订承销协议，企业拟发行的债券 由该机构承销，未销完部分按协议规定处理。此外，对于一些数 额较大的企业债券，多采用组织区域性承销团承销的方式。具体 程序如下：
（4）发行费用
第二节 债券的发行与承销
11.2.1 债券发行的目的与条件 1.债券发行的目的 （1）国债发行的目的
① 平衡财政预算； ② 扩大政府投资； ③ 解决临时性资金需要； ④ 归还债务本息。
（2）金融债券发行的目的 金融机构发行金融债券是为了实现以下三方面的目的：
① 改善负债结构，增强负债的稳定性； ② 获得长期资金来源； ③ 扩大资产业务。
① 转换证券； ② 股份的分割与合并。
2.股票公开发行的条件 （1）首次公开发行的条件 所谓首次公开发行（IPO），指以募集方式设立股份有限公司 时公开募集股份或已设立公司首次公开发行股票，应当向中国证 监会递交募股申请，经批准后方可发行。 （2）增发新股的条件 公募增发是指上市公司以面向社会公开募集方式增资发行股份 的行为。
博迪《投资学》(第10版)章节题库-第十一章至第十三章【圣才出品】
第11章有效市场假说一、选择题1．下列关于半强式有效市场的说法中，错误的是（）。
A．证券当前价格反映公开可得的信息B．证券当前价格反映公开和未公开信息C．证券当前价格反映价格序列信息D．公司公开良好的业绩报告时，立即购买该股，不能获得超过平均利润的超额利润【答案】B【解析】在半强式有效市场中，证券当前价格反应所有公开的信息。
2．下列选项中，属于强式有效市场的特点的是（）。
A．证券价格只能及时、充分地反映内幕信息B．证券价格只能及时、充分地反映公开的信息C．证券价格总能及时、充分地反映所有相关信息D．要想取得超额回报，必须寻求客观准确的内幕信息【答案】C【解析】在强式有效市场中，证券价格总是能及时、充分地反映所有相关信息，包括所有公开的信息和内幕信息，任何人都不可能再通过对公开或内幕信息的分析来获取超额收益。
3．在（）中，技术分析和基本分析将无效。
A．无效市场B．弱式有效市场C．半强式有效市场D．半弱式有效市场【答案】C【解析】在半强式有效市场中，证券当前价格完全反映所有公开信息，首先价格已经包括证券价格序列信息，技术分析是无效的；其次价格也包括有关公司价值、宏观经济形势和政策方面的信息，因而基本分析是无效的。
总之，在半强式有效市场中，基于公开资料的分析毫无用处，只有那些利用内幕信息者才能获得非正常的超额回报。
4．下列关于有效市场假说理论的论述中，错误的是（）。
A．有效市场假说理论由美国芝加哥大学财务学家尤金·法玛提出B．所有影响证券价格的信息都是自由流动的C．投资者根据一组特定的信息所进行的交易不存在非正常报酬，而只能赚取风险调整的平均市场报酬率D．市场达到有效的重要前提之一是，投资者必须具有对信息进行加工分析，并具有据此正确判断证券价格变动的能力，而不是片面强调信息披露制度【答案】D【解析】市场达到有效的重要前提有两个：①投资者必须具有对信息进行加工、分析并据此正确判断证券价格变动的能力；②所有影响证券价格的信息都是自由流动的。
投资学10版习题答案11
投资学10版习题答案11CHAPTER 11: THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS PROBLEM SETS1. The correlation coefficient between stock returns for two nonoverlapping periods should be zero. If not, returns from one period could be used to predict returns in later periods and make abnormal profits.2. No. Microsoft’s continuing profitability does not implythat stock market investors who purchased Microsoft shares afterits success was already evident would have earned an exceptionally high return on their investments. It simply means that Microsoft has made risky investments over the years that have paid off in the form of increased cash flows and profitability. Microsoft shareholders have benefited from the risk-expected return tradeoff, which is consistent with the EMH.3. Expected rates of return differ because of differential risk premiums across all securities.4. No. The value of dividend predictability would bealready reflected in the stock price.5. No, markets can be efficient even if some investors earn returns above the market average. Consider the Lucky Event issue: Ignoring transaction costs, about 50% of professional investors, by definition, will “beat” the market in any given year. The probability of beating it three years in a row, though small, is not insignificant. Beating the market in the past does not predict future success as three years of returns make up too smalla sample on which to base correlation let alone causation.6. Volatile stock prices could reflect volatile underlyingeconomic conditions as large amounts of information being incorporated into the price will cause variability in stock price.The efficient market hypothesis suggests that investors cannot earn excess risk-adjusted rewards. The variability of the stock price is thus reflected in the expected returns as returns and risk are positively correlated.7. The following effects seem to suggest predictability within equity markets and thus disprove the efficient market hypothesis. However, consider the following:a. Multiple studie s suggest that “value” stocks(measured often by low P/E multiples) earn higher returns over time than “growth” stocks (high P/E multiples). This could suggest a strategy for earning higher returns over time. However, anotherrational argument may be that traditional forms of CAPM (such asSharpe’s model) do not fully account for all risk factors that affect a firm’s price level. A firm viewed as riskier may havea lower price and thus P/E multiple.b. The book-to-market effect suggests that an investor canearn excess returns by investing in companies with high book value (the value of a firm’s assets minus its liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding) to market value. A study by Fama and French1 suggests that book-to-market value reflects a risk factorthat is not accounted for by traditional one variable CAPM. Forexample, companies experiencing financial distress see the ratio of book to market value increase. Thus a more complex CAPM thatincludes book-to-market value as an explanatory variable should be used to test market anomalies.c. Stock price momentum can be positively correlated withpast performance (short to intermediate horizon) or negativelycorrelated (long horizon). Historical data seem to implystatistical significance to these patterns. Explanations for this include a bandwagon effect or the behaviorists’ (see Chapter 12) explanation that there is a tendency for investors to underreact to new information, thus producing a positive serial correlation.However, statistical significance does not imply economicsignificance. Several studies that included transaction costs inthe momentum models discovered that momentum traders tended to not outperform the efficient market hypothesis strategy of buy and hold.d. The small-firm effect states that smaller firms producebetter returns than larger firms. Since 1926, returns from smallfirms outpace large firm stock returns by about 1% per year. Dosmall cap investors earn excess risk-adjusted returns?1Fama, Eugene and Kenneth French, “Common Risk Factors in the Returns on Stocks and Bonds,” Journal of Finance 33:1, pp. 3-56.The measure of systemati c risk according to Sharpe’s CAPM is the stock’s beta (or sensitivity o f returns of the stock to market returns). If the stock’s beta is the best explanation of risk, then the small-firm effect does indicate an inefficient market.Dividing the market into deciles based on their betas shows an increasing relationship between betas and returns. Fama and French2 show that the empirical relationship between beta and stock returns is flat over a fairly long horizon (1963–1990). Breaking the market into deciles based on sizes and then examining the relationship between beta and stock returns within each size decile exhibits this flat relationship. This implies that firm size may be a better measure of risk than beta and the size-effect should not be viewed as an indicator that markets are inefficient. Heuristically this makes sense, as smaller firms are generally viewed as risky compared to larger firms and perceived risk and return are positively correlated.In addition this effect seems to be endpoint and data sensitive. For example, smaller stocks did not outperform larger stocks from the mid-1980s through the 1990s. In addition, databases contain stock returns from companies that have survived and do not include returns of those that went bankrupt. Thus small-firm data may exhibit survivorship bias.8. Over the long haul, there is an expected upward drift in stock prices based on their fair expected rates of return. The fair expected return over any single day is very small (e.g., 12% per year is only about 0.03% per day), so that on any day the price is virtually equally likely to rise or fall. Over longer periods, the small expected daily returns accumulate, and upward moves are more likely than downward ones. Remember that economies tend to grow over time and stock prices tend to follow economic growth, so it is only natural that there is an upward drift in equity prices.9. c. This is a predictable pattern in returns thatshould not occur if the weak-form EMH is valid.2 Ibid10. a. Acute market inefficiencies are temporary in nature and are more easily exploited than chronic inefficiencies. A temporary drop in a stock price due to a large sale would be more easily exploited than the chronic inefficiencies mentioned in the other responses.11. c. This is a classic filter rule that should not produce superior returns in an efficient market.12. b. This is the definition of an efficient market.13. a. Though stock prices follow a random walk and intraday price changes do appear to be a random walk, over the long run there is compensation for bearing market risk and for the time value of money. Investing differs from a casino inthat in the long-run, an investor is compensated for these risks, while a player at a casino faces less than fair-game odds.b. In an efficient market, any predictable future prospects of a company have already been priced into the current value of the stock. Thus, a stock share price can still follow a random walk.c. While the random nature of dart board selection seems to follow naturally from efficient markets, the role of rational portfolio management still exists. It exists to ensure a well-diversified portfolio, to assess the risk-tolerance of the investor, and to take into account tax code issues.14. d. In a semistrong-form efficient market, it is not possible to earn abnormally high profits by trading on publicly available information. Information about P/E ratios and recent price changes is publicly known. On the other hand, an investor who has advance knowledge of management improvements could earn abnormally high trading profits (unless the market is also strong-form efficient).15. Market efficiency implies investors cannot earn excessrisk-adjusted profits. If the stock price run-up occurs when only insiders know of the coming dividend increase, then it is a violation of strong-form efficiency. If the public also knows ofthe increase, then this violates semistrong-form efficiency.16. While positive beta stocks respond well to favorable new information about th e economy’s progress through the business cycle, they should not show abnormal returns around already anticipated events. If a recovery, for example, is already anticipated, the actual recovery is not news. The stock price should already reflect the coming recovery.17. a. Consistent. Based on pure luck, half of allmanagers should beat the market in any year.b. Inconsistent. This would be the basis of an “easymoney” rule: simply invest with last year's best managers.c. Consistent. In contrast to predictable returns,predictable volatility does not convey a means to earn abnormal returns.d. Inconsistent. The abnormal performance ought to occurin January when earnings are announced.e. Inconsistent. Reversals offer a means to earn easymoney: just buy last week’s losers.18. The return on the market is 8%. Therefore, the forecast monthly return for Ford is:0.10% + (1.1 × 8%) = 8.9%Ford’s actual return was 7%, s o the abnormal return was –1.9%.19. a. Based on broad market trends, the CAPM indicatesthat AmbChaser stock should have increased by: 1.0% + 2.0 ×(1.5% – 1.0%) = 2.0%Its firm-specific (nonsystematic) return due to the lawsuit is $1 million per $100 million initial equity, or 1%. Therefore, the total return should be 3%. (It is assumed here that the outcome of the lawsuit had a zero expected value.)b. If the settlement was expected to be $2 million, thenthe actual settlement was a “$1 million disappointment,” and so the firm-specific return would be –1%, for a total return of 2% – 1% = 1%.20. Given market performance, predicted returns on the twostocks would be:Apex: 0.2% + (1.4 × 3%) = 4.4%Bpex: –0.1% + (0.6 × 3%) = 1.7%Apex underperformed this prediction; Bpex outperformed the prediction. We conclude that Bpex won the lawsuit.21. a. E(r M) = 12%, r f = 4% and β = 0.5Therefore, the expected rate of return is:4% + 0.5 × (12% – 4%) = 8%If the stock is fairly priced, then E(r) = 8%.b.If r M falls short of your expectation by 2% (that is,10% – 12%) then you would expect the return for Changing Fortunes Industries to fall short of your original expectation by: β× 2% = 1%Therefore, you would forecast a revised expectation for Changing Fortunes of: 8% – 1% = 7%c. Given a market return of 10%, you would forecast areturn for Changing Fortunes of 7%. The actual return is 10%.Therefore, the surprise due to firm-specific factors is 10% –7% = 3%, which we attribute to the settlement. Because the firm is initially worth $100 million, the surprise amount of thesettlement is 3% of $100 million, or $3 million, implying that the prior expectation for the settlement was only $2 million.。
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第11章习题及答案1.公司的竞争力主要体现在哪些方面？2.财务报表分析主要包括哪些内容？它们分别反映了哪些问题？3.杜邦分析方法如何分解净资产收益率（ROE）?4.计算X股份有限公司的负债比率，净资产收益率，流动比率，速动比率，应收账款周转率，存货周转率，利息保障倍数，市盈率，市净率，托宾Q比率？5.分析股利政策对于企业价值的影响？6.进行财务分析，我们应该注意哪些问题？参考答案1. 公司竞争实力的强弱和公司的生存能力、盈利能力有密切关系。
投资者一般都愿意投资于具有强大竞争力的公司。
在激烈的市场竞争中，公司要想始终立于不败之地，取决于公司先进的技术水平、雄厚的资金实力、规模经营优势、优异的产品质量和服务、高效的经营管理等条件。
（1）技术水平。
对公司技术水平高低的评价可以分为评价技术硬件部分和评价技术软件部分。
技术硬件部分包括机械设备, 单机或成套设备等。
软件部分包括生产工艺技术、工业产权、专利设备制造技术和经营管理技术等等。
软件部分作用的发挥依赖于企业所拥有的技术人才。
特别是在资本技术密集型的行业, 公司的技术水平的高低对决定公司在行业内的竞争力是至关重要的。
（2）经营规模优势。
销售额是衡量一个公司在同行业中竞争地位的重要指标, 实际应用时主要采用年销售额和销售额的年增长率两个指标。
年销售额越大的公司, 其竞争地位越强。
一般把销售额在整个行业中居前列的公司称为主导性公司, 这类公司是行业发展的风向标, 对行业发展起着支配作用。
销售额的年增长率另外一个重要指标，它是一个相对指标,如果某公司的销售额年增长率一直快于同行业的平均水平或快于国民经济的增长率, 那么该公司就是更具发展潜力的成长型公司。
综上所述, 投资者应该尽可能地选择行业内的主导性公司和成长型公司进行投资。
（3）优异的产品和服务。
知名品牌往往是产品高质量的象征, 也是竞争能力的体现。
（4）雄厚的资金实力、高效的经营管理也是公司竞争力的重要体现，它们在提高公司竞争里中发挥着重要的作用。
2.主要财务报表有损益表，资产负债表，利润表。
（1）损益表是公司最主要财务报表之一, 它反映的是公司在一段时期内(通常是1 年) 的盈利能力, 它是一种标准化的财务报表 。
它反映了公司在这段时间里的经营成果，即公司的收益与损耗情况。
损益表是一个动态报告，它展示本公司的损益账目，直接揭示公司获利能力的大小和潜力以及经营趋势。
（2）资产负债表是反映公司在某一日期（往往是年末或者季末）财务状况的静态报告，资产负债表反映的是公司的资产、负债（包括股东权益）之间的关系。
它是根据“资产＝ 负债＋ 所有者权益”的会计等式，依照一定的分类标准和一定的次序，把企业在一定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益的项目予以适当排列，按照会计制度的编制要求编制而成的。
（3）现金流量表是反映企业在一定会计期间现金流入和流出的会计报表。
它通过会计期间营业所得现金收入减除需用现金支付的费用以后的余额来说明企业财务状况的变动。
比起营运资金即流动资金净额来，现金是企业更活跃、更具有生命力的流动资源，现金的增减变动更能反映企业的财务状况和偿债能力。
一般来说，金融、保险等企业编制现金流量表，更能反映企业财务状况的变动情况。
3．杜邦分解内容ROE= 股权资产资产销售收入销售收入税前收益税前收益净收益++++EBIT EBIT① ②③④ ⑤因子①是税后利润与税前利润的比率，称为税收负担比率，它的值既反映了政府的税法，又反映了公司为了尽量减少其税收负担而实施的政策。
因子②是税前利润与息税前利润的比率，称为利息负担比率。
当公司不用向债权人支付利息时，利息负担将达到最大值1.财务杠杆作用的程度越高，利息负担比率越低。
因子③称为公司的营业利润率（profit margin ）或者销售收益率（return on sales,ROS ）销售利润率显示每单位销售收入可获得的营业利润。
因子④是销售收入对平均总资产的比率，称为资产周转率（asset turnover , ATO ）。
它表明公司使用资产的效率。
在这个意义，它测度每单位资产可以生产多少销售收入。
因子⑤是平均总资产与平均普通股股东权益的比率。
它是公司财务杠杆程度的测度，称为杠杆率（leverage ratio）.它等于（1+负债与平均普通股股东权益比率）。
4.略5. 股利政策主要是指目标支付政策决策，也就是确定将多少盈利以现金股利的方式分派给股东，将多少盈利留存在企业进行再投资。
股利理论的核心内容就是对股利政策与企业价值之间的相互关系进行研究。
由于考虑的因素不同、分析的方法不同，出现了一些观点完全相悖的股利理论，主要有股利无关理论、“手中之鸟”理论、纳税差异理论、信号假说以及代理成本理论。
（1）股利无关论米勒和莫迪格里安尼认为，股利政策无论对企业的股票价格还是对企业的资本成本都没有影响，这就是所谓的股利无关论。
MM理论认为，企业价值取决于企业的基本盈利能力及其风险程度，更确切的说取决于的资产投资决策，而与如何在股利和留存收益之间进行税后利润的分摊没有关系。
按照MM股利无关理论，无论股利支付如何变动，对股权资本成本和股票价格不会产生任何影响。
（2）“手中之鸟理论”在MM股利无关论中，其假设股东对现金股利和资本利得没有偏好。
但是戈登（Gordon）与林特纳（Lintner）等认为，这一假设并不现实。
在一般情况下，股东更偏好于获得现金股利，而不喜欢管理层将盈利留存于企业进行再投资，在将来获得资本利得。
因为获得资本利得的风险要大于获得现金股利的风险。
换言之，在投资者看来，拿到手中的现金股利的价值要超过将来获得资本利得的价值。
投资者更喜欢现金股利。
在这种情况下，不同的股利政策会对企业价值产生不同的影响，这就是“手中之鸟”学说。
按照“手中之鸟”理论，企业发放的股利越多，投资者认为投资的风险越小，股利的资本成本会降低。
在其他因素不变的情况下，企业价值因而会增加。
即，股利支付率越高，企业价值就越大。
（3）纳税差异理论以上两种假说都没有考虑到投资者的实际税收环境。
按照国际惯例，由于股利适用税率要高于长期资本利得适用税率。
这种税率结构势必会影响股票投资者对股利的看法。
对于一个普通的投资者而言，由于收到股利要按较高的税率纳税，而资本利得交的税要少许多。
同时，投资者何时出售股票何时才上交资本所得税。
因此，他们会偏好于获得较大数额的资本利得，而不是获得较多的现金股利。
按照纳税差异理论，投资者更加偏好于资本利得。
支付的股利越多，投资者需按较高的税率纳税，他们会向企业要求更高的报酬率来弥补纳税而造成的损失。
因此，股利支付率越高，股东要求的报酬率越高，企业的价值就越小。
（4）信号假说理论根据有关的实证分析结果，发现股利增加会提高公司市值；股利减少会降低公司市值。
这似乎表明股票投资者更偏好于股利，企业当尽量提高股利支付率，从而最大限度的增加股东财富。
但是MM理论指出这样的结论是错误的。
他们认为，在通常情况下，企业不愿削减股利，同时，更不愿意增加股利，除非管理层预测到未来的收益和现金流量足以维持较高的股利支付率。
MM理论将超过预期水平的股利增加看作是给投资者的一种“信号”，这一信号表明管理层预见到未来的良好前景。
反过来，股利的削减或者低于期望水平的股利增加也是一种信号，它表明管理者对未来前景不看好。
这种信号通过股利政策传导给投资者，是对企业未来不同的预期影响了股票投资者的行为，而不是股利增加或减少。
（5）代理成本理论在股利问题研究中，为什么企业一方面发放现金股利，而另一方面又要发行新股筹措资金呢？发行新股的成本要高于留存收益进行再投资的成本，因此，从理论上讲，除非企业现在有更好的投资机会，管理层不会将税后利润以股利形式分配给股东的。
股利的代理成本理论对此做出了解释。
这一理论认为管理者和所有者即普通股股东之间存在着代理冲突。
为了保护自身的利益，股东必须承担代理成本以减少这样冲突。
但是对于大型公司而言如何有效做到这一点存在很多困难，股东很难对管理层行为进行直接的监控。
有学者发现，通过外部融资的方式可以对解决代理冲突起到很好的作用。
当企业对外发行股票或者债券的时候，企业就必须就受证券市场认真的审查和分析，从而很好的解决代理冲突问题，投资者财富就会随着企业价值的增加而增加。
在投资规模既定的前提下，股利支付率越高，企业需要发行的新股的股票价格就越高。
同时，通过发放相当于闲置现金流量的股利，可以减少管理层浪费企业资金的机会。
6.财务分析应该注意的问题在实际进行投资分析时，仅仅查看上市公司年报的数据是不够的，还应该注意时候存在以下几种因素的影响使得财务报表不能反映该公司的客观实际：《投资学》51.会计和税收政策的变化当企业的会计政策发生变更时，会对企业的财务状况产生较大的影响。
同时，不同国家所采取的不同会计准则也会影响企业的经营业绩。
例如，不同的准备金惯例、不同的无形资产摊销方式等，都应结合其所对应的会计准则加以分析。
而税收政策的变化会对企业的财务状况的影响更为明显。
如果税率下降，等额的税前利润会使企业有更高的税后利润。
如果从生产型增值税转变为消费型增值税，则意味着增值税税基的缩小，有利于提高企业的业绩。
2.存货的估计当经济处于通货膨胀或通货紧缩时，不同的存货计价方法所估计的销售成本就会有所不同，因而反映的利润也不同。
3.折旧采用不同的计提折旧的方法同样会对企业的财务状况产生影响。
比如分别采取直线折旧发和加速直线折旧发的两家公司甲与乙，即使它们每年都有相同的销售利润，在采用加速折旧的前几年，乙公司的账面价值就会低于甲公司，而在以后的几年，乙公司的账面收益又会高于甲公司。
4.通货膨胀通货膨胀是影响财务数据可靠性的另一个重要因素，它不仅会使存货成本、折旧费用发生扭曲，还会对销售收入、实际利息费用产生影响。
名义利率包括通货膨胀的溢价，通货膨胀导致贷方资本金受到侵蚀，溢价就是对侵蚀的补偿。
因此，习惯上将利息支出作为对本金的补偿。
因为通货膨胀对前面已经讨论过的存货与折旧的报告价值的影响刚好相反，我们具体分析时要注意调整。
5.收益品质由于很多公司会选择一些会计方法使他们的财务报表更好看些，因此就会产生可比性问题，而真实收益是公司在不损害其生产能力下可支付给股东的持续现金流。
所以通常需要评估公司收益品质。
公司收益品质的因素主要有坏账准备金、非重复性项目、股票期权、收入确认、表外资产和负债等。