助动词
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助动词
定义置于实义动词之前以协助实义动词表达时态(Tense)、语态(V oice)、语气(Mood)或否定(Negation)、疑问(Question)等功能的动词称为助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。
接在助动词之后的实义动词除时态和语态句式的要求外,原则上都用原形动词。因此下列各例的用法都是错误的。
例:My father can speaks a little English.
(我的父亲会说一点英语。——应去掉speaks的“-s”)
例:Did you saw him yesterday?
(昨天你看到他了吗?----saw应改为see)
例:You needn't to come tomorrow.
(你明天不必来。——应去掉“to”)
第一节be, do, have
作助动词用的“be, do, have”在文法上称为第一助动词(Primary Auxiliary Verb),因为“be, do, have”都兼有实义动词与助动词的功能。
例:Tom is hardworking student.
(汤姆是一个勤勉的学生。—“is”为实义动词)
Tom is working very hard for the exam.
(汤姆正为准备考试而在努力用功。—“is”是助动词,帮助“working”表达现在进行时。)例:Helen does everything very carefully.
(海伦做每件事都很小心。—“does”为实义动词)
Helen doesn't swim.
(海伦不会游泳。—“does”是助动词,帮助“swim”表达否定。)
例:I have some friends in Hong Kong.
(我在香港有一些朋友。—“have”为实义动词。)
I have been to Hong Kong several times.
(香港我已去过好几次。—“have”是助动词,帮助“be”表达现在完成时。)
A.be的助动词用法
be作助动词用的形式如下:
①am, is, are, was, were
②助动词+be:shall be, will be, can be, etc.
③have/has/had + been(完成时)
④am, is, …being(进行时)
(1)表达进行时态
句型be + V-ing…(进行时态)
例:What are you reading?
(你正在阅读什么?)
I am reading a magazine.
(我正在阅读杂志。)
例:He will be taking a walk in the park at this time tomorrow morning.
(明天早晨此时他将会正在公园散步。)
例:She has been teaching English in our school for years.
(她已在我们学校教英语许多年了。)
解说第一例句是表达现在进行时,第二例句是将来进行时,第三例句是现在完成进行时。(2)表达被动语态
句型be +p.p. …(被动语态)
例:English is spoken in both Canada and the United States.
(加拿大和美国都讲英语。)
例:Those keys were found in your drawer.
(那些钥匙是在你的抽屉里找到的。)
例:It can be done much faster in this way.
(这件工作用这个方法可以更加快速地做好。)
B.have 的助动词用法
(1)表达完成时态
句型have (has, had)+p.p. …
请参阅第六章F。
句型can (could), …have + p.p.
例:He can't have said such a foolish word.
(他不像是会说了这样傻的话。)
解说本例句是在表达对过去的推想,详阅第2节,C,(4)。
(2)“have”的惯用句式
句型had better +V…
例:You had better go and tell her everything.
(你最好去向她把事情全盘地说明白。)
解说有些文法学家把本句式的“had better”称为半助动词(Semiauxiliary verb),因为“had better”之后接原形动词,其本身所表现的功能很像是一个助动词。“had better”不可分开使用,“had”亦非过去形式。实际上“had better”所指的时间性是现在或将来,若是指过去则用“had better + have +p.p.”。本句式绝无“have/has better +V”的形式,宜注意。
本句式是用于表达建议或劝告,言外之意是“若不这样做就不好或会有不良后果”。
例:You had better take an umbrella.
(If you don't, it may rain and you'll get wet.)
本句式也可用于第三人称。
例:He had better stop smoking.
(他最好把烟戒掉。)
“had better + V”的否定是把“not”置于“better”之后,例如:
例:You had better not borrow money from your friend's wife.
(你最好不要向朋友的太太借钱。)
本句式的“had”因发轻音,有时甚至轻到几乎不发音,所以也就常被省略。
例:You had better take an umbrella with you.
=You'd better take an umbrella with you.
=You better take an umbrella with you.
=Better take an umbrella with you.
(你最好带一把雨伞去吧。)
“had better”可用“had best”来加强语气。
例:We had best hurry, or we'll miss the train.